Games PC ENEMY ENGAGED User Manual

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ENEMY ENGAGED - RAH-66 COMANCHE VERSUS KA-52 HOKUM

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USER GUIDE

DISCLAIMER

By installing, copying, or otherwise using this Software product, you agree to be bound by the limitations set out below.

LIMITED WARRANTY

Empire Interactive warrants that the software will perform substantially in accordance with the accompanying written materials for a period of ninety (90) days from the date of receipt. Any implied warranties on the software are limited to ninety (90) days, unless the effect of this clause has been specifically excluded by applicable law.

CUSTOMER REMEDIES

Empire Interactive’s entire liability and your exclusive remedy shall be, at Empire Interactive’s option, either (a) return of the price paid, or (b) replacement of the software or hardware that does not meet this Limited Warranty and which is returned to the place of purchase with a copy of your receipt. This Limited Warranty is void if failure of the software has resulted from accident, abuse, or misapplication. Any replacement software will be warranted for the remainder of the original warranty or thirty (30) days, whichever is longer.

NO OTHER WARRANTIES

To the maximum extent permitted by applicable law, Empire Interactive and its suppliers disclaim all other representations, warranties, conditions or other terms, either express or implied, including, but not limited to implied warranties and/or conditions of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose, with regard to the software and the accompanying written materials.

NO LIABILITY FOR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES

To the maximum extent permitted by applicable law, in no event shall Empire Interactive or its suppliers be liable for any damages whatsoever (including without limitation, direct or indirect damages for personal injury, loss of business profits, business interruption, loss of business information, or any other pecuniary loss) arising out of the use of or inability to use this product, even if Empire Interactive has been advised of the possibility of such damages. In any case, Empire Interactive’s and its suppliers’ entire liability under any provision of this agreement shall be limited to the amount actually paid by you for the software, unless the effect of this clause has been specifically excluded by applicable law.

This Software Licence Agreement is governed by the law of the laws of England.

ENEMY ENGAGED - RAH-66 COMANCHE VERSUS KA-52 HOKUM

TRADEMARKS OF

RIGHTS RESERVED

TRADEMARKS OF

. PUBLISHED BY EMPIRE INTERACTIVE. DOLBY AND THE DOUBLE D SYMBOL ARE

DOLBY LABORATORIES LICENSING CORPORATION.

AND EMPIRE ARE

www.razorworks.com

TECHNICAL SUPPORT

If you experience any technical problems with this or any other Empire product, please contact our technical support staff.

When you call, it helps if you have the following information to hand: computer type, available hard disk space, total RAM, type of video card and a list of the options you choose when you installed the game. If possible be at your computer when you call.

TECHNICAL SUPPORT: (0)20 8343 9143 10am-6pm

If you prefer to write to us, be sure to enclose the same details.

Empire Interactive

Technical Support Dept.

The Spires, 677 High Road,

North Finchley

London N12 0DA

If you have internet access and would like to contact us on-line, you will find us at:

support@empire.co.uk

Contents

1. Introduction 1.0

Getting Started . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1

Quick Start

Strategy Guide

Updates

Compatibility With Apache Havoc

Conversion Training From Apache Havoc

2. Menu Screens 2.0

Main Screen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1

Pilots Screen

Options Screen

Combat Screen

Session Screen

Gunship Screen

Campaign and Mission Planning Screen

3. In-Flight 3.0

Basic Handling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1

Missions

Radio Messages

Views

Controls

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.5

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.6

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.6

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.7

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.5

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.8

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.12

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.18

4. Comanche Cockpits 4.0

Instrument Panel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.2

Multi-Function Displays (MFDs)

Helmet Integrated Display and Sight System (HIDSS)

Acquiring Targets

Weapons

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.19

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.30

Pilot Night Vision Sensor (PNVS)

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.5

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.16

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.39

iii

5. Hokum Cockpits 5.0

Instrument Panel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.2

Multi-Function Displays (MFDs)

Head Up Display (HUD)

Acquiring Targets

Weapons

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.18

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.29

Night Vision Goggles (NVG)

Windshield Wipers

Ejector Seats

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.37

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.37

6. Ground School 6.0

Helicopters – Basic Handling and Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.1

Tactical Flying

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.23

7. Comanche Versus Hokum 7.0

RAH-66 Comanche . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.1

Ka-52 Hokum B "Alligator"

8. Campaign Scenarios 8.0

Sword In The Sand

War Of Independence

Task Force Lebanon

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.2

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.4

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.6

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.6

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.15

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.36

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.7

9. Recognition Guide 9.0

10. Appendices 10.0

Trouble Shooting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.1

Acronyms

Credits

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.7

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.8

1. INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION

1.1

Enemy Engaged RAH-66 Comanche Versus Ka-52 Hokum

Throughout this manual the game title is abbreviated to ‘Comanche Hokum’.

Comanche Hokum is a combat flight simulator showcasing two state-of-the-art helicopters; the American RAH-66 Comanche and the Russian Ka-52 Hokum B.

Both of these formidable gunships are capable of day, night and all weather missions and able to operate away from base for extended periods at the front line.

Comanche Hokum provides an accurate simulation of both helicopters including realistic flight dynamics, authentic weapons systems and detailed cockpits, displays and instruments. You can fly as both pilot and co-pilot/gunner and the crew are fully animated to increase the immersion.

There are options to configure the game for both novice and accomplished players. A ‘Quick Start’ keyboard guide has also been included.

Comanche Hokum features three diverse, real world combat zones, accurately modelled from digital data. The landscapes have rugged terrain ideally suited to low-level helicopter combat and making ‘line of sight’ tactics a real part of the game play. Each campaign can be played from either standpoint and in multiplayer games you can fly co-operatively or competitively with other players.

The campaign ‘engine’ is fully dynamic and reactive. There are no scripted events or outcomes. The war rages continuously, even when you are at a base re-arming and refuelling. You fly realistic missions with your wingmen and can co-ordinate attacks via radio messages. Your skill and judgement will determine success or failure.

Comanche Hokum features in excess of 60 different aircraft and vehicles all of which are highly detailed and articulated and have realistic payloads and physics.

If you have Apache Havoc installed then Comanche Hokum will allow you to play the Apache Havoc campaigns and to fly the Apache and Havoc gunships.

Getting Started

Installation

Insert your Comanche Hokum CD into your drive. If ‘Autorun’ is enabled on your system, the Setup program will start automatically. If Autorun is not enabled, from Windows Explorer, click on the autorun.exe icon on the Comanche Hokum CD.

Follow the on-screen instructions. Once all of the files have been copied on to your hard drive, the installation process will create a shortcut for you.

Please note that a Direct3D compatible graphics accelerator card is required to run Comanche Hokum.

INTRODUCTION

Starting

Comanche Hokum requires the full resources of your computer so terminate all other running applications before starting.

The program requires the Comanche Hokum CD in your drive at all times during use.

To start the game, click on the Comanche Hokum shortcut created by the installation program.

If you experience any difficulty running Comanche Hokum then refer to the ‘Trouble Shooting’ section in the Appendices.

Exiting

To exit Comanche Hokum return to the Main screen and click on the ‘EXIT’ button.

Alternatively, press l+X at any time.

Quick Start

To get in the air quickly then follow these steps:-

1. On the Main screen select ‘Combat’

2. On the Combat screen select ‘Free Flight’

3. On the Session screen select a scenario then ‘OK’

4. On the Gunship screen select a gunship then ‘SELECT’

You will be transferred to a base and placed in the cockpit of your gunship. You have infinite weapons and fuel and are invulnerable to crashes. The enemy will not fire at you. These options may be changed on the Session screen after selecting the scenario.

Refer to the ‘In-Flight’ chapter ‘Basic Handling’ section for the take-off and flight procedures. Use the ‘Quick Start’ keyboard guide.

Press h to view the map. Press l+ Q to quit.

1.2

Strategy Guide

On the Comanche Hokum CD is a Strategy Guide containing useful game play tactics and much more. This is a HTML document and requires a web browser to read it.

Look in the ‘Strategy Guides\Comanche Hokum Guide’ folder.

Updates

Check www.razorworks.com for latest information and updates.

INTRODUCTION

1.3

Compatibility With Apache Havoc

If you have Apache Havoc installed then Comanche Hokum will allow you to play the Apache Havoc campaigns and to fly the Apache and Havoc gunships. Effectively giving Comanche Hokum 6 combat zones and 4 different gunships to fly.

