HP C-aC++ User's Guide

HP aC++/HP C A.06.28 Programmer's Guide

Integrity servers

HP Part Number: 769150-001

Published: March 2014

Edition: 13

© Copyright 2012, 2014 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P.

Confidential computer software. Valid license from HP required for possession, use or copying. Consistent with FAR 12.211 and 12.212, Commercial Computer Software, Computer Software Documentation, and Technical Data for Commercial Items are licensed to the U.S. Government under vendor's standard commercial license. The information contained herein is subject to change without notice. The only warranties for HP products and services are set forth in the express warranty statements accompanying such products and services. Nothing herein should be construed as constituting an additional warranty. HP shall not be liable for technical or editorial errors or omissions contained herein. UNIX is a registered trademark of The Open Group.

Intel® and Itanium® are trademarks of Intel Corporation in the U.S. and other countries.

Contents
HP secure development lifecycle....................................................................	17
About This Document ..................................................................................	18
Intended Audience..................................................................................................................	18
What’s in This Document.........................................................................................................	18
Typographical Conventions.................................................................................................	19
HP-UX Release Name and Release Identifier..........................................................................	20
Publishing History...................................................................................................................	20
Related Documents.................................................................................................................	20
HP Encourages Your Comments................................................................................................	21
1 Getting Started with HP aC++...................................................................	22
Components of the Compilation System.....................................................................................	22
Using the aCC Command...................................................................................................	23
Compiling a Simple Program...............................................................................................	23
Executing the Program........................................................................................................	23
Debugging Programs.........................................................................................................	23
HP Code Advisor..........................................................................................................	23
HP WDB Debugger.......................................................................................................	23
Accessing Online Example Source Files...........................................................................	24
Compiler Command Syntax and Environmental Variables.............................................................	24
Examples of the aCC Command..........................................................................................	24
Compiling and Renaming an Output File..........................................................................	24
Compiling and Debugging ............................................................................................	24
Compiling Without Linking.............................................................................................	24
Linking Object Files.......................................................................................................	24
Compiling, Optimizing, and Getting Verbose Information...................................................	24
Compiling and Creating a Shared Library........................................................................	25
Files on the aCC Command Line...............................................................................................	25
C++ Source File (.C file).....................................................................................................	25
Preprocessed Source Files (.i Files) .......................................................................................	25
Assembly Language Source Files (.s Files) .............................................................................	25
Object Files (.o Files)..........................................................................................................	26
Library Files (.a and .so Files)..............................................................................................	26
Configuration Files (.conf Files)............................................................................................	26
Environment Variables.............................................................................................................	26
aCC_FULL_PATHNAMES Environment Variable......................................................................	27
aCC_MAXERR Environment Variable....................................................................................	27
CXXOPTS Environment Variable...........................................................................................	27
CCLIBDIR Environment Variable...........................................................................................	27
CCROOTDIR Environment Variable.......................................................................................	28
CXX_MAP_FILE Environment Variable...................................................................................	29
TMPDIR Environment Variable..............................................................................................	29
Floating Installation.................................................................................................................	29
HP aC++..........................................................................................................................	30
HP C................................................................................................................................	30
Setting up Floating Installation.............................................................................................	30
2 Command-Line Options.............................................................................	31
Options to Control Code Generation.........................................................................................	32
-c ....................................................................................................................................	32
+DOosname ....................................................................................................................	32
+DDdata_model ...............................................................................................................	32

Contents 3

+DSmodel........................................................................................................................	33
Using +DS to Specify Instruction Scheduling.....................................................................	33
Compiling in Networked Environments.............................................................................	33
-S.....................................................................................................................................	33
Data Alignment and Storage....................................................................................................	34
-fshort-enums ....................................................................................................................	35
+unum .............................................................................................................................	35
Debugging Options................................................................................................................	35
+d...................................................................................................................................	35
+expand_types_in_diag.....................................................................................................	35
-g....................................................................................................................................	35
-g0..................................................................................................................................	35
-g1..................................................................................................................................	36
Differences Between -g, -g0, and -g1 Options........................................................................	36
When to use -g, -g0, and -g1..............................................................................................	36
-g, -g1 Algorithm...............................................................................................................	36
+macro_debug..................................................................................................................	36
+[no]objdebug..................................................................................................................	37
+pathtrace........................................................................................................................	37
Error Handling.......................................................................................................................	38
+p...................................................................................................................................	38
-w....................................................................................................................................	38
+w...................................................................................................................................	39
+wn.................................................................................................................................	39
+Wargs............................................................................................................................	39
+Wcontext_limit................................................................................................................	39
+We................................................................................................................................	40
+Weargs..........................................................................................................................	40
+Wv................................................................................................................................	40
+Wwargs.........................................................................................................................	40
+wlint...............................................................................................................................	40
+Wmacro.........................................................................................................................	40
+wperfadvice....................................................................................................................	40
+wsecurity........................................................................................................................	41
Exception Handling................................................................................................................	41
+noeh..............................................................................................................................	41
Extensions to the Language......................................................................................................	41
-ext..................................................................................................................................	41
+e...................................................................................................................................	42
Floating-Point Processing Options..............................................................................................	42
+O[no]cxlimitedrange........................................................................................................	42
+O[no]fenvaccess..............................................................................................................	42
-fpeval..............................................................................................................................	43
-fpevaldec.........................................................................................................................	43
-[no]fpwidetypes................................................................................................................	43
+decfp.............................................................................................................................	43
+FP..................................................................................................................................	43
+FPmode..........................................................................................................................	44
+O[no]libmerrno...............................................................................................................	44
+Oprefetch_latency............................................................................................................	44
+O[no]preserved_fpregs.....................................................................................................	44
+O[no]rotating_fpregs........................................................................................................	45
+O[no]sumreduction..........................................................................................................	45
Header File Options...............................................................................................................	45
-H....................................................................................................................................	45

4Contents

+hdr_create......................................................................................................................	45
+hdr_use..........................................................................................................................	45
-I directory........................................................................................................................	45
-I-.....................................................................................................................................	46
Online Help Option................................................................................................................	47
+help...............................................................................................................................	47
Inlining Options.....................................................................................................................	48
+inline_level num...............................................................................................................	48
Library Options......................................................................................................................	49
-b....................................................................................................................................	49
-dynamic...........................................................................................................................	49
-exec................................................................................................................................	49
-lname..............................................................................................................................	49
-L directory........................................................................................................................	50
-minshared........................................................................................................................	50
+nostl...............................................................................................................................	50
+Onolibcalls=...................................................................................................................	50
Linker Options........................................................................................................................	50
-e epsym...........................................................................................................................	50
-n.....................................................................................................................................	50
-N....................................................................................................................................	51
+O[no]dynopt...................................................................................................................	51
-q....................................................................................................................................	51
-Q....................................................................................................................................	51
-r.....................................................................................................................................	51
-s.....................................................................................................................................	51
-usymbol...........................................................................................................................	51
+ild..................................................................................................................................	52
+ildrelink..........................................................................................................................	52
Options for Naming the Output File..........................................................................................	52
-o.....................................................................................................................................	52
-.suffix..............................................................................................................................	52
Native Language Support Option.............................................................................................	52
-Y.....................................................................................................................................	52
Handling Null Pointers Options................................................................................................	53
-z.....................................................................................................................................	53
-Z....................................................................................................................................	53
Code Optimizing Options.......................................................................................................	53
Basic Optimization Level Options.........................................................................................	53
-O...............................................................................................................................	54
+O0............................................................................................................................	54
+O1............................................................................................................................	54
+O2............................................................................................................................	54
+O3............................................................................................................................	54
+O4............................................................................................................................	55
Object Files Generated at Optimization Level 4............................................................	55
Additional Optimization Options for Finer Control..................................................................	55
-ipo.............................................................................................................................	56
Object Files Generated with -ipo................................................................................	56
+[no]nrv......................................................................................................................	56
+O[no]failsafe..............................................................................................................	56
+O[no]aggressive.........................................................................................................	57
+O[no]limit..................................................................................................................	57
+O[no]ptrs_to_globals[=list]...........................................................................................	57
+O[no]size...................................................................................................................	57

