ZyXEL NBG6515 Users Manual

This appendix introduces IP addresses and subnet masks.

IP addresses identify individual devices on a network. Every networking device (including computers, servers, routers, printers, etc.) needs an IP address to communicate across the network. These networking devices are also known as hosts.

Subnet masks determine the maximum number of possible hosts on a network. You can also use subnet masks to divide one network into multiple sub-networks.

Introduction to IP Addresses

One part of the IP address is the network number, and the other part is the host ID. In the same way that houses on a street share a common street name, the hosts on a network share a common network number. Similarly, as each house has its own house number, each host on the network has its own unique identifying number - the host ID. Routers use the network number to send packets to the correct network, while the host ID determines to which host on the network the packets are delivered.

APPENDIX A

IP Addresses and Subnetting

Structure

An IP address is made up of four parts, written in dotted decimal notation (for example,

192.168.1.1). Each of these four parts is known as an octet. An octet is an eight-digit binary number (for example 11000000, which is 192 in decimal notation).

Therefore, each octet has a possible range of 00000000 to 11111111 in binary, or 0 to 255 in decimal.

The following figure shows an example IP address in which the first three octets (192.168.1) are the network number, and the fourth octet (16) is the host ID.

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Appendix A IP Addresses and Subnetting

Figure 130 Network Number and Host ID

How much of the IP address is the network number and how much is the host ID varies according to the subnet mask.

Subnet Masks

A subnet mask is used to determine which bits are part of the network number, and which bits are part of the host ID (using a logical AND operation). The term “subnet” is short for “sub-network”.

A subnet mask has 32 bits. If a bit in the subnet mask is a “1” then the corresponding bit in the IP address is part of the network number. If a bit in the subnet mask is “0” then the corresponding bit in the IP address is part of the host ID.

The following example shows a subnet mask identifying the network number (in bold text) and host ID of an IP address (192.168.1.2 in decimal).

Table 81 IP Address Network Number and Host ID Example

IP Address (Binary) 11000000 10101000 00000001 00000010 Subnet Mask (Binary) 11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000 Network Number 11000000 10101000 00000001 Host ID 00000010

By convention, subnet masks always consist of a continuous sequence of ones beginning from the leftmost bit of the mask, followed by a continuous sequence of zeros, for a total number of 32 bits.

1ST OCTET: (192)

2ND OCTET:

(168)

3RD OCTET:

(1)

4TH OCTET (2)

Subnet masks can be referred to by the size of the network number part (the bits with a “1” value). For example, an “8-bit mask” means that the first 8 bits of the mask are ones and the remaining 24 bits are zeroes.

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Subnet masks are expressed in dotted decimal notation just like IP addresses. The following examples show the binary and decimal notation for 8-bit, 16-bit, 24-bit and 29-bit subnet masks.

Table 82 Subnet Masks

8-bit mask 11111111 00000000 00000000 00000000 255.0.0.0 16-bit mask 11111111 11111111 00000000 00000000 255.255.0.0 24-bit mask 11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000 255.255.255.0 29-bit mask 11111111 11111111 11111111 11111000 255.255.255.248

Network Size

The size of the network number determines the maximum number of possible hosts you can have on your network. The larger the number of network number bits, the smaller the number of remaining host ID bits.

An IP address with host IDs of all zeros is the IP address of the network (192.168.1.0 with a 24-bit subnet mask, for example). An IP address with host IDs of all ones is the broadcast address for that network (192.168.1.255 with a 24-bit subnet mask, for example).

BINARY 1ST

OCTET

Appendix A IP Addresses and Subnetting

2ND OCTET

3RD OCTET

4TH OCTET

DECIMAL

Notation

As these two IP addresses cannot be used for individual hosts, calculate the maximum number of possible hosts in a network as follows:

Table 83 Maximum Host Numbers

SUBNET MASK HOST ID SIZE

8 bits 255.0.0.0 24 bits 224 – 2 16777214

16 bits 255.255.0.0 16 bits 2 24 bits 255.255.255.0 8 bits 2 29 bits 255.255.255.248 3 bits 2

– 2 65534

– 2 254

– 2 6

MAXIMUM NUMBER OF HOSTS

Since the mask is always a continuous number of ones beginning from the left, followed by a continuous number of zeros for the remainder of the 32 bit mask, you can simply specify the number of ones instead of writing the value of each octet. This is usually specified by writing a “/” followed by the number of bits in the mask after the address.

For example, 192.1.1.0 /25 is equivalent to saying 192.1.1.0 with subnet mask 255.255.255.128.

The following table shows some possible subnet masks using both notations.

Table 84 Alternative Subnet Mask Notation

SUBNET MASK

255.255.255.0 /24 0000 0000 0

255.255.255.128 /25 1000 0000 128

255.255.255.192 /26 1100 0000 192

ALTERNATIVE NOTATION

LAST OCTET (BINARY)

LAST OCTET (DECIMAL)

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Table 84 Alternative Subnet Mask Notation (continued)

Subnetting

You can use subnetting to divide one network into multiple sub-networks. In the following example a network administrator creates two sub-networks to isolate a group of servers from the rest of the company network for security reasons.

In this example, the company network address is 192.168.1.0. The first three octets of the address (192.168.1) are the network number, and the remaining octet is the host ID, allowing a maximum of 2

The following figure shows the company network before subnetting.

Appendix A IP Addresses and Subnetting

SUBNET MASK

255.255.255.224 /27 1110 0000 224

255.255.255.240 /28 1111 0000 240

255.255.255.248 /29 1111 1000 248

255.255.255.252 /30 1111 1100 252

– 2 or 254 possible hosts.

ALTERNATIVE NOTATION

LAST OCTET (BINARY)

LAST OCTET (DECIMAL)

Figure 131 Subnetting Example: Before Subnetting

You can “borrow” one of the host ID bits to divide the network 192.168.1.0 into two separate subnetworks. The subnet mask is now 25 bits (255.255.255.128 or /25).

The “borrowed” host ID bit can have a value of either 0 or 1, allowing two subnets; 192.168.1.0 /25 and 192.168.1.128 /25.

The following figure shows the company network after subnetting. There are now two subnetworks, A and B.

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Appendix A IP Addresses and Subnetting

Figure 132 Subnetting Example: After Subnetting

In a 25-bit subnet the host ID has 7 bits, so each sub-network has a maximum of 2 possible hosts (a host ID of all zeroes is the subnet’s address itself, all ones is the subnet’s broadcast address).

192.168.1.0 with mask 255.255.255.128 is subnet A itself, and 192.168.1.127 with mask

255.255.255.128 is its broadcast address. Therefore, the lowest IP address that can be assigned to an actual host for subnet A is 192.168.1.1 and the highest is 192.168.1.126.

Similarly, the host ID range for subnet B is 192.168.1.129 to 192.168.1.254.

Example: Four Subnets

The previous example illustrated using a 25-bit subnet mask to divide a 24-bit address into two subnets. Similarly, to divide a 24-bit address into four subnets, you need to “borrow” two host ID bits to give four possible combinations (00, 01, 10 and 11). The subnet mask is 26 bits (11111111.11111111.11111111.11000000) or 255.255.255.192.

Each subnet contains 6 host ID bits, giving 2 zeroes is the subnet itself, all ones is the subnet’s broadcast address).

Table 85 Subnet 1

IP/SUBNET MASK NETWORK NUMBER

IP Address (Decimal) 192.168.1. 0 IP Address (Binary) 11000000.10101000.00000001. 00000000 Subnet Mask (Binary) 11111111.11111111.11111111. 11000000 Subnet Address:

192.168.1.0 Broadcast Address:

192.168.1.63

- 2 or 62 hosts for each subnet (a host ID of all

Lowest Host ID: 192.168.1.1

Highest Host ID: 192.168.1.62

LAST OCTET BIT VALUE

– 2 or 126

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Appendix A IP Addresses and Subnetting

Table 86 Subnet 2

IP/SUBNET MASK NETWORK NUMBER

IP Address 192.168.1. 64 IP Address (Binary) 11000000.10101000.00000001. 01000000 Subnet Mask (Binary) 11111111.11111111.11111111. 11000000 Subnet Address:

192.168.1.64 Broadcast Address:

192.168.1.127

Lowest Host ID: 192.168.1.65

Highest Host ID: 192.168.1.126

LAST OCTET BIT VALUE

Table 87 Subnet 3

IP/SUBNET MASK NETWORK NUMBER

IP Address 192.168.1. 128 IP Address (Binary) 11000000.10101000.00000001. 10000000 Subnet Mask (Binary) 11111111.11111111.11111111. 11000000 Subnet Address:

192.168.1.128 Broadcast Address:

192.168.1.191

Lowest Host ID: 192.168.1.129

Highest Host ID: 192.168.1.190

LAST OCTET BIT VALUE

Table 88 Subnet 4

IP/SUBNET MASK NETWORK NUMBER

IP Address 192.168.1. 192 IP Address (Binary) 11000000.10101000.00000001. 11000000 Subnet Mask (Binary) 11111111.11111111.11111111. 11000000 Subnet Address:

192.168.1.192 Broadcast Address:

192.168.1.255

Example: Eight Subnets

Similarly, use a 27-bit mask to create eight subnets (000, 001, 010, 011, 100, 101, 110 and 111).

The following table shows IP address last octet values for each subnet.

Table 89 Eight Subnets

SUBNET

1 0 1 30 31 2 32 33 62 63 3 64 65 94 95 4 96 97 126 127 5 128 129 158 159 6 160 161 190 191

SUBNET ADDRESS

Lowest Host ID: 192.168.1.193

Highest Host ID: 192.168.1.254

FIRST ADDRESS

LAST OCTET BIT VALUE

LAST ADDRESS

BROADCAST ADDRESS

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Table 89 Eight Subnets (continued)

SUBNET

7 192 193 222 223 8 224 225 254 255

Subnet Planning

The following table is a summary for subnet planning on a network with a 24-bit network number.

