TEXAS INSTRUMENTS TPS79301, TPS79318, TPS79325, TPS79328, TPS793285 Technical data

...
0 (0)

 

 

 

TPS79301, TPS79318

 

 

 

TPS79325, TPS79328, TPS793285

 

 

 

www.ti.com

 

 

TPS79330, TPS79333, TPS793475

 

 

SLVS348H –JULY 2001 –REVISED OCTOBER 2004

 

 

 

ULTRALOW-NOISE, HIGH PSRR, FAST RF 200-mA LOW-DROPOUT LINEAR REGULATORS IN NanoStar™ WAFER CHIP SCALE AND SOT23

FEATURES

200-mA RF Low-Dropout Regulator With Enable

Available in 1.8-V, 2.5-V, 2.8-V, 2.85-V, 3-V, 3.3-V, 4.75-V, and Adjustable (1.22-V to 5.5-V)

High PSRR (70 dB at 10 kHz)

Ultralow-Noise (32 µV RMS, TPS79328)

Fast Start-Up Time (50 µs)

Stable With a 2.2-µF Ceramic Capacitor

Excellent Load/Line Transient Response

Very Low Dropout Voltage (112 mV at Full Load, TPS79330)

5- and 6-Pin SOT23 (DBV) and NanoStar Wafer Chip Scale (YEQ) Packages

APPLICATIONS

RF: VCOs, Receivers, ADCs

Audio

Cellular and Cordless Telephones

Bluetooth™, Wireless LAN

Handheld Organizers, PDAs

DESCRIPTION

The TPS793xx family of low-dropout (LDO) low-power linear voltage regulators features high power-supply rejection ratio (PSRR), ultralow-noise, fast start-up, and excellent line and load transient responses in NanoStar wafer chip scale and SOT23 packages. NanoStar packaging gives an ultrasmall footprint as well as an ultralow profile and package weight, making it ideal for portable applications such as handsets and PDAs. Each device in the family is stable, with a small 2.2-µF ceramic capacitor on the output. The TPS793xx family uses an advanced, proprietary BiCMOS fabrication process to yield extremely low dropout voltages (e.g., 112 mV at 200 mA, TPS79330). Each device achieves fast start-up times (approximately 50 µs with a 0.001-µF bypass capacitor) while consuming very low quiescent current (170 µA typical). Moreover, when the device is placed in standby mode, the supply current is reduced to less than 1 µA. The TPS79328 exhibits approximately 32 µVRMS of output voltage noise at 2.8-V output with a 0.1-µF bypass capacitor. Applications with analog components that are noise-sensitive, such as portable RF electronics, benefit from the high PSRR and low-noise features as well as the fast response time.

 

DBV PACKAGE

 

 

 

 

 

 

(TOP VIEW)

 

 

 

TPS79328

 

IN

1

5

OUT

 

 

 

 

OUTPUT SPECTRAL NOISE DENSITY

 

 

 

 

 

GND

2

 

 

 

 

 

vs

 

 

 

 

 

 

FREQUENCY

 

 

3

4

 

 

0.30

 

EN

NR

Hz)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

VIN = 3.8 V

 

 

Fixed Option

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

COUT = 2.2 μF

 

 

 

 

 

V/(μ

0.25

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

CNR = 0.1 μF

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

DBV PACKAGE

Density

 

 

 

 

 

(TOP VIEW)

 

0.20

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

IN

 

 

OUT

 

 

 

 

1

6

Noise

 

 

 

 

GND

2

5

FB

0.15

 

IOUT = 1 mA

 

 

Adjustable Option

Spectral

 

 

IOUT = 200 mA

 

EN

3

4

NR

 

0.10

 

 

 

 

 

Output

 

 

 

 

YEQ

 

0.05

 

 

 

 

PACKAGE

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(TOP VIEW)

 

0

 

 

 

 

IN

 

OUT

 

 

 

 

 

C1

 