Contents 5

Advanced +Ooptimization Options......................................................................................	57
+O[no]cross_region_addressing......................................................................................	58
+O[no]datalayout.........................................................................................................	58
+O[no]dataprefetch.......................................................................................................	58
+O[no]fltacc.................................................................................................................	58
+Ofrequently_called......................................................................................................	59
+O[no]initcheck............................................................................................................	59
+O[no]inline................................................................................................................	60
+Olit...........................................................................................................................	60
+Ointeger_overflow.......................................................................................................	60
+Olevel.......................................................................................................................	61
+O[no]loop_transform...................................................................................................	61
+O[no]loop_unroll........................................................................................................	61
+O[no]openmp.............................................................................................................	61
+opts...........................................................................................................................	62
+O[no]parminit............................................................................................................	62
+O[no]parmsoverlap.....................................................................................................	62
+O[no]procelim............................................................................................................	62
+O[no]promote_indirect_calls.........................................................................................	62
+Orarely_called............................................................................................................	63
+O[no]signedpointers....................................................................................................	63
+Oshortdata................................................................................................................	63
+O[no]store_ordering....................................................................................................	64
+Otype_safety..............................................................................................................	64
+Ounroll_factor............................................................................................................	64
Profile-Based Optimization Options......................................................................................	64
+Oprofile.....................................................................................................................	64
Information Embedding Options..........................................................................................	65
-annotate=structs...........................................................................................................	65
Displaying Optimization Information.....................................................................................	65
+O[no]info...................................................................................................................	65
Parallel Processing Options......................................................................................................	65
-mt...................................................................................................................................	66
+O[no]autopar..................................................................................................................	67
+tls=[static|dynamic]..........................................................................................................	67
+wlock.............................................................................................................................	68
Performance Options...............................................................................................................	68
-fast..................................................................................................................................	68
+Ofast..............................................................................................................................	68
+Ofaster...........................................................................................................................	69
+O[no]tls_calls_change_tp..................................................................................................	69
+[no]srcpos.......................................................................................................................	69
+DSmodel........................................................................................................................	69
Porting Options......................................................................................................................	70
-fast..................................................................................................................................	70
+sb..................................................................................................................................	70
+ub..................................................................................................................................	70
+uc..................................................................................................................................	70
+w64bit...........................................................................................................................	71
+wdriver...........................................................................................................................	71
+wendian.........................................................................................................................	71
Preprocessor Options..............................................................................................................	72
-C....................................................................................................................................	72
-dM..................................................................................................................................	72
-Dname............................................................................................................................	72

6Contents

-E.....................................................................................................................................	72
Redirecting Output From This Option...............................................................................	72
make[d]............................................................................................................................	73
+Make[d].........................................................................................................................	73
-P.....................................................................................................................................	73
-Uname............................................................................................................................	74
Profiling Code Options............................................................................................................	74
-G....................................................................................................................................	74
-p....................................................................................................................................	74
+profilebucketsize..............................................................................................................	74
Runtime Checking Options.......................................................................................................	75
+check.............................................................................................................................	75
+check=all........................................................................................................................	75
+check=none....................................................................................................................	75
+check=bounds.................................................................................................................	75
+check=globals.................................................................................................................	78
+check=lock......................................................................................................................	78
+check=malloc..................................................................................................................	79
+check=stack[:frame|:variables|:none]................................................................................	80
+check=thread..................................................................................................................	80
+check=truncate[:explicit|:implicit].......................................................................................	81
+check=uninit ...................................................................................................................	81
Standards Related Options......................................................................................................	82
-Aa..................................................................................................................................	82
-AA..................................................................................................................................	82
-Aarm...............................................................................................................................	82
-AC89..............................................................................................................................	83
-AC99..............................................................................................................................	83
-Ae..................................................................................................................................	83
-Ag++..............................................................................................................................	83
-Agcc...............................................................................................................................	83
-AOa and -AOe.................................................................................................................	84
-AP..................................................................................................................................	84
-Ax..................................................................................................................................	84
+legacy_cpp.....................................................................................................................	84
+legacy_v5.......................................................................................................................	84
+std=c89|c99|c++98|c++11|gcc|g++|gnu.......................................................................	85
+stl=rw|none....................................................................................................................	85
+tru64..............................................................................................................................	86
-Wc,-ansi_for_scope,[on|off]...............................................................................................	86
-Wc,-koenig_lookup,[on|off]................................................................................................	86
Subprocesses of the Compiler..................................................................................................	87
-tx,name...........................................................................................................................	87
More Examples of -t.......................................................................................................	87
-Wx,args..........................................................................................................................	88
Passing Options to the Linker with -W...............................................................................	89
Passing Multiple Options to the Linker with -W..................................................................	89
Symbol Binding Options..........................................................................................................	89
-Bdefault...........................................................................................................................	89
-Bextern............................................................................................................................	89
-Bhidden...........................................................................................................................	90
-Bhidden_def.....................................................................................................................	90
-Bprotected........................................................................................................................	90
-Bprotected_data................................................................................................................	90
-Bprotected_def..................................................................................................................	90

Contents 7

-Bsymbolic.........................................................................................................................	91
Template Options...................................................................................................................	91
+[no]dep_name.................................................................................................................	91
+inst_compiletime..............................................................................................................	91
+inst_directed....................................................................................................................	91
+inst_implicit_include.........................................................................................................	91
+inst_include_suffixes.........................................................................................................	92
Trigraph Processing Suppression Option....................................................................................	92
-notrigraph........................................................................................................................	93
Verbose Compile and Link Information.......................................................................................	93
-dumpversion.....................................................................................................................	93
+dryrun............................................................................................................................	93
+O[no]info.......................................................................................................................	93
+wsecurity........................................................................................................................	93
+time...............................................................................................................................	93
-v.....................................................................................................................................	94
-V....................................................................................................................................	94
Concatenating Options...........................................................................................................	95
3 Pragma Directives and Attributes................................................................	96
Initialization and Termination Pragmas......................................................................................	96
INIT.................................................................................................................................	96
FINI.................................................................................................................................	96
Copyright Notice and Identification Pragmas..............................................................................	97
COPYRIGHT......................................................................................................................	97
COPYRIGHT_DATE.............................................................................................................	97
LOCALITY.........................................................................................................................	97
LOCALITY_ALL...................................................................................................................	97
VERSIONID.......................................................................................................................	98
Data Alignment Pragmas.........................................................................................................	98
ALIGN.............................................................................................................................	98
PACK ..............................................................................................................................	98
Basic Example............................................................................................................	100
Template Example.......................................................................................................	100
Handling Unaligned Data............................................................................................	101
Implicit Access to Unaligned Data.................................................................................	101
UNALIGN.......................................................................................................................	102
Optimization Pragmas...........................................................................................................	103
OPT_LEVEL Pragma..........................................................................................................	103
OPTIMIZE Pragma...........................................................................................................	103
FLOAT_TRAPS_ON Pragma...............................................................................................	103
[NO]INLINE Pragma........................................................................................................	104
NO_INLINE Pragma........................................................................................................	104
IVDEP Pragma.................................................................................................................	105
NODEPCHK Pragma........................................................................................................	105
NO_RETURN Pragma.......................................................................................................	105
Diagnostic Pragmas..............................................................................................................	105
diag_xxx Pragmas...........................................................................................................	105
Other Pragmas.....................................................................................................................	105
assert Pragma.................................................................................................................	105
BINDING Pragma............................................................................................................	106
DEFAULT_BINDING Pragma..............................................................................................	106
ESTIMATED_FREQUENCY Pragma.....................................................................................	106
EXTERN Pragma..............................................................................................................	106
FREQUENTLY_CALLED Pragma..........................................................................................	106