Table 90 24-bit Network Number Subnet Planning

NO. “BORROWED” HOST BITS

1 255.255.255.128 (/25) 2 126 2 255.255.255.192 (/26) 4 62 3 255.255.255.224 (/27) 8 30 4 255.255.255.240 (/28) 16 14 5 255.255.255.248 (/29) 32 6 6 255.255.255.252 (/30) 64 2 7 255.255.255.254 (/31) 128 1

SUBNET ADDRESS

Appendix A IP Addresses and Subnetting

FIRST ADDRESS

LAST ADDRESS

SUBNET MASK NO. SUBNETS

BROADCAST ADDRESS

NO. HOSTS PER SUBNET

The following table is a summary for subnet planning on a network with a 16-bit network number.

Table 91 16-bit Network Number Subnet Planning

NO. “BORROWED” HOST BITS

1 255.255.128.0 (/17) 2 32766 2 255.255.192.0 (/18) 4 16382 3 255.255.224.0 (/19) 8 8190 4 255.255.240.0 (/20) 16 4094 5 255.255.248.0 (/21) 32 2046 6 255.255.252.0 (/22) 64 1022 7 255.255.254.0 (/23) 128 510 8 255.255.255.0 (/24) 256 254 9 255.255.255.128 (/25) 512 126 10 255.255.255.192 (/26) 1024 62 11 255.255.255.224 (/27) 2048 30 12 255.255.255.240 (/28) 4096 14 13 255.255.255.248 (/29) 8192 6 14 255.255.255.252 (/30) 16384 2 15 255.255.255.254 (/31) 32768 1

SUBNET MASK NO. SUBNETS

NO. HOSTS PER SUBNET

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Configuring IP Addresses

Where you obtain your network number depends on your particular situation. If the ISP or your network administrator assigns you a block of registered IP addresses, follow their instructions in selecting the IP addresses and the subnet mask.

If the ISP did not explicitly give you an IP network number, then most likely you have a single user account and the ISP will assign you a dynamic IP address when the connection is established. If this is the case, it is recommended that you select a network number from 192.168.0.0 to

192.168.255.0. The Internet Assigned Number Authority (IANA) reserved this block of addresses specifically for private use; please do not use any other number unless you are told otherwise. You must also enable Network Address Translation (NAT) on the NBG.

Once you have decided on the network number, pick an IP address for your NBG that is easy to remember (for instance, 192.168.1.1) but make sure that no other device on your network is using that IP address.

The subnet mask specifies the network number portion of an IP address. Your NBG will compute the subnet mask automatically based on the IP address that you entered. You don't need to change the subnet mask computed by the NBG unless you are instructed to do otherwise.

Private IP Addresses

Appendix A IP Addresses and Subnetting

Every machine on the Internet must have a unique address. If your networks are isolated from the Internet (running only between two branch offices, for example) you can assign any IP addresses to the hosts without problems. However, the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) has reserved the following three blocks of IP addresses specifically for private networks:

• 10.0.0.0 — 10.255.255.255

• 172.16.0.0 — 172.31.255.255

• 192.168.0.0 — 192.168.255.255

You can obtain your IP address from the IANA, from an ISP, or it can be assigned from a private network. If you belong to a small organization and your Internet access is through an ISP, the ISP can provide you with the Internet addresses for your local networks. On the other hand, if you are part of a much larger organization, you should consult your network administrator for the appropriate IP addresses.

Regardless of your particular situation, do not create an arbitrary IP address; always follow the guidelines above. For more information on address assignment, please refer to RFC 1597, Address Allocation for Private Internets and RFC 1466, Guidelines for Management of IP Address Space.

IP Address Conflicts

Each device on a network must have a unique IP address. Devices with duplicate IP addresses on the same network will not be able to access the Internet or other resources. The devices may also be unreachable through the network.

Conflicting Computer IP Addresses Example

More than one device can not use the same IP address. In the following example computer A has a static (or fixed) IP address that is the same as the IP address that a DHCP server assigns to

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Appendix A IP Addresses and Subnetting

computer B which is a DHCP client. Neither can access the Internet. This problem can be solved by assigning a different static IP address to computer A or setting computer A to obtain an IP address automatically.

Figure 133 Conflicting Computer IP Addresses Example

Conflicting Router IP Addresses Example

Since a router connects different networks, it must have interfaces using different network numbers. For example, if a router is set between a LAN and the Internet (WAN), the router’s LAN and WAN addresses must be on different subnets. In the following example, the LAN and WAN are on the same subnet. The LAN computers cannot access the Internet because the router cannot route between networks.

Figure 134 Conflicting Router IP Addresses Example

Conflicting Computer and Router IP Addresses Example

More than one device can not use the same IP address. In the following example, the computer and the router’s LAN port both use 192.168.1.1 as the IP address. The computer cannot access the Internet. This problem can be solved by assigning a different IP address to the computer or the router’s LAN port.

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Appendix A IP Addresses and Subnetting

Figure 135 Conflicting Computer and Router IP Addresses Example

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any language, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, magnetic, optical, chemical, photocopying, manual, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of ZyXEL Communications Corporation.

Disclaimers

ZyXEL does not assume any liability arising out of the application or use of any products, or software described herein. Neither does it convey any license under its patent rights nor the patent rights of others. ZyXEL further reserves the right to make changes in any products described herein without notice. This publication is subject to change without notice.

Your use of the NBG is subject to the terms and conditions of any related service providers.

Trademarks

Trademarks mentioned in this publication are used for identification purposes only and may be properties of their respective owners.

Regulatory Notice and Statement UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

APPENDIX B

Legal Information

CANADA

The following information applies if you use the product within USA area.

FCC EMC Statement

• This device complies with part 15 of the FCC Rules. Operation is subject to the following two conditions:

1 This device may not cause harmful interference, and 2 this device must accept any interference received, including interference that may cause undesired operation.

• Changes or modifications not expressly approved by the party responsible for compliance could void the user's authority to operate the equipment.

• This product has been tested and complies with the specifications for a Class B digital device, pursuant to Part 15 of the FCC Rules. These limits are designed to provide reasonable protection against harmful interference in a residential installation. This equipment generates, uses, and can radiate radio frequency energy and, if not installed and used according to the instructions, may cause harmful interference to radio communications. However, there is no guarantee that interference will not occur in a particular installation.

• If this equipment does cause harmful interference to radio or television reception, which is found by turning the equipment off and on, the user is encouraged to try to correct the interference by one or more of the following measures:

1 Reorient or relocate the receiving antenna. 2 Increase the separation between the equipment or devices. 3 Connect the equipment to an outlet other than the receiver's. 4 Consult a dealer or an experienced radio/TV technician for assistance.

FCC Radiation Exposure Statement

• This equipment complies with FCC RF radiation exposure limits set forth for an uncontrolled environment.

• This transmitter must be at least 20 cm from the user and must not be co-located or operating in conjunction with any other antenna or transmitter.

The following information applies if you use the product within Canada area.

Industry Canada ICES statement

CAN ICES-3 (B)/NMB-3(B)

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Appendix B Legal Information

Industry Canada RSS-GEN & RSS-210 statement

• This device complies with Industry Canada’s licence-exempt RSSs. Operation is subject to the following two conditions:(1) This device may not cause interference; and (2) This device must accept any interference, including interference that may cause undesired operation of the device.

• This radio transmitter (2468C-NBG6515) has been approved by Industry Canada to operate with the antenna types listed below with the maximum permissible gain and required antenna impedance for each antenna type indicated. Antenna types not included in this list, having a gain greater than the maximum gain indicated for that type, are strictly prohibited for use with this device.

• If you use the produce with 5G wireless function, the following attention shall be paid that,

(i) the device for operation is only for indoor use to reduce the potential for harmful interference to co-channel mobile satellite systems; (ii) the maximum antenna gain permitted for devices in the bands 5470-5725 MHz shall comply with the e.i.r.p. limit; and (iii) the maximum antenna gain permitted for devices in the band 5725-5825 MHz shall comply with the e.i.r.p. limits specified for point-

to-point and non point-to-point operation as appropriate.

• Le présent appareil est conforme aux CNR d’Industrie Canada applicables aux appareils radio exempts de licence. L’exploitation est autorisée aux deux conditions suivantes : (1) l’appareil ne doit pas produire de brouillage; (2) l’utilisateur de l’appareil doit accepter tout brouillage radioélectrique subi, même si le brouillage est susceptible d’en compromettre le fonctionnement.

• Le présent émetteur radio (2468C-NBG6515) de modèle s'il fait partie du matériel de catégorieI) a été approuvé par Industrie Canada pour fonctionner avec les types d'antenne énumérés ci-dessous et ayant un gain admissible maximal et l'impédance requise pour chaque type d'antenne. Les types d'antenne non inclus dans cette liste, ou dont le gain est supérieur au gain maximal indiqué, sont strictement interdits pour l'exploitation de l'émetteur.

• Si vous utilisez le produit avec 5G sans fil fonction, suivant l'attention doit être versée que,

(i) les dispositifs fonctionnant sont réservés uniquement pour une utilisation à l’intérieur afin de réduire les risques de brouillage préjudiciable aux systèmes de satellites mobiles utilisant les mêmes canaux;

(ii) le gain maximal d’antenne permis pour les dispositifs utilisant les bandes et 5470-5725 MHz doit se conformer à la limite de p.i.r.e.; (iii) le gain maximal d’antenne permis (pour les dispositifs utilisant la bande 5725-5825 MHz) doit se conformer à la limite de p.i.r.e.

spécifiée pour l’exploitation point à point et non point à point, selon le cas.

Industry Canada radiation exposure statement

This equipment complies with IC radiation exposure limits set forth for an uncontrolled environment. This equipment should be installed and operated with a minimum distance of 20cm between the radiator and your body.