100

1 k

10 k

100 k

 

C3

 

 

 

Frequency (Hz)

 

 

 

B2

NR

 

 

 

 

A3

A1

GND

 

 

 

 

 

 

EN

 

 

 

 

 

 

TPS79328

RIPPLE REJECTION

 

 

 

 

vs

 

 

 

 

 

 

FREQUENCY

 

 

 

100

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

90

 

 

 

IOUT = 200 mA

 

(dB)

80

 

 

 

 

 

 

70

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Rejection

60

 

 

 

 

 

 

50

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Ripple

40

IOUT = 10 mA

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

30

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

20

VIN = 3.8 V

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

10

COUT = 10 μF

 

 

 

 

 

0

CNR = 0.01 μF

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

10

100

1 k

10 k

100 k

1 M

10 M

Frequency (Hz)

Figure 1.

Please be aware that an important notice concerning availability, standard warranty, and use in critical applications of Texas Instruments semiconductor products and disclaimers thereto appears at the end of this data sheet.

Bluetooth is a trademark of Bluetooth Sig, Inc.

NanoStar is a trademark of Texas Instruments.

UNLESS OTHERWISE NOTED this document contains PRO-

Copyright © 2001–2004, Texas Instruments Incorporated

DUCTION DATA information current as of publication date. Prod-

 

ucts conform to specifications per the terms of Texas Instruments

 

standard warranty. Production processing does not necessarily

 

include testing of all parameters.

 

TPS79301, TPS79318

 

TPS79325, TPS79328, TPS793285

 

TPS79330, TPS79333, TPS793475

www.ti.com

SLVS348H –JULY 2001 –REVISED OCTOBER 2004

 

This integrated circuit can be damaged by ESD. Texas Instruments recommends that all integrated circuits be handled with appropriate precautions. Failure to observe proper handling and installation procedures can cause damage.

ESD damage can range from subtle performance degradation to complete device failure. Precision integrated circuits may be more susceptible to damage because very small parametric changes could cause the device not to meet its published specifications.

AVAILABLE OPTIONS(1) (2)

PRODUCT

VOLTAGE

PACKAGE

TJ

SYMBOL

PART NUMBER

TPS79301

1.22 V to 5.5 V

SOT23 (DBV)

 

PGVI

TPS79301DBVR

TPS79318

1.8 V

SOT23 (DBV)

 

PHHI

TPS79318DBVR

CSP (YEQ)

 

E3

TPS79318YEQ

 

 

 

TPS79325

2.5 V

SOT23 (DBV)

 

PGWI

TPS79325DBVR

CSP (YEQ)

 

E4

TPS79325YEQ

 

 

 

TPS79328

2.8 V

SOT23 (DBV)

 

PGXI

TPS79328DBVR

CSP (YEQ)

-40°C to +125°C

E2

TPS79328YEQ

 

 

TPS793285

2.85 V

SOT23 (DBV)

 

PHII

TPS793285DBVR

CSP (YEQ)

 

E5

TPS793285YEQ

 

 

 

TPS79330

3 V

SOT23 (DBV)

 

PGYI

TPS79330DBVR

CSP (YEQ)

 

E6

TPS79330YEQ

 

 

 

TPS79333

3.3 V

SOT23 (DBV)

 

PHUI

TPS79333DBVR

TPS793475

4.75 V

SOT23 (DBV)

 

PHJI

TPS793475DBVR

(1)For the most current package and ordering information, see the Package Option Addendum located at the end of this data sheet.

(2)DBVR indicates tape and reel of 3000 parts. YEQR indicates tape and reel of 3000 parts. YEQT indicates tape and reel of 250 parts.

ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS

over operating temperature range (unless otherwise noted)(1)

 

UNIT

VIN range

-0.3 V to 6 V

VEN range

-0.3 V to VIN + 0.3 V

VOUT range

-0.3 V to 6 V

Peak output current

Internally limited

ESD rating, HBM

2 kV

ESD rating, CDM

500 V

Continuous total power dissipation

See Dissipation Ratings Table

Junction temperature range, DBV package

-40°C to 150°C

Junction temperature range, YEQ package

-40°C to 125°C

Storage temperature range, Tstg

-65°C to 150°C

(1)Stresses beyond those listed under absolute maximum ratings may cause permanent damage to the device. These are stress ratings only, and functional operation of the device at these or any other conditions beyond those indicated under recommended operating conditions is not implied. Exposure to absolute-maximum-rated conditions for extended periods may affect device reliability.

2

 

 

 

 

 

 

TPS79301, TPS79318

 

 

 

 

 

TPS79325, TPS79328, TPS793285

www.ti.com

 

 

 

TPS79330, TPS79333, TPS793475

 

 

 

SLVS348H –JULY 2001 –REVISED OCTOBER 2004

 

 

 

 

 

DISSIPATION RATINGS TABLE

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

DERATING FACTOR

TA 25°C

TA = 70°C

TA = 85°C

 

 

 

 

POWER

POWER

POWER

BOARD

PACKAGE

RθJC

RθJA

ABOVE TA = 25°C

RATING

RATING

RATING

Low-K(1)

DBV

65°C/W

255°C/W

3.9 mW/°C

390 mW

215 mW

155 mW

High-K(2)

DBV

65°C/W

180°C/W

5.6 mW/°C

560 mW

310 mW

225 mW

Low-K(1)

YEQ

27°C/W

255°C/W

3.9 mW/°C

390 mW

215 mW

155 mW

High-K(2)

YEQ

27°C/W

190°C/W

5.3 mW/°C

530 mW

296 mW

216 mW

(1)The JEDEC low-K (1s) board design used to derive this data was a 3-inch x 3-inch, two layer board with 2 ounce copper traces on top of the board.

(2)The JEDEC high-K (2s2p) board design used to derive this data was a 3-inch x 3-inch, multilayer board with 1 ounce internal power and ground planes and 2 ounce copper traces on top and bottom of the board.

ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS

over recommended operating temperature range TJ = -40 to 125°C, VEN = VIN, VIN = VOUT(nom) + 1 V(1), IOUT = 1 mA, COUT = 10 µF, CNR = 0.01 µF (unless otherwise noted). Typical values are at 25°C.

PARAMETER

 

 

 

TEST CONDITIONS

 

MIN

TYP

MAX

UNIT

V Input voltage(1)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

2.7

 

5.5

V

IN

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

IOUT Continuous output current

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

0

 

200

mA

VFB Internal reference (TPS79301)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1.201

1.225

1.250

V

Output voltage range (TPS79301)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

VFB

 

5.5 - VDO

V

 

 

 

TPS79318

0

µA < IOUT < 200 mA,

2.8 V < VIN < 5.5 V

1.764

1.8

1.836

V

 

 

 

TPS79325

0

µA < IOUT < 200 mA,

3.5 V < VIN < 5.5 V

2.45

2.5

2.55

V

 

 

 

TPS79328

0

µA < IOUT < 200 mA,

3.8 V < VIN < 5.5 V

2.744

2.8

2.856

V

Output voltage

 

 

TPS793285

0

µA < IOUT < 200 mA,

3.85 V < VIN < 5.5 V

2.793

2.85

2.907

V

 

 

 

TPS79330

0

µA < IOUT < 200 mA,

4 V < VIN < 5.5 V

2.94

3

3.06

V

 

 

 

TPS79333

0

µA IOUT < 200 mA,

4.3 V < VIN < 5.5 V

3.234

3.3

3.366

V

 

 

 

TPS793475

0

µA < IOUT < 200 mA,

5.25 V < VIN < 5.5 V

4.655

4.75

4.845

V

Line regulation (

V %/

V

) (1)

V

OUT

+ 1 V < V

IN

5.5 V

 

 

0.05

0.12

%/V

 

