Honeywell Colorimetric Gas Operating Manual

Gas Detection

Tubes and Sampling

Handbook

Second Edition

		Table Of Contents
1. INTRODUCTION		....................................................................................	3
2. QUALITY ASSURANCE ...................................PROCEDURES			5
3. OPERATION OF ............................DETECTION TUBES AND PUMPS			7
3.1	Hand Pump Description...................................................................		8
3.2	Tube Measurements…………………………………………..............8
	3.2.1 Tube .....................................Description and Packaging		8
	3.2.2 Testing ........................................Hand Pump for Leaks		10
	3.2.3 Measurement ...............................................Procedure		10
	3.2.4 Reading Tubes……………………………………............13
3.3	Maintenance ..........................of the LP-1200 Piston Hand Pump		14
3.4	Selection of Sampling .........................................................Pump		15
3.5	Operation and ..........................Maintenance of Remote Sampler		15
4. TECHNICAL INFORMATION................................................................			19
4.1	Theory of Operation.......................................................................		19
4.2	Explanation of ...........................................................Data Sheets		20
4.3	Humidity, Temperature, .....................Pressure and Matrix Effects		22
5. DATA SHEETS FOR .................................GAS DETECTION TUBES			26
6. SPECIALTY TUBES............................................................................			103
6.1	Smoke Generating ............................................................Tubes		103
6.2	RAE-Sep™ Tubes.......................................................................		105
6.3	PID Conditioning ...............................................................Tubes		109
7. APPENDICES.....................................................................................			117
7.1	Appendix 1. .............................................Alphabetical Tube List		117
7.2	Appendix 2. .......................................Tube List by Part Number		119
7.3	Appendix 3. ..........................................Detectable Compounds		121
7.4	Appendix 4. ..............	Equivalent Tubes of Other Manufacturers	126
7.5	Appendix 5. ...........	Conversion Factors for Gas Concentrations	129
7.6	Appendix 6. ...................................	Humidity Conversion Tables	130
7.7	Appendix 7. .........Other RAE Systems Gas Detection Products		131
7.8	Appendix 8. .................................................................	Warranty	132
7.9	Appendix 9. ..........................................RAE Systems Contacts		133

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INTRODUCTION			WARNING
		The products described herein will perform as designed only if they are
		used, maintained, and serviced in accordance with the manufacturer’s
		instructions. Failure to use, maintain, and operate products properly can
		result in dangerously inaccurate readings.
		CAUTION: For safety reasons, the equipment described here-
		in must be operated and serviced by qualified personnel only.
		Read and understand this instruction manual completely before
		operating or servicing.
		ATTENTION: Pour des raisons de sécurité, ces équipments
		Doivent être utilisés, entretenus et réparés uniquement par un
		personnel qualifié. Étudier le manuel d’instructions en entier
		avant d’utiliser, d’entretenir ou de réparer l’équipement.

Custom Tubes

Please contact RAE Systems about the availability of custom tubes not included in this handbook. Contact information is included on page 128.

Application & Technical Notes

RAE Systems’ web site includes the Application Notes and Technical Notes cited in this handbook, as well as many others. Visit our web site at: www.raesystems.com.

© 2013 by RAE Systems Inc. This handbook is fully protected by copyright, and no part of it may be reproduced in any form without the express written consent of RAE Systems Inc., 3775 N. First St., San Jose, CA 95134-1708 USA.

1. INTRODUCTION

This handbook describes the use and performance of gas detection tubes and sampling pumps manufactured by RAE Systems Inc. RAE Systems began manufacturing gas detection tubes in 1997 and is adding many new tubes to its product line each year. Modern production facilities and techniques allow

us to offer high-quality tubes at a highly competitive price.

Gas detection tubes were first developed at Harvard University in the early

1900s for measuring carbon monoxide. In this method a gas sample is pulled through a glass tube containing a reagent, and a reaction between the gas and solid reagent forms a color that is related to the concentration of the gas. The concept is similar to other colorimetric methods such as pH paper for measuring acids and bases, and bleaching of dyes to determine ozone or chlorine levels in water or air. Early tubes were designed mainly for confined space entry, such as in the mining industry, where CO and

H2S are the main toxic gases. Since then, a large number of tubes have been developed for a broad range of chemicals. With the coming of OSHA regulations in the workplace in the 1970s, these compounds have expanded from mostly inorganic, acutely toxic compounds to include a large number of organic compounds whose health effects tend to be more long term. Along with this change has come an increased need for specificity in the measurements.

A few important factors limited the accuracy of early tube/hand pump systems. First the tubes had no precalibrated markings. Some tubes were read using a color comparison chart, which depended on the user’s interpretation of the color. Other tubes came with an external scale that was slid into position by the user. This introduced potential error in the position of the scale but, more important, did not allow for variations in the length of stain produced by different batches of the same tubes. Modern tubes avoid such errors by having calibrations performed on each batch, which are then marked directly on the tubes.

A second error source was in the volume of air sampled. Early pumps were variations of a rubber squeeze bulb that gave poor reproducibility in the amount of compression. Later, fixtures were added to the bulbs to ensure a uniform compression and thus a fixed volume. The Draeger and MSA bellows pumps function in the same way as the squeeze bulbs, but draw in accurate sample volumes.

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INTRODUCTION

Air sampling can also be performed using piston pumps, which latch into a precisely defined position to fix the volume. These pumps pull a strong vacuum initially and thus create substantially higher flowrate than the bellows pumps. Piston pumps generate a high flow initially followed by an approximately exponential decay, whereas bellows pumps provide a more steady flow initially followed by the slow decay. The difference in flow patterns means that the pumps cannot be interchanged between types. For example, piston pumps sometime cause a smearing of the color stain when used on tubes originally developed for bellows pumps. This occurs because the higher flow rates do not allow enough contact time to give sharp endpoints when a piston pump is used.

For a period of time, attempts were made to improve accuracy by stabilizing the flow rate using rate-limiting orifices. Some manufacturers supplied as many as four different orifice sizes to match the particular tube being used. However, exchanging limiting orifices proved to be cumbersome and unnecessary as long as enough contact time was allowed to avoid smearing the stain. Therefore, limiting orifices have fallen out of use and it has now become standard practice to build the flow restriction into the tube itself. This is done by selecting the particle size of the support material and type of end plug that give a sampling time appropriate for the particular chemical reaction of the tube.

As a result of these developments, modern tube/pump systems have stabilized into two categories: (1) low-vacuum bellows pumps with less flow resistance in the tubes, by virtue of being wider (~7 mm o.d.) and having larger particles, and (2) high-vacuum piston pumps with greater resistance in the tubes by being narrower (~5 mm) and having smaller particles. The bellows pump/tube systems tend to have faster sampling but require more pump strokes to complete a measurement, whereas the piston pump systems generally need fewer strokes but longer sampling time per stroke. RAE Systems tubes are primarily of the narrow-bore type and are designed for use with a piston sampling pump.