Déclaration d’exposition aux radiations:

Cet équipement est conforme aux limites d’exposition aux rayonnements IC établies pour un environnement non contrôlé.Cet équipement doit être installé et utilisé avec un minimum de 20 cm de distance entre la source de rayonnement et votre corps.

EUROPEAN UNION

The following information applies if you use the product within the European Union.

Declaration of Conformity with Regard to EU Directive 1999/5/EC (R&TTE Directive)

Compliance information for 2.4GHz and/or 5GHz wireless products relevant to the EU and other Countries following the EU Directive 1999/ 5/EC (R&TTE).

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Deutsch (German)

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Ελληνικά (Greek)

English Hereby, ZyXEL declares that this equipment is in compliance with the essential requirements and other relevant

Français (French)

Hrvatski (Croatian)

С настоящото ZyXEL декларира, че това оборудване е в съответствие със съществените изисквания и другите приложими разпоредбите на Директива 1999/5/ЕC.

Por medio de la presente ZyXEL declara que el equipo cumple con los requisitos esenciales y cualesquiera otras disposiciones aplicables o exigibles de la Directiva 1999/5/CE.

ZyXEL tímto prohlašuje, že tento zařízení je ve shodě se základními požadavky a dalšími příslušnými ustanoveními směrnice 1999/5/EC.

krav i direktiv 1999/5/EF.

Hiermit erklärt ZyXEL, dass sich das Gerät Ausstattung in Übereinstimmung mit den grundlegenden Anforderungen und den übrigen einschlägigen Bestimmungen der Richtlinie 1999/5/EU befindet.

Käesolevaga kinnitab ZyXEL seadme seadmed vastavust direktiivi 1999/5/EÜ põhinõuetele ja nimetatud direktiivist tulenevatele teistele asjakohastele sätetele.

ΜΕ ΤΗΝ ΠΑΡΟΥΣΑ ZyXEL ∆ΗΛΩΝΕΙ ΟΤΙ εξοπλισμός ΣΥΜΜΟΡΦΩΝΕΤΑΙ ΠΡΟΣ ΤΙΣ ΟΥΣΙΩ∆ΕΙΣ ΑΠΑΙΤΗΣΕΙΣ ΚΑΙ ΤΙΣ ΛΟΙΠΕΣ

ΣΧΕΤΙΚΕΣ ∆ΙΑΤΑΞΕΙΣ ΤΗΣ Ο∆ΗΓΙΑΣ 1999/5/ΕC.

provisions of Directive 1999/5/EC.

Par la présente ZyXEL déclare que l'appareil équipements est conforme aux exigences essentielles et aux autres dispositions pertinentes de la directive 1999/5/EC.

ZyXEL ovime izjavljuje da je radijska oprema tipa u skladu s Direktivom 1999/5/EC.

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Appendix B Legal Information

Íslenska (Icelandic)

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Latviešu valoda (Latvian)

Lietuvių kalba (Lithuanian)

Magyar (Hungarian)

Malti (Maltese) Hawnhekk, ZyXEL, jiddikjara li dan tagħmir jikkonforma mal-ħtiġijiet essenzjali u ma provvedimenti oħrajn relevanti li

Nederlands (Dutch)

Polski (Polish) Niniejszym ZyXEL oświadcza, że sprzęt jest zgodny z zasadniczymi wymogami oraz pozostałymi stosownymi

Português (Portuguese)

Română (Romanian)

Slovenčina (Slovak)

Slovenščina (Slovene)

Suomi (Finnish)

Svenska (Swedish)

Norsk (Norwegian)

Hér með lýsir, ZyXEL því yfir að þessi búnaður er í samræmi við grunnkröfur og önnur viðeigandi ákvæði tilskipunar 1999/5/EC.

Con la presente ZyXEL dichiara che questo attrezzatura è conforme ai requisiti essenziali ed alle altre disposizioni pertinenti stabilite dalla direttiva 1999/5/CE.

Ar šo ZyXEL deklarē, ka iekārtas atbilst Direktīvas 1999/5/EK būtiskajām prasībām un citiem ar to saistītajiem noteikumiem.

Šiuo ZyXEL deklaruoja, kad šis įranga atitinka esminius reikalavimus ir kitas 1999/5/EB Direktyvos nuostatas.

Alulírott, ZyXEL nyilatkozom, hogy a berendezés megfelel a vonatkozó alapvetõ követelményeknek és az 1999/5/EK irányelv egyéb elõírásainak.

hemm fid-Dirrettiva 1999/5/EC.

Hierbij verklaart ZyXEL dat het toestel uitrusting in overeenstemming is met de essentiële eisen en de andere relevante bepalingen van richtlijn 1999/5/EC.

postanowieniami Dyrektywy 1999/5/EC.

ZyXEL declara que este equipamento está conforme com os requisitos essenciais e outras disposições da Directiva 1999/5/EC.

Prin prezenta, ZyXEL declară că acest echipament este în conformitate cu cerinţele esenţiale şi alte prevederi relevante ale Directivei 1999/5/EC.

ZyXEL týmto vyhlasuje, že zariadenia spĺňa základné požiadavky a všetky príslušné ustanovenia Smernice 1999/5/EC.

ZyXEL izjavlja, da je ta oprema v skladu z bistvenimi zahtevami in ostalimi relevantnimi določili direktive 1999/5/EC.

ZyXEL vakuuttaa täten että laitteet tyyppinen laite on direktiivin 1999/5/EY oleellisten vaatimusten ja sitä koskevien direktiivin muiden ehtojen mukainen.

Härmed intygar ZyXEL att denna utrustning står I överensstämmelse med de väsentliga egenskapskrav och övriga relevanta bestämmelser som framgår av direktiv 1999/5/EC.

Erklærer herved ZyXEL at dette utstyret er I samsvar med de grunnleggende kravene og andre relevante bestemmelser I direktiv 1999/5/EF.

National Restrictions

This product may be used in all EU countries (and other countries following the EU Directive 2014/53/EU) without any limitation except for the countries mentioned below: Ce produit peut être utilisé dans tous les pays de l’UE (et dans tous les pays ayant transposés la directive 2014/53/UE) sans aucune

limitation, excepté pour les pays mentionnés ci-dessous: Questo prodotto è utilizzabile in tutte i paesi EU (ed in tutti gli altri paesi che seguono le direttiva 2014/53/UE) senza nessuna limitazione,

eccetto per i paesii menzionati di seguito: Das Produkt kann in allen EU Staaten ohne Einschränkungen eingesetzt werden (sowie in anderen Staaten die der Richtlinie 2014/53/EU

folgen) mit Außnahme der folgenden aufgeführten Staaten: In the majority of the EU and other European countries, the 2.4GHz and 5GHz bands have been made available for the use of wireless

local area networks (LANs). Later in this document you will find an overview of countries in which additional restrictions or requirements or both are applicable.

The requirements for any country may evolve. ZyXEL recommends that you check with the local authorities for the latest status of their national regulations for both the 2.4GHz and 5GHz wireless LANs.

The following countries have restrictions and/or requirements in addition to those given in the table labeled “Overview of Regulatory Requirements for Wireless LANs”:.

Belgium The Belgian Institute for Postal Services and Telecommunications (BIPT) must be notified of any outdoor wireless link having a range

exceeding 300 meters. Please check http://www.bipt.be for more details. Draadloze verbindingen voor buitengebruik en met een reikwijdte van meer dan 300 meter dienen aangemeld te worden bij het Belgisch

Instituut voor postdiensten en telecommunicatie (BIPT). Zie http://www.bipt.be voor meer gegevens. Les liaisons sans fil pour une utilisation en extérieur d’une distance supérieure à 300 mètres doivent être notifiées à l’Institut Belge des

services Postaux et des Télécommunications (IBPT). Visitez http://www.ibpt.be pour de plus amples détails. Denmark In Denmark, the band 5150 - 5350 MHz is also allowed for outdoor usage. I Danmark må frekvensbåndet 5150 - 5350 også anvendes udendørs. Italy This product meets the National Radio Interface and the requirements specified in the National Frequency Allocation Table for Italy. Unless

this wireless LAN product is operating within the boundaries of the owner's property, its use requires a “general authorization.” Pl e a s e check http://www.sviluppoeconomico.gov.it/ for more details.

Questo prodotto è conforme alla specifiche di Interfaccia Radio Nazionali e rispetta il Piano Nazionale di ripartizione delle frequenze in Italia. Se non viene installato all 'interno del proprio fondo, l'utilizzo di prodotti Wireless LAN richiede una “Autorizzazione Generale”. Consultare http://www.sviluppoeconomico.gov.it/ per maggiori dettagli.

Latvia

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Appendix B Legal Information

The outdoor usage of the 2.4 GHz band requires an authorization from the Electronic Communications Office. Please check http:// www.esd.lv for more details.

2.4 GHz frekvenèu joslas izmantoðanai ârpus telpâm nepiecieðama atïauja no Elektronisko sakaru direkcijas. Vairâk informâcijas: http://

www.esd.lv. Notes:

1. Although Norway, Switzerland and Liechtenstein are not EU member states, the EU Directive 2014/53/EU has also been implemented in

those countries.

2. The regulatory limits for maximum output power are specified in EIRP. The EIRP level (in dBm) of a device can be calculated by adding

the gain of the antenna used(specified in dBi) to the output power available at the connector (specified in dBm).

List of national codes

COUNTRY ISO 3166 2 LETTER CODE COUNTRY ISO 3166 2 LETTER CODE

Austria AT Liechtenstein LI

Belgium BE Lithuania LT

Bulgaria BG Luxembourg LU

Croatia HR Malta MT

Cyprus CY Netherlands NL

Czech Republic CR Norway NO

Denmark DK Poland PL

Estonia EE Portugal PT

Finland FI Romania RO

France FR Serbia RS

Germany DE Slovakia SK

Greece GR Slovenia SI

Hungary HU Spain ES

Iceland IS Sweden SE

Ireland IE Switzerland CH

Italy IT Turkey TR

Latvia LV United Kingdom GB

Safety Warnings

• Do NOT use this product near water, for example, in a wet basement or near a swimming pool.