8Contents

HDR_STOP Pragma..........................................................................................................		107
HIDDEN Pragma.............................................................................................................		107
HP_DEFINED_EXTERNAL Pragma......................................................................................		107
HP_DEFINED_INTERNAL Pragma.......................................................................................		107
IF_CONVERT Pragma.......................................................................................................		107
POP Pragma...................................................................................................................		108
Pragma (once).................................................................................................................		108
PROTECTED Pragma........................................................................................................		108
PTRS_STRONGLY_TYPED Pragma.......................................................................................		108
PTRS_TO_GLOBALS Pragma..............................................................................................		108
PUSH Pragma.................................................................................................................		108
RARELY_CALLED Pragma..................................................................................................		108
STDC CX_LIMITED_RANGE Pragma...................................................................................		109
STDC FLOAT_CONST_DECIMAL64 Pragma .......................................................................		109
STDC FP_CONTRACT Pragma...........................................................................................		109
STDC FENV_ACCESS Pragma...........................................................................................		110
UNROLL_FACTOR Pragma................................................................................................		110
OMP ATOMIC Pragma.....................................................................................................		110
OMP BARRIER Pragma.....................................................................................................		111
OMP CRITICAL Pragma....................................................................................................		111
OMP FOR Pragma...........................................................................................................		111
OMP FLUSH Pragma........................................................................................................		111
OMP MASTER Pragma.....................................................................................................		112
OMP ORDERED Pragma...................................................................................................		112
OMP PARALLEL Pragma....................................................................................................		112
OMP PARALLEL FOR Pragma.............................................................................................		112
OMP PARALLEL SECTIONS Pragma....................................................................................		113
OMP SECTIONS Pragma..................................................................................................		113
OMP SINGLE Pragma......................................................................................................		113
OMP TASK Pragma..........................................................................................................		113
OMP TASKWAIT Pragma..................................................................................................		114
OMP THREADPRIVATE Pragma..........................................................................................		114
OpenMP Clauses.................................................................................................................		114
private............................................................................................................................		114
firstprivate.......................................................................................................................		114
lastprivate.......................................................................................................................		114
copyprivate.....................................................................................................................		115
if...................................................................................................................................		115
default............................................................................................................................		115
shared............................................................................................................................		115
copyin............................................................................................................................		115
reduction........................................................................................................................		115
nowait............................................................................................................................		115
ordered..........................................................................................................................		116
schedule.........................................................................................................................		116
num_threads...................................................................................................................		116
Attributes.............................................................................................................................		116
attribute	aligned..............................................................................................................	116
attribute malloc................................................................................................................		116
attribute	non_exposing.....................................................................................................	117
attribute	noreturn.............................................................................................................	117
attribute format................................................................................................................		118
attribute visibility..............................................................................................................		118
attribute warn_unused_result..............................................................................................		118

Contents 9

4 Preprocessing Directives..........................................................................	119
Overview of the Preprocessor.................................................................................................	119
Syntax............................................................................................................................	119
Usage Guidelines............................................................................................................	119
Source File Inclusion (#include, #include_next).....................................................................	120
Syntax.......................................................................................................................	120
Description.................................................................................................................	120
Examples...................................................................................................................	121
Macro Replacement (#define, #undef)................................................................................	121
Syntax.......................................................................................................................	121
Description.................................................................................................................	121
Macros with Parameters...............................................................................................	121
Specifying String Literals with the # Operator..................................................................	122
Concatenating Tokens with the ## Operator ..................................................................	122
Example 1.............................................................................................................	122
Example 2.............................................................................................................	123
Using Macros to Define Constants.................................................................................	123
Other Macros.............................................................................................................	123
Example 1.............................................................................................................	124
Example 2.............................................................................................................	124
Using Constants and Inline Functions Instead of Macros...................................................	124
Example................................................................................................................	124
Predefined Macros......................................................................................................	125
Assertions (#assert, #unassert)...........................................................................................	125
Syntax.......................................................................................................................	125
Description.................................................................................................................	125
Conditional Compilation (#if, #ifdef, .. #endif)....................................................................	126
Syntax.......................................................................................................................	126
Description.................................................................................................................	126
Using the defined Operator..........................................................................................	127
Using the #if Directive..................................................................................................	127
The #endif Directive.....................................................................................................	127
Using the #ifdef and #ifndef Directives...........................................................................	127
Nesting Conditional Compilation Directives....................................................................	127
Using the #else Directive..............................................................................................	127
Using the #elif Directive...............................................................................................	127
Examples...................................................................................................................	128
Line Control (#line)...........................................................................................................	128
Syntax.......................................................................................................................	128
Description.................................................................................................................	128
Example....................................................................................................................	128
IOSTREAM Performance Improvement Pragma.....................................................................	129
Syntax:......................................................................................................................	129
Pragma Directive (#pragma) and _Pragma Operator............................................................	129
Syntax.......................................................................................................................	129
Description.................................................................................................................	129
Example....................................................................................................................	129
Error Directive (#error)......................................................................................................	130
Syntax.......................................................................................................................	130
Example....................................................................................................................	130
Warning Directive............................................................................................................	130
Syntax.......................................................................................................................	130
Trigraph Sequences..........................................................................................................	130
Examples........................................................................................................................	130

10 Contents

5 Using HP aC++ Templates.......................................................................	132
Invoking Compile-Time Instantiation.........................................................................................	132
Scope and Precedence.....................................................................................................	132
Template Processing.........................................................................................................	132
Explicit Instantiation..........................................................................................................	133
Usage.......................................................................................................................	133
Performance...............................................................................................................	133
Examples...................................................................................................................	133
Class Template.......................................................................................................	133
Function Template...................................................................................................	134
Command-Line Option Instantiation....................................................................................	134
Compile-Time Instantiation.................................................................................................	134
Why Use Compile-Time Instantiation..............................................................................	135
Scope........................................................................................................................	135
Usage.......................................................................................................................	135
Migrating from Automatic Instantiation to Compile-time Instantiation.......................................	135
Possible Duplicate Symbols in Shared Libraries................................................................	135
Possible Duplicate Symbols in Archive Libraries................................................................	135
Building an Archive Library with +inst_auto/+inst_close...............................................	136
Building an Archive Library with Compile-time Instantiation..........................................	136
C++ Template Tutorial......................................................................................................	136
Class Templates..........................................................................................................	136
Function Templates......................................................................................................	137
6 Standardizing Your Code........................................................................	138
HP aC++ Keywords..............................................................................................................	138
bool Keyword..................................................................................................................	138
Usage.......................................................................................................................	138
Example....................................................................................................................	138
dynamic_cast Keyword.....................................................................................................	139
Usage.......................................................................................................................	139
Example....................................................................................................................	139
explicit Keyword..............................................................................................................	141
Usage.......................................................................................................................	141
Example....................................................................................................................	141
mutable Keyword.............................................................................................................	143
Usage.......................................................................................................................	143
Example....................................................................................................................	143
namespace and using Keywords........................................................................................	144
Connections Across Translation Units.............................................................................	144
An Auxiliary Translation Unit.........................................................................................	145
usingdeclarations and usingdirectives.........................................................................	145
usingdeclaration...................................................................................................	145
usingdirective.......................................................................................................	145
typeid Keyword...............................................................................................................	146
Usage.......................................................................................................................	146
typeid Example......................................................................................................	146
volatile Keyword..............................................................................................................	148
Usage.......................................................................................................................	148
Example....................................................................................................................	148
wchar_t Keyword.............................................................................................................	149
Usage.......................................................................................................................	149
Example....................................................................................................................	149
template Keyword............................................................................................................	149
Usage.......................................................................................................................	149