The installed version of Apache Havoc is not upgraded by Comanche Hokum and cannot play the new campaigns.

For full compatibility you must upgrade the installed version of Apache Havoc to version

1.1E. The upgrade patches are supplied on the Comanche Hokum CD in the ‘Apache Havoc Patches v1_1e’ folder. Simply launch the patch.exe within the language folder that matches your version of Apache Havoc. Then run Apache Havoc once to apply the changes.

Conversion Training From Apache Havoc

If you are familiar with Apache Havoc then Comanche Hokum should be straight forward to get used to. However, you should at least read chapter 2 ‘Menu Screens’ and chapter 3 ‘InFlight’ in this manual.

The Comanche Hokum keyboard layout is nearly identical to the Apache Havoc keyboard layout. The ‘select object to view’ keys s to v have been changed. The cockpits are now fully virtual and there are some key changes. The new keys are documented in the ‘In-Flight’ chapter.

If you fly the Apache or Havoc gunships from within Comanche Hokum, their cockpits are the same as in Apache Havoc and only the pilot’s seat is modelled.

An incoming laser guided missile warning has been added to the Apache Aircraft Survivability Equipment (ASE) MFD page and to the Havoc Threat Warning Display (TWD).

The Havoc TWD uses the right most lamp to indicate a laser guided missile warning. This was previously documented as an early warning radar (EWR) lamp.

The new ‘altitude hold‘ function g+H does not apply to the Apache or Havoc gunships.

The Havoc ‘Toggle HUD size’ key has been changed from g+K to l+ K

Comanche Hokum cannot read the Apache Havoc pilot logs.

MENU SCREENS

2. MENU SCREENS

MENU SCREENS

2.1

Use the mouse to make selections unless stated otherwise. You can click on ‘live’ text – that is text which changes colour as you move the mouse over it.

Main Screen

Combat

Choose this option to advance to the Combat screen to select a game type.

Pilots

Choose this option to advance to the Pilots screen where you can select and create pilots and view their logs and medals.

Options

Select this option to change the game settings.

EXIT

Exit the game.

Pilots Screen

Pilot Roster

The pilot roster allows you to Add, Rename and Delete pilots.

Select a pilot by clicking on his name.

Blue Force

Choose Blue Force to display the selected pilot’s logs and medals for flying the Comanche (and Apache if Apache Havoc is installed).

Red Force

Choose Red Force to display the selected pilot’s logs and medals for flying the Hokum (and Havoc if Apache Havoc is installed).

Medals

Choose Medals to view the selected pilot’s medals.

Weapons Log

Choose Weapons Log to view the selected pilot’s weapons log.

Flight Log

Choose Flight Log to view the selected pilot’s log.

MENU SCREENS

Rank

The selected pilot’s rank and date commissioned are displayed.

Return to the Main screen.

Options Screen

Controls

Ensure that you have calibrated your game controllers before launching Comanche Hokum (from the Start menu select Settings then Control Panel then Game Controllers).

Cyclic

Select Keyboard or Joystick for the cyclic stick.

Collective

Select Keyboard or Throttle for the collective lever.

Pedals

Select Keyboard or Rudder Pedals for the pedals.

Device

Cycle through the available game controllers to select the required device.

2.2

Reverse Throttle

A collective lever works in the reverse sense to a jet aircraft throttle. Setting this option to on makes the collective work in the same sense as the throttle.

Multiplayer

To create (host) or join multiplayer games you will need to select a service provider (connection method). Some service providers will require additional properties to be entered.

You can join multiplayer games at any time as long as you have chosen an identical service provider to the host.

When connecting to another player via a modem connection, the player who answers the call is automatically assigned the host status. The host must wait in the Multiplayer screen in order to connect to an incoming call.

Connection

Cycle through the connection options (Internet TCP/IP, Modem, Serial, IPX, etc.) to select the required service provider and then enter the required parameters.

MENU SCREENS

2.3

Dynamics

The options marked with an asterisk (*) are explained fully in chapter 6 ‘Ground School’.

*Blade Stall

Set retreating blade stall effect on or off. The imbalance of lift created by this effect will cause the helicopter to roll and the pilot to apply constant cyclic corrections. Novice pilots should turn this effect off.

Cross Couple

Set cross coupling effect on or off. With this option turned on the pilot will notice minimal turning effect upon large collective inputs. Turning the cross coupling effect off will require constant yaw input to maintain heading. Novice pilots should turn this effect on.

*Ground Effect

Set ground effect on or off. The ground effect simulates low altitude air cushioning created by the rotor downwash. Novice pilots should turn this effect off.

Keyboard Assist

Set keyboard assistance on or off. Helicopter flight requires subtle inputs unobtainable from keyboard control. Keyboard assistance implements a damping factor to help provide these inputs and allow smoother flight.

Over-Torque

Set over-torque effect on or off. With over-torque set to off you will not get over-torque warnings when the torque readout exceeds 100% and the gunship will not be damaged. Novice pilots should turn this effect off.

*Vortex Ring

Set the vortex ring effect on or off. You can unintentionally create a vortex ring around your main rotor if you make a sustained high-speed descent vertically or at a steep angle. This is a hazardous situation! Novice pilots should turn this effect off.

Wind

Set wind effects on or off. Novice pilots should turn this effect off.

Realism

Co-Pilot Target ID

Sets the method in which target identifications are reported. Refer to ‘CP/G Assistance: Target ID’ in the ‘Comanche Cockpit’ and ‘Hokum Cockpit’ chapters.

Co-Pilot ECM

Set Co-Pilot operating counter measures on or off. Set to on and the Co-Pilot will take care of releasing chaff and flares and will operate the IR and Radar jammers. You can release extra chaff and flares if required.

MENU SCREENS

Avionics

Select either Novice or realistic avionics. With Novice avionics selected you do not need to operate the targeting devices. Arming a weapon will arm the HIDSS / HUD targeting modes automatically and you can designate targets simply by looking at them. Refer to the ‘Comanche Cockpit’ and ‘Hokum Cockpit’ chapters.

Also, with Novice selected your wingmen are initially set to ‘Weapons Free’ so you do not need to send a radio command to make them fire.

Difficulty

The difficulty option affects the enemy's response time and the amount of weapon damage incurred. This only affects you and not the other entities in the world. In multiplayer games each player retains their own difficulty level. That is, this value is not set globally by the server. Therefore a novice player can compete with more experienced players by adjusting their respective difficulty levels.

At the Easy difficulty setting, the player’s weapons do not take account of ‘armour penetration angles’. Usually, if a weapon hits the front of a tank, where it is more heavily armoured, then less damage will be inflicted than if the weapon hits the rear or sides of the tank.

Graphics

Terrain Detail

Select 3D terrain detail to suit your processor speed. High detail demands more processor power than Low detail.

2.4

Object Detail

Select 3D object detail to suit your processor speed. High detail demands more processor power than Low detail.

Cockpit Detail

Select cockpit detail to suit your processor speed. High detail demands more processor power than Low detail.

Rain Textures

Cockpit rain textures may be set on or off as a matter of preference.

Cockpit Rotors

The main rotor blur effect visible from the cockpit may be set on or off as a matter of preference.

Device Selection

Cycle through the available hardware graphics devices and select the hardware which has the best Direct3D support. Changing device requires you to restart Comanche Hokum.

Screen Resolution

Cycle through the available screen resolutions and click ‘Accept’ to apply.

MENU SCREENS

2.5

Sound

Sound Effects

Set sound effects on or off.

Music

Set music on or off.

Speech

Set all speech on or off.

Co-Pilot Speech

Set Co-Pilot speech on or off.

Exit the Options screen.

Combat Screen

There are three different game types offered in the Combat screen plus a demo mode.

Campaign

Campaign games are large-scale dynamic campaigns based over the entire map. To win the campaign you need to complete all of the given objectives.

Skirmish

Skirmish games are mini-campaigns contained within a small area of the map. Skirmish games provide useful practice before taking on a full campaign and also require much less bandwidth in multiplayer games.

Free Flight

Free Flight games allow you to explore all of the flying areas, practice flying and familiarise yourself with the avionics and weapons systems.

Demo

The demo allows you to watch a campaign in action.

Press l+ Q or c to quit the demo.

CANCEL

Return to the Main screen.

MENU SCREENS

Session Screen

The session list shows all of the available games.