• Do NOT expose your device to dampness, dust or corrosive liquids.

• Do NOT store things on the device.

• Do NOT install, use, or service this device during a thunderstorm. There is a remote risk of electric shock from lightning.

• Connect ONLY suitable accessories to the device.

• Do NOT open the device or unit. Opening or removing covers can expose you to dangerous high voltage points or other risks. ONLY qualified service personnel should service or disassemble this device. Please contact your vendor for further information.

• Make sure to connect the cables to the correct ports.

• Place connecting cables carefully so that no one will step on them or stumble over them.

• Always disconnect all cables from this device before servicing or disassembling.

• Use ONLY an appropriate power adaptor or cord for your device. Connect it to the right supply voltage (for example, 110V AC in North America or 230V AC in Europe).

• Do NOT allow anything to rest on the power adaptor or cord and do NOT place the product where anyone can walk on the power adaptor or cord.

• Do NOT use the device if the power adaptor or cord is damaged as it might cause electrocution.

• If the power adaptor or cord is damaged, remove it from the device and the power source.

• Do NOT attempt to repair the power adaptor or cord. Contact your local vendor to order a new one.

• Do not use the device outside, and make sure all the connections are indoors. There is a remote risk of electric shock from lightning.

• CAUTION: RISK OF EXPLOSION IF BATTERY (on the motherboard) IS REPLACED BY AN INCORRECT TYPE. DISPOSE OF USED BATTERIES ACCORDING TO THE INSTRUCTIONS. Dispose them at the applicable collection point for the recycling of electrical and electronic equipment. For detailed information about recycling of this product, please contact your local city office, your household waste disposal service or the store where you purchased the product.

• Do NOT obstruct the device ventilation slots, as insufficient airflow may harm your device.

• Antenna Warning! This device meets ETSI and FCC certification requirements when using the included antenna(s). Only use the included antenna(s).

• If you wall mount your device, make sure that no electrical lines, gas or water pipes will be damaged.

• The PoE (Power over Ethernet) devices that supply or receive power and their connected Ethernet cables must all be completely indoors.

• This product is for indoor use only (utilisation intérieure exclusivement).

• FOR COUNTRY CODE SELECTION USAGE (WLAN DEVICES) Note: The country code selection is for non-US model only and is not available to all US model. Per FCC regulation, all Wi-Fi product marketed in US must fixed to US operation channels only.

The following warnings apply if product is disconnect device:

• A readily accessible disconnect device shall be incorporated external to the equipment; and/or

• The socket-outlet shall be installed near the equipment and shall be easily accessible.

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Environment statement

ErP (Energy-related Products)

ZyXEL products put on the EU market in compliance with the requirement of the European Parliament and the Council published Directive 2009/125/EC establishing a framework for the setting of ecodesign requirements for energy-related products (recast), so called as "ErP Directive (Energy-related Products directive) as well as ecodesign requirement laid down in applicable implementing measures,

power consumption has satisfied regulation requirements which are: Network standby power consumption < 12W, and/or Off mode power consumption < 0.5W, and/or Standby mode power consumption < 0.5W. Wireless setting, please refer to "Wireless" chapter for more detail.

WEEE Directive

Your product is marked with this symbol, which is known as the WEEE mark. WEEE stands for Waste Electronics and Electrical Equipment. It means that used electrical and electronic products should not be mixed with general waste. Used electrical and electronic equipment should be treated separately.

Appendix B Legal Information

"INFORMAZIONI AGLI UTENTI" Ai sensi della Direttiva 2012/19/UE del Parlamento europeo e del Consiglio, del 4 luglio 2012, sui rifiuti di apparecchiature elettriche ed

elettroniche (RAEE) Il simbolo del cassonetto barrato riportato sull’apparecchiatura o sulla sua confezione indica che il prodotto alla fine della propria vita utile deve essere raccolto separatamente dagli altri rifiuti. La raccolta differenziata della presente apparecchiatura giunta a fine vita e organizzata e gestita dal produttore. L’utente che vorra disfarsi della presente apparecchiatura dovra quindi contattare il produttore e seguire il sistema che questo ha adottato per consentire la raccolta separata dell’apparecchiatura giunta a fine vita. L’adeguata raccolta differenziata per l’avvio successivo dell’apparecchiatura dismessa al riciclaggio, al trattamento e allo smaltimento ambientalmente compatibile contribuisce ad evitare possibili effetti negativi sull’ambiente e sulla salute e favorisce il reimpiego e/o riciclo dei materiali di cui e composta l’apparecchiatura. Lo smaltimento abusivo del prodotto da parte del detentore comporta l’applicazione delle sanzioni amministrative previste dalla normativa vigente."

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Environmental Product Declaration

Appendix B Legal Information

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台灣

以下訊息僅適用於產品銷售至台灣地區

第十二條　經型式認證合格之低功率射頻電機，非經許可，公司、商號或使用者均不得擅自變更頻率、加大功率或變更原設計之特性及功能。

第十四條　低功率射頻電機之使用不得影響飛航安全及干擾合法通信；經發現有干擾現象時，應立即停用，並改善至無干擾時方得繼續使用。

前項合法通信，指依電信法規定作業之無線電通信。低功率射頻電機須忍受合法通信或工業、科學及醫療用電波輻射性電機設備之干擾。電磁波暴露量 MPE 標準值 1mW/cm2，送測產品實測值為 : 0.1996 mW/cm2。

Viewing Certifications

Go to http://www.zyxel.com to view this product’s documentation and certifications.

ZyXEL Limited Warranty

ZyXEL warrants to the original end user (purchaser) that this product is free from any defects in material or workmanship for a specific period (the Warranty Period) from the date of purchase. The Warranty Period varies by region. Check with your vendor and/or the authorized ZyXEL local distributor for details about the Warranty Period of this product. During the warranty period, and upon proof of purchase, should the product have indications of failure due to faulty workmanship and/or materials, ZyXEL will, at its discretion, repair or replace the defective products or components without charge for either parts or labor, and to whatever extent it shall deem necessary to restore the product or components to proper operating condition. Any replacement will consist of a new or re-manufactured functionally equivalent product of equal or higher value, and will be solely at the discretion of ZyXEL. This warranty shall not apply if the product has been modified, misused, tampered with, damaged by an act of God, or subjected to abnormal working conditions.

Appendix B Legal Information

Note

Repair or replacement, as provided under this warranty, is the exclusive remedy of the purchaser. This warranty is in lieu of all other warranties, express or implied, including any implied warranty of merchantability or fitness for a particular use or purpose. ZyXEL shall in no event be held liable for indirect or consequential damages of any kind to the purchaser.

To obtain the services of this warranty, contact your vendor. You may also refer to the warranty policy for the region in which you bought the device at http://www.zyxel.com/web/support_warranty_info.php.

Registration

Open Source Licenses

This product contains in part some free software distributed under GPL license terms and/or GPL like licenses. Open source licenses are provided with the firmware package. You can download the latest firmware at www.zyxel.com. If you cannot find it there, contact your vendor or ZyXEL Technical Support at support@zyxel.com.tw.

To obtain the source code covered under those Licenses, please contact your vendor or ZyXEL Technical Support at support@zyxel.com.tw.

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APPENDIX C

Setting Up Your Computer’s IP Address

Note: Your specific NBG may not support all of the operating systems described in this

appendix. See the product specifications for more information about which operating systems are supported.

This appendix shows you how to configure the IP settings on your computer in order for it to be able to communicate with the other devices on your network. Windows Vista/XP/2000, Mac OS 9/ OS X, and all versions of UNIX/LINUX include the software components you need to use TCP/IP on your computer.

If you manually assign IP information instead of using a dynamic IP, make sure that your network’s computers have IP addresses that place them in the same subnet.

In this appendix, you can set up an IP address for:

• Windows XP/NT/2000 on page 191

• Windows Vista on page 195

• Windows 7 on page 199

• Mac OS X: 10.3 and 10.4 on page 203

• Mac OS X: 10.5 and 10.6 on page 206

• Linux: Ubuntu 8 (GNOME) on page 209

• Linux: openSUSE 10.3 (KDE) on page 213

Windows XP/NT/2000

The following example uses the default Windows XP display theme but can also apply to Windows 2000 and Windows NT.

1 Click Start > Control Panel.

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Appendix C Setting Up Your Computer’s IP Address

2 In the Control Panel, click the Network Connections icon.

3 Right-click Local Area Connection and then select Properties.

4 On the General tab, select Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) and then click Properties.

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Appendix C Setting Up Your Computer’s IP Address

5 The Internet Protocol TCP/IP Properties window opens.

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6 Select Obtain an IP address automatically if your network administrator or ISP assigns your IP

address dynamically. Select Use the following IP Address and fill in the IP address, Subnet mask, and Default

gateway fields if you have a static IP address that was assigned to you by your network administrator or ISP. You may also have to enter a Preferred DNS server and an Alternate DNS server, if that information was provided.

7 Click OK to close the Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Properties window.

8 Click OK to close the Local Area Connection Properties window.

Verifying Settings

1 Click Start > All Programs > Accessories > Command Prompt.

2 In the Command Prompt window, type "ipconfig" and then press [ENTER].

You can also go to Start > Control Panel > Network Connections, right-click a network connection, click Status and then click the Support tab to view your IP address and connection information.

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Windows Vista

This section shows screens from Windows Vista Professional.

1 Click Start > Control Panel.

2 In the Control Panel, click the Network and Internet icon.

Appendix C Setting Up Your Computer’s IP Address

3 Click the Network and Sharing Center icon.

4 Click Manage network connections.

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Appendix C Setting Up Your Computer’s IP Address

5 Right-click Local Area Connection and then select Properties.

Note: During this procedure, click Continue whenever Windows displays a screen saying

that it needs your permission to continue.

