HP LaserJet Pro MFP M227, LaserJet Pro M203 Troubleshooting Manual and Repair Manual

4.4 (7)

LaserJet Pro M203

LaserJet Pro MFP M227

Troubleshooting Manual

M203d

M203dn

M203dw

M227d	M227fdw
M227sdn
M227fdn

www.hp.com/support/ljM203

www.hp.com/support/ljmfpM227

For printer part removal and part number information, see the Repair Manual.

HP LaserJet Pro M203 and HP LaserJet Pro

MFP M227

Troubleshooting Manual

L.P.

Reproduction, adaptation, or translation without prior written permission is prohibited, except as allowed under the copyright laws.

The information contained herein is subject to change without notice.

The only warranties for HP products and services are set forth in the express warranty statements accompanying such products and services. Nothing herein should be construed as constituting an additional warranty. HP shall not be liable for technical or editorial errors or omissions contained herein.

Edition 1, 11/2016

Trademark Credits

Microsoft®, Windows®, Windows® XP, and Windows Vista® are U.S. registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation.

Conventions used in this guide

TIP: Helpful hints or shortcuts.

Reinstallation tip: Reinstallation helpful hints, shortcuts, or considerations. NOTE: Information that explains a concept or how to complete a task.

IMPORTANT: Information that help the user to avoid potential printer error conditions.

CAUTION: Procedures that the user must follow to avoid losing data or damaging the printer.

WARNING! Procedures that the user must follow to avoid personal injury, catastrophic loss of data, or extensive damage to the printer.

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Conventions used in this guide

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For additional service and support information

HP service personnel, go to the Service Access Work Bench (SAW) at http://sawpro.glb.itcs.hp.com. Channel partners, go to HP Channel Services Network (CSN) at www.hp.com/partners/csn .

At these locations, find information on the following topics:

●Install and configure

●Printer specifications

●Up-to-date control panel message (CPMD) troubleshooting

●Solutions for printer issues and emerging issues

●Remove and replace part instructions and videos

●Service advisories

●Warranty and regulatory information

Channel partners, access training materials in the HP University and Partner Learning Center at https://content.ext.hp.com/sites/LMS/HPU.page.

To access HP PartSurfer information from any mobile device, go to http://partsurfermobile.hp.com/ or scan the Quick Response (QR) code below.

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For additional service and support information

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Table of contents

1 Theory of operation ..................................................................................................................................................................................	1
Related documentation and software ..................................................................................................................................	2
Basic operation .........................................................................................................................................................................	3
Sequence of operation ........................................................................................................................................	4
Formatter-control system ......................................................................................................................................................	5
Sleep delay ............................................................................................................................................................	5
Printer job language (PJL) ..................................................................................................................................	5
Printer management language (PML) ..............................................................................................................	6
Control panel ........................................................................................................................................................	6
Wireless .................................................................................................................................................................	6
Low end data model (LEDM) overview .............................................................................................................	6
Advanced control language (ACL) overview ....................................................................................................	6
CPU .........................................................................................................................................................................	6
Input/output (I/O) .................................................................................................................................................	6
USB ....................................................................................................................................................	6
USB hosts .........................................................................................................................................	6
10/100 networking .........................................................................................................................	6
Fax .....................................................................................................................................................	7
Memory .............................................................................................................................................	7
Firmware ......................................................................................................................	7
Nonvolatile random access memory (NVRAM) ......................................................	7
Flash memory .............................................................................................................	7
Random access memory ...........................................................................................	7
HP Memory Enhancement technology (MEt) .........................................................	7
Engine-control system ............................................................................................................................................................	8
DC controller .........................................................................................................................................................	9
Motor control .................................................................................................................................	11
Fan control .....................................................................................................................................	11
Low-voltage power supply ..............................................................................................................................	12
Overcurrent/overvoltage protection .........................................................................................	14
Low-voltage power supply failure detection ......................................................	14
High-voltage power supply .............................................................................................................................	14