2. QUALITY ASSURANCE PROCEDURES FOR GAS DETECTION TUBE MANUFACTURE

All RAE Systems gas detection tubes are developed in an ISO 9001 certified facility and manufactured in an ISO 9001 certified factory. All procedures, work instructions, and quality records are documented and maintained to ensure tube quality. The procedures are outlined below.

A.Tube Selection. Glass tubing is selected to fit a standard bore size to ensure uniform length of color change.

B.Support Preparation. Silica, alumina, and other support materials are chosen from the highest quality available and sieved to yield a narrow particle size distribution. The supports are then further purified as necessary and dried to well-defined levels depending on the requirements of the tube reactions.

C.Reagent Loading. Chemicals are chosen according to strict purity standards and loaded onto the support materials. Deposition of the chemicals onto the support follows a protocol developed specifically for each tube type. The loaded support material is then dried as needed for the reaction.

D.Tube Filling and Sealing. End plugs are selected of materials that do not react with the reagent. The tubes are filled under conditions that minimize exposure to air, water vapor, or other gases that may affect the quality of the tubes. The tubes are then packed tightly by a combination of shaking and physical compression. The ends of the tubes are then melted closed using an automated flame sealer. Any necessary inert atmosphere is maintained through the tube-sealing process.

E.Calibration. Each batch of tubes is calibrated independently of other batches. A series of standard gases are purchased or prepared by a variety of methods, including flow dilution of gas primary standards, permeation tubes, and diffusion tubes, or static dilution from liquid or gas primary standards. Multiple tubes are used to determine each calibration position, and these are then printed onto each tube in the batch with an automated printing machine.

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F.Packaging. The tubes and their technical data sheets are packed into labeled boxes with protective corrugated cardboard.

G.Quality Control Sampling Plan. A portion of each batch is sent to the RAE Systems Quality Assurance Laboratory for independent QA testing. The most widely used tubes pass the accuracy criterion of

≤±15% of length of stain. A separate set of tubes is stored in the QA laboratory and the manufacturing facility for evaluation at later dates, if necessary.

H.Accuracy and Precision. The accuracy is measured by testing at least five tubes and calculating the average deviation from the standard gas value. The precision is calculated as the standard deviation from the average value of the five measurements. All tubes meet the accuracy and precision criteria listed in Table 2-1:

Table 2-1. RAE Systems Tube Accuracy and Precision Specifications

		Tube Type	Conc.	Precision	Accuracy
					>20-100%	≤20% Full
			Range
					Full Scale	Scale
		CO, CO2, H2O, H2S, NH3,	>50 ppm	10%	10%	12%
		PH3, SO2
		CO, H2O , H2S, NH3, PH3,	≤50 ppm	12%	15%	20%
		SO2
		CO, Acetone, Benzene,	All	12%	15%	20%
OPERATION		MEK, Toluene, Xylene	All	20%	20%	25%
		Formaldehyde, Gasoline,
		Cl2, ClO2, HCN, HCl, HF,
		NOx, NO2, RSH, RNH2,
		Butane, Diesel, Ethanol,
		Methyl Bromide, Ozone,
		Phenol, Trichloroethylene,
		Vinyl Chloride, others

I.Interim Storage. Only batches that pass all quality assurance procedures are sent to interim storage, where they are maintained at 3-7°C (37 - 45°F) in darkness until shipment.

3. OPERATION OF DETECTION TUBES & PUMPS

CAUTION:

Wear safety glasses and gloves when opening tubes or handling open tubes with sharp edges. Failure to wear protective equipment may lead to cuts and other severe injuries to eyes and hands.

Always test the pump for leaks immediately before using it for a series of measurements. Failure to test the pump for leakage may lead to dangerously inaccurate readings.

Avoid contact with tube contents in case of accidental breakage. Exposure to tube contents can result in significant health hazards.

Dispose of spent tubes according to local regulations. Review the reaction principle and other information listed in the Gas Detection Tube Data Sheet supplied to identify materials that may require special disposal procedures. (Data Sheets for all currently available RAE Systems tubes are included in Chapter 5.)

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3.1Hand Pump Description

Figure 3-1. LP-1200 Hand Pump with tube inserted.

The LP-1200 is a piston-type hand pump that draws a fixed volume of gas, selectable at either 50 mL or 100 mL by rotating the handle. A tight vacuum seal is formed by a greased plunger gasket. The tapered rubber inlet accommodates a range of tube diameters for different types of tubes.

The inlet filter prevents glass pieces and dust from entering the shaft. An end-of-flow indicator in the handle turns white when the gas sampling is complete. A pump stroke counter is rotated to keep track of the number of strokes completed.

3.2Tube Measurements

3.2.1 Tube Description & Packaging

OPERATION	Figure 3-2. Gas detection tube parts description.
	Top: Standard single tube. Bottom: Pretreatment tube
	connected to measurement tube with rubber connector.

1.Tube and Box. Figure 3-2 shows the key components of a RAE Systems gas detection tube. The tubes are typically packaged in a box of 10 tubes. Each box has quick instructions on the back. Some tubes require preconditioning of the gas and are packaged with 5 pretreatment tubes and 5 measurement tubes for a total of 5 measurements. The concentration scale is printed on the tube and an arrow indicates the direction in which the gas must enter. The standard number of 100 mL

strokes is indicated on one side, along with the total sample volume, the unit of measure, the gas type, and the batch number.

2.Data Sheet. Each box is packaged with a Data Sheet that provides detailed information on the tube performance. Figure 3-3 is an excerpt of a typical data sheet. Complete data sheets are provided in Chapter 5 and discussed in detail in Chapters 4.2 and 4.3.

Gas Detection Tube Data Sheet
Hydrogen Sulfide H2S		No. 10-103-18
	Extended	Standard	Extended
	Range	Range	Range
Range (ppmv)	12.5 - 125	25 - 250	50 - 500
No. of Pump Strokes	2	1	0.5
Sample Volume (mL)	200	100	50
Sample Time (min)	2 x 1	1	1
Correction Factor (CF)	0.5	1	2

Figure 3-3. Excerpt of a Tube Data Sheet

3.Part Number. The 7-digit part number is indicated on the top right of the data sheet. The second 3 digits indicate the tube chemical type, and the last two digits number indicate the approximate range of the tube. The higher the number, the higher the range.

4.Sampling Volume and Time. Using the standard number of pump strokes, the concentration of the gas is read from stain length directly matched to the printed scale after the listed sampling time has elapsed. However, the range of the tube may be extended by using a smaller or larger sample volume. In such cases, the scale reading must be multiplied by a Correction Factor (CF) to adjust for the different sample size. For example, the RAE Systems 10-103-18 hydrogen sulfide tube has a standard range of 25-250 ppm. When used with the standard one stroke, the readings will correspond directly to the printed scale

on the tube. When used with half a stroke, a Ccorrection Factor (CF) of 2 is applied. An observed reading of 50 ppm then corresponds to an actual concentration of:

50 x 2 = 100 ppm

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5.Cross-sensitivity. Gas detection tubes are generally quite selective, but some compounds may interfere in the measurements. The Data Sheet lists possible interfering compounds; others may also exist. In most cases these compounds increase the stain length, but in some cases they decrease the stain length. The user must be aware of potential interferences, or incorrect readings may result.