6 Select Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4) and then select Properties.

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7 The Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4) Properties window opens.

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8 Select Obtain an IP address automatically if your network administrator or ISP assigns your IP

address dynamically. Select Use the following IP Address and fill in the IP address, Subnet mask, and Default

9 Click OK to close the Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Properties window.

10 Click OK to close the Local Area Connection Properties window.

Verifying Settings

1 Click Start > All Programs > Accessories > Command Prompt.

2 In the Command Prompt window, type "ipconfig" and then press [ENTER].

You can also go to Start > Control Panel > Network Connections, right-click a network connection, click Status and then click the Support tab to view your IP address and connection information.

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Windows 7

This section shows screens from Windows 7 Enterprise.

1 Click Start > Control Panel.

2 In the Control Panel, click View network status and tasks under the Network and Internet

category.

Appendix C Setting Up Your Computer’s IP Address

3 Click Change adapter settings.

4 Double click Local Area Connection and then select Properties.

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Note: During this procedure, click Continue whenever Windows displays a screen saying

that it needs your permission to continue.

5 Select Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4) and then select Properties.

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6 The Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4) Properties window opens.

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7 Select Obtain an IP address automatically if your network administrator or ISP assigns your IP

address dynamically. Select Use the following IP Address and fill in the IP address, Subnet mask, and Default

8 Click OK to close the Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Properties window.

9 Click OK to close the Local Area Connection Properties window.

Verifying Settings

1 Click Start > All Programs > Accessories > Command Prompt.

2 In the Command Prompt window, type "ipconfig" and then press [ENTER].

3 The IP settings are displayed as follows.

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Mac OS X: 10.3 and 10.4

The screens in this section are from Mac OS X 10.4 but can also apply to 10.3.

1 Click Apple > System Preferences.

Appendix C Setting Up Your Computer’s IP Address

2 In the System Preferences window, click the Network icon.

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3 When the Network preferences pane opens, select Built-in Ethernet from the network

connection type list, and then click Configure.

4 For dynamically assigned settings, select Using DHCP from the Configure IPv4 list in the TCP/IP

tab.

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5 For statically assigned settings, do the following:

•From the Configure IPv4 list, select Manually.

•In the IP Address field, type your IP address.

•In the Subnet Mask field, type your subnet mask.

•In the Router field, type the IP address of your device.

6 Click Apply Now and close the window.

Verifying Settings

Check your TCP/IP properties by clicking Applications > Utilities > Network Utilities, and then selecting the appropriate Network Interface from the Info tab.

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Figure 136 Mac OS X 10.4: Network Utility

Mac OS X: 10.5 and 10.6

The screens in this section are from Mac OS X 10.5 but can also apply to 10.6.

Appendix C Setting Up Your Computer’s IP Address

1 Click Apple > System Preferences.

2 In System Preferences, click the Network icon.

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3 When the Network preferences pane opens, select Ethernet from the list of available connection

types.

4 From the Configure list, select Using DHCP for dynamically assigned settings.

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5 For statically assigned settings, do the following:

•From the Configure list, select Manually.

•In the IP Address field, enter your IP address.

•In the Subnet Mask field, enter your subnet mask.

•In the Router field, enter the IP address of your NBG.

6 Click Apply and close the window.

Verifying Settings

Check your TCP/IP properties by clicking Applications > Utilities > Network Utilities, and then selecting the appropriate Network interface from the Info tab.

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Figure 137 Mac OS X 10.5: Network Utility

Linux: Ubuntu 8 (GNOME)

This section shows you how to configure your computer’s TCP/IP settings in the GNU Object Model Environment (GNOME) using the Ubuntu 8 Linux distribution. The procedure, screens and file locations may vary depending on your specific distribution, release version, and individual configuration. The following screens use the default Ubuntu 8 installation.

Note: Make sure you are logged in as the root administrator.

Follow the steps below to configure your computer IP address in GNOME:

1 Click System > Administration > Network.

2 When the Network Settings window opens, click Unlock to open the Authenticate window. (By

default, the Unlock button is greyed out until clicked.) You cannot make changes to your configuration unless you first enter your admin password.

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Appendix C Setting Up Your Computer’s IP Address

3 In the Authenticate window, enter your admin account name and password then click the

Authenticate button.

4 In the Network Settings window, select the connection that you want to configure, then click

Properties.

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5 The Properties dialog box opens.

•In the Configuration list, select Automatic Configuration (DHCP) if you have a dynamic IP

address.

•In the Configuration list, select Static IP address if you have a static IP address. Fill in the IP address, Subnet mask, and Gateway address fields.

6 Click OK to save the changes and close the Properties dialog box and return to the Network

Settings screen.

7 If you know your DNS server IP address(es), click the DNS tab in the Network Settings window

and then enter the DNS server information in the fields provided.

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8 Click the Close button to apply the changes.

Verifying Settings

Check your TCP/IP properties by clicking System > Administration > Network Tools, and then selecting the appropriate Network device from the Devices tab. The Interface Statistics column shows data if your connection is working properly.

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Figure 138 Ubuntu 8: Network Tools

Linux: openSUSE 10.3 (KDE)

This section shows you how to configure your computer’s TCP/IP settings in the K Desktop Environment (KDE) using the openSUSE 10.3 Linux distribution. The procedure, screens and file locations may vary depending on your specific distribution, release version, and individual configuration. The following screens use the default openSUSE 10.3 installation.

Note: Make sure you are logged in as the root administrator.

Follow the steps below to configure your computer IP address in the KDE:

1 Click K Menu > Computer > Administrator Settings (YaST).

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2 When the Run as Root - KDE su dialog opens, enter the admin password and click OK.

3 When the YaST Control Center window opens, select Network Devices and then click the

Network Card icon.

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4 When the Network Settings window opens, click the Overview tab, select the appropriate

connection Name from the list, and then click the Configure button.

5 When the Network Card Setup window opens, click the Address tab

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Figure 139 openSUSE 10.3: Network Card Setup

6 Select Dynamic Address (DHCP) if you have a dynamic IP address.

Select Statically assigned IP Address if you have a static IP address. Fill in the IP address, Subnet mask, and Hostname fields.

7 Click Next to save the changes and close the Network Card Setup window.

8 If you know your DNS server IP address(es), click the Hostname/DNS tab in Network Settings

and then enter the DNS server information in the fields provided.

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9 Click Finish to save your settings and close the window.

Verifying Settings

Click the KNetwork Manager icon on the Task bar to check your TCP/IP properties. From the Options sub-menu, select Show Connection Information.

Figure 140 openSUSE 10.3: KNetwork Manager

When the Connection Status - KNetwork Manager window opens, click the Statistics tab to see if your connection is working properly.

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Figure 141 openSUSE: Connection Status - KNetwork Manager

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Wireless LAN Topologies

This section discusses ad-hoc and infrastructure wireless LAN topologies.

Ad-hoc Wireless LAN Configuration

The simplest WLAN configuration is an independent (Ad-hoc) WLAN that connects a set of computers with wireless adapters (A, B, C). Any time two or more wireless adapters are within range of each other, they can set up an independent network, which is commonly referred to as an ad-hoc network or Independent Basic Service Set (IBSS). The following diagram shows an example of notebook computers using wireless adapters to form an ad-hoc wireless LAN.

Figure 142 Peer-to-Peer Communication in an Ad-hoc Network

APPENDIX D

Wireless LANs

BSS

A Basic Service Set (BSS) exists when all communications between wireless clients or between a wireless client and a wired network client go through one access point (AP).

Intra-BSS traffic is traffic between wireless clients in the BSS. When Intra-BSS is enabled, wireless client A and B can access the wired network and communicate with each other. When Intra-BSS is disabled, wireless client A and B can still access the wired network but cannot communicate with each other.

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Figure 143 Basic Service Set

Appendix D Wireless LANs

ESS

An Extended Service Set (ESS) consists of a series of overlapping BSSs, each containing an access point, with each access point connected together by a wired network. This wired connection between APs is called a Distribution System (DS).

This type of wireless LAN topology is called an Infrastructure WLAN. The Access Points not only provide communication with the wired network but also mediate wireless network traffic in the immediate neighborhood.

An ESSID (ESS IDentification) uniquely identifies each ESS. All access points and their associated wireless clients within the same ESS must have the same ESSID in order to communicate.

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Figure 144 Infrastructure WLAN

Appendix D Wireless LANs

Channel

RTS/CTS

A channel is the radio frequency(ies) used by wireless devices to transmit and receive data. Channels available depend on your geographical area. You may have a choice of channels (for your region) so you should use a channel different from an adjacent AP (access point) to reduce interference. Interference occurs when radio signals from different access points overlap causing interference and degrading performance.

Adjacent channels partially overlap however. To avoid interference due to overlap, your AP should be on a channel at least five channels away from a channel that an adjacent AP is using. For example, if your region has 11 channels and an adjacent AP is using channel 1, then you need to select a channel between 6 or 11.

A hidden node occurs when two stations are within range of the same access point, but are not within range of each other. The following figure illustrates a hidden node. Both stations (STA) are within range of the access point (AP) or wireless gateway, but out-of-range of each other, so they cannot "hear" each other, that is they do not know if the channel is currently being used. Therefore, they are considered hidden from each other.

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Figure 145 RTS/CTS

When station A sends data to the AP, it might not know that the station B is already using the channel. If these two stations send data at the same time, collisions may occur when both sets of data arrive at the AP at the same time, resulting in a loss of messages for both stations.

RTS/CTS is designed to prevent collisions due to hidden nodes. An RTS/CTS defines the biggest size data frame you can send before an RTS (Request To Send)/CTS (Clear to Send) handshake is invoked.