Contents 11

Example....................................................................................................................	149
typename Keyword..........................................................................................................	149
Usage.......................................................................................................................	149
Example....................................................................................................................	149
Overloading new[] and delete[] for Arrays...............................................................................	150
Example.........................................................................................................................	151
Standard Exception Classes...................................................................................................	152
Example.........................................................................................................................	152
Exceptions Thrown by the Standard C++ Library.......................................................................	153
type_info Class.....................................................................................................................	153
Unsupported Functionality......................................................................................................	154
7 Optimizing HP aC++ Programs................................................................	156
Requesting Optimization........................................................................................................	156
Setting Basic Optimization Levels.......................................................................................	156
Level 1 Optimization....................................................................................................	156
Level 2 Optimization....................................................................................................	156
Level 3 Optimization....................................................................................................	157
Level 4 Optimization....................................................................................................	157
Additional Options for Finer Control...................................................................................	157
Enabling Aggressive Optimizations................................................................................	157
Enabling Only Conservative Optimizations.....................................................................	158
Removing Compilation Time Limits When Optimizing.......................................................	158
Limiting the Size of Optimized Code..............................................................................	158
Combining Optimization Options..................................................................................	158
Profile-Based Optimization................................................................................................	158
Instrumentation...........................................................................................................	159
Collecting Data for Profiling..........................................................................................	159
Maintaining Profile Data Files.......................................................................................	159
Example 1.................................................................................................................	160
Example 2.................................................................................................................	160
Performing Profile-Based Optimization............................................................................	160
Pragmas That Control Optimization.........................................................................................	160
8 Exception Handling................................................................................	161
Exception Handling..............................................................................................................	161
Exception Handling in C++...............................................................................................	161
Exception Handling as Defined by the ANSI/ISO C++ International Standard.........................	162
Basic Exception Handling Example....................................................................................	162
Function Try Block Examples..............................................................................................	162
Debugging Exception Handling.........................................................................................	163
Performance Considerations..............................................................................................	163
Using Threads......................................................................................................................	163
Rogue Wave Standard C++ Library 2.2.1...........................................................................	163
Rogue Wave Standard C++ Library 1.2.1 and Tools.h++ 7.0.6..............................................	163
Using Locks.....................................................................................................................	163
Required Command-line Options.......................................................................................	164
Rogue Wave Standard C++ Library 2.2.1.......................................................................	164
Rogue Wave Standard C++ Library 1.2.1 and Tools.h++ 7.0.6..........................................	164
Limitations.......................................................................................................................	165
Using -D_THREAD_SAFE with the cfront Compatible libstream...........................................	165
Differences between Standard iostreams and cfront Compatible libstream...........................	165
Using -D__HPACC_THREAD_SAFE_RB_TREE...................................................................	165
Exception Handling..........................................................................................................	166
Pthreads (POSIX Threads).......................................................................................................	166
Limitations.......................................................................................................................	166

12 Contents

Function Scoping..................................................................................................................	167
Performance Options.............................................................................................................	167
Parallel Programming Using OpenMP......................................................................................	167
OpenMP Implementation..................................................................................................	167
OpenMP Header File...................................................................................................	168
OpenMP Library.........................................................................................................	168
+O[no]openmp Command Line Option..........................................................................	169
_OPENMP Macro.......................................................................................................	169
Environment Variables in OpenMP.....................................................................................	169
OMP_SCHEDULE........................................................................................................	169
OMP_NUM_THREADS................................................................................................	169
OMP_DYNAMIC.........................................................................................................	170
OMP_NESTED............................................................................................................	170
Runtime Library Functions in OpenMP.................................................................................	170
Execution Environment Functions........................................................................................	170
omp_set_num_threads..................................................................................................	171
omp_get_num_threads.................................................................................................	171
omp_get_max_threads.................................................................................................	171
omp_get_thread_num..................................................................................................	171
omp_get_num_procs....................................................................................................	171
omp_in_parallel..........................................................................................................	171
omp_set_dynamic.......................................................................................................	172
omp_get_dynamic.......................................................................................................	172
omp_set_nested..........................................................................................................	172
omp_get_nested..........................................................................................................	172
Lock Functions.................................................................................................................	172
omp_init_lock and omp_init_nest_lock...........................................................................	173
omp_destroy_lock and omp_destroy_nest_lock................................................................	173
omp_set_lock and omp_set_nest_lock............................................................................	173
omp_unset_lock and omp_unset_nest_lock......................................................................	173
omp_test_lock and omp_test_nest_lock Functions.............................................................	174
Timing Functions..............................................................................................................	174
omp_get_wtime..........................................................................................................	174
omp_get_wtick............................................................................................................	174
9 Tools and Libraries..................................................................................	175
HP Specific Features of lex and yacc.......................................................................................	175
Creating and Using Libraries..................................................................................................	175
HP aC++ Libraries...........................................................................................................	176
Standard C++ Library..................................................................................................	176
Introduction................................................................................................................	176
Introduction to Using the Standard C++ Library...............................................................	176
Differences between Standard C++ Library and Other Libraries.........................................	177
The Non-Object-Oriented Design of the Standard C++ Library..........................................	177
Smaller Source Code..............................................................................................	178
Flexibility...............................................................................................................	178
Efficiency...............................................................................................................	178
Iterators: Mismatches and Invalidations.....................................................................	178
Templates: Errors and Code Bloat.............................................................................	178
Multithreading Problems..........................................................................................	178
Standard C++ Library Reference...................................................................................	178
Incompatibilities Between the Library and the Standard....................................................	178
Tools.h++ Library........................................................................................................	179
HP aC++ Runtime Support Library.................................................................................	179
IOStream Library.........................................................................................................	179