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High-voltage power supply circuits ...........................................................................................	15
Fuser control ......................................................................................................................................................	15
Fuser control functions ................................................................................................................	17
Fuser heater protection ...............................................................................................................	18
Engine laser scanner system ...............................................................................................................................................	19
Laser scanner failure detection ......................................................................................................................	20
Safety ..................................................................................................................................................................	20
Image-formation process ................................................................................................................................	21
Step 1: Pre-exposure ...................................................................................................................	24
Step 2: Primary charging .............................................................................................................	24
Step 3: Laser-beam exposure ....................................................................................................	25
Step 4: Development ...................................................................................................................	25
Step 5: Transfer ............................................................................................................................	26
Step 6: Separation ........................................................................................................................	27
Step 7: Fusing ................................................................................................................................	27
Step 8: Drum cleaning ..................................................................................................................	28
Toner cartridges ................................................................................................................................................	28
Design .............................................................................................................................................	28
Engine pickup, feed, and delivery system ..........................................................................................................................	30
Sensors and switches .......................................................................................................................................	32
Motors and solenoids .......................................................................................................................................	33
Jam detection/prevention ................................................................................................................................	33
Scanning and image capture system (MFP printers) .......................................................................................................	36
Motor and sensors ............................................................................................................................................	38
Document feeder system (MFP printers) ...........................................................................................................................	39
Document feeder simplex operation .............................................................................................................	39
Fax functions and operation (fax models only) ................................................................................................................	40
Computer and network security features .....................................................................................................	40
PSTN operation ..................................................................................................................................................	40
Receive faxes when you hear fax tones ........................................................................................................	40
Distinctive ring function ....................................................................................................................................	41
Set up the distinctive ring function ............................................................................................	41
Fax by using voice over IP (VOIP) services .....................................................................................................	41
The fax subsystem ............................................................................................................................................	42
Fax card in the fax subsystem ........................................................................................................................	42
Safety isolation .............................................................................................................................	42
Safety-protection circuitry ..........................................................................................................	42
Data path ........................................................................................................................................	42
Hook state ......................................................................................................................................	43
Downstream device detection ....................................................................................................	43
Hook switch control ......................................................................................................................	43

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Ring detect .....................................................................................................................................	43
Line current control ......................................................................................................................	43
Billing or metering tone filters ....................................................................................................	44
Fax page storage in flash memory .................................................................................................................	44
Stored fax pages ...........................................................................................................................	44
Advantages of flash memory storage ......................................................................................	44
2 Solve problems .......................................................................................................................................................................................	45
For additional service and support ......................................................................................................................................	46
Troubleshooting process ......................................................................................................................................................	47
Determine the problem source .......................................................................................................................	47
Pre-troubleshooting checklist ....................................................................................................	47
Troubleshooting flowchart .........................................................................................................	48
Power subsystem ..............................................................................................................................................	49
Power-on checks ..........................................................................................................................	49
Control panel checks .........................................................................................................................................	49
Tools for troubleshooting .....................................................................................................................................................	51
Individual component diagnostics ..................................................................................................................	51
Tools for troubleshooting: LED diagnostics .............................................................................	51
Network LEDs (network models) ...........................................................................	51
Control-panel LEDs ..................................................................................................	51
Change the link speed setting (network models) ...............................................	52
Tools for troubleshooting: Engine diagnostics ........................................................................	52
Engine test ................................................................................................................	52
Diagrams .............................................................................................................................................................	54
Diagrams: Block diagrams ..........................................................................................................	54
Sensors and switches (image formation system; printer base) .......................	54
Cross section diagrams ...........................................................................................	56
Diagrams: Printed circuit assembly (PCA) connector locations ............................................	59
Engine controller PCA ..............................................................................................	59
Formatter PCA ..........................................................................................................	60
Diagrams: External plug and port locations .............................................................................	62
Diagrams: Locations of major components .............................................................................	64
Major components (printer base) ..........................................................................	64
Diagrams: Timing chart ................................................................................................................	65
Diagrams: Circuit diagrams .........................................................................................................	67
Use advanced configuration with HP Embedded Web Server (EWS) and HP Device Toolbox
(Windows) ...........................................................................................................................................................	68
Internal test and information pages ..............................................................................................................	71
Print the configuration report .....................................................................................................	72
Print a configuration report from an LED control panel (M203) ......................	72

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Print the configuration report from a 2-line control panel (M227) .................	72
Print the configuration report from a touchscreen control panel (M227) ......	72
Finding important information on the configuration report .............................	73
Control panel menus ........................................................................................................................................	76
Setup menu ...................................................................................................................................	76
HP Web Services menu ...........................................................................................	76
Reports menu ...........................................................................................................	77
Self Diagnostics menu .............................................................................................	79
Fax Setup menu (fax models) ................................................................................	79
System Setup menu ................................................................................................	82
Network Setup menu ..............................................................................................	85
Quick Forms menu ...................................................................................................	86
Function specific menus ..............................................................................................................	88
Fax Menu (fax models) ............................................................................................	88
Copy menu (MFP models) .......................................................................................	89
Scan menu (MFP models) .......................................................................................	91
USB menu (MFP models) ........................................................................................	91
Apps ............................................................................................................................	91
Supplies .....................................................................................................................	91
Control panel message document (CPMD) ...................................................................................................	92
Control-panel message types ....................................................................................................	92
Control-panel messages and event log entries ......................................................................	92
Control Panel Error Messages (M203d/dn/dw, M206dn models) ...................	92
Control Panel Error Messages (M227d/sdn/fdn/fdw, M230sdn/fdw
models) ......................................................................................................................	98
Tools for troubleshooting: Event log messages ...................................................................	114
Print an event log ...................................................................................................	114
View the event log .................................................................................................	115
Improve print quality ...........................................................................................................................................................	117
Print from a different software program ....................................................................................................	117
Check the paper-type setting for the print job ...........................................................................................	117
Check the paper type setting (Windows) ................................................................................	117
Check the paper type setting (OS X) ........................................................................................	118
Check toner-cartridge status (M203) ..........................................................................................................	118
Check toner-cartridge status (M227) ..........................................................................................................	118
Print a cleaning page (M203) ........................................................................................................................	119
Print a cleaning page (M227) ........................................................................................................................	120
Check the scanner glass for dirt and smudges (M227) ............................................................................	121
Visually inspect the toner cartridge or cartridges .....................................................................................	121
Check paper and the printing environment ................................................................................................	121
Step one: Use paper that meets HP specifications ...............................................................	121