When a data frame exceeds the RTS/CTS value you set, the station that wants to transmit this frame must first send an RTS (Request To Send) message to the AP for permission to send it. The AP then responds with a CTS (Clear to Send) message to all other stations within its range to notify them to defer their transmission. It also reserves and confirms with the requesting station the time frame for the requested transmission.

Stations can send frames smaller than the specified RTS/CTS directly to the AP without the RTS (Request To Send)/CTS (Clear to Send) handshake.

You should only configure RTS/CTS if the possibility of hidden nodes exists on your network and the "cost" of resending large frames is more than the extra network overhead involved in the RTS (Request To Send)/CTS (Clear to Send) handshake.

If the RTS/CTS value is greater than the Fragmentation Threshold value (see next), then the RTS (Request To Send)/CTS (Clear to Send) handshake will never occur as data frames will be fragmented before they reach RTS/CTS size.

Note: Enabling the RTS Threshold causes redundant network overhead that could

negatively affect the throughput performance instead of providing a remedy.

Fragmentation Threshold

A Fragmentation Threshold is the maximum data fragment size that can be sent in the wireless network before the AP will fragment the packet into smaller data frames.

A large Fragmentation Threshold is recommended for networks not prone to interference while you should set a smaller threshold for busy networks or networks that are prone to interference.

If the Fragmentation Threshold value is smaller than the RTS/CTS value (see previously) you set then the RTS (Request To Send)/CTS (Clear to Send) handshake will never occur as data frames will be fragmented before they reach RTS/CTS size.

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Preamble Type

Preamble is used to signal that data is coming to the receiver. Short and long refer to the length of the synchronization field in a packet.

Short preamble increases performance as less time sending preamble means more time for sending data. All IEEE 802.11 compliant wireless adapters support long preamble, but not all support short preamble.

Use long preamble if you are unsure what preamble mode other wireless devices on the network support, and to provide more reliable communications in busy wireless networks.

Use short preamble if you are sure all wireless devices on the network support it, and to provide more efficient communications.

Use the dynamic setting to automatically use short preamble when all wireless devices on the network support it, otherwise the NBG uses long preamble.

Note: The wireless devices MUST use the same preamble mode in order to communicate.

Wireless Security Overview

Appendix D Wireless LANs

Wireless security is vital to your network to protect wireless communication between wireless clients, access points and the wired network.

Wireless security methods available on the NBG are data encryption, wireless client authentication, restricting access by device MAC address and hiding the NBG identity.

The following figure shows the relative effectiveness of these wireless security methods available on your NBG.

Table 92 Wireless Security Levels

SECURITY LEVEL

Least Secure

Most Secure

SECURITY TYPE

Unique SSID (Default) Unique SSID with Hide SSID Enabled MAC Address Filtering WEP Encryption IEEE802.1x EAP with RADIUS Server Authentication Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) WPA2

Note: You must enable the same wireless security settings on the NBG and on all wireless

clients that you want to associate with it.

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IEEE 802.1x

In June 2001, the IEEE 802.1x standard was designed to extend the features of IEEE 802.11 to support extended authentication as well as providing additional accounting and control features. It is supported by Windows XP and a number of network devices. Some advantages of IEEE 802.1x are:

• User based identification that allows for roaming.

• Support for RADIUS (Remote Authentication Dial In User Service, RFC 2138, 2139) for

• Support for EAP (Extensible Authentication Protocol, RFC 2486) that allows additional

RADIUS

RADIUS is based on a client-server model that supports authentication, authorization and accounting. The access point is the client and the server is the RADIUS server. The RADIUS server handles the following tasks:

• Authentication

•Authorization

• Accounting

Appendix D Wireless LANs

centralized user profile and accounting management on a network RADIUS server.

authentication methods to be deployed with no changes to the access point or the wireless clients.

Determines the identity of the users.

Determines the network services available to authenticated users once they are connected to the network.

Keeps track of the client’s network activity.

RADIUS is a simple package exchange in which your AP acts as a message relay between the wireless client and the network RADIUS server.

Types of RADIUS Messages

The following types of RADIUS messages are exchanged between the access point and the RADIUS server for user authentication:

• Access-Request Sent by an access point requesting authentication.

• Access-Reject Sent by a RADIUS server rejecting access.

• Access-Accept Sent by a RADIUS server allowing access.

• Access-Challenge Sent by a RADIUS server requesting more information in order to allow access. The access point

sends a proper response from the user and then sends another Access-Request message.

The following types of RADIUS messages are exchanged between the access point and the RADIUS server for user accounting:

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• Accounting-Request Sent by the access point requesting accounting.

• Accounting-Response Sent by the RADIUS server to indicate that it has started or stopped accounting.

In order to ensure network security, the access point and the RADIUS server use a shared secret key, which is a password, they both know. The key is not sent over the network. In addition to the shared key, password information exchanged is also encrypted to protect the network from unauthorized access.

Types of EAP Authentication

This section discusses some popular authentication types: EAP-MD5, EAP-TLS, EAP-TTLS, PEAP and LEAP. Your wireless LAN device may not support all authentication types.

EAP (Extensible Authentication Protocol) is an authentication protocol that runs on top of the IEEE

802.1x transport mechanism in order to support multiple types of user authentication. By using EAP

to interact with an EAP-compatible RADIUS server, an access point helps a wireless station and a RADIUS server perform authentication.

Appendix D Wireless LANs

The type of authentication you use depends on the RADIUS server and an intermediary AP(s) that supports IEEE 802.1x. .

For EAP-TLS authentication type, you must first have a wired connection to the network and obtain the certificate(s) from a certificate authority (CA). A certificate (also called digital IDs) can be used to authenticate users and a CA issues certificates and guarantees the identity of each certificate owner.

EAP-MD5 (Message-Digest Algorithm 5)

MD5 authentication is the simplest one-way authentication method. The authentication server sends a challenge to the wireless client. The wireless client ‘proves’ that it knows the password by encrypting the password with the challenge and sends back the information. Password is not sent in plain text.

However, MD5 authentication has some weaknesses. Since the authentication server needs to get the plaintext passwords, the passwords must be stored. Thus someone other than the authentication server may access the password file. In addition, it is possible to impersonate an authentication server as MD5 authentication method does not perform mutual authentication. Finally, MD5 authentication method does not support data encryption with dynamic session key. You must configure WEP encryption keys for data encryption.

EAP-TLS (Transport Layer Security)

With EAP-TLS, digital certifications are needed by both the server and the wireless clients for mutual authentication. The server presents a certificate to the client. After validating the identity of the server, the client sends a different certificate to the server. The exchange of certificates is done in the open before a secured tunnel is created. This makes user identity vulnerable to passive attacks. A digital certificate is an electronic ID card that authenticates the sender’s identity. However, to implement EAP-TLS, you need a Certificate Authority (CA) to handle certificates, which imposes a management overhead.

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Appendix D Wireless LANs

EAP-TTLS (Tunneled Transport Layer Service)

EAP-TTLS is an extension of the EAP-TLS authentication that uses certificates for only the serverside authentications to establish a secure connection. Client authentication is then done by sending username and password through the secure connection, thus client identity is protected. For client authentication, EAP-TTLS supports EAP methods and legacy authentication methods such as PAP, CHAP, MS-CHAP and MS-CHAP v2.

PEAP (Protected EAP)

Like EAP-TTLS, server-side certificate authentication is used to establish a secure connection, then use simple username and password methods through the secured connection to authenticate the clients, thus hiding client identity. However, PEAP only supports EAP methods, such as EAP-MD5, EAP-MSCHAPv2 and EAP-GTC (EAP-Generic Token Card), for client authentication. EAP-GTC is implemented only by Cisco.

LEAP

LEAP (Lightweight Extensible Authentication Protocol) is a Cisco implementation of IEEE 802.1x.

Dynamic WEP Key Exchange

The AP maps a unique key that is generated with the RADIUS server. This key expires when the wireless connection times out, disconnects or reauthentication times out. A new WEP key is generated each time reauthentication is performed.

If this feature is enabled, it is not necessary to configure a default encryption key in the wireless security configuration screen. You may still configure and store keys, but they will not be used while dynamic WEP is enabled.

Note: EAP-MD5 cannot be used with Dynamic WEP Key Exchange

For added security, certificate-based authentications (EAP-TLS, EAP-TTLS and PEAP) use dynamic keys for data encryption. They are often deployed in corporate environments, but for public deployment, a simple user name and password pair is more practical. The following table is a comparison of the features of authentication types.

Table 93 Comparison of EAP Authentication Types

Mutual Authentication No Yes Yes Yes Yes Certificate – Client No Yes Optional Optional No Certificate – Server No Yes Yes Yes No Dynamic Key Exchange No Yes Yes Yes Yes Credential Integrity None Strong Strong Strong Moderate Deployment Difficulty Easy Hard Moderate Moderate Moderate Client Identity Protection No No Yes Yes No

EAP-MD5 EAP-TLS EAP-TTLS PEAP LEAP

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WPA and WPA2

Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) is a subset of the IEEE 802.11i standard. WPA2 (IEEE 802.11i) is a wireless security standard that defines stronger encryption, authentication and key management than WPA.

Key differences between WPA or WPA2 and WEP are improved data encryption and user authentication.

If both an AP and the wireless clients support WPA2 and you have an external RADIUS server, use WPA2 for stronger data encryption. If you don't have an external RADIUS server, you should use WPA2-PSK (WPA2-Pre-Shared Key) that only requires a single (identical) password entered into each access point, wireless gateway and wireless client. As long as the passwords match, a wireless client will be granted access to a WLAN.

If the AP or the wireless clients do not support WPA2, just use WPA or WPA-PSK depending on whether you have an external RADIUS server or not.

Select WEP only when the AP and/or wireless clients do not support WPA or WPA2. WEP is less secure than WPA or WPA2.