Contents 13

Standard Components Library Not Provided...................................................................	179
Linking to C++ Libraries...............................................................................................	180
Linking with Shared or Archive Libraries.........................................................................	180
Specifying Other Libraries............................................................................................	180
Creating and Using Shared Libraries..................................................................................	180
Compiling for Shared Libraries......................................................................................	180
Example................................................................................................................	180
Creating a Shared Library............................................................................................	181
Example................................................................................................................	181
Using a Shared Library................................................................................................	181
Example................................................................................................................	181
Example of Creating and Using a Shared Library............................................................	181
Linking Archive or Shared Libraries................................................................................	181
Syntax..................................................................................................................	182
Example................................................................................................................	182
Updating a Shared Library...........................................................................................	182
Advanced Shared Library Features.....................................................................................	182
Forcing the Export of Symbols in main...........................................................................	182
Binding Times.............................................................................................................	183
Forcing Immediate Binding......................................................................................	183
Side Effects of C++ Shared Libraries..............................................................................	183
Routines and Options to Manage C++ Shared Libraries...................................................	183
Linker Options to Manage Shared Libraries....................................................................	183
Version Control for Shared Libraries...............................................................................	183
Adding New Versions to a Shared Library......................................................................	184
Standard HP-UX Libraries and Header Files.........................................................................	184
Location of Standard HP-UX Header Files.......................................................................	184
Using Header Files......................................................................................................	184
Example................................................................................................................	184
Allocation Policies for Containers.......................................................................................	184
For -AP Standard Library..............................................................................................	184
For -AA Standard Library..............................................................................................	185
HP aC++ File Locations.........................................................................................................	186
HP aC++ Executable Files.................................................................................................	186
HP aC++ Runtime Libraries and Header Files.......................................................................	187
10 Mixing C++ with Other Languages.........................................................	188
Calling Other Languages.......................................................................................................	188
Data Compatibility between C and C++.................................................................................	188
HP aC++ Calling HP C.....................................................................................................	189
Using the extern "C" Linkage Specification.....................................................................	189
Syntax of extern "C"....................................................................................................	189
Examples of extern "C"................................................................................................	189
Differences in Argument Passing Conventions..................................................................	190
The main() Function.....................................................................................................	190
Examples: HP aC++ Calling HP C.................................................................................	190
Running the Example..............................................................................................	191
HP C Calling HP aC++.....................................................................................................	191
Compiling and Running the Sample Programs.................................................................	192
Calling HP FORTRAN 90 from HP aC++.............................................................................	193
The main() Function.....................................................................................................	193
Function Naming Conventions......................................................................................	193
Using Reference Variables to Pass Arguments..................................................................	193
Example of Reference Variables as Arguments............................................................	193
Using extern "C" Linkage.............................................................................................	194

14 Contents

Strings.......................................................................................................................	194
Arrays.......................................................................................................................	194
Files in FORTRAN........................................................................................................	194
11 Distributing Your C++ Products................................................................	195
Applications that use HP aC++ Shared Libraries.......................................................................	195
Linking Your HP aC++ Libraries with Other Languages..............................................................	196
Installing your Application.....................................................................................................	196
HP aC++ Files You May Distribute..........................................................................................	196
Terms for Distribution of HP aC++ Files....................................................................................	197
12 Migrating from HP C++ (cfront) to HP aC++.............................................	198
General Guidelines for Migration...........................................................................................	198
Getting Started with Migration...........................................................................................	198
Writing Code for both Compilers.......................................................................................	199
Explicit Loading and Unloading of Shared Libraries .............................................................	199
Memory Allocation..........................................................................................................	199
Command-Line Differences.....................................................................................................	199
New Command-Line Options.............................................................................................	199
Obsolete Command-Line Options.......................................................................................	200
Changed Command-Line Options......................................................................................	201
Migration Considerations when Debugging.............................................................................	202
Migration Considerations when Using Exception Handling.........................................................	202
Exception Handling is the Default.......................................................................................	202
Memory Allocation Failure and operator new......................................................................	203
Possible Differences when Exiting a Signal Handler..............................................................	203
Differences in setjmp/longjmp Behavior..............................................................................	204
Calling unexpected..........................................................................................................	204
Unreachable catch Clauses...............................................................................................	205
Throwing an Object having an Ambiguous Base Class..........................................................	205
Migration Considerations when Using Libraries.........................................................................	206
Standards Based Libraries.................................................................................................	206
HP C++ (cfront) Compatibility Libraries...............................................................................	207
IOStream Library.........................................................................................................	207
Manpages.............................................................................................................	207
Header Files..........................................................................................................	207
Standard Components Library Not Provided...................................................................	208
HP C++ (cfront) Complex Library Not Supported.............................................................	208
Manpages.............................................................................................................	208
Header File...........................................................................................................	208
HP C++ (cfront) Task Library Not Supported...................................................................	208
Manpages.............................................................................................................	208
Migration Considerations Related to Preprocessing...................................................................	208
Obsolete Preprocessor Options..........................................................................................	209
Migration Considerations Related to Standardization.................................................................	209
Changes in C++ Semantics...............................................................................................	209
Implicit Typing of Character String Literals.......................................................................	209
Overload Resolution Ambiguity of Subscripting Operator.................................................	210
Execution Order of Static Constructors in Shared Libraries.................................................	210
More Frequent Inlining of Inline Code............................................................................	211
Changes in C++ Syntax....................................................................................................	211
Explicit int Declaration.................................................................................................	211
The for Statement, New Scoping Rules...........................................................................	212
struct as Template Type Parameter is Permitted.................................................................	212
Base Template Class Reference Syntax Change...............................................................	213
Tokens after #endif......................................................................................................	213

Contents 15

overload not a Keyword...............................................................................................	213
Dangling Comma in enum...........................................................................................	214
Static Member Definition Required.................................................................................	214
Declaring friend Classes...............................................................................................	214
Incorrect Syntax for Calls to operator new......................................................................	215
Using :: in Class Definitions..........................................................................................	215
Duplicate Formal Argument Names...............................................................................	215
Ambiguous Function or Object Declaration.....................................................................	215
Overloaded Operations ++ and --.................................................................................	216
Reference Initialization.................................................................................................	216
Using operator new to Allocate Arrays...........................................................................	217
Parentheses in Static Member Initialization List.................................................................	217
&qualified-id Required in Static Member Initialization List..................................................	218
Non-constant Reference Initialization..............................................................................	218
Digraph White Space Separators..................................................................................	219
Migration Considerations when Using Templates......................................................................	219
Verbose Template Processing Information............................................................................	219
Common Template Migration Syntax Changes.....................................................................	220
The cfront Implicit Include Convention.................................................................................	220
Converting Directed Mode to Explicit Instantiation................................................................	220
13 Documentation feedback.......................................................................	221
A Diagnostic Messages..............................................................................	222
aC++ Message Catalog........................................................................................................	222
Command Errors..............................................................................................................	222
Command Warnings........................................................................................................	222
Fatal Errors.....................................................................................................................	222
Future Errors....................................................................................................................	222
Anachronisms..................................................................................................................	222
Warnings.......................................................................................................................	222
Suggestion/Information....................................................................................................	222
Tool Errors......................................................................................................................	222
Frequently Encountered Messages...........................................................................................	222
Glossary..................................................................................................	223
Index.......................................................................................................	227

16 Contents

HP secure development lifecycle

Starting with HP-UX 11i v3 March 2013 update release, HP secure development lifecycle provides the ability to authenticate HP-UX software. Software delivered through this release has been digitally signed using HP's private key. You can now verify the authenticity of the software before installing the products, delivered through this release.

To verify the software signatures in signed depot, the following products must be installed on your system:

•B.11.31.1303 or later version of SD (Software Distributor)

•A.01.01.07 or later version of HP-UX Whitelisting (WhiteListInf)

To verify the signatures, run: /usr/sbin/swsign -v –s <depot_path>. For more information, see Software Distributor documentation at http://www.hp.com/go/sd-docs.

NOTE: Ignite-UX software delivered with HP-UX 11i v3 March 2014 release or later supports verification of the software signatures in signed depot or media, during cold installation.