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Step two: Check the environment ...........................................................................................	122
Step three: Set the individual tray alignment (M203) ..........................................................	122
Step three: Set the individual tray alignment (M227) ..........................................................	123
Try a different print driver .............................................................................................................................	124
Check the EconoMode settings .....................................................................................................................	125
Adjust print density (M203) ...........................................................................................................................	125
Adjust print density (M227) ...........................................................................................................................	126
Print quality troubleshooting guide ..................................................................................................................................	127
Image defects table ........................................................................................................................................	127
Printer-specific image defects ......................................................................................................................	134
Repetitive image defect ruler ...................................................................................................	134
Use a ruler to measure between repetitive defects ........................................	135
Print quality troubleshooting guide ........................................................................................	138
OPC short ................................................................................................................	139
White blotches at low temperature ....................................................................	140
OPC drum ghost .....................................................................................................	141
Toner block contamination on the exit roller ....................................................	142
Cartridge coupling defect (1 of 2) .......................................................................	143
Cartridge coupling defect (2 of 2) .......................................................................	144
Toner contamination .............................................................................................	145
Sharp vertical streaks ...........................................................................................	146
Improve copy and scan image quality (M227) ................................................................................................................	147
Introduction ......................................................................................................................................................	147
Check the scanner glass for dirt and smudges ..........................................................................................	147
Check the paper settings ...............................................................................................................................	148
Optimize for text or pictures .........................................................................................................................	149
Edge-to-edge copying ...................................................................................................................................	150
Clean the pickup rollers and separation pad in the document feeder ...................................................	150
Clean the printer ..................................................................................................................................................................	152
Print a cleaning page (M203) ........................................................................................................................	152
Print a cleaning page (M227) ........................................................................................................................	152
Clean the pickup roller and separation pad ................................................................................................	153
Clean the pickup rollers and separation pad in the document feeder ...................................................	155
Check the scanner glass and white backing for dirt or smudges (M227) ..............................................	156
Clean the ADF replaceable film assembly (M227) .....................................................................................	157
Clean the touchscreen (M227) ......................................................................................................................	159
Solve paper-handling problems .......................................................................................................................................	160
Printer feeds incorrect page size ..................................................................................................................	160
Printer pulls from incorrect tray ...................................................................................................................	160
Printer will not duplex or duplexes incorrectly ..........................................................................................	160
Paper does not feed from the input tray ....................................................................................................	160

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Output is curled or wrinkled ..........................................................................................................................	161
Printer does not pick up paper or misfeeds ...............................................................................................	161
The printer does not pick up paper .........................................................................................	161
The printer picks up multiple sheets of paper .......................................................................	162
The document feeder jams, skews, or picks up multiple sheets of paper (MFP
models) ........................................................................................................................................	162
Paper does not feed automatically .........................................................................................	162
Clear paper jams (M203, M206) ...................................................................................................................	163
Introduction .................................................................................................................................	163
Paper path jam sensor locations (M203) ...............................................................................	163
Jam locations ..............................................................................................................................	164
Experiencing frequent or recurring paper jams? ...................................................................	165
Clear jams in the Main input tray .............................................................................................	166
Clear jams in the toner-cartridge area ....................................................................................	170
Clear jams in the output bin ......................................................................................................	174
Clear jams in the duplexer ........................................................................................................	176
Clear paper jams (M227, M230) ...................................................................................................................	179
Introduction .................................................................................................................................	179
Paper path jam sensor locations (M227) ...............................................................................	180
Jam locations ..............................................................................................................................	182
Experiencing frequent or recurring paper jams? ...................................................................	182
Clear jams in the document feeder .........................................................................................	184
Clear jams in the Main input tray .............................................................................................	187
Clear jams in the toner-cartridge area ....................................................................................	170
Clear jams in the output bin ......................................................................................................	174
Clear jams in the duplexer ........................................................................................................	176
Solve performance problems ............................................................................................................................................	203
Solve connectivity problems ..............................................................................................................................................	204
Solve USB connection problems ..................................................................................................................	204
Solve wired network problems .....................................................................................................................	204
Introduction .................................................................................................................................	204
Poor physical connection ..........................................................................................................	204
The computer is using the incorrect IP address for the printer ..........................................	204
The computer is unable to communicate with the printer ..................................................	205
The printer is using incorrect link speed and duplex settings for the network ................	205
New software programs might be causing compatibility problems .................................	205
The computer or workstation might be set up incorrectly ..................................................	205
The printer is disabled, or other network settings are incorrect ........................................	205
Solve wireless network problems (M203, M206)) .....................................................................................	205
Introduction .................................................................................................................................	206
Wireless connectivity checklist .................................................................................................	206