Encryption

Appendix D Wireless LANs

WPA improves data encryption by using Temporal Key Integrity Protocol (TKIP), Message Integrity Check (MIC) and IEEE 802.1x. WPA2 also uses TKIP when required for compatibility reasons, but offers stronger encryption than TKIP with Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) in the Counter mode with Cipher block chaining Message authentication code Protocol (CCMP).

TKIP uses 128-bit keys that are dynamically generated and distributed by the authentication server. AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) is a block cipher that uses a 256-bit mathematical algorithm called Rijndael. They both include a per-packet key mixing function, a Message Integrity Check (MIC) named Michael, an extended initialization vector (IV) with sequencing rules, and a re-keying mechanism.

WPA and WPA2 regularly change and rotate the encryption keys so that the same encryption key is never used twice.

The RADIUS server distributes a Pairwise Master Key (PMK) key to the AP that then sets up a key hierarchy and management system, using the PMK to dynamically generate unique data encryption keys to encrypt every data packet that is wirelessly communicated between the AP and the wireless clients. This all happens in the background automatically.

The Message Integrity Check (MIC) is designed to prevent an attacker from capturing data packets, altering them and resending them. The MIC provides a strong mathematical function in which the receiver and the transmitter each compute and then compare the MIC. If they do not match, it is assumed that the data has been tampered with and the packet is dropped.

By generating unique data encryption keys for every data packet and by creating an integrity checking mechanism (MIC), with TKIP and AES it is more difficult to decrypt data on a Wi-Fi network than WEP and difficult for an intruder to break into the network.

The encryption mechanisms used for WPA(2) and WPA(2)-PSK are the same. The only difference between the two is that WPA(2)-PSK uses a simple common password, instead of user-specific credentials. The common-password approach makes WPA(2)-PSK susceptible to brute-force

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password-guessing attacks but it’s still an improvement over WEP as it employs a consistent, single, alphanumeric password to derive a PMK which is used to generate unique temporal encryption keys. This prevent all wireless devices sharing the same encryption keys. (a weakness of WEP)

User Authentication

WPA and WPA2 apply IEEE 802.1x and Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP) to authenticate wireless clients using an external RADIUS database. WPA2 reduces the number of key exchange messages from six to four (CCMP 4-way handshake) and shortens the time required to connect to a network. Other WPA2 authentication features that are different from WPA include key caching and pre-authentication. These two features are optional and may not be supported in all wireless devices.

Key caching allows a wireless client to store the PMK it derived through a successful authentication with an AP. The wireless client uses the PMK when it tries to connect to the same AP and does not need to go with the authentication process again.

Pre-authentication enables fast roaming by allowing the wireless client (already connecting to an AP) to perform IEEE 802.1x authentication with another AP before connecting to it.

Appendix D Wireless LANs

Wireless Client WPA Supplicants

A wireless client supplicant is the software that runs on an operating system instructing the wireless client how to use WPA. At the time of writing, the most widely available supplicant is the WPA patch for Windows XP, Funk Software's Odyssey client.

The Windows XP patch is a free download that adds WPA capability to Windows XP's built-in "Zero Configuration" wireless client. However, you must run Windows XP to use it.

WPA(2) with RADIUS Application Example

To set up WPA(2), you need the IP address of the RADIUS server, its port number (default is 1812), and the RADIUS shared secret. A WPA(2) application example with an external RADIUS server looks as follows. "A" is the RADIUS server. "DS" is the distribution system.

1 The AP passes the wireless client's authentication request to the RADIUS server.

2 The RADIUS server then checks the user's identification against its database and grants or denies

network access accordingly.

3 A 256-bit Pairwise Master Key (PMK) is derived from the authentication process by the RADIUS

server and the client.

4 The RADIUS server distributes the PMK to the AP. The AP then sets up a key hierarchy and

management system, using the PMK to dynamically generate unique data encryption keys. The keys are used to encrypt every data packet that is wirelessly communicated between the AP and the wireless clients.

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Figure 146 WPA(2) with RADIUS Application Example

WPA(2)-PSK Application Example

Appendix D Wireless LANs

A WPA(2)-PSK application looks as follows.

1 First enter identical passwords into the AP and all wireless clients. The Pre-Shared Key (PSK) must

consist of between 8 and 63 ASCII characters or 64 hexadecimal characters (including spaces and symbols).

2 The AP checks each wireless client's password and allows it to join the network only if the password

matches.

3 The AP and wireless clients generate a common PMK (Pairwise Master Key). The key itself is not

sent over the network, but is derived from the PSK and the SSID.

4 The AP and wireless clients use the TKIP or AES encryption process, the PMK and information

exchanged in a handshake to create temporal encryption keys. They use these keys to encrypt data exchanged between them.

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Figure 147 WPA(2)-PSK Authentication

Security Parameters Summary

Refer to this table to see what other security parameters you should configure for each authentication method or key management protocol type. MAC address filters are not dependent on how you configure these security features.

Appendix D Wireless LANs

Table 94 Wireless Security Relational Matrix

AUTHENTICATION METHOD/ KEY MANAGEMENT PROTOCOL

Open None No Disable

Open WEP No Enable with Dynamic WEP Key

Shared WEP No Enable with Dynamic WEP Key

WPA TKIP/AES No Enable WPA-PSK TKIP/AES Yes Disable WPA2 TKIP/AES No Enable WPA2-PSK TKIP/AES Yes Disable

Antenna Overview

An antenna couples RF signals onto air. A transmitter within a wireless device sends an RF signal to the antenna, which propagates the signal through the air. The antenna also operates in reverse by capturing RF signals from the air.

ENCRYPTIO N METHOD

ENTER MANUAL KEY

Yes Enable without Dynamic WEP Key Yes Disable

IEEE 802.1X

Enable without Dynamic WEP Key

Positioning the antennas properly increases the range and coverage area of a wireless LAN.

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Antenna Characteristics Frequency

An antenna in the frequency of 2.4GHz or 5GHz is needed to communicate efficiently in a wireless LAN

Radiation Pattern

A radiation pattern is a diagram that allows you to visualize the shape of the antenna’s coverage area.

Antenna Gain

Antenna gain, measured in dB (decibel), is the increase in coverage within the RF beam width. Higher antenna gain improves the range of the signal for better communications.

For an indoor site, each 1 dB increase in antenna gain results in a range increase of approximately

2.5%. For an unobstructed outdoor site, each 1dB increase in gain results in a range increase of

approximately 5%. Actual results may vary depending on the network environment.

Appendix D Wireless LANs

Antenna gain is sometimes specified in dBi, which is how much the antenna increases the signal power compared to using an isotropic antenna. An isotropic antenna is a theoretical perfect antenna that sends out radio signals equally well in all directions. dBi represents the true gain that the antenna provides.

Types of Antennas for WLAN

There are two types of antennas used for wireless LAN applications.

• Omni-directional antennas send the RF signal out in all directions on a horizontal plane. The coverage area is torus-shaped (like a donut) which makes these antennas ideal for a room environment. With a wide coverage area, it is possible to make circular overlapping coverage areas with multiple access points.

• Directional antennas concentrate the RF signal in a beam, like a flashlight does with the light from its bulb. The angle of the beam determines the width of the coverage pattern. Angles typically range from 20 degrees (very directional) to 120 degrees (less directional). Directional antennas are ideal for hallways and outdoor point-to-point applications.

Positioning Antennas

In general, antennas should be mounted as high as practically possible and free of obstructions. In point-to–point application, position both antennas at the same height and in a direct line of sight to each other to attain the best performance.

For omni-directional antennas mounted on a table, desk, and so on, point the antenna up. For omni-directional antennas mounted on a wall or ceiling, point the antenna down. For a single AP application, place omni-directional antennas as close to the center of the coverage area as possible.

For directional antennas, point the antenna in the direction of the desired coverage area.

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APPENDIX E

Common Services

The following table lists some commonly-used services and their associated protocols and port numbers. For a comprehensive list of port numbers, ICMP type/code numbers and services, visit the IANA (Internet Assigned Number Authority) web site.

• Name: This is a short, descriptive name for the service. You can use this one or create a different one, if you like.

• Protocol: This is the type of IP protocol used by the service. If this is TCP/UDP, then the service uses the same port number with TCP and UDP. If this is USER-DEFINED, the Port(s) is the IP protocol number, not the port number.

• Port(s): This value depends on the Protocol. Please refer to RFC 1700 for further information about port numbers.

•If the Protocol is TCP, UDP, or TCP/UDP , this is the IP port number.

•If the Protocol is USER, this is the IP protocol number.

• Description: This is a brief explanation of the applications that use this service or the situations in which this service is used.

Table 95 Commonly Used Services

NAME PROTOCOL PORT(S) DESCRIPTION

AH (IPSEC_TUNNEL)

AIM/New-ICQ TCP 5190 AOL’s Internet Messenger service. It is

AUTH TCP 113 Authentication protocol used by some

BGP TCP 179 Border Gateway Protocol. BOOTP_CLIENT UDP 68 DHCP Client. BOOTP_SERVER UDP 67 DHCP Server. CU-SEEME TCP

DNS TCP/UDP 53 Domain Name Server, a service that

ESP (IPSEC_TUNNEL)

FINGER TCP 79 Finger is a UNIX or Internet related

FTP TCP

H.323 TCP 1720 NetMeeting uses this protocol.

User-Defined 51 The IPSEC AH (Authentication Header)

tunneling protocol uses this service.

also used as a listening port by ICQ.

servers.

7648

UDP

User-Defined 50 The IPSEC ESP (Encapsulation Security

TCP

24032

A popular videoconferencing solution from White Pines Software.

matches web names (for example

www.zyxel.com

Protocol) tunneling protocol uses this service.

command that can be used to find out if a user is logged on.

File Transfer Program, a program to enable fast transfer of files, including large files that may not be possible by e-mail.

) to IP numbers.