New games are listed in white text. If you have selected a multiplayer connection then starting a new game makes you the host of that game.

Existing multiplayer games are listed in amber text. You may join these games at any time.

Saved games are listed in green text. Saved games may be renamed or deleted.

After you have selected a game, the game details and options are displayed.

Select ‘OK’ when you are ready to continue.

Select ‘CANCEL’ to return to the Combat screen.

Gunship Screen

From the Gunship screen select which side you want to play the campaign from.

Select ‘RAH-66 Comanche’ for the Blue Force and ‘KA-52 Hokum B’ for the Red Force.

If you have Apache Havoc installed then you can choose between flying Comanches and Apaches or Hokums and Havocs in the campaign.

Select ‘SELECT’ to continue to the Campaign and Mission Planning screen.

Select ‘CANCEL’ to return to the Session screen.

2.6

MENU SCREENS

2.7

Campaign and Mission Planning Screen

The Campaign and Mission Planning screen is the focal point of the campaign. From here you get an overview of the campaign and can assess the current situation in order to decide your next mission.

General Layout

SELECT INFORMATION

SELECT

MISSION

AND

GUNSHIP

INFORMATION WINDOW

CAMPAIGN

TIME

CURRENT MISSION STATUS

EXIT

CURRENT GUNSHIP STATUS

CLEAR/QUIT MISSION

Diagram 2.1: General layout of the Campaign and Mission Planning screen

MESSAGE WINDOW

CONFIRM/

COCKPIT

Familiarise yourself with the layout of this screen – try selecting all the options. You will notice that many items react to a ‘mouse over’ event by displaying additional relevant information as you move the mouse pointer over them. The additional information may be displayed in the message window, on the map or in the current mission and gunship status lines.

Generally you can click on graphical icons and ‘live’ text – that is text that changes colour as you move the mouse pointer over it.

MENU SCREENS

Selecting a Mission and Gunship

There are several ways of selecting a mission and gunship and you can select them in any order.

For instance, you may prefer to select a mission first simply because you want to fly a particular type of mission. Alternatively you may opt to select a gunship first so that you can fly with other players in a multiplayer game or you want to fly a particular type of gunship if you have Apache Havoc installed.

‘Auto-Select’

The easiest way to select a mission and gunship is to use the auto-select function:-

1. Click the ‘Auto-Select’ text in the current mission status line and a mission will be automatically selected. The mission briefing is displayed in the information window.

2. Click the ‘Auto-Select’ text in the current gunship status line and a gunship will be automatically selected for the mission. The flight group details are displayed in the information window.

3. Click ‘Confirm’ then ‘Cockpit’ to fly the mission.

‘Available’ and ‘OOB’ (Order Of Battle)

Select the ‘Available’ button to list all of the missions or groups available to you.

Select the ‘OOB’ button to list the ‘Order Of Battle’ for all of your forces (air, land and sea). You can view missions, groups and bases.

2.8

‘Unassigned’ Missions

Unassigned mission are missions which have not been assigned to a flight group yet. If you select an unassigned mission you then need to select a flight group in order to fly the mission.

Unassigned missions may be taken by computer-controlled (AI) flight groups or by other players in multiplayer games. Unassigned missions will eventually expire (timeout) if they are not taken.

To select an unassigned mission and a gunship:-

1. Click ‘Clear’ / ’Quit Mission’ to clear any previously selected missions or gunships.

2. Select ‘Available’ and ‘Missions’.

3. Unassigned and assigned missions are listed, for example:-

Unassigned [3 x RECON] [2 x CAS] Assigned [1 x SEAD]

MENU SCREENS

2.9

4. Click on a mission type to display the missions available, for example:-

Unassigned [3 x RECON] RECON #1 RECON #2 RECON #3 [2 x CAS] Assigned [1 x SEAD]

5. As you move the mouse pointer over the missions, details of the mission are shown in the message window and the current mission status line. The mission is indicated on the map (if it is view).

6. Click on a mission and a full briefing for the mission is displayed in the information window.

7. Click ‘Accept’ to accept the mission. The ‘Groups’ button is automatically selected and the flight groups available for this mission are listed. If no flight groups are available then click ‘Clear Mission’ to start again.

8. Click on a flight group type to expand the groups available, for example:-

[2 x Recon / Attack Helicopters] Freelancer Gator [1 x Attack Helicopters]

9. As you move the mouse pointer over the flight groups, details of the group are shown in the message window and the current gunship status line. The flight group is indicated on the map (if it is in view).

10. Click on a flight group and the group’s details are displayed in the information window.

11. You are normally assigned the flight group leaders gunship (i.e. ‘1-1 RAH-66 Comanche’) but you can select another from the list.

12. Click ‘Accept’ to accept the gunship.

13. Click ‘Confirm’ then ‘Cockpit’ to fly the mission.

‘Assigned’ Missions

If you have accepted an assigned mission then the flight group is already selected but you can change gunship within the group. Click ‘Accept’ to the gunship. Click ‘Confirm’ then ‘Cockpit’ to fly the mission.

MENU SCREENS

‘Completed’ Missions

Completed missions are only listed when the ‘OOB’ option is selected.

Map

There are many maps displayed in various contexts, however, the functionality of all maps is the same.

Mouse Controls

The map reacts to ‘mouse over’ events. Simply point at icons to find out what they are.

Point to a location on the map and right-click to centre the map around this position.

Point to a location on the map and left-click to ‘goto’ (that is move your gunship to) this position. This option is only available in Free Flight games.

Keyboard Controls

[]\^Move map

= Zoom in

- Zoom out + (numpad) Zoom in

- (numpad) Zoom out > Zoom in < Zoom out

l+= Increase time acceleration (single player) l+ - Decrease time acceleration (single player) l+ + (numpad) Increase time acceleration (single player) l+ - (numpad) Decrease time acceleration (single player)

` Centre map on player C Centre map on player

h Toggle cockpit/menus

2.10

Map Buttons

Maximise

Maximise map.

Minimise

Minimise map.

2.11

MENU SCREENS

Zoom In

Zoom in.

Zoom Out

Zoom out.

Side

Toggle ‘side’ map. The side map indicates the territorial possession of both sides.

Fog

Toggle ‘fog’ map. The fog map indicates areas in which you have little or no intelligence.

Grid

Toggle the map grid.

Keysites

Toggle keysite icons. Keysites are tactical sites such as airbases, FARPs, ports, oil refineries, etc.

Missions

Toggle mission destinations.

Air Forces

Toggle air force icons.

Ground Forces

Toggle ground force icons.

MENU SCREENS

Sea Forces

Toggle sea force icons.

Air Defences

Toggle air defence icons.

Ground Radar (threat circles)

Toggle air defence radar threat circles.

Track

Depending on the map context the track button does the following:-

1. Group information displayed – track the selected unit.

2. Mission information displayed – does nothing.

3. Base information displayed – does nothing.

4. All other maps – track the player’s gunship.

2.12

Goto

Toggle ‘goto’ feature. Only available in Free Flight games.

Map Icons

Move the mouse pointer over any map icon and details will be displayed in the message window.

Event

The most recent event log message is displayed in the message window and the event locator is displayed on the map to show the origin of the message. Click on the message window to display the event log in the information window.

2.13

MENU SCREENS

Explosions

Explosions are drawn on the map indicating current engagements.

Waypoints

The waypoint route is displayed on the map.

Editing Waypoint Routes

The waypoint route can only be edited once the mission and gunship have been confirmed (by clicking ‘Confirm’).

To move a waypoint, select it with the mouse pointer and drag it to a new location. The start base, landing base and objective waypoints cannot be moved.

To insert a waypoint, click on the ‘+’ symbol between the two waypoints that you wish to insert a new waypoint.

To delete a waypoint, highlight the waypoint by moving the mouse pointer over the waypoint and press the ;key. The start base, landing base and objective waypoints cannot be deleted.

Mission Briefing and Debriefing

The mission briefing is displayed in the information window. The details of the mission are listed and a short account of the mission objectives is given.

After a mission is completed (successfully or unsuccessfully) the mission debriefing is displayed in the information window.

To display your briefing or debriefing click the mission name (i.e. ‘RECON #2’) in the current mission status line.

The mission briefing is available as soon as the mission is complete and not when you have returned to base. At this point you can quit the mission (an AI pilot will fly the gunship back to base) and you can select another mission to fly.

