Metrohm 814 User Manual

814 USB Sample Processor
Manual
8.814.8001EN
Metrohm AG CH-9101 Herisau Switzerland Phone +41 71 353 85 85 Fax +41 71 353 89 01 info@metrohm.com www.metrohm.com
814 USB Sample Processor
Manual
8.814.8001EN 01/2010 dm
Teachware Metrohm AG CH-9101 Herisau teachware@metrohm.com
This documentation is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Although all the information given in this documentation has been checked with great care, errors cannot be entirely excluded. Should you notice any mistakes please send us your comments using the address given above.
Documentation in additional languages can be found on
http://products.metrohm.com under Literature/Technical documenta-
tion.
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Table of contents

1 Introduction 1
1.1 The 814 USB Sample Processor in the Titrando sys-
1.2 Instrument description ......................................................... 2
1.2.1 Model versions ........................................................................ 2
1.2.2 Instrument components .......................................................... 4
1.2.3 Intended use ........................................................................... 5
1.3 About the documentation ................................................... 5
1.3.1 Symbols and conventions ........................................................ 5
1.4 Safety instructions ................................................................ 6
1.4.1 General notes on safety ........................................................... 6
1.4.2 Electrical safety ........................................................................ 6
1.4.3 Tubing and capillary connections ............................................. 7
1.4.4 Personnel safety ...................................................................... 7
1.4.5 Flammable solvents and chemicals ........................................... 9
1.4.6 Recycling and disposal ............................................................. 9
Table of contents
tem ......................................................................................... 1
2 Overview of the instrument 10
2.1 Front and rear ..................................................................... 10
2.2 Rear panel ........................................................................... 12
2.3 Sample racks ....................................................................... 12
3 Installation 14
3.1 Setting up the instrument .................................................. 14
3.1.1 Packaging .............................................................................. 14
3.1.2 Checks .................................................................................. 14
3.1.3 Location ................................................................................ 14
3.2 Preparing the Sample Processor ....................................... 14
3.2.1 Connecting a mains cable ...................................................... 14
3.3 Connecting a computer ..................................................... 15
3.4 Installing rinsing and aspiration equipment .................... 16
3.5 Guide chain for cables and tubing .................................... 19
3.6 Installing the titration head ............................................... 20
3.7 Connecting an external pump ........................................... 25
3.8 Connecting MSB devices ................................................... 26
3.8.1 Connecting dosing devices .................................................... 27
3.8.2 Connecting a stirrer or titration stand .................................... 28
3.8.3 Connecting a remote box ...................................................... 29
814 USB Sample Processor
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III
Table of contents
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3.9 Connecting USB devices ..................................................... 30
3.9.1 Connecting a barcode reader ................................................. 30
3.10 Mounting the drip pan ....................................................... 31
3.11 Attaching the sample rack ................................................. 32
3.12 Mounting the safety shield ................................................ 32
4 Handling and maintenance 34
4.1 General ................................................................................ 34
4.2 Care ...................................................................................... 34
4.3 Quality Management and validation with Metrohm ....... 34
5 Troubleshooting 35
5.1 Sample Processor ............................................................... 35
5.2 Pump .................................................................................... 35
6 Appendix 36
6.1 Beaker sensor ..................................................................... 36
6.2 Rinsing nozzles ................................................................... 36
6.3 Remote interface ................................................................ 37
6.3.1 Pin assignment of the remote interface .................................. 38
7 Technical specifications 40
7.1 Lift and turntable ............................................................... 40
7.2 Membrane pump(s) with valve .......................................... 40
7.3 Interfaces and connectors ................................................. 40
7.4 Mains connection ............................................................... 41
7.5 Safety specifications ........................................................... 41
7.6 Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) ................................ 41
7.7 Ambient temperature ......................................................... 42
7.8 Reference conditions .......................................................... 42
7.9 Dimensions .......................................................................... 42
8 Conformity and warranty 43
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IV
8.1 Declaration of Conformity ................................................. 43
8.2 Warranty (guarantee) ......................................................... 44
8.3 Quality Management Principles ........................................ 45
814 USB Sample Processor
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9 Accessories 47
Index 82
Table of contents
9.1 Scope of delivery 814 USB Sample Processor
2.814.0010 .......................................................................... 47
9.2 Scope of delivery 814 USB Sample Processor
2.814.0020 .......................................................................... 52
9.3 Scope of delivery 814 USB Sample Processor
2.814.0030 .......................................................................... 58
9.4 Scope of delivery 814 USB Sample Processor
2.814.0110 .......................................................................... 60
9.5 Scope of delivery 814 USB Sample Processor
2.814.0120 .......................................................................... 65
9.6 Scope of delivery 814 USB Sample Processor
2.814.0130 .......................................................................... 71
9.7 Optional accessories ........................................................... 74
814 USB Sample Processor
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V