3.2.2 Testing Hand Pump For Leaks

Before a series of measurements, the pump used must be tested for leaks. Follow this procedure:

1.Insert an unopened tube snugly into the inlet of the aspirating pump.

2.Align the red dot on the plunger with the red dot on the pump shaft.

3.Pull the plunger one full stroke and wait 2 minutes.

4.Rotate the plunger dot away from the pump shaft alignment mark, and allow the plunger to be drawn back into the pump shaft. Keep your hand on the shaft to keep it from snapping back too suddenly.

There are no leaks if the plunger returns to within 3 mm of its original position. If a leak is detected, refer to Section 3.3 for maintenance procedures.

3.2.3 Measurement Procedure

OPERATION	1. Break both ends of a new detection tube using the tip breaker on the
	side of the pump. Insert the tube until it stops, and then back off about 1
	mm before breaking off the tip. The latter procedure allows the tip to fall
	into the tip reservoir at the end of the pump shaft. The reservoir can be
	emptied by opening the rubber cover on the opposite side of the pump.

Break tube open at both ends.

2.In cases where a pre-tube is provided (e.g., Benzene 10-101-01 and NOx 10-109-20), connect the pre-tube to the measurement tube using the rubber connector in the direction indicated on the tube.

3.Insert the measurement tube securely into the rubber pump inlet. Point the tube arrow towards the pump (see Figs. 3-1 and 3-2).

Insert open tube with arrow pointing towards pump.

4.Select the sample volume desired and align the red dot on the plunger with the red dot on the pump shaft. Pull the handle quickly until it latches at ½ or 1 full stroke (50 or 100 mL) and wait for the sampling time indicated on the data sheet to allow the air to be drawn through the tube. The end-of-flow indicator is dark during sampling. Flow is complete when the end-of-flow indicator returns to its white color.

Withdraw plunger sharply until it locks in place, and rotate stroke counter.

Wait for indicated sampling time when end-of-flow indicator turns white.

OPERATION

End-of-flow indicator is dark when sampling (left) and white when sampling is complete (right).

5.For additional pump strokes, rotate the handle ¼ turn clockwise or counterclockwise and push it back fully without removing the tube from

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the pump. Then repeat Step 4.

If additional strokes are needed, rotate plunger 90 degrees.

Push plunger back into pump shaft without removing tube.

Withdraw plunger for second stroke and repeat strokes as necessary.

OPERATION	Remove and read tube; return plunger and stroke counter to original position;
	empty tube tip reservoir as necessary.

3.2.4 Reading Tubes

1.The concentration of the compound being measured is read directly from the scale printed on the tube.

2.The reading is taken as the furthest distance along the tube that the color change just becomes visible. If the leading edge is diagonal instead of perpendicular to the axis of the tube, use the average of the minimum and maximum values. The three tubes shown in Figure 3-4 are all read as 0.9.

Figure 3-4. Reading of various types of endpoints after sampling.

3.Read the tube immediately after gas sampling, as colors may change, fade, or disperse with time.

4.If a non-standard number of pump strokes was used for sampling, multiply the reading by the Correction Factor given on the tube Data Sheet (Chapter 5).

5.If humidity and temperature corrections are necessary as indicated on the Data Sheets, multiply the observed readings by the given Correction Factor(s) (CF) to obtain the true concentration. For more details and a theoretical discussion, see Chapter 4.3 on the effects of humidity and temperature.

6.The user must be aware of potential interfering compounds in the tube measurements. Interferences can be either positive or negative.

CAUTION: Always examine the data sheet and other available information for possible interferences. Failure to consider interferences may lead to dangerously inaccurate readings.

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3.3 Maintenance of the LP-1200 Piston Hand Pump

Figure 3-5. Transparent view of LP-1200 pump showing internal parts.

1. Tube Tip Reservoir

Remove the tube tip reservoir cover as needed to empty the broken glass reservoir that is in the pump end fitting.

2. Pump Inlet and Filter

The rubber pump inlet can become worn with use and result in leaks. Unscrew the pump inlet nut and replace the rubber inlet. If the inlet is not replaced, inspect the inlet filter and replace or clean the filter when it becomes visibly dirty or if the end-of-flow indicator on the pump shows that the flow takes longer than recommended on the tube box.

3. Pump Mechanism

The plunger gasket may leak if it is worn or not well lubricated. To replace the gasket:

	OPERATION	1.	Unscrew the pump end fitting on the handle side.
		2.	Pull the plunger out of the pump shaft.
		3.	Replace the gasket.
		4.	Carefully push the plunger back into the shaft. Use a fine
			screwdriver or tweezers to help ease the gasket into the shaft.
		5.	Lubricate the inside of the shaft with vacuum grease to ensure
			a good seal.

Caution: Do not overtighten the plunger gasket. It could cause a sudden loss of vacuum.

The inlet check valve may cause leaks if worn or not lubricated.

Unscrew the end fitting on the inlet side and pull out the disk-shaped rubber-inlet check valve. Replace as necessary, adding a light coat of grease around the hole.

Replace the outlet check valve gasket if there is resistance on the return stroke. Using the special tool or needle-nose pliers, unscrew the plunger tip from the plunger rod. Replace the O-ring, check valve gasket as necessary, and reassemble. Inspect the gasket ring in the inlet end fitting. If it is damaged, replace before screwing the end fitting back on.

3.4 Selection Of Sampling Pump

RAE Systems tubes are designed for operation with a RAE Systems hand pump for drawing samples through RAE Systems tubes. Pumps from different manufacturers may have different flow patterns or deliver different volumes, which can cause significant errors. For example, bellows hand pumps as supplied by MSA and Draeger have substantially different flow patterns.

Caution: Use of a sampling pump other than a RAE Systems hand pump may cause serious errors. Always test any pump for leaks before use.

3.5 Operation And Maintenance Of Remote Sampler

The Detection Tube Remote Sampler is designed for use with RAE Systems hand pumps for gas-detection tubes and adsorption tubes. The flexible

Remote Sampler allows gases to be sampled through narrow apertures, down holes, or from other areas remotely located from the sampling pump. The sampler is available in two lengths, 15 feet (4.5 meters), p/n 010-3009- 015, and 35 feet (11 meters), p/n 010-3009-035.

1.Installation

Refer to Figure 3.7 for installation and part descriptions. Unscrew the pump adapter nut and remove the standard rubber tube adapter from the pump. Inspect the remote sampler to ensure that the porous metal filter is in place, and screw the pump adapter nut attached to the sampler into the pump. Store the standard nut and rubber adapter in a safe place for later use.