For more information, see Ignite-UX documentation at http://www.hp.com/go/ignite-ux-docs.

About This Document

This manual presents programming information on the C++ programming language, as implemented on Itanium®- based systems.

The document printing date and part number indicate the document’s current edition. The printing date will change when a new edition is printed. Minor changes may be made at reprint without changing the printing date. The document part number will change when extensive changes are made.

Document updates may be issued between editions to correct errors or document product changes. To ensure that you receive the updated or new editions, you should subscribe to the appropriate product support service. Contact your HP sales representative for details.

The latest version of this document is available on the web at http://www.hp.com/go/ hpux-C-Integrity-docs.

Intended Audience

This manual is intended for experienced C and C++ programmers who are familiar with HP systems.

What’s in This Document

HP aC++/HP C Programmer’s Guide is divided into the following chapters:

Chapter 1	Getting Started
	Gives you an introduction to the HP aC++ product and its components. It also
	discusses the compiler command syntax and environment variables.
Chapter 2	Command Line Options
	Discusses command line options. Command line options are categorized into
	different sections based on how you can use them. This chapter also covers
	diagnostic messages and pragma directives.
Chapter 3	Pragma Directives
	Discusses pragmas supported in HP aC++. A pragma directive is an instruction
	to the compiler. Use a #pragma directive to control the actions of the compiler
	in a particular portion of a translation unit without affecting the translation unit
	as a whole.
Chapter 4	Preprocessing Directives
	Gives you an overview, the syntax, and usage guidelines of preprocessing
	directives. This chapter also includes a section on using HP aC++ templates.
Chapter 5	Using HP aC++ Templates
	Gives you an overview of template processing and describes the instantiation
	coding methods available in HP aC++.
Chapter 6	Standardizing Your Code
	Discusses HP aC++ keywords, Standard Exception Classes, and exceptions
	thrown by the Standard C++ library, and lists unsupported functionality.
Chapter 7	Optimizing HP aC++ Programs
	Gives you information about optimizing your programs.
Chapter 8	Exception Handling
	Discusses exception handling, and information on using threads and parallel
	programming.

18

Chapter 9 Tools and Libraries

Discusses the tools and libraries bundled with HP aC++.

Chapter 10 Mixing C++ with Other Languages

Provides guidelines for linking HP aC++ modules with modules written in HP C and HP FORTRAN 90 on HP systems.

Chapter 11 Distributing Your C++ Products

Provides distribution-related information for C++ products. If you choose to distribute archive libraries or object files, your customer must have purchased HP aC++. Make sure that your customer has read this distribution information.

Chapter 12 Migrating from HP C++ (cfront) to HP aC++

Discusses differences in syntax and functionality that you may need to consider, when migrating code from HP C++ (cfront) to HP aC++.

Appendix A Diagnostic Messages

Discusses the aCC message catalog and frequently encountered messages. The aC++ compiler can issue a large variety of diagnostics in response to unexpected situations or suspicious constructs.

Glossary

Contains definitions of terms used in this book, listed alphabetically.

Typographical Conventions

This document uses the following conventions.

audit(5)	An HP-UX manpage. In this example, audit is the name and 5 is the section in
	the HP-UX Reference respectively. On the Web and on the Instant Information
	CD, it may be a hot link to the manpage itself. From the HP-UX command line,
	you can enter “man audit” or “man 5 audit” to view the manpage. See
	man(1).
Book Title	The title of a book. On the Web and on the Instant Information CD, it may be
	a hot link to the book itself.
KeyCap	The name of a keyboard key.
Emphasis	Emphasized text.
Bold	Strongly emphasized text.
Bold	The defined use of an important word or phrase.
ComputerOut	Text displayed by the computer.
UserInput	Commands and other text that you type.
Command	A command name or qualified command phrase.
Variable	The name of a variable that you may replace in a command or function or
	information in a display that represents several possible values.
[]	The contents are optional in syntax. If the contents are a list separated by |,
	you must choose one of the items.
{}	The contents are required in syntax. If the contents are a list separated by |,
	you must choose one of the items.
...	The preceding element may be repeated an arbitrary number of times.

|Separates items in a list of choices.

What’s in This Document 19

HP-UX Release Name and Release Identifier

Each HP-UX 11i release has an associated release name and release identifier. Theuname(1) command with the -r option returns the release identifier. This table shows the releases available for HP-UX 11i.

Table 1 HP-UX 11i Releases

Release Identifier	Release Name	Supported Processor Architecture
B.11.31	HP-UX 11i v3.0	Intel® Itanium®
B.11.11	HP-UX 11i v1	PA-RISC
B.11.23	HP-UX 11i v2.0	PA-RISC
B.11.31	HP-UX 11i v3.0	PA-RISC
B.11.20	HP-UX 11i v1.5	Intel® Itanium®
B.11.22	HP-UX 11i v1.6	Intel® Itanium®
B.11.23	HP-UX 11i v2.0	Intel® Itanium®
B.11.31	HP-UX 11i v3.0	Intel® Itanium®

Publishing History

Edition	Release Date	Product Version
13	March 2014	HP aC++ v A.06.28
12	September 2012	HP aC++ v A.06.27
11	September 2011	HP aC++ v A.06.26
10	March 2010	HP aC++ v A.06.25
9	September 2009	HP aC++ v A.06.20
8	September 2007	HP aC++ v A.06.15
7	November 2006	HP aC++ v A.06.12
6	May 2006	HP aC++ v A.06.10
5	September 2005	HP aC++ v A.06.05
4	December 2004	HP aC++ v A.06.00/A.05.60
3	September 2004	HP aC++ v A.05.55.02
2	March 2004	HP aC++ v A.05.55
1	August 2003	HP aC++ v A.05.50

Related Documents

You can fine additional information about the HP aC++/HP C compiler on the web at http:// www.hp.com/go/hpux-C-Integrity-docs.

20

The following is a list of documents available with this release:

•HP aC++/HP ANSI C Release Notes

This document gives an overview of new command-line options and features in HP aC++ and HP C compilers for Itanium®-based systems.

•HP C/HP-UX Reference Manual

This manual presents reference information on the C and C++ programming languages.

HP Encourages Your Comments

HP encourages your comments concerning this document. We are truly committed to providing documentation that meets your needs.

Please send comments to: [e-mail]

Please include document title, manufacturing part number, and any comment, error found, or suggestion for improvement that you have about this document.

HP Encourages Your Comments 21

1 Getting Started with HP aC++

The information in this document applies to the release of HP aC++ and HP ANSI C compilers version A.06.28 for the HP-UX 11i v3 operating system.

The HP ANSI C compiler supports ANSI programming language C standard ISO 9899:1999. HP aC++ compiler supports the ISO/IEC 14882 Standard for the C++ Programming Language (the international standard for C++).

Version A.06.28 of the HP aC++/HP C compiler provides leading edge support for C++11 standard language features, with complete binary compatibility with earlier releases and -AA compilation mode.

This chapter discusses the following topics:

•“Components of the Compilation System” (page 22)

•“Compiler Command Syntax and Environmental Variables” (page 24)

•“Files on the aCC Command Line” (page 25)

•“Environment Variables” (page 26)

•“Floating Installation” (page 29)

Components of the Compilation System

The HP aC++ compiling system consists of the following components:

aCC The aCC driver is the only supported interface to HP aC++ and to the linker for HP aC++ object files.

cc cc is the HP-UX C compiler.

c89 c89 is the HP-UX ANSI-conforming C89 compiler. c99 c99 is the HP-UX ANSI-conforming C99 compiler.

ecom The ecom compiler (for A.06.*) compiles the C++ source statements. Preprocessing is incorporated into the compiler.

ctcom The ctcom compiler (for A.05.*) compiles the C++ source statements. Preprocessing is incorporated into the compiler.