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The printer does not print after the wireless configuration completes ............................	206
The printer does not print, and the computer has a third-party firewall installed .........	207
The wireless connection does not work after moving the wireless router or printer ....	207
Cannot connect more computers to the wireless printer ....................................................	207
The wireless printer loses communication when connected to a VPN .............................	207
The network does not appear in the wireless networks list ...............................................	207
The wireless network is not functioning ................................................................................	207
Perform a wireless network diagnostic test ..........................................................................	208
Reduce interference on a wireless network ..........................................................................	208
Solve wireless network problems (M227, M230) ......................................................................................	209
Introduction .................................................................................................................................	209
Wireless connectivity checklist .................................................................................................	209
The printer does not print after the wireless configuration completes ............................	210
The printer does not print, and the computer has a third-party firewall installed .........	210
The wireless connection does not work after moving the wireless router or printer ....	210
Cannot connect more computers to the wireless printer ....................................................	210
The wireless printer loses communication when connected to a VPN .............................	211
The network does not appear in the wireless networks list ...............................................	211
The wireless network is not functioning ................................................................................	211
Perform a wireless network diagnostic test ..........................................................................	211
Reduce interference on a wireless network ..........................................................................	212
Service mode functions ......................................................................................................................................................	213
Service menu (M227) .....................................................................................................................................	213
Secondary service menu ................................................................................................................................	215
Printer resets ...................................................................................................................................................	217
Restore the factory-set defaults (M203) ...............................................................................	217
Restore the factory-set defaults (M227) ...............................................................................	218
NVRAM initialization ...................................................................................................................	219
Super NVRAM initialization ........................................................................................................	219
Solve fax problems (fax models only) .............................................................................................................................	221
Checklist for solving fax problems ...............................................................................................................	221
Solve general fax problems ..........................................................................................................................	222
Faxes are sending slowly ..........................................................................................................	222
Print quality of a photo is poor or prints as a gray box. .......................................................	223
Fax quality is poor ......................................................................................................................	223
Fax cuts off or prints on two pages .........................................................................................	224
You touched the Cancel button to cancel a fax, but the fax was still sent ..................	224
No fax address book button displays .....................................................................................	224
Not able to locate the fax settings in HP Web Jetadmin ......................................................	225
The header is appended to the top of the page when the overlay option is enabled ....	225
A mix of names and numbers is in the recipients box ..........................................................	225

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A one-page fax prints as two pages .......................................................................................	225
A document stops in the document feeder in the middle of faxing ..................................	225
The volume for sounds coming from the fax accessory is too high or too low ..............	225
Use fax over VoIP networks ......................................................................................................	225
Solve problems receiving faxes ....................................................................................................................	226
Solve problems sending faxes ......................................................................................................................	230
Fax error messages on the control panel ...................................................................................................	231
The No Fax Detected message displays .................................................................................	231
The Communication error message appears ........................................................................	231
No Dial Tone ................................................................................................................................	232
The Fax is busy message appears ...........................................................................................	233
The No fax answer message appears .....................................................................................	233
Document feeder paper jam ....................................................................................................	234
The Fax storage is full message appears ...............................................................................	234
Scanner error ..............................................................................................................................	234
The control panel displays a Ready message with no attempt to send the fax ..............	234
The control panel displays the message "Storing page 1" and does not progress
beyond that message ................................................................................................................	234
Faxes can be received, but not sent ........................................................................................	235
Printer is password protected ..................................................................................................	235
Unable to use fax functions from the control panel ............................................................	235
Unable to use speed dials .........................................................................................................	235
Unable to use group dials .........................................................................................................	236
Receive a recorded error message from the phone company when trying to send a
fax .................................................................................................................................................	236
Unable to send a fax when a phone is connected to the printer ........................................	237
Troubleshoot fax codes and trace reports .................................................................................................	237
View and interpret fax error codes ..........................................................................................	237
Fax trace report ..........................................................................................................................	238
Fax logs and reports .......................................................................................................................................	238
Print all fax reports ....................................................................................................................	238
Print individual fax reports ........................................................................................................	238
Set the fax error report .............................................................................................................	239
Set the fax-error-correction mode ..............................................................................................................	239
Change the fax speed .....................................................................................................................................	239
Use fax on a DSL, PBX, or ISDN system .......................................................................................................	240
DSL ................................................................................................................................................	240
PBX ...............................................................................................................................................	240
ISDN ..............................................................................................................................................	240
Solve email problems (M129/M134) ................................................................................................................................	241
Cannot connect to the email server .............................................................................................................	241