Table of figures

Table of figures
Figure 1 The Titrando system .......................................................................... 1
Figure 2 Front 814 USB Sample Processor ..................................................... 10
Figure 3 Rear 814 USB Sample Processor ...................................................... 11
Figure 4 Connector strip ............................................................................... 12
Figure 5 6.2041.470 Sample rack ................................................................. 12
Figure 6 Connecting the mains cable ............................................................ 14
Figure 7 Connecting the computer ............................................................... 15
Figure 8 Mounting the rinsing and aspiration tubings .................................... 17
Figure 9 Mounting the distributor ................................................................. 18
Figure 10 Guide chain - Opening chain links ................................................... 19
Figure 11 Mounting the titration head ............................................................ 20
Figure 12 Installing accessories for the titration ............................................... 21
Figure 13 Connecting the tubings ................................................................... 22
Figure 14 Rod stirrer (802 Stirrer) .................................................................... 23
Figure 15 Magnetic stirrer (741 Stirrer) ............................................................ 23
Figure 16 Connecting the tower stirrer ............................................................ 23
Figure 17 Insert the rod stirrer ......................................................................... 24
Figure 18 Connecting the pump ..................................................................... 25
Figure 19 Connecting a dosing device ............................................................. 27
Figure 20 Connecting MSB stirrer .................................................................... 28
Figure 21 Rod stirrer and titration stand .......................................................... 28
Figure 22 Connecting a remote box ................................................................ 29
Figure 23 USB connectors ............................................................................... 30
Figure 24 Installing the drip pan ...................................................................... 31
Figure 25 Attaching the rack ........................................................................... 32
Figure 26 Mount the safety shield ................................................................... 33
Figure 27 Beaker sensor on the tower ............................................................. 36
Figure 28 Spray nozzles - Functioning ............................................................. 37
Figure 29 Connectors of the remote box ......................................................... 37
Figure 30 Pin assignment of the remote socket and plug ................................ 38
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VI
814 USB Sample Processor
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MSB
USB
Controller
PC Keyboard
Barcode
Reader
USB Hub
RS-232/USB Box
Balance
Touch Control
USB Sample Processor
Robotic Titrosampler
Printer
Bluetooth USB
Adapter
Personal Computer
Relay Box
Remote Box
Dosing Interface
USB Lab Link
Stirrer / Ti Stand Dosino Dosimat
On
Status
8
05
D
o
s
i
m
a
M
e
t
r o
h
On
Titrando
pH Module
Conductivity Module

1 Introduction

1 Introduction
1.1 The 814 USB Sample Processor in the Titrando sys­tem
The 814 USB Sample Processor is a component of the modular Titrando system. Operation is carried out by a Touch Control with touch-sensitive screen ("Stand alone" titrator) or by a computer with a corresponding software.
A Titrando system can contain numerous, various kinds of devices. The following figure provides an overview of the peripheral devices you can connect to the 814 USB Sample Processor.
814 USB Sample Processor
Figure 1 The Titrando system
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1

1.2 Instrument description

Up to three control devices (Titrandos, Dosing Interfaces, USB Sample Pro­cessors etc.) can be controlled via USB connection by the Touch Control. With the tiamo software the system can arbitrarily be extended with con­trol devices.
Updating the device software is described in the manual for the Touch Control or in the tiamo help, respectively.
1.2 Instrument description
The 814 USB Sample Processor is a versatile instrument. It has been designed exclusively for usage in factories and laboratories and thereby covers a wide range of applications.
Thanks to the integration of high-performance USB interfaces, it can be incorporated seamlessly into a Metrohm Titrando system. The various communication possibilities of the Titrando system (Remote Box, LIMS connection etc.) can thus all be used. Thanks to these abilities, a 814 USB Sample Processor is predetermined for all kind of automation tasks in a modern laboratory, especially for highly integrated laboratory data sys­tems.
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The user interface of the Touch Control or the tiamo software guaran­tees comfortable operation and programming of the 814 USB Sample Pro­cessor. The comprehensive range of commands and the various configura­tion possibilities can comfortably and efficiently be used this way. The integration into the Titrando system also guarantees a 100% conformity of the complete automation system according to the regulations of the FDA (Federal Drug Administration), especially to the regulation 21 CFR part 11, electronic records and signatures.
There are exchangeable standard sample racks available for many vessel dimensions. Freely selectable "Special beaker" positions can be defined for e.g. rinsing or conditioning beakers on every rack.
Customer-specific special racks for individual requirements can be fabrica­ted upon request.