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Appendix E Common Services

Table 95 Commonly Used Services (continued)

NAME PROTOCOL PORT(S) DESCRIPTION

HTTP TCP 80 Hyper Text Transfer Protocol - a client/

server protocol for the world wide web.

HTTPS TCP 443 HTTPS is a secured http session often used

in e-commerce.

ICMP User-Defined 1 Internet Control Message Protocol is often

ICQ UDP 4000 This is a popular Internet chat program. IGMP (MULTICAST) User-Defined 2 Internet Group Management Protocol is

IKE UDP 500 The Internet Key Exchange algorithm is

IRC TCP/UDP 6667 This is another popular Internet chat

MSN Messenger TCP 1863 Microsoft Networks’ messenger service

NEW-ICQ TCP 5190 An Internet chat program. NEWS TCP 144 A protocol for news groups. NFS UDP 2049 Network File System - NFS is a client/

NNTP TCP 119 Network News Transport Protocol is the

PING User-Defined 1 Packet INternet Groper is a protocol that

POP3 TCP 110 Post Office Protocol version 3 lets a client

PPTP TCP 1723 Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol enables

PPTP_TUNNEL (GRE)

RCMD TCP 512 Remote Command Service. REAL_AUDIO TCP 7070 A streaming audio service that enables

REXEC TCP 514 Remote Execution Daemon. RLOGIN TCP 513 Remote Login. RTELNET TCP 107 Remote Telnet. RTSP TCP/UDP 554 The Real Time Streaming (media control)

SFTP TCP 115 Simple File Transfer Protocol.

User-Defined 47 PPTP (Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol)

used for diagnostic or routing purposes.

used when sending packets to a specific group of hosts.

used for key distribution and management.

program.

uses this protocol.

server distributed file service that provides transparent file sharing for network environments.

delivery mechanism for the USENET newsgroup service.

sends out ICMP echo requests to test whether or not a remote host is reachable.

computer get e-mail from a POP3 server through a temporary connection (TCP/IP or other).

secure transfer of data over public networks. This is the control channel.

enables secure transfer of data over public networks. This is the data channel.

real time sound over the web.

Protocol (RTSP) is a remote control for multimedia on the Internet.

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Appendix E Common Services

Table 95 Commonly Used Services (continued)

NAME PROTOCOL PORT(S) DESCRIPTION

SMTP TCP 25 Simple Mail Transfer Protocol is the

message-exchange standard for the Internet. SMTP enables you to move messages from one e-mail server to

another. SNMP TCP/UDP 161 Simple Network Management Program. SNMP-TRAPS TCP/UDP 162 Traps for use with the SNMP (RFC:1215). SQL-NET TCP 1521 Structured Query Language is an interface

to access data on many different types of

database systems, including mainframes,

midrange systems, UNIX systems and

network servers. SSH TCP/UDP 22 Secure Shell Remote Login Program. STRM WORKS UDP 1558 Stream Works Protocol. SYSLOG UDP 514 Syslog allows you to send system logs to a

TACACS UDP 49 Login Host Protocol used for (Terminal

TELNET TCP 23 Telnet is the login and terminal emulation

TFTP UDP 69 Trivial File Transfer Protocol is an Internet

VDOLIVE TCP 7000 Another videoconferencing solution.

UNIX server.

Access Controller Access Control System).

protocol common on the Internet and in

UNIX environments. It operates over TCP/

IP networks. Its primary function is to

allow users to log into remote host

systems.

file transfer protocol similar to FTP, but

uses the UDP (User Datagram Protocol)

rather than TCP (Transmission Control

Protocol).

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Index

Address Assignment 102 Advanced Encryption Standard

See AES.

AES 227 alternative subnet mask notation 176 antenna

directional 231 gain 231

omni-directional 231 AP 12 AP (access point) 221 AP Mode

menu 60, 67

status screen 58 AP+Bridge 12

Bandwidth management

overview 136

priority 138 Basic Service Set, See BSS 219 Bridge/Repeater 12 bridged APs, security 83 BSS 219

CA 225 Certificate Authority

See CA. certifications

viewing 190 Channel 52, 59, 60, 66 channel 81, 221

interference 221

CIFS 153 Common Internet File System, see CIFS Configuration

restore 165

content filtering 134

by keyword (in URL) 134 by web feature 134

Daylight saving 163 DDNS 123

see also Dynamic DNS service providers 123

DHCP 32, 114

DHCP server see also Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol

DHCP server 112, 114 DHCP table 32

DHCP client information DHCP status

DHCP Unique IDentifier 98 DHCPv6

DHCP Unique IDentifier 98 Digital Living Network Alliance 152 disclaimer 184 DLNA 151, 152

indexing 155

overview 151

rescan 155 DLNA-compliant client 152 DNS 116 DNS Server 102 DNS server 116 documentation

related 2

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Index

Domain Name System 116 Domain Name System. See DNS. DUID 98 duplex setting 53, 60 Dynamic DNS 123 Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol 114 dynamic WEP key exchange 226 DynDNS 123 DynDNS see also DDNS 123

EAP Authentication 225 encryption 82, 227

key 82

WPA compatible 82 ESS 220 ESSID 171 Extended Service Set, See ESS 220

FCC interference statement 184 file sharing 152

access right 155, 156

example 156

FTP 155

overview 152

Samba 154

user account 154, 156

Windows Explorer 154

work group 154 Firewall

ICMP packets 129, 130 Firmware upload 163

file extension

using HTTP firmware version 52, 59 fragmentation threshold 222

General wireless LAN screen 83, 85 Guide

Quick Start 2

hidden node 221

IANA 181 IBSS 219 IGMP 103

see also Internet Group Multicast Protocol version

IGMP version 103 Independent Basic Service Set

See IBSS 219 initialization vector (IV) 227 interfaces 96 Internet Assigned Numbers Authority

See IANA 181 Internet Group Multicast Protocol 103 Internet Protocol version 6, see IPv6 IP Address 113, 118, 119 IP alias 112 IP Pool 114 IPv6 96

link-local address 97

prefix 96

prefix delegation 97

prefix length 96

stateless autoconfiguration 97

LAN 111

IP pool setup 112 LAN overview 111

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Index

LAN setup 111 LAN TCP/IP 112 Language 166 Link type 53, 60, 66 Local Area Network 111

MAC 89 MAC address 81, 102

cloning 102 MAC address filter 81 MAC address filtering 89 MAC filter 89 managing the device

good habits 13

using the web configurator. See web configurator.

using the wireless switch.

using the WPS. See WPS. MBSSID 12 Media access control 89 media client 151 media file 151 media server 151

overview 151 meida file play 151 Memory usage 53, 60, 66 Message Integrity Check (MIC) 227 mode 12 Multicast 103

IGMP 103

operating mode 12 other documentation 2

Pairwise Master Key (PMK) 227, 229 Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet 105 Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol 107 Port forwarding 119

default server 118 local server 119

port speed 53, 60, 67 PPPoE 105

dial-up connection

PPTP 107 preamble mode 223 prefix delegation 97 product registration 190 PSK 227

Quality of Service (QoS) 91 Quick Start Guide 2

NAT 117, 118, 181

how it works 117

overview 117

see also Network Address Translation NAT Traversal 144 Navigation Panel 53, 60, 67 navigation panel 53, 60, 67 Network Address Translation 117, 118

RADIUS 224

message types 224 messages 224 shared secret key 225

registration

product 190

related documentation 2 Remote management

and NAT 142 limitations 142 system timeout 143

Reset button 30

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Index

Reset the device 30 Restore configuration 165 Roaming 90 RTS (Request To Send) 222

threshold 221, 222 RTS/CTS Threshold 81, 90

Samba 153 Scheduling 93 Server Message Block, see SMB Service and port numbers 130, 133, 141 Service Set 47, 84 Service Set IDentification 47, 84 Service Set IDentity. See SSID. SMB 153 SSID 47, 52, 59, 60, 66, 81, 84 Static DHCP 115 Static Route 125 Status 50 subnet 174 Subnet Mask 113 subnet mask 175 subnetting 177 Summary

DHCP table 32

Packet statistics 33

Wireless station status 34, 35 System General Setup 160 System restart 166

TCP/IP configuration 114 Temporal Key Integrity Protocol (TKIP) 227 Time setting 162 trademarks 184 trigger port 120 Trigger port forwarding 120

example 121

process 121

Universal 63 Universal Plug and Play 144

Application 144 Security issues 145

Universal Repeater 63, 67 UPnP 144 URL Keyword Blocking 135 USB media sharing 151 User Name 124

VPN 107

WAN (Wide Area Network) 101 WAN advanced 109 WAN MAC address 102 warranty 190

note 190

Web Configurator

how to access 26 Overview 26

web configurator 12 WEP Encryption 68, 70, 87, 88 WEP encryption 86 WEP key 86 Wi-Fi Protected Access 227 windows media player 151 Wireless association list 34, 35 wireless channel 171 wireless client WPA supplicants 228 wireless LAN 171 wireless LAN scheduling 93 Wireless network

basic guidelines 80 channel 81 encryption 82 example 80

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MAC address filter 81

overview 80

security 81

SSID 81 Wireless security 81

overview 81

type 81 wireless security 171, 223 wireless switch 12 Wireless tutorial 72

WPS 72 Wizard setup 17 WLAN

interference 221

security parameters 230 WLAN 2.4G 34 WLAN 5G 35 work group 153

name 153

Windows 153 WPA 227

key caching 228

pre-authentication 228

user authentication 228

vs WPA-PSK 227

wireless client supplicant 228

with RADIUS application example 228 WPA compatible 82 WPA2 227

user authentication 228

vs WPA2-PSK 227

wireless client supplicant 228

with RADIUS application example 228 WPA2-Pre-Shared Key 227 WPA2-PSK 227

application example 229 WPA-PSK 227

application example 229 WPS 12

Index

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ZyXEL NBG6515 Users Manual

Specifications and Main Features

Frequently Asked Questions

User Manual