OUT

IN

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Load regulation (

VOUT%/

IOUT)

0

µA < IOUT < 200 mA,

TJ = 25°C

 

5

 

mV

 

 

 

TPS79328

IOUT = 200 mA

 

 

 

 

120

200

 

Dropout voltage(2)

 

TPS793285

IOUT = 200 mA

 

 

 

 

120

200

 

 

TPS79330

IOUT = 200 mA

 

 

 

 

112

200

mV

(VIN = VOUT(nom) - 0.1V)

 

 

 

 

 

 

TPS79333

IOUT = 200 mA

 

 

 

 

102

180

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

TPS793475

IOUT = 200 mA

 

 

 

 

77

125

 

Output current limit

 

 

VOUT = 0 V

 

 

 

285

 

600

mA

GND pin current

 

 

 

0

µA < IOUT < 200 mA

 

 

170

220

µA

Shutdown current(3)

 

 

V

EN

= 0 V, 2.7 V < V < 5.5 V

 

0.07

1

µA

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

IN

 

 

 

 

 

FB pin current

 

 

 

VFB = 1.8 V

 

 

 

 

 

1

µA

 

 

 

 

f = 100 Hz, TJ = 25°C,

IOUT = 10 mA

 

70

 

 

Power-supply ripple rejection

TPS79328

f = 100 Hz, TJ = 25°C,

IOUT = 200 mA

 

68

 

dB

f = 10 kHz, TJ = 25°C,

IOUT = 200 mA

 

70

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

f = 100 kHz, TJ = 25°C,

IOUT = 200 mA

 

43

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

CNR = 0.001 µF

 

55

 

 

Output noise voltage (TPS79328)

BW = 200 Hz to 100 kHz,

CNR = 0.0047 µF

 

36

 

µVRMS

IOUT = 200 mA

 

 

C = 0.01 µF

 

33

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

NR

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

CNR = 0.1 µF

 

32

 

 

(1)Minimum VIN is 2.7 V or VOUT + VDO, whichever is greater.

(2)Dropout is not measured for the TPS79318 and TPS79325 since minimum VIN = 2.7 V.

(3)For adjustable versions, this applies only after VIN is applied; then VEN transitions high to low.

3

TPS79301, TPS79318

 

TPS79325, TPS79328, TPS793285

 

TPS79330, TPS79333, TPS793475

www.ti.com

SLVS348H –JULY 2001 –REVISED OCTOBER 2004

 

ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS (continued)

over recommended operating temperature range TJ = -40 to 125°C, VEN = VIN, VIN = VOUT(nom) + 1 V, IOUT = 1 mA, COUT = 10 µF, CNR = 0.01 µF (unless otherwise noted). Typical values are at 25°C.

PARAMETER

TEST CONDITIONS

 

MIN

TYP

MAX

UNIT

 

 

CNR = 0.001 µF

 

50

 

 

Time, start-up (TPS79328)

RL = 14 Ω, COUT = 1 µF

CNR = 0.0047 µF

 

70

 

µs

 

 

CNR = 0.01 µF

 

100

 

 

High level enable input voltage

2.7 V < VIN < 5.5 V

 

1.7

 

VIN

V

Low level enable input voltage

2.7 V < VIN < 5.5 V

 

0

 

0.7

V

EN pin current

VEN = 0

 

-1

 

1

µA

UVLO threshold

VCC rising

 

2.25

 

2.65

V

UVLO hysteresis

 

 

 

100

 

mV

4

TPS79301, TPS79318

TPS79325, TPS79328, TPS793285

TPS79330, TPS79333, TPS793475

www.ti.com

SLVS348H –JULY 2001 –REVISED OCTOBER 2004

FUNCTIONAL BLOCK DIAGRAMS

ADJUSTABLE VERSION

IN OUT

 

UVLO

Current

 

59 k

 

 

2.45V

Sense

 

 

 

GND

 

ILIM

 