2.Operation

OPERATION

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To ensure a good seal, insert the gas detection tube into the tube holder and twist the tube while pushing in. If the tube uses a pre-tube, insert the pre-tube into the pre-tube holder and push the pre-tube into the end of the standard tube holder. Secure the pre-tube holder using the rubber buckles. Lower the extension hose to the desired position.

Figure 3-6. Installation of the remote sampling probe into the LP-1200 hand pump.

	OPERATION	3. Correction
		Caution: In order to obtain accurate readings, the following
		corrective procedures must be employed when using the 35-foot
		(11-meter) remote sampler.

The 35-foot (11-meter) remote sampler causes a slight delay and reduced reading because of the extra volume in the extension tubing. Increase the sample time by 30 seconds for a 2-minute tube, 20 seconds for a 1.5-minute tube, and by 15 seconds for a 1-minute tube. Then multiply the reading by 1.08 to obtain the

corrected value. Corrections for the 15-foot (4.5-meter) remote sampler are unnecessary.

4. Routine Maintenance

a.Porous Metal Filter: The metal frit filter should be replaced when it becomes visibly dirty or if the end-of-flow indicator on the pump shows that the flow takes longer than recommended on the tube box.

b.Leak Test: If a leak is discovered with either pump, first remove the probe and check the pump for leaks. Then examine the tubing and connections for the leak source, as follows:

i.Hand Pump: Insert a sealed tube into the tube holder tightly. Pull 3 pump strokes to expel the air from inside the tubing. Pull a fourth stroke and wait for 2 minutes. Rotate the plunger dot away from the pump shaft alignment mark, and allow for the plunger to be drawn back into the pump shaft. Keep your hand on the shaft to prevent it from springing back too suddenly. If the plunger returns to within 3 mm of its original position, there are no leaks.

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OPERATION

4. TECHNICAL INFORMATION

4.1 Gas Detection Tube Theory Of Operation

Gas detection tubes operate on a chemical reaction between the vaporphase compound and a liquid or solid detecting reagent, which is supported on an inert matrix. The most common types of reactions are the following:

•Acid-base reactions These include reactions of acidic gases like HCl and HF with bases, and reaction of alkaline vapors such as ammonia with an acid in the tube. A dye present in the tube changes color as the pH changes on exposure to the vapors.

•Reduction-oxidation (Red-ox) reactions These generate an oxidized or reduced compound, which has a different color. The chlorine tube uses oxidative coupling of colorless o-toluidine to form an orange azodye. White di-iodine pentoxide is reduced by CO and many organic vapors to form deep brown-colored iodine. Orange chromium (VI) is reduced by many organic compounds to form brown or green-colored Cr(III) compounds.

•Ligand-exchange reactions These generate new complexes that are more colored than the starting reagents. The most notable is the conversion of white lead acetate to brown-black lead sulfide in the

detection of H2S. In the case of phosphine, the exchange of PH3 for the chlorine ligand of HgCl2 releases HCl, which then causes a pHdependent dye-color change.

•Pre-layers or Pre-tubes These are used to condition the sample by controlling humidity, removing interferences, or transforming the analyte to another detectable compound. Examples include drying

agents in NH3 and HCl tubes, organic removal by charcoal or oxidation in selective CO tubes, and oxidation of NO to NO2 in the nitrogen oxides tube.

All RAE Systems detection tubes are length-of-stain types. In these tubes, the reaction of the gas with the supported reagent is fast, compared to the transport of the bulk air sample through the tube. Therefore, all of the detected vapors are reacted within the tube. As a result, there is not a strong dependence of the readings on the rate at which the gas is sampled. However, a very high flow rate can cause some smearing to a high reading. Conversely, low flow rates are less likely to affect the stain

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length, but can give low readings by concentrating the colored products in a shorter section of the tube. In cases of flow extremes, errors outside the standard 25% accuracy can be produced.

		RAE Systems tubes are calibrated using RAE Systems piston hand pumps.
		Theflowduringasinglepumpstrokeinitiallyrisessharplyandthendecays
	INFORMATIONTECHNICAL	exponentially (see Figure 4-1). The best accuracy is therefore obtained
		when the flow through the tube mimics this profile.

Figure 4-1. Piston pump internal pressure pattern. Data is offset by 2 seconds.

4.2 Explanation Of Data Sheets

The Data Sheets supplied with each box of tubes give representative information applying to all batches. The Data Sheets include:

1.Standard and extended measurement ranges, pump strokes required, gas volumes required, sampling times, and the detection limit. The standard range and strokes apply to the calibration scale printed on the tubes. The range can usually be extended to higher or lower concentrations by reducing or increasing, respectively, the number of pump strokes.

2.Correction Factors (CF) for conditions of pump stroke, temperature,

humidity, or gas type other than the standard conditions. The CF is multiplied by the observed reading to obtain the corrected concentration.

3.Precision. This value is determined by measuring a standard gas sample with at least 5 randomly chosen tubes. Precision is reported as the standard deviation from the average of the 5 measurements.

Precision is typically ≤±15%. (See Section 2 for complete table.)

4.Linearity with number of pump strokes. Multiple strokes are measured with a gas standard with concentration at the low end of the tube.

Tubes must have correlation coefficients (r2) >0.95 to be considered linear.

5.Humidity. The effect on the reading as a function of humidity of the standard gas is listed. Any required Correction Factors are tabulated.

6.Temperature. The effect of temperature is determined by equilibrating the gas sample, tube, and pump to the test temperatures, typically 0°, 10°, 25°, and 40°C (32°, 50°, 77°, and 104°F). Any required Correction Factors are tabulated. If humidity has a measurable effect on the gas readings, the temperature tests are performed at constant relative humidity (not absolute humidity). Any temperature corrections should be multiplied by any humidity corrections to obtain true readings.

7.Storage Life. Samples of tubes are stored for extended periods to evaluate their accuracy at defined time periods to determine their storage life. The user should store tubes in darkness at 3° to 7°C (37° to 45°F) to maximize their shelf life. Freezing tubes (storage below 0°C, or 32°F) can damage some types and is not recommended.

8.Cross-Sensitivity. Tubes are challenged with a variety of possible interfering gases to quantitate their relative response. Although the tubes are highly selective, compounds that are chemically similar to a target compound sometimes show a positive interference. Others interfere with the measurement gas without showing a response on their own; for example, when acidic vapors coexist with basic vapors. Such information is listed in a separate note or column titled “Interferes in Mixtures.” The user should know as much about the sample environment as possible in order to make sound judgments regarding possible interferences; otherwise inaccurate readings may result. In some cases, a different color or pattern of the stain can clue the user to the presence of an interfering compound.