1.2.1 Model versions

The 814 USB Sample Processor is available in the following versions with different components.
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2
814 USB Sample Processor
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1 Introduction
2.814.0010
1-Tower version
1 membrane pumpe and 1 valve 1 connector for an external pump 1 stirrer connector (tower stirrer) 1 Swing Head connector 3 MSB connectors for dosing devices or stirrers 2 USB connectors 1 controller connection
2.814.0020
1-Tower version
2 membrane pumps and 2 valves 1 stirrer connector (tower stirrer) 1 Swing Head connector 3 MSB connectors for dosing devices or stirrers 2 USB connectors 1 controller connection
2.814.0030
1-Tower version
2 connectors for external pumps 1 stirrer connector (tower stirrer) 1 Swing Head connector 3 MSB connectors for dosing devices or stirrers 2 USB connectors 1 controller connection
2.814.0110
2-Tower version
2 membrane pumps and 2 valves 2 connectors for external pumps 2 stirrer connectors (tower stirrer) 2 Swing Head connectors 3 MSB connectors for dosing devices or stir-
rers
2 USB connectors 1 controller connection
814 USB Sample Processor
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3
1.2 Instrument description
2.814.0120
2-Tower version
4 membrane pumps and 4 valves 2 stirrer connectors (tower stirrer) 2 Swing Head connectors 3 MSB connectors for dosing devices or stir-
rers
2 USB connectors 1 controller connection
2.814.0130
2-Tower version
4 connectors for external pumps 2 stirrer connectors (tower stirrer) 2 Swing Head connectors 3 MSB connectors for dosing devices or stir-
rers
2 USB connectors 1 controller connection
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1.2.2 Instrument components

The 814 USB Sample Processor has the following components:
Turntable
For sample racks with a diameter of up to 42 cm.
One or two towers with lift
With titration head holder. Each lift can subsequently be extended by a Swing Head and a robotic arm.
One, two or no membrane pump per tower
Instead of an integrated pump, an external pump connector is availa­ble depending on the model version.
One stirrer connector per tower
For connecting a rod stirrer (802 Stirrer) or a magnetic stirrer (741 Stir­rer).
Controller connection
For connecting a PC or Touch Control.
Two USB connectors
For connecting a printer, barcode reader or other control devices (Titrando, Dosing Interface etc.).
Three MSB connectors (Metrohm Serial Bus)
For connecting dosing devices (Dosimat with exchange unit or Dosino with dosing unit), stirrers or Remote Boxes.
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814 USB Sample Processor
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1.2.3 Intended use

The 814 USB Sample Processor is designed for usage as an automation system in analytical laboratories. It is not suitable for usage in biochemi­cal, biological or medical environments in its basic equipment version.
The present instrument is suitable for processing chemicals and flammable samples. The usage of the 814 USB Sample Processor therefore requires that the user has basic knowledge and experience in the handling of toxic and caustic substances. Knowledge with respect to the application of the fire prevention measures prescribed for laboratories is also mandatory.