SHUTDOWN

R1

 

 

_

+

 

 

 

 

FB

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

EN

 

 

 

 

R2

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

UVLO

 

 

 

 

Thermal

 

 

 

 

 

Shutdown

QuickStart

 

 

External to

 

 

 

 

the Device

 

 

 

 

 

 

Bandgap

250 kΩ

 

Vref

 

IN

Reference

 

NR

 

 

 

 

1.22V

 

 

 

 

FIXED VERSION

IN

UVLO

 

 

 

OUT

 

Current

 

 

 

 

2.45V

 

 

 

 

 

Sense

 

 

 

GND

 

ILIM

 

SHUTDOWN

 

 

 

 

R1

 

 

 

 

_

 

 

 

 

+

 

EN

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

UVLO

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

R2

 

 

Thermal

 

 

 

 

 

Shutdown

QuickStart

 

R2 = 40 kΩ

 

 

 

 

 

 

Bandgap

Ω

 

Vref

 

IN

Reference

250 k

 

NR

 

 

 

 

1.22V

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Terminal Functions

 

TERMINAL

 

 

NAME

SOT23

SOT23

WCSP

DESCRIPTION

ADJ

FIXED

FIXED

 

 

 

NR

4

4

B2

Connecting an external capacitor to this pin bypasses noise generated by the internal bandgap.

This improves power-supply rejection and reduces output noise.

 

 

 

 

EN

3

3

A3

Driving the enable pin (EN) high turns on the regulator. Driving this pin low puts the regulator into

shutdown mode. EN can be connected to IN if not used.

 

 

 

 

FB

5

N/A

N/A

This terminal is the feedback input voltage for the adjustable device.

GND

2

2

A1

Regulator ground

IN

1

1

C3

Unregulated input to the device.

OUT

6

5

C1

Output of the regulator.

5

TEXAS INSTRUMENTS TPS79301, TPS79318, TPS79325, TPS79328, TPS793285 Technical data

TPS79301, TPS79318

TPS79325, TPS79328, TPS793285

TPS79330, TPS79333, TPS793475

www.ti.com

SLVS348H –JULY 2001 –REVISED OCTOBER 2004

TYPICAL CHARACTERISTICS (SOT23 PACKAGE)

TPS79328

TPS79328

OUTPUT VOLTAGE

OUTPUT VOLTAGE

vs

vs

OUTPUT CURRENT

JUNCTION TEMPERATURE

 

2.805

 

 

 

 

2.805

 

2.804

 

 

VIN = 3.8 V

 

 

 

 

 

COUT = 10 μF

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

2.800

 

2.803

 

 

TJ = 25°C

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

2.802

 

 

 

 

2.795

 

 

 

 

 

 

(V)

2.801

 

 

 

(V)

 

 

 

 

 

 

OUT

2.800

 

 

 

OUT

2.790

 

 

 

 

 

V

2.799

 

 

 

V

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

2.798

 

 

 

 

2.785

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

2.797

 

 

 

 

2.780

 

2.796

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

2.795

50

100

150

200

2.775

 

0

 

IOUT (mA)

 

 

IOUT = 1 mA

 

 

IOUT = 200 mA

 

 

 

VIN = 3.8 V

 

 

 

 

 

 

COUT = 10 μF

 

 

 

 

 

−40 −25 −10 5

20

35

50

65

80

95 110 125

 

 

TJ (°C)

 

 

 

Figure 2.

Figure 3.

TPS79328

GROUND CURRENT vs

JUNCTION TEMPERATURE

 

250

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

VIN = 3.8 V

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

COUT = 10 μF

 

IOUT = 1 mA

 

 

200

 

 

 

 

 

 

(μA)

150

 

IOUT = 200 mA

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

GND

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

I

100

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

50

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

0

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

−40 −25−10 5

20

35

50

65

80

95 110 125

 

 

 

TJ (°C)

 

 

 

Figure 4.