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TECHNICAL INFORMATION

4.3 Humidity, Temperature, Pressure, and Matrix Effects

1. Humidity

Humidity has little effect on most tubes either because the reaction is insensitive to moisture or because drying agents are added to absorb the moisture in a pre-layer (see Figure 4-2). Humidity tends to have the greatest effect on compounds that are highly water-soluble, such as acids and bases. HF (hydrofluoric acid) is a notable example that requires humidity corrections; water-adsorbing prelayers cannot be used because they tend to be reactive with HF. The humidity effect tends to be greater as the concentration range of the tube is lowered. When correcting for humidity, the CF is multiplied by the reading in addition to multiplying by any temperature correction. Any necessary Correction Factors are listed in the individual tube data sheets. Note that the relative humidity at the measurement temperature defines the correction, rather than the absolute humidity.

Figure 4-2. Effect of humidity on gas detection tube readings.

2. Temperature

Temperature can affect gas tube readings in at least three ways. First, as the temperature increases, the gas density decreases, causing a tendency for the reading to decrease (see pressure effects described in the next section). Second, as the temperature increases, the reaction rate increases, causing the reading to be sharper and shorter. A third, balancing effect is that adsorption is often a prerequisite for reaction. Adsorption is weaker as temperature increases, and thus the reading can become longer. The interplay of these competing effects results in some stains that are longer with increasing temperature, and others that are shorter.

Figure 4-3. Effect of temperature on gas detection tube readings.

Additional factors occur in special cases. For example, pretube or prelayer reactions are sometimes more complete at higher temperatures, causing higher readings in the measurement layer. In some cases, the color of the stain can change. In the water vapor 120-20 tube, the color stain is green at room temperature and a more purple color below room temperature.

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TECHNICAL INFORMATION

3. Pressure

Tubes change color in proportion to the mass of the compounds reaching the reagent (i.e, the absolute concentration). Therefore, as the pressure decreases at higher altitudes, the apparent response is reduced because there are fewer molecules per unit volume sampled. The conventional desired reading is in ppmv (parts per million by volume), which is a relative concentration, such as a mole or volume fraction (% of molecules of compound per molecules of total gas [air]), rather than an absolute concentration.

All RAE Systems tubes are calibrated at 1 atmosphere (760 mm Hg) pressure at sea level.

•For tubes calibrated in absolute concentrations such as lbs./MMCF or mg/m3, no pressure corrections are needed.

•For tubes calibrated in relative concentrations (e.g., ppm), correct for pressure using one of the following equations:

Corrected reading = Observed Reading x 760 mm Hg Pressure (mm Hg)

Corrected reading = Observed Reading x 101.3 kPa

Pressure (kPa)

Corrected reading = Observed Reading x 14.7 psia

Pressure (psia)

The pressure in mm Hg can be estimated as a function of altitude using the following equation:

P (mm Hg) = 760exp(-0.1286[alt(km)]) below 2 km

Example Correction Factors are listed in the following table as a function of altitude. Weather changes may also affect the atmospheric pressure, but the necessary corrections are usually <10%.

Example Location	Altitude	Altitude	Pressure,	CF
	(km)	(feet)	(mm Hg)
San Francisco, CA	0	0	760	1.00
Atlanta, GA	0.3	1000	731	1.04
Spokane, WA	0.6	2000	703	1.08
Rapid City, SD	0.9	3000	676	1.12
Salt Lake City, UT	1.2	4000	650	1.17
Denver, CO	1.5	5000	625	1.22
Colo. Spgs., CO	1.8	6000	601	1.27
Santa Fe, NM	2.1	7000	578	1.32
Alta, UT	2.4	8000	555	1.37
Winter Park, CO	2.7	9000	534	1.42
Keystone, CO	3.0	10000	514	1.48

4. Matrix Gas

The matrix gas usually has little or no effect on the tube readings as long as the gas does not chemically react with the tube reagents or measured compound. Thus, readings in air, nitrogen, hydrogen, helium, or carbon dioxide give essentially the same results. However, the viscosity of the gas has a significant effect on the sampling time.

Thus, for example, the sampling time of the CO 10-102-18 tube is about half as long in pure hydrogen (viscosity 9.0 μPa-s) as it is in air (viscosity 18.6 μPa-s).

	Viscosity	Sampling Time	Sampling Time
Matrix Gas	@ 27°C		for a 90 second
	(μPa-s)	Relative to Air	Tube (seconds)
Air	18.6	1.00	90
n-Butane	7.5	0.40	36
Propane	8.3	0.45	40
Hydrogen	9.0	0.48	44
Ethane	9.5	0.51	46
Acetylene	10.4	0.56	50
Methane	11.2	0.60	54
Carbon Dioxide	15.0	0.81	73
Nitrogen	17.9	0.96	87
Helium	20.0	1.08	97
Oxygen	20.8	1.12	101
Argon	22.9	1.23	111
Neon	32.1	1.73	155

At a given viscosity, higher flow rates tend to give longer stains. However, this is often compensated by higher diffusion rates to the reactive surface in the less viscous gases, resulting in no significant effect on the readings.

INFORMATION TECHNICAL

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5. DATA SHEETS FOR GAS DETECTION TUBES

		Acetone C3H6O											No. 10-111-40
								Extended					Standard	Extended
									Range				Range	Range
		Range (ppmv)						0.05 - 1%					0.1 - 2%	0.2 - 4%
		No. of Pump Strokes							2				1	0.5
		Sample Volume (mL)							200				100	50
		Sample Time (min)								2 x 2			2	1.5
		Correction Factor							0.5				1	2
	Precision (Relative Standard Deviation)*: ≤ ±12%
	Linearity with No. of Pump Strokes: r2 = 0.992
		Humidity: No effect 5 - 85% RH
		Temperature Range:			0 - 40°C			(32 - 104°F)
Sheets		Temp (°C/°F)		0/32	10/50		25/77			40/104
		Corr. Factor		1.25	1.15		1.0			0.95
		Storage Life: 2 years in darkness at 5 - 25°C (40 - 77°F). Refrigeration preferred.
		Color Change:		Orange → Black
Data		Reaction Principle: CH3COCH3					+ Cr(VI) + H2SO4 → Cr(III) + Oxidation Prods.
		Cross-sensitivity:						Concentration					Apparent	Corr.
		Substance							(ppmv)				Reading*	Factor
		Methyl ethyl ketone							0.6%				0.55%	1.1
		Methyl propyl ketone							1.0%				0.65%	1.5
		Methyl isobutyl ketone							1.0%				0.40%	2.5
		CO							1.5%				0	-
		CO2							1.5%				0	-
		CH4							2.5%				0	-
		NH3							5.0%				1.4% brown	3.6
		H S							300				0.5% diffuse#	-
		2							1.0%				0.85% diffuse#	-
		Ethyl Acetate
		Hexane							0.24%				entire tube#	-
		Isobutylene							0.20%				entire tube#	-
		Toluene							400				0.3% diffuse#	-

* Data based on RAE Systems pumps and tubes used in standard range.

#Faint black color over entire stain length. Ketones can be distinguished by their darker stains and sharp endpoints.

Other Possible Interferences: Other hydrocarbons.