1.3 About the documentation

Caution
Please read through this documentation carefully before putting the instrument into operation. The documentation contains information and warnings which the user must follow in order to ensure safe opera­tion of the instrument.
1 Introduction

1.3.1 Symbols and conventions

The following symbols and styles are used in this documentation:
Cross-reference to figure legend
The first number refers to the figure number, the second to the instrument part in the figure.
Instruction step
Carry out these steps in the sequence shown.
Warning
This symbol draws attention to a possible life hazard or risk of injury.
Warning
This symbol draws attention to a possible hazard due to electrical current.
Warning
This symbol draws attention to a possible hazard due to heat or hot instrument parts.
814 USB Sample Processor
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5

1.4 Safety instructions

1.4 Safety instructions

1.4.1 General notes on safety

Warning
This instrument may only be operated in accordance with the specifica­tions in this documentation.
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Warning
This symbol draws attention to a possible biological hazard.
Caution
This symbol draws attention to a possible damage of instruments or instrument parts.
Note
This symbol marks additional information and tips.
This instrument has left the factory in a flawless state in terms of technical safety. To maintain this state and ensure non-hazardous operation of the instrument, the following instructions must be observed carefully.

1.4.2 Electrical safety

The electrical safety when working with the instrument is ensured as part of the international standard IEC 61010.
Only personnel qualified by Metrohm are authorized to carry out service work on electronic components.
Never open the housing of the instrument. The instrument could be damaged by this. There is also a risk of serious injury if live components are touched.
There are no parts inside the housing which can be serviced or replaced by the user.
Warning
Warning
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6
814 USB Sample Processor
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1 Introduction
Mains voltage
Warning
An incorrect mains voltage can damage the instrument.
Only operate this instrument with a mains voltage specified for it (see rear panel of the instrument).
Protection against electrostatic charges
Warning
Electronic components are sensitive to electrostatic charges and can be destroyed by discharges.
Always pull the mains cable out of the mains connection socket before connecting or disconnecting electrical appliances on the rear panel of the instrument.

1.4.3 Tubing and capillary connections

Caution
Leaks in tubing and capillary connections are a safety risk. Tighten all connections well by hand. Avoid applying excessive force to tubing connections. Damaged tubing ends lead to leakage. Appropriate tools can be used to loosen connections.
Check the connections regularly for leakage. If the instrument is used mainly in unattended operation, then weekly inspections are manda­tory.

1.4.4 Personnel safety

Warning
Wear protective goggles and working clothes suitable for laboratory work while operating the 814 USB Sample Processor. It is also advisable to wear gloves when caustic liquids are used or in situations where glass vessels could break.
814 USB Sample Processor
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7
1.4 Safety instructions
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Warning
Always install the safety shield supplied with the equipment before using the instrument for the first time. Pre-installed safety shields are not allowed to be removed.
The 814 USB Sample Processor may not be operated without a safety shield!
Warning
Personnel are not permitted to reach into the working area of the instrument while operations are running!
A considerable risk of injury exists for the user.
Warning
In the event of a possible blockage of a drive, the mains plug must be pulled out of the socket immediately. Do not attempt to free jammed sample vessels or other parts while the device is switched on. Blockages can only be cleared when the instrument is in a voltage-free status; this action generally involves a considerable risk of injury.
Warning
The 814 USB Sample Processor is not suitable for utilization in bio­chemical, biological or medical environments in its basic equipment ver­sion.
Appropriate protective measures must be implemented in the event that potentially infectious samples or reagents are being processed.
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814 USB Sample Processor
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1.4.5 Flammable solvents and chemicals

Warning
All relevant safety measures are to be observed when working with flammable solvents and chemicals.
Set up the instrument in a well-ventilated location. Keep all sources of flame far from the workplace. Clean up spilled liquids and solids immediately. Follow the safety instructions of the chemical manufacturer.

1.4.6 Recycling and disposal

This product is covered by European Directive 2002/96/EC, WEEE – Waste from Electrical and Electronic Equipment.
The correct disposal of your old equipment will help to prevent negative effects on the environment and public health.
1 Introduction
More details about the disposal of your old equipment can be obtained from your local authorities, from waste disposal companies or from your local dealer.
814 USB Sample Processor
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9

2.1 Front and rear

1
2
3
4
5
6
7

2 Overview of the instrument

2.1 Front and rear
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10
Figure 2 Front 814 USB Sample Processor
Safety shield (6.2751.080)
1
other models, see chap. Accessories.
Stirrer rail
3
For magnetic stirrer (741 Stirrer).
Lift
5
With titration head holder.
Turntable
7
With guide bolts.
Sample rack (6.2041.310)
2
other models, see chap. Accessories.
Guide chain
4
For cables and tubings.
Beaker sensor
6
814 USB Sample Processor
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USB 2
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
T1
T2
2 Overview of the instrument
Figure 3 Rear 814 USB Sample Processor
Distributor
1
For rinsing equipment.
Pump connection
3
Pump 2. For the external pump.
Swing Head connector
5
Mini DIN socket (9-pin).
Rear panel with connectors
7
T1
Tower 1
With a 2-tower model.
Membrane pump
2
Pump 1.
Pump valve
4
Stirrer connector
6
DIN socket. For rod stirrer (802 Stirrer) or magnetic stirrer (741 Stirrer).
Warning symbol
8
(see Chapter 1.4.4, page 7)
Tower 2
T2
With a 2-tower model.
814 USB Sample Processor
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11