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Validate the SMTP gateway (Windows) .......................................................................................................	241
Validate the LDAP gateway (Windows) .......................................................................................................	241
Update the firmware ...........................................................................................................................................................	242
Method one: Update the firmware using the control panel (M227) .......................................................	242
Method two: Update the firmware using the Firmware Update Utility (M203 and M227) .................	243
Appendix A Printer specifications .........................................................................................................................................................	245
Printer dimensions (M203) ................................................................................................................................................	246
Printer dimensions (M227) ................................................................................................................................................	247
Printer space requirements ...............................................................................................................................................	248
Power consumption, electrical specifications, and acoustic emissions .....................................................................	248
Operating environmental range ........................................................................................................................................	249
Certificates of volatility .......................................................................................................................................................	250
Index ...........................................................................................................................................................................................................	255

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List of tables

Table 1-1 Sequence of operation ...........................................................................................................................................................		4
Table 1-2	Motors .....................................................................................................................................................................................	11
Table 1-3	Fans .........................................................................................................................................................................................	11
Table 1-4 List of DC voltages ................................................................................................................................................................		13
Table 1-5	Fuser components ................................................................................................................................................................	16
Table 1-6 Fuser control functions ........................................................................................................................................................		17
Table 1-7	Sensors ...................................................................................................................................................................................	22
Table 1-8 Image formation process ....................................................................................................................................................		23
Table 1-9 Toner cartridge functions ....................................................................................................................................................		29
Table 1-10 Pickup, feed, and delivery system functions .................................................................................................................		30
Table 1-11 Photo sensors and switches .............................................................................................................................................		32
Table 1-12 Motors and solenoids ........................................................................................................................................................		33
Table 1-13 Jams that the printer detects ...........................................................................................................................................		34
Table 1-14 Motor and sensors .............................................................................................................................................................		38
Table 2-1	Troubleshooting flowchart .................................................................................................................................................	48
Table 2-2 Sensors and switches (image formation system; printer base) ...................................................................................		54
Table 2-3 Sensors (pickup, feed, and delivery system; printer base) ............................................................................................		55
Table 2-4 Service parts (cross section; printer base) ........................................................................................................................		56
Table 2-5 Motor (cross section; printer base) ....................................................................................................................................		58
Table 2-6 Engine controller PCA connectors .....................................................................................................................................		59
Table 2-7 Formatter PCA (M203) .........................................................................................................................................................		60
Table 2-8 Formatter PCA (M227) .........................................................................................................................................................		61
Table 2-9 External plug and port locations (M203) ..........................................................................................................................		62
Table 2-10 External plug and port locations (M227) ........................................................................................................................		62
Table 2-11	Main assemblies .................................................................................................................................................................	64
Table 2-12 Main parts (printer base) ...................................................................................................................................................		65
Table 2-13 PCAs (printer base) .............................................................................................................................................................		65
Table 2-14 M203 sample configuration report .................................................................................................................................		73
Table 2-15 M227 sample configuration report (first page) .............................................................................................................		74
Table 2-16 M227 sample configuration report (second page) .......................................................................................................		75
Table 2-17 HP Web Services menu ......................................................................................................................................................		76
Table 2-18	Reports menu .....................................................................................................................................................................	77

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Table 2-19 Self Diagnostics menu .......................................................................................................................................................		79
Table 2-20 Fax Setup menu ..................................................................................................................................................................		79
Table 2-21 System Setup menu ..........................................................................................................................................................		82
Table 2-22 Network Setup menu .........................................................................................................................................................		85
Table 2-23 Quick Forms menu .............................................................................................................................................................		86
Table 2-24	Fax Menu ..............................................................................................................................................................................	88
Table 2-25	Copy menu ...........................................................................................................................................................................	90
Table 2-26	Scan menu ...........................................................................................................................................................................	91
Table 2-27	USB Menu .............................................................................................................................................................................	91
Table 2-28	Status-light legend ............................................................................................................................................................	92
Table 2-29 Primary control-panel light patterns ..............................................................................................................................		92
Table 2-30 Secondary control-panel light patterns .........................................................................................................................		94
Table 2-31 Image defects table quick reference ............................................................................................................................		127
Table 2-32	Light print ..........................................................................................................................................................................	129
Table 2-33 Gray background or dark print .......................................................................................................................................		129
Table 2-34 Blank page — No print ....................................................................................................................................................		130
Table 2-35	Black page .........................................................................................................................................................................	130
Table 2-36	Banding defects ...............................................................................................................................................................	131
Table 2-37	Streak defects ..................................................................................................................................................................	131
Table 2-38	Fixing/fuser defects .........................................................................................................................................................	132
Table 2-39 Image placement defects ...............................................................................................................................................		132
Table 2-40 Color plane registrations defects (color models only) ..............................................................................................		133
Table 2-41	Output defects ..................................................................................................................................................................	133
Table 2-42	Repetitive defects ............................................................................................................................................................	134
Table 2-43 Printer base jam sensors ................................................................................................................................................		163
Table 2-44 Printer base jam sensors ................................................................................................................................................		180
Table 2-45 Document feeder jam sensors ......................................................................................................................................		181
Table 2-46 Solve performance problems ........................................................................................................................................		203
Table 2-47	Service menu ....................................................................................................................................................................	213
Table 2-48 Secondary service menu .................................................................................................................................................		216
Table 2-49 Solve problems receiving faxes .....................................................................................................................................		226
Table 2-50 Solve problems sending faxes ......................................................................................................................................		230
Table A-1 Operating environmental range ......................................................................................................................................		249