The other HP aC++ executable files are:

c++filt	c++filt is the name demangler. It implements the name demangling algorithm which
	encodes function name, class name, and parameter number and name.
ld	ld is the linker. It links executables and builds shared libraries.

HP aC++ Runtime Libraries and Header Files:

Standard C++ Library

/usr/lib/hpux32/libstd.so (32-bit shared version) /usr/lib/hpux32/libstd.a (32-bit archive version) /usr/lib/hpux64/libstd.so (64-bit shared version) /usr/lib/hpux64/libstd.a (64-bit archive version)

HP aC++ Runtime Support Library /usr/lib/hpux##/libCsup.so

/usr/lib/hpux##/libCsup11.so — ISO C++11 standard compliant /usr/lib/hpux##/libstd.so and libstd_v2.so /usr/lib/hpux##/libstd_v2.so and librwtool_v2.so /usr/lib/hpux##/libstream.so

Libraries in /usr/include/hpux##

(where ## is 32 or 64 provided as part of the HP-UX core system)

22 Getting Started with HP aC++

Standard C++ Library

/usr/lib/hpux32/libstream.so (32-bit shared version) /usr/lib/hpux32/libstream.a (32-bit archive version) /usr/lib/hpux64/libstream.so (64-bit shared version) /usr/lib/hpux64/libstream.a (64-bit archive version)

Header files for these libraries are located at /opt/aCC/include/.

Using the aCC Command

To invoke the HP aC++ compiling system, use the aCC command at the shell prompt. TheaCC command invokes a driver program that runs the compiling system according to the filenames and command line options that you specify.

Compiling a Simple Program

The best way to get started with HP aC++ is to write, compile, and execute a simple program, as shown in the following example:

#include <iostream.h> int main()

{

int x,y;

cout << “Enter an integer: “; cin >> x;

y = x * 2;

cout << “\n” << y <<“ is twice “ << x <<“.\n”;

}

If this program is in the file getting_started.C, compiling and linking the program with the aCC command produces an executable file named a.out, by default:

$ aCC getting_started.C

Executing the Program

To run this executable file, just enter the name of the file. The following summarizes this process with the file getting_started.C:

$ a.out

Enter an integer: 7 14 is twice 7.

Debugging Programs

You can use programming and debugging aides.

HP Code Advisor

HP Code Advisor is a code checking tool that can be used to detect programming errors in C/C++ source code. Use "/opt/cadvise/bin/cadvise" to invoke the tool. A brief description is available with the -help option.

$ /opt/cadvise/bin/cadvise -help

Additional information is available at: http://www.hp.com/go/cadvise/.

HP WDB Debugger

You can also use the HP WDB debugger to debug your C++ programs after compiling your program with either the -g, the -g0, or the -g1 option.

Example:

The -g0 option enables generation of debug information:

$ aCC -g0 program.C

Components of the Compilation System 23

The gdb command runs the HP WDB debugger:

$ gdb a.out

For more information on the HP WDB debugger, refer to “Debugging Options” (page 35).

Accessing Online Example Source Files

Online example source files are located in the directory /opt/aCC/contrib/Examples/ RogueWave. These include examples for the Standard C++ Library and for the Tools.h++ Library.

Compiler Command Syntax and Environmental Variables

The aCC command (the driver) invokes the HP aC++ compiling system. The aCC command is followed by options and files that need to be compiled.

aCC [options] [files]

You must use the aCC command to link your C++ programs and libraries. This ensures that all libraries and other files needed by the linker are available.

Example:

aCC prog.C

This command compiles the source file prog.C and puts the executable code in the file a.out.

For a complete list of command line options, see Chapter 2: “Command-Line Options” (page 31).

Examples of the aCC Command

Following are some examples of the aCC command:

Compiling and Renaming an Output File

aCC -o prog prog.C

This command compiles prog.C and puts the executable code in the file prog, rather than in the default file a.out.

Compiling and Debugging

aCC -g prog.C

This command compiles prog.C and includes information that allows you to debug the program with the HP WDB debugger, wdb.

Compiling Without Linking

aCC -c prog.C

This command compiles prog.C and puts the object code in the file prog.o. It neither links the object file nor creates an executable file.

Linking Object Files

aCC file1.o file2.o file3.o

This command links the listed object files (file1.o, file2.o, and file3.o) and puts the executable code in the file a.out.

NOTE: You must use the aCC command to link your HP aC++ programs and libraries. This ensures that all libraries and other files needed by the linker are available.

Compiling, Optimizing, and Getting Verbose Information

aCC -O -v prog.C

24 Getting Started with HP aC++

This command compiles and optimizes prog.C, gives verbose progress reports, and creates an executable file a.out.

Compiling and Creating a Shared Library

aCC +z -c prog.C

aCC -b -o mylib.sl prog.o

The first line compiles prog.C, creates the object file prog.o, and puts the position-independent code (PIC) into the object file. The second line creates the shared library mylib.sl, and puts the executable code into the shared library.

Files on the aCC Command Line

Files containing source or object code to be compiled or linked by HP aC++ can be any of these files:

•A C++ Source File (.C file)

•Preprocessed Source Files (.i Files)

•Assembly Language Source Files (.s Files)

•Object Files (.o Files)

•Library Files (.a and .so Files)

•“Configuration Files (.conf Files)” (page 26)

Unless you use the -o option to specify otherwise, all files that the aCC compiling system generates are put in the working directory, even if the source files are from other directories.

C++ Source File (.C file)

You must name the HP aC++ source files with extensions beginning with either .c or .C, possibly followed by additional characters. If you compile only, for example by using -c, each C++ source file produces an object file with the same file name prefix as the source file and a .o file name suffix.

However, if you compile and link a single source file into an executable program in one step, the

.o file is automatically deleted, unless -g is used without +noobjdebug.

NOTE: HP recommends that your source files have .c or .C extensions only, without any additional characters. While extensions other these are permitted for portability from other systems, they may not be supported by HP tools and environments.

Preprocessed Source Files (.i Files)

Files with .i extensions are assumed to be preprocessor output files. These files are processed in the same way as .c or .C files, except that the preprocessor is not run on the .i file before the file is compiled.

Use the -P or the -E compiler option to preprocess a C++ source file without compiling it.

Assembly Language Source Files (.s Files)

Files with names ending in .s are assumed to be assembly source files. The compiler invokes the assembler through cc to create .o files from these.

Use the -S option to compile a C++ source file to assembly code and put the assembly code into a .s file.

Files on the aCC Command Line 25

Object Files (.o Files)

Files with .o extensions are assumed to be relocatable object files that have to be included in the linking. The compiler invokes the linker to link the object files and create an executable file.

Use the -c option to compile a C++ source file into a .o file.

Library Files (.a and .so Files)

Files ending with .a are assumed to be archive libraries. Files ending with .so are assumed to be shared libraries.

Use the -c and +z options to create object files of Position-Independent Code (PIC) and the -b option to create a shared library.

Use the -c option to create object files and the ar command to combine the object files into an archive library.

Configuration Files (.conf Files)

You can configure compiler options on a system-wide basis. The compiler reads the configuration files:

/var/aCC/share/aCC.conf (aC++), or

/var/ansic/share/cc.conf(ANSI C), if present.