2.2 Rear panel

USB 2
USB 1
Contr.
MSB 1
MSB 2
MSB 3
Made by Metrohm
Herisau Switzerland
P: 115W U: 100 - 240 V f: 50 - 60 Hz
WARNING - Fire Hazard -
For continued protection replace only
with the same type and rating of fuse
Nr.
1 2 3 4 5
2.2 Rear panel
Figure 4 Connector strip
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USB connectors
1
MSB connector
3
For stirrers, dosing devices, Remote Box.
Type plate
5
Contains specifications concerning mains voltage and serial number.

2.3 Sample racks

A sample rack is a turntable that acts as a receptacle for sample vessels. Various types of sample racks are available for different numbers and types of sample vessels.
The 814 USB Sample Processor requires sample racks with up to a maxi­mum of 42 cm diameter.
Controller connector
2
For the connection to the PC or Touch Con­trol.
Mains connection
4
12
Figure 5 6.2041.470 Sample rack
Other user-defined racks can be supplied upon request and the required rack data can be loaded and configured in the control software. Any arrangement of rack positions is possible.
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814 USB Sample Processor
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2 Overview of the instrument
Magnet codes
Every single sample rack can be unambiguously identified by means of a magnet code. The Sample Processor can thus recognize automatically which rack is in place.
When replacing a rack, this should first be returned to starting position using the Rack initialization function (see "Manual Control" in the con­trol software). This will enable an unambiguous recognition of the rack and thus the correct positioning of the beaker. A positioning table is assigned to each rack type in which each rack position is defined.
814 USB Sample Processor
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13

3.1 Setting up the instrument

P: 115W U: 100 - 240 V f: 50 - 60 Hz
Nr.

3 Installation

3.1 Setting up the instrument

3.1.1 Packaging

The instrument is supplied in highly protective special packaging together with the separately packed accessories. Keep this packaging, as only this ensures safe transportation of the instrument.

3.1.2 Checks

Immediately after receipt, check whether the shipment has arrived com­plete and without damage by comparing it with the delivery note.

3.1.3 Location

The instrument has been developed for operation indoors and may not be used in explosive environments.
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Place the instrument in a location of the laboratory which is suitable for operation, free of vibrations, protected from corrosive atmosphere, and contamination by chemicals.
The instrument should be protected against excessive temperature fluctu­ations and direct sunlight.

3.2 Preparing the Sample Processor

3.2.1 Connecting a mains cable

Warning
This instrument must not be operated except with the mains voltage specified for it (see rear panel of the instrument).
Protect the connection sockets against moisture.
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14
Figure 6 Connecting the mains cable
814 USB Sample Processor
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6.2151.000
USB 2
USB 1
Contr.
MSB 2

3.3 Connecting a computer

The 814 USB Sample Processor requires a USB connection to a computer in order to be able to be controlled by a PC software. When a 6.2151.000 controller cable is used, the instrument can be connected directly, either to a USB socket on a computer, to a connected USB hub or to a different Metrohm control instrument.
Cable connection and driver installation
A driver installation is required in order to ensure that the 814 USB Sample Processor is recognized by the PC software. To accomplish this, you must comply with the procedures specified. The following steps are necessary:
1
Installing the software
Insert the PC software installation CD and carry out the installa-
tion program directions.
Exit the program if you have started it after the installation.
2
Establishing cable connections
Connect all peripheral devices to the instrument (see Chapter 3.8,
page 26).
Connect the 814 USB Sample Processor to the mains supply if you
have not already done this.
Connect the instrument to your computer through a USB connec-
tor (Type A) (see Instructions for Use for your computer). The
6.2151.000 cable is used for this purpose.
3 Installation
814 USB Sample Processor
Figure 7 Connecting the computer
For Windows 2000: The instrument is recognized and the driver is installed automatically.
For Windows XP: The instrument is recognized and the installation assistant for the driver is started automatically. Select the option "Install software automatically" and click on [Continue]. Exit the assistant with [Finish].
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15