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List of figures

Figure 1-1 Relationship between the main printer systems .............................................................................................................		3
Figure 1-2	Engine-control system .........................................................................................................................................................	8
Figure 1-3 DC controller block diagram .................................................................................................................................................		9
Figure 1-4 Low-voltage power-supply circuit ....................................................................................................................................		13
Figure 1-5 High-voltage power supply circuits ..................................................................................................................................		15
Figure 1-6	Fuser components ..............................................................................................................................................................	16
Figure 1-7	Fuser control ........................................................................................................................................................................	17
Figure 1-8 Laser scanner system .........................................................................................................................................................		19
Figure 1-9	Image-formation system ...................................................................................................................................................	21
Figure 1-10 Main motor (M1) and image formation components ..................................................................................................		22
Figure 1-11	Sensors ...............................................................................................................................................................................	22
Figure 1-12	Image-formation process ................................................................................................................................................	23
Figure 1-13	Pre-exposure .....................................................................................................................................................................	24
Figure 1-14	Primary charging ...............................................................................................................................................................	24
Figure 1-15	Laser-beam exposure ......................................................................................................................................................	25
Figure 1-16	Development .....................................................................................................................................................................	25
Figure 1-17	Primary transfer ................................................................................................................................................................	26
Figure 1-18	Separation ..........................................................................................................................................................................	27
Figure 1-19	Fusing ..................................................................................................................................................................................	27
Figure 1-20	Drum cleaning ...................................................................................................................................................................	28
Figure 1-21 Cartridge block diagram ...................................................................................................................................................		29
Figure 1-22 Pickup, feed, and delivery system ..................................................................................................................................		30
Figure 1-23 Sensors and switches for the pickup, feed, and delivery system .............................................................................		32
Figure 1-24 Motors and solenoids .......................................................................................................................................................		33
Figure 1-25 Jam detection sensors .....................................................................................................................................................		34
Figure 1-26 Image scanner model block diagram ............................................................................................................................		36
Figure 1-27 Integrated scanner assembly model block diagram ...................................................................................................		37
Figure 1-28 Motor and sensors ............................................................................................................................................................		38
Figure 2-1 Engine test page ..................................................................................................................................................................		53
Figure 2-2 Sensors and switches (image formation system; printer base) ..................................................................................		54
Figure 2-3 Sensors (pickup, feed, and delivery system; printer base) ...........................................................................................		55
Figure 2-4 Service parts (cross section; printer base) ......................................................................................................................		56