Promotion and Medals

After a mission you may be promoted or be awarded a medal. Details are given in the debriefing.

Sit Rep (Situation Report)

The Sit Rep outlines your campaign objectives and gives an indication of the campaign progress using ‘force strength’ and ‘kills/losses’ indicators.

In order to win the campaign your forces must successfully complete all of the campaign objectives.

MENU SCREENS

Some objectives require your forces to capture an enemy installation. To achieve this your forces must weaken the installation via strike missions. Once battle damage assessment has shown the installation to be sufficiently weakened your forces will attempt to insert troops to capture it.

Log (Event Log)

The event log keeps account of all the significant actions that have occurred during the campaign.

The event log is listed with the latest event at the top. Click on any event text to view the location of the message origin.

Payloads

After selecting a gunship you can change the weapon loadout. You can only change the gunship’s weapons when you are landed at an airbase, carrier or FARP.

To change weapons cycle through the weapons available for each pylon or select a default weapon loadout (air-to-ground, air-to-air or recon/scout).

You may change the weapon loadout for any of the gunships in your flight group. For gunships other than Apache Longbows, Comanches, Havocs and Hokums you can only select the three default options.

Chat

Use the chat facility to communicate with other players in multiplayer games.

2.14

Options

You can change the game options during a campaign, however, some options will be unavailable and are greyed out.

Save

Save a campaign at any time. The saved game will be available on the Session screen.

Enter a filename for the saved game (restricted to 8 characters – there is no need to enter a file extension).

Quit Campaign

To quit the campaign click the ‘Exit’ button or press l+ Q.

BASICS

3. IN-FLIGHT

IN-FLIGHT

3.1

Basic Handling

If you are a novice pilot then it is recommended that you read the ‘Ground School’ section of the manual to familiarise yourself with the basic principles and handling of a helicopter.

This section will guide you through the flight controls as required for Comanche Hokum and explain the function of the automatic flight systems; ‘autopilot’, ‘altitude hold’ and ‘hover hold’.

Select a ‘Free Flight’ mission to practice your flight procedures. Ensure that you select a passive environment and turn the collisions and weapon damage off.

The flight controls are the same for both Comanche and Hokum.

To re-iterate the lesson from Ground School:-

"It is worth emphasising that all your control movements ('control inputs') should be as smooth and deliberate as possible. Sudden, violent control inputs are to be avoided whenever possible, but especially in hovering or low-speed flight. Make sure that you know where to find airspeed, altitude and vertical velocity readouts on the Head-Up Display (HUD)."

Taking off and rising to the hover

1. Release the rotor brake R

2. The rotor blades will start to spin and the canopy doors will close

3. When the main rotor RPM has reached 90% the ‘RTR RPM’ warning light will turn off

and the helicopter is ready for take-off

4. Release the wheel brakes B

5. Watching the torque value on the head-up display, gently increase the collective to 65-

75% Q

6. The helicopter will start to climb

7. Climb to an altitude of 100 feet / 30 metres so that the helicopter is out of

‘ground effect’

8. Adjust the collective to hold the helicopter in a steady hover Q and A

Transition from the hover to forward flight

1. Ease the cyclic forward and the helicopter will start to accelerate \

2. The helicopter will lose altitude so gently increase the collective to compensate for

this Q

IN-FLIGHT

Climbing and diving

1. Pull back on the cyclic to climb ^

2. The helicopter will climb but lose forward speed

3. Push the cyclic forward to regain forward speed \

4. Raise the collective to climb Q

5. The helicopter will climb but gain forward speed

6. To climb without losing or gaining speed you need to simultaneously pull back on the

cyclic and raise the collective ^ and Q

7. Push the cyclic forward to dive \

8. The helicopter will lose height but gain forward speed

9. Pull the cyclic back to reduce the dive ^

10. Lower the collective to lose height A

11. The helicopter will lose height and forward speed

12. To dive without losing or gaining speed you need to simultaneously push forward on

the cyclic and lower the collective \ and A

3.2

Turning in forward flight

1. When the helicopter is hovering or flying at low speed (below 60 knots / 110 km/h) use

the pedals to turn Z and X

2. At higher speeds, turning is accomplished by tilting the cyclic left or right to bank the

helicopter ] and [

3. If you fly sustained or steeply-banked turns you’ll need to raise the collective Q or ease

back on the cyclic ^ (with loss of some forward speed) to avoid losing height

Slowing to the hover from forward flight

1. Start the manoeuvre by pulling back on the cyclic ^ to tilt the helicopter backwards

2. Lower the collective to prevent the helicopter from climbing A

3. As the helicopter slows, gently raise the collective Q to compensate for the diminished

main rotor thrust

4. As you approach the hover ease the cyclic forward \ to bring the helicopter level,

simultaneously raising the collective Q to maintain altitude

5. Use the pedals Z and X as necessary to keep the helicopter straight

IN-FLIGHT

3.3

Landing

1. From a steady hover, gently lower the collective A and the helicopter will begin to lose

altitude

2. Watching your vertical speed, adjust the collective Q and A to maintain a steady rate

of descent

3. Just before touchdown reduce the rate of descent to soften the landing

4. After touchdown, bottom the collective A

5. Engage the wheel brakes B

6. Engage the rotor brake R

7. The rotor blades will spin down and the canopy doors will open

Taxiing

1. With the rotor blades spun up and the wheel brakes disengaged, increase the collective

Q to between 25 and 50%

2. To start taxiing, push gently forward on the cyclic \

3. Use the pedals Z and X to steer the helicopter

4. To slow down, ease back on the cyclic ^

5. To stop apply the wheel brakes B

Trim

Trim re-centres the cyclic to the currently held position. Trim is useful when flying long distances in a straight line so that you do not need to keep pressure on the cyclic.

Autopilot

The autopilot system will fly the helicopter around the waypoint route and eventually land back at base. Autopilot will not engage the enemy at ‘target’ waypoints.

G Autopilot (engage/disengage)

Autopilot is unavailable if the helicopter control systems are damaged or if the helicopter is out of fuel.

Autopilot cannot be engaged when the helicopter's radar altitude is below 25 metres (approximately 80 ft).

Coming in to land at a base, the helicopter may enter a holding pattern until a landing pad becomes available.

IN-FLIGHT

Altitude Hold

The altitude hold system will attempt to hold the helicopter at the current radar altitude, in effect, terrain following for nap of the earth flying.

Altitude hold is unavailable if the helicopter control systems are damaged or if the helicopter is out of fuel.

The radar altitude setting can be increased or decreased by one unit at a time (1 foot Comanche, 1 metre Hokum).

g+ H Altitude hold (engage/disengage)

g+ J Decrease altitude hold level

g+ K Increase altitude hold level

Hover Hold

The hover hold system will attempt to hold the helicopter in a stationary position (station keeping).

Hover hold is unavailable if the helicopter control systems are damaged or if the helicopter is out of fuel.

Hover hold can only be engaged if the horizontal velocity of the helicopter is below 20 knots (approximately 40 Km/h).

Use collective to adjust the hover height and yaw to adjust the heading. Hover hold will disengage with any cyclic input.

Hover hold bleeds off any horizontal velocity and adjusts the collective to zero the vertical velocity. It is not an immediate effect and may take a few moments to stabilise. If you are using a throttle stick then you will have to adjust the collective manually.

Stable hover hold is the same as hover hold except that it maintains altitude automatically for players with throttle sticks.

H Hover hold (engage/disengage)

m+ H Stable hover hold (engage/disengage)

3.4

IN-FLIGHT

3.5

Missions

Mission Types

The following airborne mission types are contained within Comanche Hokum.

Only missions marked with an asterisk (*) can be flown by the player. You will receive confirmation of a successful mission completion or failure.

*Anti-ship Strike

Anti-ship strike missions are direct airborne assaults against enemy surface ships.

The mission is successfully completed when sufficient enemy ships have been destroyed.

BARCAP (BARCAP)

BARCAP missions are used to defend surface ships from attack. Fighter aircraft fly a circuit (barrier) between the sea force and any potential threat.

*BDA (Battle Damage Assessment)

BDA missions are flown following a strike mission to assess the damage caused. Depending on the information gained subsequent strike or troop insertion missions may be generated.

For successful mission completion the flight group leader must fly to within 500m of the target waypoint and transmit recon data using the ‘Transmit Recon’ radio message.