3.4 Installing rinsing and aspiration equipment

For Windows Vista: The instrument is recognized and the installa­tion assistant for the driver is started automatically. Select the option "Find and install driver software". Agree to all subsequent requests. The installation assistant will be exited automatically.
The plug on the instrument end of the 6.2151.000 controller cable is protected with an anti-pull device to prevent the cable from being pulled out accidentally. If you wish to pull out the plug, then you must first retract the outer plug sleeve marked with arrows.
Registering and configuring the instrument in the PC soft­ware
The instrument must be registered in the configuration of your PC soft­ware. Once that has been done, you can then configure it according to your requirements. Proceed as follows:
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Note
1
Setting up the instrument
Start up the PC software.
The instrument is recognized automatically. The configuration dia­log for the instrument is displayed.
Make configuration settings for the instrument and its connec-
tors.
More detailed information concerning the configuration of the instu­ment can be found in the documentation for the respective PC soft­ware.
3.4 Installing rinsing and aspiration equipment
Various tubings are necessary for rinsing the electrode and the dosing tips as well as for aspirating the sample solution after the titration. First, mount the tubings on the distributor.
Mounting the rinsing and aspiration tubings
Install the tubings as follows:
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16
814 USB Sample Processor
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6.1805.510
6.1805.420
6.1808.170
6.1812.000
1
2
3
4
Figure 8 Mounting the rinsing and aspiration tubings
1
Mount the rinsing tubings
Manually tighten the three 6.1805.420 FEP tubings (48 cm) in
the M6 bore holes of the distributor. Place the tubings into the guide chain (see Chapter 3.5, page 19). These are the feed lines for the spray nozzles.
2
Mount the aspiration tubing
Manually tighten the 6.1805.510 FEP aspiration tubing (60
cm) in the M8 bore hole of the distributor.
3
Mount the feed line for the rinsing liquid
Remove the union nut of the left-hand connector of the distribu-
tor and guide it over the end of a 6.1812.000 PTFE tubing. You may have to extend the tubing end in order to be able to better mount the tubing, see note below. Pull the end of the tub­ing over the connection nipple of the distributor and fasten in place with the union nut. The tubing leads to the rinsing pump (Pump 1) and can be cut to the correct length.
3 Installation
814 USB Sample Processor
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17
3.4 Installing rinsing and aspiration equipment
6.1808.170
1
2
The opening of the tubing may need to be widened with a sharp object (e.g. with a Phillips screwdriver).
A piece of sandpaper may be used to get a better grip on the tub­ing.
Do not extend the tubing end before having slid the union nut onto the tubing.
4
Mount the outlet tubing
Remove the union nut of the right-hand connector of the distribu-
tor and guide it over the end of the 6.1812.000 PTFE tubing. Pull the end of the tubing over the connection nipple of the distri­butor and fasten in place with the union nut. The tubing leads to the aspiration pump (Pump 2) and can be cut to the correct length.
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Note
Mounting the distributor
Figure 9 Mounting the distributor
Proceed as follows:
1
Remove a chain link
Remove the clip of the third chain link of the guide chain. Pry out
the clip with a screwdriver on both sides of the chain link, as shown in the preceding illustration.
2
Insert the distributor
Apply strong pressure to insert the 6.1808.170 distributor
(with the tubing connected) into the open chain link.
18
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814 USB Sample Processor
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3
Fix the rinsing tubings
Place the rinsing tubings into the guide chain.

3.5 Guide chain for cables and tubing

Tubings and cables can be placed into the guide chain.
You can open the individual chain links with a screwdriver as follows.
1
Open the guide chain
Insert a screwdriver into the groove located on the side of a chain
link.
Loosen the clip with a forceful leverage movement. Pull the clip out of the chain by hand. Repeat the above actions for each chain link.
3 Installation
814 USB Sample Processor
Figure 10 Guide chain - Opening chain links
2
Insert into the guide chain
Place the required tubings or cables into the guide chain.
3
Close the guide chain
Close the clip for each chain link again by hand and apply forceful
pressure to snap them into place.
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19
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