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Figure 2-5 Image formation (cross section; printer base) ...............................................................................................................		57
Figure 2-6 Motor (cross section; printer base) ...................................................................................................................................		58
Figure 2-7 Engine controller PCA connectors ....................................................................................................................................		59
Figure 2-8 Formatter PCA (M203) ........................................................................................................................................................		60
Figure 2-9 Formatter PCA (M227) ........................................................................................................................................................		61
Figure 2-10 External plug and port locations (M203) ......................................................................................................................		62
Figure 2-11 External plug and port locations (M227) ......................................................................................................................		62
Figure 2-12	Main assemblies ................................................................................................................................................................	64
Figure 2-13 Main parts (printer base) ..................................................................................................................................................		65
Figure 2-14 PCAs (printer base) ...........................................................................................................................................................		65
Figure 2-15 General timing chart .........................................................................................................................................................		66
Figure 2-16 General circuit diagram ....................................................................................................................................................		67
Figure 2-17 M203 sample configuration report ................................................................................................................................		73
Figure 2-18 M227 sample configuration report (first page) ...........................................................................................................		74
Figure 2-19 M227 sample configuration report (second page) ......................................................................................................		75
Figure 2-20 Repetitive image defect ruler .......................................................................................................................................		134
Figure 2-21 Examples of repetitive defects .....................................................................................................................................		136
Figure 2-22 Place the ruler on the page ...........................................................................................................................................		137
Figure 2-23 Locate the next repetitive defect .................................................................................................................................		137
Figure 2-24 Determine the defective assembly ..............................................................................................................................		138
Figure 2-25	OPC short .........................................................................................................................................................................	139
Figure 2-26	White blotches ................................................................................................................................................................	140
Figure 2-27 OPC drum ghost ..............................................................................................................................................................		141
Figure 2-28 Toner block contamination ...........................................................................................................................................		142
Figure 2-29 Cartridge coupling (1 of 2) .............................................................................................................................................		143
Figure 2-30 Cartridge coupling (2 of 2) .............................................................................................................................................		144
Figure 2-31	Toner contamination ......................................................................................................................................................	145
Figure 2-32	Vertical streaks ...............................................................................................................................................................	146
Figure 2-35 Printer base jam sensors ...............................................................................................................................................		163
Figure 2-36 Printer base jam sensors ...............................................................................................................................................		180
Figure 2-37 Document feeder jam sensors .....................................................................................................................................		181
Figure A-1 Dimensions for the printer ..............................................................................................................................................		246
Figure A-2 Dimensions for the printer ..............................................................................................................................................		247
Figure A-3 Certificate of volatility M203-M206 (1 of 2) .................................................................................................................		250
Figure A-4 Certificate of volatility M203-M206 (2 of 2) .................................................................................................................		251
Figure A-5 Certificate of volatility M227-M230 (1 of 2) .................................................................................................................		252
Figure A-6 Certificate of volatility M227-M230 (2 of 2) .................................................................................................................		253

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1Theory of operation

●Related documentation and software

●Basic operation

●Formatter-control system

●Engine-control system

●Engine laser scanner system

●Engine pickup, feed, and delivery system

●Scanning and image capture system (MFP printers)

●Document feeder system (MFP printers)

●Fax functions and operation (fax models only)

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Basic operation

The printer routes all high-level processes through the formatter, which stores font information, processes the print image, and communicates with the host computer.

The basic printer operation comprises the following systems:

●Engine-control system

●Laser scanner system

●Image-formation system

●Pickup, feed, and delivery system

●Scanning and image capture system (M227)

Figure 1-1 Relationship between the main printer systems


		Laser scanner system


	Image-formation system
Engine-control system
Engine-control system

Pickup, feed, and delivery system



	Formatter						Scanning and image capture system (M227/M230)

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Sequence of operation

The DC controller PCA controls the operating sequence, as described in the following table.

Table 1-1 Sequence of operation

Period	Duration	Description

Waiting	From the time the power is turned on, the door is	●	Heats the fuser film in the fuser
	closed, or when the printer exits sleep mode until the	●	Detects the presence of the toner cartridge
	printer is ready for printing.	●	Detects the presence of the toner cartridge
		●	Rotates and stops the main motor
		●	Rotates and stops the main fan
		●	Cleans the transfer roller
		●	Separates the developer roller

Standby	From the end of the waiting sequence or the last	●	Remains in the Ready state
	rotation until the formatter receives a print command,	●	Enters Active OFF mode if a power control mode
	or until the printer is turned off.	●	Enters Active OFF mode if a power control mode
			designation command is sent
		●	Rotates and stops the main fan

Initial rotation	From the time the formatter receives a print command	●	Rotates the main motor
	until the paper enters the paper path.	●	Rotates the main fan
		●	Rotates the main fan
		●	Activates the high-voltage power supply (high-
			voltage bias)
		●	Prepares the laser scanner unit
		●	Warms the fuser to the correct temperature
		●	Engages the developer roller

Printing	From the time the first sheet of paper enters the paper	●	Forms the image on the photosensitive drum
	path until the last sheet passes through the fuser.	●	Transfers the toner to the paper
		●	Transfers the toner to the paper
		●	Fuses the toner image onto the paper

Last rotation	From the time the last sheet of paper exits the fuser	●	Stops the main motor
	until the motors stop rotating.	●	Stops the main fan
		●	Stops the main fan
		●	Stops the high-voltage power supply (high-
			voltage bias)
		●	Stops the laser scanner unit
		●	Turns the fuser heater off
		●	Separates the developer roller
		●	If another print command is received, the printer
			enters the initial rotation period when the last
			rotation is complete.

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Formatter-control system

The formatter performs the following functions:

●Controls the sleep delay function

●Receives and processes print data from the various printer inputs

●Monitors control-panel functions and relays printer status information (through the control panel and the bidirectional input/output)

●Develops and coordinates data placement and timing with the DC controller

●Communicates with the host computer through the network or the bidirectional interface

The formatter receives a print job from the network or bidirectional interface and separates it into image information and instructions that control the printing process. The DC controller synchronizes the image formation system with the paper input and output systems, and then signals the formatter to send the print image data.