*BAI (Battlefield Air Interdiction)

BAI missions are used to strike rear area reinforcements and supplies in order to destroy or delay the enemy’s military potential before it can be used against friendly forces.

The mission is successfully completed when sufficient ground forces have been destroyed.

*CAP (Combat Air Patrol)

CAP missions are airborne patrols over a friendly area for the purpose of intercepting and destroying enemy aircraft before they reach their target.

CAP missions last for a predetermined period of time. The mission is successfully completed when this time has elapsed.

IN-FLIGHT

*CAS (Close Air Support)

CAS missions are airborne attacks against enemy forces which are in close proximity to

friendly forces.

The mission is successfully completed when sufficient enemy ground forces have been

destroyed.

*Escort

Armed escort missions provide protection for any vulnerable aircraft flying in a hostile area.

The mission is successfully completed when the escorted aircraft reach their destination.

*Ground Strike

Ground strike missions are direct airborne assaults against enemy ground installations.

The mission is successfully completed when sufficient enemy ground structures have been

destroyed.

3.6

OCA Strike (Offensive Counter Air Strike)

OCA strike missions are airborne attacks against landed air units at enemy airbases or

FARPs.

OCA Sweep (Offensive Counter Air Sweep)

OCA sweep missions are airborne attacks against enemy aircraft patrolling a target area.

*Recon (Reconnaissance)

A recon is mission is undertaken to obtain information about the activities and resources of

the enemy.

For successful mission completion the flight group leader must fly to within 500m of the

target waypoint and transmit recon data using the ‘Transmit Recon’ radio message.

Repair

Repair missions are used to deploy engineers and equipment at friendly ground installations

in order to repair damage caused by the enemy.

IN-FLIGHT

3.7

*SEAD Strike (Suppression of Enemy Air Defences)

SEAD missions are used to destroy enemy air defences.

The mission is successfully completed when sufficient enemy air defence units have been destroyed.

Supply

Supply missions are undertaken to deliver supplies to units and installations.

*Transfer

Transfer missions are used to move aircraft to where they are most needed.

The mission is successfully completed when the aircraft reach their destination.

Troop Insertion

Troop insertion missions are used to capture an enemy installation once the area has been secured by a previous Strike or SEAD mission.

IN-FLIGHT

Radio Messages

You can send radio messages to your flight group, individual wingmen or the local base. Radio messages marked with an asterisk (*) can only be transmitted by the flight group leader.

@ Display radio message menu 0 to 9 Select menu option c Exit menu (at any time) l+@ Repeat radio message (the last message received) m+A Attack my target

Any on-screen radio messages displayed in grey text are not available for some reason (i.e. you need to be the flight group leader, the radio message applies to a certain mission type, etc.).

Flight Group and Wingman Commands

Attack My Target

Instructs the selected wingman (or the entire flight group) to attack your current target. Your order will only be carried out if your target is not a friendly target and your wingmen are capable of attacking it. This order cancels ‘Weapons Hold’.

If this instruction is sent to a human-controlled wingman, he will receive a text message at the top of the screen showing the sender’s name and the target’s name, heading and range. The heading and range are calculated from the recipient’s position.

3.8

Help Me

Instructs the selected wingman (or the entire flight group) to attack your current pursuers. This order cancels ‘Weapons Hold’.

*Return To Base (flight group only)

Aborts all current missions. The whole flight group will return to base.

*Weapons Hold

Any flight group members in ‘Weapons Hold’ state will not fire at anything. ‘Weapons Hold’ is cancelled by the orders ‘Weapons Free’, ‘Attack My Target’ and also if the flight group member is fired at.

*Weapons Free

Cancels ‘Weapons Hold’ for the selected wingman or the entire flight group.

IN-FLIGHT

3.9

*Hold Position

Using the ‘Hold Position’ command, wingmen can be instructed to remain in their current position hovering at low altitude. The following conditions apply:-

1.This command cannot be issued to wingmen who are landing or landed.

2. If the wingman is taking off when the ‘Hold Position’ command is issued then he will

remember the position he was at when the command was given and return to wait at that position once he has completed taking off.

3. If the wingman picks up a target, or is given a target by either ‘Attack My Target’ or ‘Help

Me’ commands, and is in ‘Weapons Free’ state, then he will continue attacking his targets and return to his ordered hold position once all his targets are destroyed or a ‘Weapons Hold’ command is issued.

The ‘Hold Position’ command will be cancelled by any of the following events:-

1. A ‘Rejoin Formation’ command is issued.

2. The flight leader reaches his final waypoint.

3. The flight leader is killed.

4. The player releases control of the flight leader (i.e. quits).

*Rejoin Formation

Cancels a ‘Hold Position’ command and allows the wingman to proceed as normal.

*Bob-Up

Used to co-ordinate ground attacks. If your wingman is in ‘Weapons Hold’ state, then he will remain masked at his cover position until you give the order to ‘bob-up’. Upon receiving this command he will increase altitude until he has sufficient line of sight to the target, fire, and then re-mask. A wingman in ‘Weapons Free’ state will bob-up and fire automatically. This option is only available to wingmen who are masked at their cover positions and waiting for your command.

IN-FLIGHT

*Formation List (flight group only)

Select the new flight formation and the wingmen will re-position themselves.

Row Left Row Right

3.10

1-4 1-3 1-2 1-1

1-1 1-2 1-3 1-4

Echelon Left Echelon Right

1-1

1-2

1 1-3

1-4

1-1

1-2

1-3

1-4

Column Wedge

1-1

1-2

1-1

1-3

1-4

Diagram 3.1: Flight group formations (‘1-1’ is the flight group leader)

1-3 1-2

3.11

IN-FLIGHT

Request Target List (other players only)

Only available if the selected wingman is human-controlled. The contents of the selected wingman’s target list are added to your own target list.

Keyboard Message (other players only)

Only available if the selected wingman is human-controlled. Type in your own message using the keyboard, press h when finished to send it, or press c at any time to cancel.

LOCAL BASE

Request Airstrike

Creates a strike task depending on what you are targeting:-

1. Targeting an enemy structure will create a ground strike mission.

2. Targeting an enemy SAM or AAA will create a SEAD mission.

3. Targeting an enemy frontline ground unit will create a Close Air Support mission.

Request Artillery

Requests an artillery strike against the area surrounding your current target. The request will be carried out if the target is valid and there is a friendly artillery unit within range.

Request Assistance

Scans the area for any friendly airborne units and instructs them to intercept your current pursuers.

Transmit Recon

Only available when your current waypoint requires transmission of reconnaissance data. If you are within 500m of your recon target then select this option to complete the mission.

IN-FLIGHT

Views

Cockpit Views

In Comanche Hokum both pilot and co-pilot cockpits are included and you may assume either crew role by switching seats. The cockpits are ‘virtual’ and may be panned as though you are rotating the pilot’s head. There are also some close-up views of the displays.

The crew themselves are fully animated to increase the immersion of the game. There is a special ‘Crew camera’ to observe them with.

c Switch pilot/co-pilot seat

g+ []\^ Pan view

o Forward view p Instrument view q Left MFD view, press again for instrument view r Right MFD view, press again for instrument view m+ p Hokum HUD view, press again for forward view

Alternative keys:-

m+ \ Pilot’s seat m+ ^ Co-pilot’s seat m+ ] Left MFD view, press again for instrument view m+ [ Right MFD view, press again for instrument view

l+ \ Forward view l+ ^ Instrument view l+ ] Look left l+ [ Look right

Cockpit Graphics

The cockpit graphics detail is selected using the Options Screen ‘Graphics’ menu. The cockpit detail can also be changed in-flight:-

l+ r Increase cockpit detail l+ q Decrease cockpit detail

You can fly without cockpit graphics but this leaves you with no points of reference and it is easy to get disorientated. Alternatively there is a ‘glass’ cockpit option:-

l+ o Toggle cockpit graphics l+ p Toggle glass cockpit

The blurred main rotor blades visible from the cockpit can be switched off in the Options Screen 'Graphics' menu. The blurred main rotors can also be toggled in-flight:-

g+ R Toggle blurred main rotor blades

3.12

3.13

IN-FLIGHT

Padlock Views

Padlock views automatically rotate the pilot’s (or co-pilot’s) head in order to track various items:-

1 Padlock target 2 Padlock wingman 3 Padlock air threat 4 Padlock ground threat 5 Padlock incoming missile 6 Padlock waypoint 0 Unpadlock

Padlock Target

Padlocks the current target.