In C-mode, the configuration file defaults to/var/ansic/share/cc.conf, unless overridden by the environment variable CC_CONFIG..

In C++ mode, the config file defaults to /var/aCC/share/aCC.conf, unless overriden by the environment variable CXX_CONFIG.

The options in the configuration file can be specified in the same manner as that for CCOPTS and CXXOPTS, namely:

[options-list-1] [|[options-list-2]]

where options in options-list-1 are applied before the options in the command line, and options in options-list-2 are applied after the options in the command line.

The final option ordering would be:

<file-options-1><envvar-options-1><command-line-options>

<envvar-options-2><file-options-2>

NOTE: No configuration files are shipped along with aC++, but can be installed by the system administrator, if required.

The config file options before the "|" character set the defaults for compilations, and the options after the character override the user’s command line settings.

Environment Variables

This section describes the following environment variables that you can use to control the HP aC++ or HP C compiler:

•“aCC_FULL_PATHNAMES Environment Variable” (page 27)

•“aCC_MAXERR Environment Variable” (page 27)

•“CXXOPTS Environment Variable” (page 27)

•“CCLIBDIR Environment Variable” (page 27)

•“CCROOTDIR Environment Variable” (page 28)

26 Getting Started with HP aC++

•“CXX_MAP_FILE Environment Variable” (page 29)

•“TMPDIR Environment Variable” (page 29)

aCC_FULL_PATHNAMES Environment Variable

Exporting the aCC_FULL_PATHNAMES variable causes the compiler to include full path names for files in compiler messages. This feature is useful in debugging.

aCC_MAXERR Environment Variable

The aCC_MAXERR environment variable allows you to set the maximum number of errors you want the compiler to report before it terminates compilation. The default is 100.

CXXOPTS Environment Variable

The CXXOPTS environment variable provides a convenient way to include frequently used command-line options automatically.

Options before the vertical bar (|) are placed before command-line options to aCC. The options after the vertical bar are placed after any command-line option. Note that the vertical bar must be delimited by white space.

If you do not use the vertical bar, all options are placed before the command line parameters. Set the environment variable and the options you want are automatically included each time you execute the aCC command.

Syntax:

export CXXOPTS="options | options" ksh/sh notation

setenv CXXOPTS "options | options" csh notation

Usage:

For quick or temporary changes to your build environment, use CXXOPTS instead of editing your makefiles.

Example:

export CXXOPTS="-v | -lm" ksh/sh notation

setenv CXXOPTS "-v | -lm" csh notation

The above command causes the -v and -l options to be passed to the aCC command each time you execute it.

When CXXOPTS is set as above, the following two commands are equivalent:

aCC -g prog.C

aCC -v -g prog.C -lm

CCLIBDIR Environment Variable

The CCLIBDIR environment variable causes the aCC command to search for libraries in an alternate directory before searching in the default directories.

Syntax:

export	CCLIBDIR=directory	ksh/sh notation
setenv	CCLIBDIR directory	csh notation

directory is an HP-UX directory where you want HP aC++ to look for libraries.

Example:

export CCLIBDIR=/mnt/proj/lib

In this example HP aC++ searches the directory /mnt/proj/lib for libraries before searching the directory /opt/aCC/lib.

Environment Variables

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When CCLIBDIR is set a in the above example, the following two commands are equivalent:

aCC -L/mnt/proj/lib file.o

aCC file.o

NOTE: You can use the -Ldirectory option to specify additional directories for the linker to search for libraries.

CCROOTDIR Environment Variable

The CCROOTDIR environment variable causes aCC to invoke all subprocesses from an alternate aCC directory, rather than from their default directory. The default aCC root directory is /opt/ aCC.

Syntax:

export	CCROOTDIR=directory	ksh/sh notation
setenv	CCROOTDIR directory	csh notation

directory is an aCC root directory where you want the HP aC++ driver to search for subprocesses.

Example:

28 Getting Started with HP aC++

export CCROOTDIR=/mnt/CXX2.1

In this example, HP aC++ searches the directories under /mnt/CXX2.1 (/mnt/CXX2.1/bin and /mnt/CXX2.1/lbin) for subprocesses rather than their respective default directories.

CXX_MAP_FILE Environment Variable

To facilitate easy migration of build environment from a different compiler to HP aC++, an option mapping support is provided. You can use the option mapping files to map the options in the third party compilers to HP aC++ equivalents. The mapping file is a text file that defines the mapping rules. The compiler reads the mapping file and applies the specified replacements to the options on the command line. This minimizes the need to make Makefile or script changes. The CXX_MAP_FILE environment variable allows you to change the location of the mapping file.

Syntax:

export CXX_MAP_FILE=file path

Example:

export CXX_MAP_FILE=/home/src/my_option.map

The example specifies that HP aC++ should use mapping file from file path specified using CXX_MAP_FILE.

Defining the Mapping Rules:

Following is the syntax for defining the rules in the mapping file:

LHS => RHS

where:

•Left Hand Side (LHS) is the third party compiler option.

•Right Hand Side (RHS) is the HP aC++ compiler option

NOTE: Ensure to use a space before and after "=>".

To define rules for options that have arguments, use the $<number> wildcard.

For Example:

$1 for the first argument, and $2 for the second. If the third party compiler option (LHS) does not match with any HP aC++option, leave the RHS blank.

TMPDIR Environment Variable

The TMPDIR environment variable allows you to change the location of temporary files created by the compiler. The default directory is /var/tmp.

Syntax:

export	TMPDIR=directory	ksh/sh notation
setenv	TMPDIR directory	csh notation

directory is the name of an HP-UX directory where you want HP aC++ to put temporary files during compilation.

Example:

export	TMPDIR=/mnt/temp	ksh	notation
setenv	TMPDIR /mnt/temp	csh	notation

The above example specifies that HP aC++ should put all temporary files in /mnt/temp.

Floating Installation

More than one version of the HP aC++ compiler can be installed on one system at the same time. The floating installation feature allows you to install the compiler in any location. You can install as many compiler versions as required, depending on your system’s resources.

Floating Installation

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HP aC++

By default, HP aC++ is installed under the /opt/aCC directory. In earlier releases, the compiler driver (aCC) looked for related files in subdirectories of the /opt/aCC directory. This prevented installation of more than one version of HP aC++ on the same system at the same time.

Only files in /opt/aCC are affected by floating installation. Regardless of the HP aC++ driver you use, the compiler still uses the libraries, linker, and other files located in /usr/lib and /usr/ ccs.

Floating installation is designed to help facilitate in-house development. You must not ship libraries in non-standard places, because explicit runtime library specifications and linker options are required.

You can use the __HP_aCC predefined macro to determine which version is being run.

HP C

You can use the __HP_cc predefined macro to determine which version is being run.

NOTE: Do not use floating installation with the following:

•CCROOTDIR environment variable

•-tc,name command line option

Setting up Floating Installation

You may want to install the most recent compiler version and keep the prior version on one system. If there are problems with the most recent version, you can easily switch to the prior one. Following is an example of how to set up the floating installation feature for this purpose. Assume that your system will have two versions of the compiler, both floating install enabled. In this case, A.05.50 is the prior version, and A.05.60 or A.06.00 is the more recent version.

To setup floating installation, complete the following steps:

1.Copy the prior version to another directory. cp -rp /opt/aCC /opt/aCC.05.55

2.Use swinstall to install the new version (A.06.00 or A.05.60 in this case).

30 Getting Started with HP aC++