Sleep delay

When the printer is in sleep delay mode, the control-panel backlight is turned off, but the printer retains all printer settings, downloaded fonts, and macros. The default setting is a 1-minute idle time. The setting can be changed or turned off from the control panel menus.

The printer exits sleep delay mode and enters the warm-up cycle when any of the following occurs.

●A print job, valid data, or a PML or PJL command is received at the serial port.

●The control panel is touched (button press or touchscreen touch depending on model).

●A document is loaded in the document feeder or the scanner lid is opened (M227).

●A tray is opened.

TIP: Error messages override the sleep delay message. The printer enters sleep mode at the appropriate time, but the error message continues to appear.

Printer job language (PJL)

PJL is an integral part of printer configuration, in addition to the printer control language (PCL) and PostScript (PS). With standard cabling, the printer can use PJL to perform a variety of functions.

●Dynamic I/O switching: The printer can be configured with a host on each I/O by using dynamic I/O switching. Even when the printer is offline, it can receive data from more than one I/O simultaneously, until the I/O buffer is full.

●Context-sensitive switching: The printer can automatically recognize the personality (PS or PCL) of each job and configure itself to serve that personality.

●Isolation of print environment settings from one print job to the next: For example, if a print job is sent to the printer in landscape mode, the subsequent print jobs print in landscape only if they are formatted for landscape printing.

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Printer management language (PML)

PML allows remote configuration of the printer and status monitoring through the input/output (I/O) ports.

Control panel

The formatter sends and receives printer status and command data to and from the control panel.

Wireless

NOTE: Wireless models only.

Wireless products contain a wireless card to enable 802.11b/g/n wireless communication.

Low end data model (LEDM) overview

The low-end data model (LEDM) provides one consistent data representation method and defines the dynamic and capabilities tickets shared between clients and devices, as well as the access protocol, event, security, and discovery methods.

Advanced control language (ACL) overview

The advanced control language (ACL) is a language that supports printer control and firmware downloads in printers that support both PJL/PCL and host-based printing. Each sequence of ACL commands must be preceded by a unified exit command (UEL) and an @PJL ENTER LANGUAGE=ACL command. The ACL sequence is always followed by a UEL. Any number of commands can be placed between the UELs. The only exception to these rules is the download command. If a firmware download is done, the download command must be the last command in the sequence. It will not be followed by a UEL.

The firmware searches for the UEL sequence when parsing commands. However, while downloading binary data such as host-based code or NVRAM data, the firmware suspends UEL parsing. To handle hosts that “disappear” during binary sequences, the firmware times out all ACL command sessions. If a timeout occurs during a nondownload command sequence, it is treated as the receipt of a UEL. If a timeout occurs during firmware download, the printer resets.

CPU

The formatter incorporates an 800 MHz processor.

Input/output (I/O)

The following sections discuss the input and output features of the printer.

USB

The printer includes a universal serial bus (USB) 2.0 connection.

USB hosts

The printer includes USB hosts for USB flash drive and wireless communication control.

10/100 networking

All printer models except the M203d include a 10/100 network (Ethernet) connection.

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Fax

NOTE: M227fdn/fdw and M230fdw models only.

The printer includes a fax phone line connection.

Memory

If the printer encounters a problem when managing available memory, a clearable warning message displays on the control panel.

Firmware

The formatter stores the printer firmware. A remote firmware update process is used to overwrite and update the firmware.

Nonvolatile random access memory (NVRAM)

The printer uses nonvolatile memory (NVRAM) to store I/O and information about the print environment configuration. The contents of NVRAM are retained when the printer is turned off or disconnected.

Flash memory

DRR: Stores software applications. When the printer power is turned off, the data stored in DRR is erased.

NAND: Stores fax memory (M227fdn/fdw and M230fdw models only). When the printer power is turned off, the data stored in NAND is preserved.

Random access memory

DDR memory

●533 Mhz, 256 MB (M203, M206)

●800 Mhz, 256 MB (M227, M230)

Flash memory

●128 MB NAND flash

HP Memory Enhancement technology (MEt)

The HP Memory Enhancement technology (MEt) effectively doubles the standard memory through a variety of fontand data-compression methods.

NOTE: The MEt is available only in PCL mode; it is not functional when printing in PS mode.

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Engine-control system

The engine-control system receives commands from the formatter and interacts with the other main systems to coordinate all printer functions. The engine-control system consists of the following components:

●DC controller

●Low-voltage power supply

●High-voltage power supply

●Fuser power supply

Figure 1-2 Engine-control system

Engine-control system

Engine controller

Laser scanner system

DC controller

High-voltage power supply

Formatter

Image-formation system

Fuser control

Pickup, feed, and delivery system

Low-voltage power supply

Scanning and image capture system (M227)

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