Padlock Wingman

Wingmen are other helicopters in your flight group. The wingmen are padlocked in group order (i.e. ‘Phantom 1-1’ then ‘Phantom 1-2’ and so on). Press 2 again to cycle through the wingmen.

Padlock Air Threat

Air threats are any aircraft which are targeting your gunship. The nearest air threat is padlocked first. Press 3 again to padlock other air threats.

Padlock Ground Threat

Ground threats are any ground vehicles which are targeting your gunship. The nearest ground threat is padlocked first. Press 4 again to padlock other ground threats.

Padlock Incoming Missile

The nearest missile is padlocked first. The nearest missile is defined in terms of ‘time to impact’ as opposed to actual distance. Press 5 again to padlock other incoming missiles.

Padlock Waypoint

Padlocks the current waypoint.

Unpadlock

Unpadlock cancels any padlock view.

IN-FLIGHT

External Views

Selecting external views is split into two operations; selecting the object to view and selecting the camera to view with. There is no given order in which these operations have to occur.

Player’s Shortcuts

To quickly locate objects associated with the player:-

s Player’s gunship t Player’s target u Player’s weapon v Player’s padlock

Player’s Gunship

Select the player’s gunship. External views of the player’s gunship show the head-up display (HUD). This can be toggled on or off by pressing g+p

Player’s Target

Select the player’s target.

Player’s Weapon

Select the player’s weapon. Only viewable weapons can be selected – i.e. not cannon shells – and if no weapon has been fired then the Weapon camera will be primed for when a weapon is fired.

3.14

Player’s Padlock

Select the player’s padlock. This does not apply to waypoints.

Select Object To View

In Comanche Hokum there are many objects (aircraft, ground vehicles and ships) involved in each campaign. In order to quickly locate any specific object use the ‘Select Object To View’ menu simply referred to as the ‘Object’ menu.

z Toggle Object menu

View

Select the main group of objects to view:-

+s View all

+t View wingmen

g g

+u View players

g+v View available gunships

3.15

IN-FLIGHT

View All

View all objects. Resets all Object menu options to ‘All’.

View Wingmen

View wingmen only.

View Players

View other player’s gunships only (in multiplayer games).

View Available Gunships

View available gunships only. In Comanche Hokum it is possible to change gunship inflight. Press g+ v to view available gunships only. Press l+ v to cycle the available gunships. Press U to fly the gunship.

Range

View objects within a given range of the player’s gunship. If the player has not selected a gunship then this option will be set to ‘All’.

g+ = Increase view range g+ - Decrease view range

Alternatively (for Japanese keyboards):-

g+ +(Numpad) Increase view range g+ -(Numpad) Decrease view range

Side

Select ‘side’ of objects to view.

l+ s next side l+ s previous side

Category

Select ‘category’ of objects to view.

m+ u next category m+ t previous category

Ty p e

Select ‘type’ of objects within a category to view.

l+ u next type l+ t previous type

IN-FLIGHT

Object

Select object to view. The number of objects available is shown in parenthesis.

l+ v next object m+ v previous object

Short Object Menu

There is a shortened form of the Object menu displayed on the third line of the ‘External View Text’ (see below). This shows the current Object menu settings. When you become accustomed to selecting an object to view you will probably no longer require the full Object menu.

Select Camera

Any camera can be selected for any object:-

w Chase camera (pan and zoom) m+ w Reset chase camera position behind object g+ w Toggle lock/unlock chase camera to object

x Fly-by camera m+ x Drop camera l+ x Static camera (pan) g+ x Weapon camera (only viewable weapons can be selected – i.e. not cannon

shells – and if no weapon has been fired then the Weapon camera will be primed for when a weapon is fired)

y Auto-action camera (seeks out action within the limits of the Object menu settings and uses a mix of cameras)

m+ y Cinematic camera (cinematic camera moves) l+ y Crew camera (press again to cycle the camera positions for the selected crew

member)

g+ []^\ Pan view g+ < Zoom out g+ > Zoom in

3.16

External View Text

The external view text displayed at the bottom of the screen may be toggled on or off by pressing l+ z.

Inset Target

If an object is tracking a target then an ‘inset’ view of the target can be displayed in the top right corner of the screen.

g+ z Toggle inset target

3.17

IN-FLIGHT

High Resolution Support

The screen resolution for Comanche Hokum is selected using the Options Screen ‘Graphics’ menu. The screen resolution can also be changed in-flight:-

m+ r Increase screen resolution m+ q decrease screen resolution m+ o set screen resolution to 640x480

The screen resolution can be set to any supported ‘square aspect ratio’ setting between 640x480 and 1600x1200. Square aspect ratio simply means that the pixels are square.

When you change the screen resolution the new setting appears momentarily in the top centre of the screen (width x height).

If increasing the screen resolution leaves you looking at a blank screen it is likely that the screen resolution has exceeded the refresh rate of your monitor. If this happens you should decrease the screen resolution.

Some 3D cards are able to switch to higher screen resolutions but may exhibit some texture mapping problems. If this happens you should decrease the screen resolution.

If the program crashes whilst attempting to switch to an unsupported screen resolution then re-run the program using the /3dreset command line option to set the screen resolution to 640x480. Refer to ‘Trouble Shooting’.

The screen resolution that you select becomes the default setting for subsequent games or until you change it again.

Note that changing the screen resolution may take a few seconds and may cause the screen to glitch.

Screen Shots

To take a screen shot in-flight press d. This will write a TGA file to the COHOKUM\SCRNSHOT\LARGE folder. Up to 1000 screen shots may be taken before the folder requires clearing.

IN-FLIGHT

Controls

Standard Joystick Configuration

Stick Cyclic

Hat switch (POV) Pan view

Button 1 Fire weapon Button 2 Select weapon Button 3 Select target Button 4 Padlock/unpadlock target

Programmable Joystick Configurations

Programmable joystick configuration files are located in the 'Joystick' folder on the Comanche Hokum CD.

‘Sticky’ Keys

Occasionally you may experience problems with 'sticky' keys.

For example, the torque value may continue to rise or fall even though you have released the collective keys. Pressing and releasing the appropriate key will solve the problem (press Q if the torque value is continuously rising, or press A if the torque value is continuously falling).

3.18

Game

l+ X Exit game

l+ Q Quit mission/campaign

P Pause (single player)

l+ = Increase time acceleration (single player)

l+ - Decrease time acceleration (single player)

Alternatively (for Japanese keyboards):-

l+ +(Numpad) Increase time acceleration (single player)

l+ -(Numpad) Decrease time acceleration (single player)

h Toggle cockpits/menus

l+ I Toggle in-flight intelligence messages

l+ R Rearm, refuel and repair (cheat)

d Take screenshot

3.19

IN-FLIGHT

Flight Controls

Cyclic, Collective, Tail Rotor

] Cyclic left [ Cyclic right \ Cyclic up ^ Cyclic down

Q or = Increase collective A or - Decrease collective

Z Tail rotor left X Tail rotor right

T Trim cyclic

m+ T Clear trim

Autopilot

G Autopilot (engage/disengage)

g+ H Altitude hold (engage/disengage) g+ J Decrease altitude hold level g+ K Increase altitude hold level

H Hover hold (engage/disengage) m+ H Stable hover hold (engage/disengage)

Miscellaneous

R Rotor brake (engage/disengage)

B Wheel brake (engage/disengage)

l+ G Gear (raise/lower)

g+ E Eject (Hokum)

Cockpit

Warnings

M Acknowledge master caution

l+ F Fire extinguishers (once per mission)

Radio Messages

@ Display radio message l+ @ Repeat radio message m+ A Attack my target

Navigation

W Select next waypoint (flight group leader) m+ W Select previous waypoint (flight group leader)

Night Flying

N Night vision (on/off) – PNVS (Comanche) / NVG (Hokum) V Navigation lights (on/off)

Wipers

Y Wipers (on/off) (Hokum) g+ Y Toggle intermittent wipe (Hokum)

HIDSS (Comanche) / HUD (Hokum)

K Select next HIDSS (Comanche) / HUD (Hokum) colour m+ K Select previous HIDSS (Comanche) / HUD (Hokum) colour

O Engage bob-up l+ O Disengage bob-up

IN-FLIGHT

3.20

Multi-Function Displays (MFDs)