Amines RNH2 (CH3NH2) No. 10-132-10

	Extended	Standard	Extended
	Range	Range	Range
Range (ppmv)	0.25 - 5	0.5 - 10	1.0 - 20
No. of Pump Strokes	2	1	0.5
Sample Volume (mL)	200	100	50
Sample Time (min)	2 x 1	1	1
Correction Factor	0.5	1.0	2.0

Precision (Relative Standard Deviation)*: ≤ ±20%

Linearity with No. of Pump Strokes: r2 = 0.997

Humidity: No effect 0 - 90% RH

Temperature Range: 0 - 40°C (32 - 104°F) @ constant 50%RH.

Temp (°C/°F)		0/32		10/50			20/68		30/86			40/104
Corr. Factor		1.16		1.10			1.0		0.96			0.96
Storage Life:	1 year in darkness at 5-25°C (40-77°F). Refrigeration preferred.
Color Change:	Pink	→ Yellow														Data
Reaction Principle: 2RNH2			+ H2SO4				→ (RNH3)2SO4
Cross-sensitivity:					Concentration						Apparent			Correction		Sheets
Substance						(ppmv)					Reading*			Factor
Ammonia						5					6.0			0.8
Methylamine						10					10*			1.0
Ethylamine						8					7.0			1.1
Allyamine						7.4					8.0			0.93
Diethylamine						5					6.3			0.79
Trimethylamine						4.5					9.8			0.46
Triethylamine						6					9.5			0.63
Methylaziridine (Propylene imine)						5					6.5			0.77
Ethylenediamine						7					2.0#			3.5
Ethanolamine						36					4.1#			8.8
Pyridine						10				Over range†				-
H2S						100					0
CO						500					0
Isobutylene						100					0
HCl						1000					0£

*Data based on RAE Systems pump and tubes used in standard range. This tube is calibrated using methylamine.

# Deep purple with yellow stain at endpoint.

† Slight color change to light pink. £ Interferes in mixtures.

Other Possible Interferences: Other bases.

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		Ammonia			NH3										No. 10-100-05
									Extended					Standard		Extended
									Range					Range		Range
		Range (ppmv)							0.5 - 15					1 - 30		2 – 60
		No. of Pump Strokes								2				1		0.5
		Sample Volume (mL)								200				100		50
		Sample Time (min)							2 x 1.5					1.5		1
		Correction Factor								0.55				1		2.4
		Precision (Relative Standard Deviation)*: ≤ ± 12%
		Linearity with No. of Pump Strokes: r2 = 0.999
		Humidity: The tubes are calibrated at 50% RH @ 24 °C (75 °F)
		% RH		< 5%		10%			50%		80%			95%
		Corr. Factor		0.8		0.85			1.0		1.0			1.0
	Temperature Range: 0 - 40°C (32 - 104°F) @ constant 50%RH
		Temp (°C/°F)		0/32	10/50			25/77		35/95
Sheets		Corr. Factor		0.9	0.95			1.0		1.1
		Storage Life: 2 years in darkness at 5 - 25°C (40-77°F). Refrigeration preferred.
		Color Change:		Purple		→ Beige
Data		Reaction Principle: Prelayer reduces humidity effects
				3NH3 + H3PO4 → (NH4)3PO4
		Cross-sensitivity:							Concentration					Apparent
		Substance							(ppmv)					Reading*
		Pyridine								10				15
		Diethylamine								20				18
		Hydrazine								20				2**
		Methylhydrazine								20				2.3**
		CO								100				0
		CO2							20000					0#
		H2S								200				0
		Hexane								100				0
		Isobutylene								100				0
		Toluene								100				0

* Data based on RAE Systems pumps and tubes used in standard range. ** These hydrazines can be measured using 2 strokes with a CF of 5.

# 16000 ppm CO2 reduces the NH3 response by 30% in mixtures, 5000 ppm CO2 reduces

NH3 response by 10% in mixtures, and 1000 ppm CO2 has no effect.

Other Possible Interferences: Amines and other bases.

Ammonia			NH3										No. 10-100-10
						Extended						Standard		Extended
						Range						Range		Range
Range (ppmv)						2.5 - 50						5 - 100		10 – 200
No. of Pump Strokes							2					1		0.5
Sample Volume (mL)							200					100		50
Sample Time (min)							2 x 1					1		1
Correction Factor							0.5					1		2
Precision (Relative Standard Deviation)*: ≤ ± 12%
Linearity with No. of Pump Strokes: r2 = 1.000
Humidity: @ 24 °C (75 °F) The tubes are calibrated at 50% RH.
% RH		< 5%		20%		50%		70%				90%
Corr. Factor		0.7		0.8		1.0		1.1				1.3
Temperature Range: 0 - 35°C (32 - 95°F) @ constant 50% RH
Temp (°C/°F)		0/32	10/50		24/75		34/93
Corr. Factor		0.8	1.0		1.0		1.0

Storage Life: 2 years in darkness at 3 - 10°C (37 - 50°F). Refrigeration required.

Color Change: Purple	→ Beige
Reaction Principle: Prelayer reduces humidity effects
3NH3 + H3PO4 → (NH4)3PO4
Cross-sensitivity:		Concentration	Apparent
Substance		(ppmv)	Reading*
Butylamine	100#		45
Diethylamine		50#	60
		250	0
CO
		100#	0
H2S
SO2		100#	0
CH4		50000	0
CO2		50000	0
NO2		200	0
Hexane		100	0
Isobutylene		100	0
Toluene		100	0

* Data based on RAE Systems pumps and tubes used in standard range. # At 50% RH.

Other Possible Interferences: Amines and other bases.

Sheets Data

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Ammonia NH3

No. 10-100-12

	Extended	Standard	Extended
	Range	Range	Range
Range (ppmv)	5 - 130	10-260	20 - 520
No. of Pump Strokes	2	1	0.5
Sample Volume (mL)	200	100	50
Sample Time (min)	2 x 1.5	1.5	1
Correction Factor	0.5	1	2

Precision (Relative Standard Deviation)*: ≤ ± 12%

Linearity with No. of Pump Strokes: r2 = 1.000

Humidity: @ 22 °C (72 °F) The tubes are calibrated at 50% RH.

	% RH	< 5%		10%		50%		70%		90%
	Corr. Factor	0.8		0.9		1.0		1.0		1.0
Sheets	Temperature Range:		0 - 40°C			(32 - 104°F)			@ constant 50%RH
	Storage Life: 2 years in darkness at 3 - 10°C (37 - 50°F). Refrigeration required.
	Temp (°C/°F)	0/32	10/50		22/72		40/104
	Corr. Factor	0.8	1.0		1.0		1.0
Data	Color Change:	Purple		→ Beige
	Reaction Principle: Prelayer reduces humidity effects

	3NH3 + H3PO4 → (NH4)3PO4
Cross-sensitivity:		Concentration	Apparent
Substance		(ppmv)	Reading*
Butylamine	200#		200
Diethylamine		200#	260
CO		250	0
H2S		100#	0
SO2		100#	0
CH4		50000	0
CO2		50000	0
NO2		200	0
Hexane		100	0
Isobutylene		100	0
Toluene		100	0

* Data based on RAE Systems pumps and tubes used in standard range.