TPS79328 OUTPUT SPECTRAL

TPS79328 OUTPUT SPECTRAL

NOISE DENSITY

NOISE DENSITY

vs

vs

FREQUENCY

FREQUENCY

Hz)V/(√μ

0.30

 

 

 

Hz)V/(√μ

0.30

 

 

 

 

 

VIN = 3.8 V

 

 

 

VIN = 3.8 V

 

 

0.25

 

COUT = 2.2 μF

 

 

0.25

 

COUT = 10 μF

 

 

 

CNR = 0.1 μF

 

 

 

CNR = 0.1 μF

 

Density

 

 

 

Density

 

 

 

0.20

 

 

 

0.20

 

 

 

Noise

0.15

 

IOUT = 1 mA

 

Noise

0.15

 

IOUT = 1 mA

 

 

 

 

 

 

Spectral

 

 

 

Spectral

 

 

 

0.10

 

IOUT = 200 mA

 

0.10

 

IOUT = 200 mA

 

Output

0.05

 

 

 

Output

0.05

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

0

 

 

 

 

0

 

 

 

 

100

1 k

10 k

100 k

 

100

1 k

10 k

100 k

 

 

Frequency (Hz)

 

 

 

Frequency (Hz)

 

TPS79328 OUTPUT SPECTRAL

NOISE DENSITY vs FREQUENCY

 

1.6

 

 

 

Hz)

1.4

 

VIN = 3.8 V

 

 

IOUT = 200 mA

 

(μV/

1.2

 

COUT = 10 μF

 

Density

CNR = 0.001 μF

 

 

 

1.0

 

μ

 

 

CNR = 0.0047 F

 

Noise

0.8

 

CNR = 0.01 μF

 

 

 

 

 

Spectral

0.6

 

CNR = 0.1 μF

 

0.4

 

 

 

Output

0.2

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

0

 

 

 

 

100

1 k

10 k

100 k

Frequency (Hz)

Figure 5.

Figure 6.

Figure 7.

ROOT MEAN SQUARE OUTPUT

NOISE vs CNR

 

60

 

 

 

 

VOUT = 2.8 V

 

50

IOUT = 200 mA

)

COUT = 10

μF

 

RMS

 

 

 

(V

40

 

 

Noise

30

 

 

Output

 

 

20

 

 

RMS,

 

 

10

 

 

 

 

 

 

BW = 100 Hz to 100 kHz

 

 

0

 

 

 

0.001

0.01

0.1

 

 

CNR (μF)

 

Figure 8.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

TPS79328

 

 

 

OUTPUT IMPEDANCE

 

 

 

DROPOUT VOLTAGE

 

 

 

vs

 

 

 

 

 

vs

 

 

 

 

FREQUENCY

 

 

 

 

JUNCTION TEMPERATURE

2.5

VIN = 3.8 V

 

 

 

 

 

180

VIN = 2.7 V

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

COUT = 10 μF

 

 

 

 

160

COUT = 10

μ

 

 

 

TJ = 25° C

 

 

 

 

 

 

F

 

 

2.0

 

 

 

 

 

140

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1.5

 

 

 

 

 

 

120

 

IOUT = 200 mA

 

 

 

 

 

 

(mV)

 

 

 

(Ω)

IOUT = 1 mA

 

 

 

100

 

 

 

 

ZO

 

 

 

 

 

DO

80

 

 

 

 

1.0

 

 

 

 

 

V

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

IOUT = 100 mA

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

60

 

 

 

 

0.5

 

 

 

 

 

 

40

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

20

 

IOUT = 10 mA

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

0

100

1 k

10 k 100 k

1 M

10 M

 

0

 

20 35 50 65

80

95 110 125

10

 

−40 −25−10 5

 

 

Frequency (Hz)

 

 

 

 

 

TJ (°C)

 

 

 

 

 

Figure 9.

 

 

 

 

 

Figure 10.

 

 

6

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