E Increase TSD and ASE/TWD range m+ E Decrease TSD and ASE/TWD range D Select next TSD declutter level m+ D Select previous TSD declutter level l+ A Toggle ASE/TWD auto-page

Cycle MFD Pages

( Select next left MFD page m+ ( Select previous left MFD page l+ ( Left MFD on/off

) Select next right MFD page m+ ) Select previous right MFD page l+ ) Right MFD on/off

g+ ( Left side display on/off (Comanche) g+ ) Right side display on/off (Comanche)

3.21

IN-FLIGHT

MFD Page Shortcuts

l+ 1 to 0 Select page for left MFD g+ 1 to 0 Select page for right MFD 1 Ground radar 2 Air radar 3 TADS (Comanche) / EOS (Hokum) 4 TSD 5 ASE (Comanche) / TWD (Hokum) 6 Weapon 7 System 8 Engine 9 Flight 0 Mission

Weapons and Countermeasures

i Select next weapon m+ i Select previous weapon g+ i Select gun l+ i Weapons safe

n Fire weapon

S Increase rocket salvo size m+ S Decrease rocket salvo size

L Hellfire LOBL/LOAL toggle (Comanche)

C Release chaff F Release flare

J Radar jammer (on/off) I Infra-red jammer (on/off)

l+C Auto-countermeasures (on/off)

Targeting

Select Target Acquisition System

k Ground radar ` Air radar _ HIDSS (Comanche) / HMS (Hokum) ; FLIR f DTV (Comanche) / LLLTV (Hokum) e Periscope (Hokum)

Alternatively (for programmable joysticks):-

m+ 1 Ground radar m+ 2 Air radar m+ 3 HIDSS (Comanche) / HMS (Hokum) m+ 4 FLIR m+ 5 DTV (Comanche) / LLLTV (Hokum) m+ 6 Periscope (Hokum)

Radar Controls (use numeric keypad)

4 Scan left 5 Scan centre 6 Scan right 8 Increase scan size 2 Decrease scan size + Increase range

- Decrease range 9 Increase target priority (ground radar) 3 Decrease target priority (ground radar) 1 Engage auto-target 7 Toggle allied aircraft / all aircraft (air radar) * Toggle single / continuous sweep / Activate single radar sweep j Lock/unlock target l+ j Padlock/unpadlock target 0 Select next target m+ 0 Select previous target l+ ; Switch radar off

IN-FLIGHT

3.22

TADS (Comanche) / EOS (Hokum) Controls (use numeric keypad)

4 Pan left 5 Pan centre 6 Pan right 8 Pan up 2 Pan down + Increase zoom

- Decrease zoom j Lock/unlock target l+ j Padlock/unpadlock target 0 Select next target m+ 0 Select previous target l+ ; Switch TADS / EOS off

3.23

IN-FLIGHT

HIDSS (Comanche) / HMS (Hokum) Controls (use numeric keypad)

g+ 4682 Pan virtual cockpit j Lock/unlock target l+ j Padlock/unpadlock target 0 Select next target m+ 0 Select previous target l+ ; Switch HIDSS / HMS off

Cockpit Views

Main Cockpit Views

o Forward view p Instrument view q Left MFD view, press again for instrument view r Right MFD view, press again for instrument view m+ p Hokum HUD view, press again for forward view

c Switch pilot/co-pilot seats

l+ ] Look left l+ [ Look right l+ \ Forward view l+ ^ Instrument view

m+ ] Left MFD view, press again for instrument view m+ [ Right MFD view, press again for instrument view m+ \ Pilot’s seat m+ ^ Co-pilot’s seat

Virtual Cockpit

g+ ] Pan left g+ [ Pan right g+ \ Pan up g+ ^ Pan down

Padlock Views

1 Padlock target 2 Padlock wingman, press again to cycle wingmen 3 Padlock air threat, press again to cycle air threats 4 Padlock ground threat, press again to cycle ground threats 5 Padlock incoming missile, press again to cycle incoming missiles 6 Padlock waypoint 0 Unpadlock

Cockpit Detail

l+ o Toggle cockpit graphics l+ p Toggle glass cockpit

l+ q Decrease cockpit detail l+ r Increase cockpit detail

g+ R Toggle blurred rotors

High Resolution Support

m+ o 640*480 resolution m+ r Increase resolution m+ q Decrease resolution

External Views

Pan And Zoom

g+ ] Pan left g+ [ Pan right g+ \ Pan up g+ ^ Pan down

g+ < Zoom out g+ > Zoom in

IN-FLIGHT

3.24

Select Object To View

s View player’s gunship t View player’s target u View player’s weapon v View player’s padlock

z Toggle ‘Select Object To View’ menu

l+ s View next side m+ s View previous side

l+ t View next category m+ t View previous category

l+ u View next type m+ u View previous type

l+ v View next object m+ v View previous object

g+ s View all g+ t View wingmen g+ u View players g+ v View available gunships

3.25

IN-FLIGHT

g+ = Increase view range g+ - Decrease view range

Alternatively (for Japanese keyboards):-

g+ +(Numpad) Increase view range g+ -(Numpad) Decrease view range

Select Camera

w Chase camera m+ w Reset chase camera position g+ w Lock/unlock chase camera

x Fly-by camera m+ x Drop camera l+ x Static camera g+ x Weapon camera

y Auto-action camera m+ y Cinematic camera l+ y Crew camera

Miscellaneous

g+p Toggle external view HIDSS (Comanche) / HUD (Hokum)

l+z Toggle external view object text

g+z Toggle external view inset target

U Fly external view gunship (available gunship only)

4. COMANCHE COCKPITS

COMANCHE COCKPITS

4.1

Diagram 4.1: Pilot’s cockpit (front seat)

Diagram 4.2: Stepped cockpit configuration (pilot at the front)

COMANCHE COCKPITS

Instrument Panel

The Comanche has two identical cockpits in a stepped configuration. The pilot sits in the front seat and the co-pilot (CP/G) sits in the rear seat. You can assume either of the crew roles.

Each cockpit has two ‘main’ multi-function displays (MFDs) and two ‘side’ displays. There are some indicator lights but there are no traditional instruments for backup.

Refer to the In-flight ‘Views’ section for details of the cockpit views.

Master Caution Light

The master caution light flashes, accompanied by an audible warning, to indicate that there is a problem. The problem will be indicated by the warning lights or Upfront Display. To acknowledge the caution press M. This extinguishes the master caution light and silences the audible warning.

4.2

Engine Ignition Lights

L ENG Left engine ignition

APU APU ignition

R ENG Right engine ignition

COMANCHE COCKPITS

4.3

Fire Warning Lights

The fire warning lights indicate if either engine or the auxiliary power unit (APU) is on fire. In case of a fire use the fire extinguisher. The fire extinguisher can only be used once per mission.

L ENG Left engine ignition

APU APU ignition

R ENG Right engine ignition

l+ F Activate fire extinguisher

Fire Extinguisher Lights

The fire extinguisher lights indicate if the fire extinguishers have been used.

Warning Lights

TRQ Engine over torque RTR RPM Low main rotor RPM FUEL LOW Low fuel level (<25% maximum fuel level) HYD PRESS Low hydraulic pressure OIL PRESS Low or high engine oil pressure OIL TEMP High engine oil temperature

COMANCHE COCKPITS

Status Lights

RTR BRK Rotor brake engaged WHL BRK Wheel brake engaged NAV LTS Navigation lights on HOV HLD Hover-hold active ALT HLD Altitude-hold active AUT PLT Auto-pilot active RDR Radar active LSR Laser active RDR JAM Radar jammer active IR JAM Infra-red jammer active AUT C/M Auto-countermeasures active AUT ASE ASE auto-paging active

Gear (Undercarriage) Lights

4.4

The small green/red lights indicate if the gear is fully down (green) or fully up (red). The white lights indicate that the gear is in transition (raising or lowering). The GEAR FAIL light indicates a gear failure.

l+ G Raise/lower gear

Stealth Configuration Indicator

The stealth configuration indicator shows how ‘stealthy’ the Comanche is. For maximum stealth select a weapons load which does not require the stub wings, raise the gear and unarm the weapons to retract the stowable gun and close the bay doors.

COMANCHE COCKPITS

4.5

Upfront Display

The upfront display shows system messages.