# At 50% RH.

Other Possible Interferences: Amines and other bases.

Ammonia	NH3		No. 10-100-15
		Extended	Standard	Extended
		Range	Range	Range
Range (ppmv)		12 - 250	25 - 500	50 - 1000
No. of Pump Strokes		2	1	0.5
Sample Volume (mL)		200	100	50
Sample Time (min)		2 x 1	1	1
Correction Factor		0.56	1	2

Precision (Relative Standard Deviation)*: ≤ ± 12% Linearity with No. of Pump Strokes: r2 = 0.998

Humidity: No effect at 10 - 90% RH. At <5% RH multiply the reading by 0.8. Temperature Range: 0 - 40°C (32 - 104°F) @ constant 50%RH.

Temp (°C/°F)

0/32

10/50

24/75

40/104

Corr. Factor

1.3

1.0

1.0

1.2

Storage Life: 2 years in darkness at 3 - 10°C

(37 - 50°F). Refrigeration required.

Data

Color Change: Purple

→ Beige

Reaction Principle: Prelayer reduces humidity effects

Sheets

3NH3 + H3PO4 → (NH4)3PO4

Cross-sensitivity:

Concentration

Apparent

Substance

(ppmv)

Reading*

Butylamine

300#

200

Diethylamine

100#

90

CO

250

0

CO2

50000

0

H2S

250

0

SO2

500#

0‡

NO2

200

0

CH4

25000

0

Hexane

1500

0

Toluene

200

0

Isobutylene

5000

0

* Data based on RAE Systems pumps and tubes used in standard range.

#At 50% RH. ‡Reduces reading in mixtures

Other Possible Interferences: Amines and other bases.

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Ammonia NH3

No. 10-100-40

	Extended	Standard	Extended
	Range	Range	Range
Range (ppmv)	0.5 - 7.5%	1 - 15%	2 - 30%
No. of Pump Strokes	2	1	0.5
Sample Volume (mL)	200	100	50
Sample Time (min)	2 x 2	2	1.5
Correction Factor	0.5	1	2

Precision (Relative Standard Deviation)*: ≤ ± 10% Linearity with No. of Pump Strokes: r2 = 0.999

Humidity: 85% RH reduces the reading by about 25% compared to dry air

Temperature Range: No effect 0 - 40°C (32 - 104°F)

Storage Life: 2 years in darkness at 5 - 25°C (40 - 77°F). Refrigeration preferred.

Sheets	Color Change: Orange → Deep Purple
	Reaction Principle: 3NH3	+ H3PO4 → (NH4)3PO4
	Cross-sensitivity:		Concentration		Apparent
Data	Substance		(ppmv)		Reading*
	CO		3000		0
	CO2		100000		0
	SO2		200		0
	NO		100		0
	Hexane		100		0
	Isobutylene		1000		0
	CH4		25000		0

* Data based on RAE Systems pumps and tubes used in standard range.

Other Possible Interferences: Amines and other bases

Benzene Specific C6H6 No. 10-101-01

				Extended					Standard		Extended
					Range				Range		Range
Range (ppmv)				0.25 - 5					0.5-10		1.5 - 30
No. of Pump Strokes					6				3		1
Sample Volume (mL)					600				300		100
Sample Time (min)						6 x 3				3 x 3	3
Correction Factor					0.27				1		4
Precision (Relative Standard Deviation)*: ≤±12%
Humidity: No effect 0 - 95% RH
Temperature Range: 0 - 40°C			(32 - 104°F)
Temp (°C/°F)		0/32	10/50			25/77	40/104						Data
Corr. Factor		2.7	1.6			1.0	0.6
Storage Life: 1 year in darkness at 5 - 25°C (40 - 77°F). Refrigeration preferred.
2C6H6		+ CH2O →				diphenylmethane + H2O							Sheets
Color Change: White → Brown
Reaction Principle: Pretube removes interferences
diphenylmethane + H2S2O7							→ p-quinoid products
Cross-sensitivity:				Concentration					Apparent
Substance					(ppmv)				Reading*
Isobutylene					100				0
n-Hexane					500#				0
n-Heptane					100				0
Toluene					100				0
m-Xylene					50				0
m-Xylene					100				5
CH4					25000				0
CO					10				0
H2S					25				0

* Data based on RAE Systems pumps and tubes used in standard range.

# Hexane above 100 ppm will reduce the benzene response.

Other Possible Interferences: Hydrocarbons and similar reducing gases.

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Benzene Specific C6H6 No. 10-101-10

					Extended		Standard	Extended
					Range		Range	Range
			Range (ppmv)		2.5 - 20			25 - 200
							5 - 40
			No. of Pump Strokes		10		5	1
			Sample Volume (mL)		1000		500	100
			Sample Time (min)		10 x 3		5 x 3	3
			Correction Factor		0.5		1	5
		Precision (Relative Standard Deviation)*: ≤ ± 12%
		Humidity: No effect 5 - 100% RH
	Sheets	Temperature Range: No effect 0 - 40°C (32 - 104°F)
		Storage Life: 1 year in darkness at 5 - 25°C (40 - 77°F). Refrigeration preferred.
		Color Change: White → Light Brown
	Data	Reaction Principle: Pretube removes interferences
			C6H6	+ I2O5 + H2S2O7 → I2		+ oxidation products
			Cross-sensitivity:		Concentration		Apparent
			Substance		(ppmv)		Reading*
			Isobutylene		100		~2 (faint)
			n-Hexane		10		0
			n-Octane		100		0
			Toluene		35		0#
			m-Xylene		50		0#
			β-Pinene		50		~2 (very faint)
			CO		10		7
			H2S		25		0

* Data based on RAE Systems pumps and tubes used in standard Range.

#With 10 strokes, toluene and xylene at 50 ppm read 2 ppm and 100 ppm octane reads ≤2 ppm.

Other Data: Without the pretube the readings are 30% higher.

1,3-Butadiene CH2=CHCH=CH2 No. 10-135-04

	Extended	Standard	Extended
	Range	Range	Range
Range (ppmv)	0.25-2.5	0.5-5	1-10
No. of Pump Strokes	4	2	1
Sample Volume (mL)	400	200	100
Sample Time (min)	4 x 2	2 x 2	2
Correction Factor	0.43	1	2.4

Precision (Relative Standard Deviation)*: ≤ ± 15%

Linearity with No. of Pump Strokes: r2 >0.998

Humidity Range: no effect 0 - 90% RH.

Temperature Range: 0 - 40°C (32 - 104°F)

Temp (°C/°F)		0/32	10/50	20/68			30/86	40/104
Corr. Factor		1.5	1.15	1.0			0.85		0.8
Storage Life: 2 years in darkness below 10°C (50°F). Refrigeration required.												Data
Color Change: Pink → White
Reaction Principle: CH2=CHCH=CH2 + KMnO2 → Oxidation products												Sheets
Cross-sensitivity:					Concentration				Apparent
Substance					(ppmv)				Reading*
Isobutylene						5			4.4
Ethylene						10			0**
Hexane						100			0
Toluene						100			0
CH4					75000				0
CO2						4000			0
CO						400			0
H2S						30			0
SO2						5			0.5
NO						8			1.9
NO2						10			0.5
NH3						50			0
HCN						10			0

*Data based on RAE pumps and tubes used in standard range. ** The entire tube changes to very light pink, no boundary.

Caution: Dispose of spent or expired tubes according to local regulations. Possibly hazardous materials are given under the section Reaction Principle.

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Benzene C6H6

No. 10-101-20

									Extended					Standard	Extended
										Range				Range	Range
		Range (ppmv)								2.5 - 50				5 - 100	10 - 200
		No. of Pump Strokes								2				1	0.5
		Sample Volume (mL)								200				100	50
		Sample Time (min)								2 x 2				2	1.5
		Correction Factor								0.5				1	2
	Precision (Relative Standard Deviation)*: ≤ ± 12%
	Linearity with No. of Pump Strokes: r2 = 0.992
		Humidity: No effect 5 - 95% RH
		Temperature Range:				0 - 40°C		(32 - 104°F)
		Temp (°C/°F)		0/32		10/50		21/70			40/104
		Corr. Factor		0.8		0.9		1.0			1.1
Sheets		Storage Life: 2 years in darkness at 5 - 25°C (40 - 77°F). Refrigeration preferred.
		Color Change:		White → Light Brown
Data		Reaction Principle: C6H6 + I2O5							+ H2S2O7 → I2 + oxidation products
		Cross-sensitivity:							Concentration					Apparent
		Substance								(ppmv)				Reading*
		CO								50				40
		CO2								50000				0
										50				20
		H2S
		NO								100				40
		NH3								100				0
		CH4								25000				0
		SO2								10				0
		Hexane								50				>100
										100				10
		Isobutylene
										100				20
		Toluene
		o-Xylene								50				3

* Data based on RAE Systems pumps and tubes used in standard range.

Other Possible Interferences: Hydrocarbons and similar reducing gases.

n-Butane

n-C4H10

No. 10-137-30

	Extended	Standard	Extended
	Range	Range	Range
Range (ppmv)	12.5– 700	25 - 1400	50 - 2800
No. of Pump Strokes	2	1	0.5
Sample Volume (mL)	200	100	50
Sample Time (min)	2 x 2.5	2.5	2
Correction Factor	0.5	1	2

Precision (Relative Standard Deviation)*: ≤ ± 20% Linearity with No. of Pump Strokes: r2 >0.999 Humidity: No effect 5 - 100% RH.

Temperature Range: No effect 0 - 40°C (32 - 104°F).

Storage Life: 2 years in darkness at 5 - 25°C (40 - 77°F). Refrigeration preferred.

Color Change: Yellow-Orange → Brown (greenish)					Data
Reaction Principle: C­4H10	+ K2Cr2O7 + H2SO4 → Cr(III) + Oxidation Products
CH4	25000		0	-	Sheets
Cross-sensitivity:		Concentration	Apparent	Correction
Substance		(ppmv)	Reading*	Factor
		500	~650 (l.brown)#	~0.8
Propane
Isobutane		100	20	~5
Isobutylene		1500	~15	~100
n-Pentane		200	80 (green)#	2.5
n-Hexane		1500	530 (green)#	2.8
CO		500	0	-
H2S		500	90	5.6
Ethanol		1000	~3	>300
Acetone		1000	~9	>100
Methyl Ethyl Ketone		1000	~8	>100

* Data based on RAE Systems pumps and tubes used in standard range.

# Propane gives light brown reading with very indistinct endpoint, butane gives moderately sharp endpoint, and pentane and hexane give sharp endpoints.

Other Possible Interferences: Other hydrocarbons

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Carbon Dioxide CO2

No. 10-104-30

								Extended				Standard		Extended
								Range				Range		Range
		Range					150 - 2500					300 - 5000	600 - 10000
		No. of Pump Strokes						2				1	0.5
		Sample Volume (mL)						200				100	50
		Sample Time (min)						2 x 2				2	1.5
		Correction Factor						0.5				1	2.3
	Precision (Relative Standard Deviation)*: ≤ ± 10%
	Linearity with No. of Pump Strokes: r2 = 0.993
		Humidity: No effect 5 - 85% RH
		Temperature Range:		0 - 40°C		(32 - 104°F)
		Temp (°C/°F)	0/32	10/50		21/70			40/104
Sheets		Corr. Factor	0.90	0.95		1.0			0.95
		Color Change:	White → Purple
		Storage Life: 2 years in darkness at 5 - 25°C (40 - 77°F). Refrigeration preferred.
Data		Reaction Principle: CO2 + H2NNH2						→ H2NNHCO2H (pH indicator change)
		Cross-sensitivity:					Concentration					Apparent
		Substance						(ppmv)				Reading*
		CO						3000				0
		SO2						2050				500
		SO2						200				~50
		NO						100				0
		NH3						50,000				0
		H2S						2000				0
		Hexane						1500				0
		Isobutylene						100				0
		Toluene						400				0

* Data based on RAE Systems pumps and tubes used in standard range.

Other Possible Interferences: Acid gases. Ammonia interferes in mixtures.

Carbon Dioxide CO2

No. 10-104-40

								Extended				Standard	Extended
								Range				Range	Range
	Range						0.025 - 0.5%					0.05 - 1%	0.1 - 2%
								2				1	0.5
	No. of Pump Strokes
	Sample Volume (mL)							200				100	50
	Sample Time (min)							2 x 2				2	1.5
	Correction Factor							0.5				1	2.3
	Precision (Relative Standard Deviation)*: ≤ ± 10%
	Linearity with No. of Pump Strokes: r2 = 0.994
	Humidity: No effect 5 - 85% RH
	Temperature Range:			0 - 40°C			(32 - 104°F)
	Temp (°C/°F)	0/32		10/50		21/70			40/104						Data
	Corr. Factor	1.2		1.1		1.0			0.75
	Storage Life: 2 years in darkness at 5 - 25°C (40 - 77°F). Refrigeration preferred.
															Sheets
	Color Change:	White → Purple
	Reaction Principle: CO2 + H2NNH2							→ H2NNHCO2H (pH indicator change)
	Cross-sensitivity:						Concentration					Apparent
	Substance							(ppmv)				Reading*
	CO							250				0
	SO2							10				0.1%
	NO							100				0
	NH3							10%				0
	CH4							2.5%				0
	H2S							0.5%				0.1%
	Hexane							1200				0
	Isobutylene							100				0
	Benzene							100				0
	Toluene							400				0

* Data based on RAE Systems pumps and tubes used in standard range.

Other Possible Interferences: Acid gases. Ammonia interferes in mixtures.

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