Multi-Function Displays (MFDs)

Each cockpit has two ‘main’ multi-function displays (MFDs) and two ‘side’ displays. Each main MFD can display one of ten selectable pages:-

Ground Radar Air Radar Target Acquisition and Designation Sight (TADS) Tactical Situation Display (TSD) Aircraft Survivability Equipment (ASE) Weapon* System* Engine* Flight* Mission

The side display pages are fixed and duplicate the main MFD pages indicated by the * above.

The pages can be cycled through on each main MFD:-

( Select next left main MFD page m+ ( Select previous left main MFD page ) Select next right main MFD page m+ ) Select previous right main MFD page

The displays can be switched on and off:-

l+ ) Switch left main MFD on and off l+ ) Switch right main MFD on and off g+ ) Switch left side display on and off g+ ) Switch right side display on and off

COMANCHE COCKPITS

There are shortcut keys to select any page on either MFD.

Left MFD:-

l+ 1 Ground Radar l+ 2 Air Radar l+ 3 Target Acquisition and Designation Sight (TADS) l+ 5 Aircraft Survivability Equipment (ASE) l+ 6 Weapon l+ 7 System l+ 8 Engine l+ 9 Flight l+ 0 Mission

Right MFD:-

g+ 1 Ground Radar g+ 2 Air Radar g+ 3 Target Acquisition and Designation Sight (TADS) g+ 5 Aircraft Survivability Equipment (ASE) g+ 6 Weapon g+ 7 System g+ 8 Engine g+ 9 Flight g+ 0 Mission

4.6

Ground Radar MFD

See the 'Acquiring Targets' section.

Air Radar MFD

See the 'Acquiring Targets' section.

Target Acquisition and Designation System (TADS) MFD

See the 'Acquiring Targets' section.

COMANCHE COCKPITS

4.7

Tactical Situation Display (TSD) MFD

The Tactical Situation Display shows navigation information, targets, anti-aircraft threats and air threats and is essential during combat situations.

Sensor type

TSD range

Declutter level

(target)

Threat range

Radar scan

limits

Helicopter datum

circles

Selected target

Threat is targeting

helicopter

(flashes when a missile

is launched)

Targets/threats Selected target

Diagram 4.3: TSD MFD (target declutter)

range

Helicopter Datum

The TSD shows a plan view of the battlefield with the helicopter located at the bottom of the display.

Declutter Level

The TSD has 3 declutter levels:-

ALL Display both target and navigation information

TGT Display target information only

NAV Display navigation information only

D Next TSD declutter level m+ D Previous TSD declutter level

TSD Range

The TSD range is selectable between 2, 5, 10 and 25Km. This also changes the range of the ASE display.

E Next TSD range m+ E Previous TSD range

COMANCHE COCKPITS

Sensor Type

NO ACQ No sensor is active FCR/GND Ground radar FCR/AIR Air radar TADS/FLIR TADS forward-looking infrared TADS/DTV TADS daylight TV

Radar Scan Limits

The scan limits of the active ground or air radar.

Targets

Targets are displayed using the radar symbology (see the 'Acquiring Targets' section). Target symbols are displayed using two different colours for clarity. The selected target is marked by a cursor and it's range is shown in the lower right corner of the display.

Threats

Waypoint Route

The waypoint route shows the planned mission route. Information for the current waypoint is shown in the lower left corner of the display.

4.8

Contour line

(brown)

Diagram 5.3: TSD MFD (navigation declutter)

Waypoints

Current waypoint

range

Current waypoint

identifier

Time to reach

current waypoint

(HH:MM:SS)

Diagram 4.4: TSD MFD (navigation declutter)

Road

(yellow)

Declutter level

(navigation)

Rivers

Waypoint route

COMANCHE COCKPITS

4.9

Aircraft Survivability Equipment (ASE) MFD

The Aircraft Survivability Equipment display shows anti-aircraft, airborne and missile threats. It also shows if jamming is active and the number of chaff and flares remaining.

The ASE MFD ‘auto-pages’ when a threat engages the helicopter. The auto-paging can be disabled.

l+ A Toggle ASE auto-page

Time to impact of closest

incoming IR missile (seconds)

Time to impact of

closest incoming RF

missile (seconds)

Threat range

circles

Airborne threats

Auto-countermeasures

active

IR and radar

jammer status

Diagram 4.5: ASE MFD

Threat is targeting helicopter

(flashes when a missile is lanched)

Incoming

missiles

Number of remaining

chaff and flares

ASE range

Anti-aircraft threats

Helicopter datum

Auto-countermeasures

active

COMANCHE COCKPITS

Helicopter Datum

The ASE shows a plan view of the battlefield with the helicopter located centrally.

ASE Range

The ASE range is selectable between 2, 5, 10 and 25Km. This also changes the range of the TSD display.

E next ASE range

m+ E previous ASE range

Threats

Threat range circles are drawn around enemy anti-aircraft units. If the helicopter is inside the circle then you are in range of enemy fire. If a threat (anti-aircraft or airborne) is targeting the helicopter then a line is drawn between the threat and the helicopter datum. When this line flashes a missile has been launched. Threats are displayed using the radar symbology (see the 'Acquiring Targets' section). Target symbols are displayed using two different colours for clarity.

The ASE will not indicate threats from infantry tracking the helicopter with shoulder launched IR guided missiles. The launched missile, however, will be indicated.

Incoming Missiles

Incoming missiles are shown as ‘X’s. The time to impact for the closest incoming missile is shown (in seconds) in the upper left corner of the display. There are separate readouts for infra-red (IR), radar (RF) and laser (LS) guided missiles.

4.10

Jammers

The status of the infra-red and radar jammers is shown in the lower left corner of the display. ‘AUTO’ indicates that auto-countermeasures are active.

Chaff And Flares

The number of remaining chaff and flares is shown in the lower right corner of the display. ‘AUTO’ indicates that auto-countermeasures are active.

4.11

COMANCHE COCKPITS

Weapon MFD

The Weapon MFD displays a schematic diagram of the weapons configuration as viewed from behind the helicopter. The selected weapon is highlighted.

‘GUN’ 20mm Gatling gun

‘AAM’ AIM-92 Stinger IR guided air-to-air missiles

‘AGM (RF)’ AGM-114L Longbow Hellfire radar guided anti-tank missiles

‘AGM (LSR)’ AGM-114K Hellfire II laser guided anti-tank missiles

‘RKT (HE)’ Hydra 70 M255 70 mm high explosive unguided rockets

‘RKT (MP)’ Hydra 70 M261 70 mm multi-purpose unguided rockets

Number of

remaining chaff

and flares

Weapons armed

Stub wings

Bay doors

Gun

Diagram 4.6: Weapon MFD

Auto-countermeasures

active

Selected weapon

(highlighted)

Rocket salvo size

COMANCHE COCKPITS

Diagram 4.7: Weapon MFD showing damaged hardpoints

System MFD

The System MFD displays the status of important helicopter components.

Damaged chaff

dispensers

Damaged

hard points

4.12

Diagram 4.8: System MFD

4.13

COMANCHE COCKPITS

Engine MFD

The Engine MFD page displays values for both engines and also monitors the fuel level.

‘TG’ Temperature

‘TQ’ Torque

‘NP’ Engine RPM

‘NR’ Rotor shaft RPM

The fuel weight is measured in pounds (LB).

Diagram 4.9: Engine MFD

COMANCHE COCKPITS

Flight MFD

The Flight MFD duplicates the flight and navigation information from the HIDSS navigation display mode. Refer to the ‘Helmet Integrated Display and Sight System’ section.

4.14

Pitch ladder

Current heading

Altitude scale

Pitch datum

Altitude (‘R’ indicates radar altitude)

Vertical speed indicator

Radar altitude (up to 200 feet)

Command heading

Engine torque

True airspeed

Current waypoint distance

Current waypoint identifier

Time to reach

current waypoint

(HH:MM:SS)

Diagram 4.10: Flight MFD

Bank scale

Heading scale

Bank

indicator

Mission MFD

The Mission MFD shows information about the flight group, mission and mission clock.

Flight Group

The company name is displayed followed by a list of the flight group members. The callsign for each member is displayed. The ‘>’ symbol indicates the group leader. Player’s rank and names are shown.

The current flight group formation is displayed. The group leader can change the formation via a radio message (refer to the In-flight ‘Radio Messages’ section).

4.15

COMANCHE COCKPITS

Mission

TYPE: Mission type (refer to the In-flight ‘Missions’ section).

OBJECT: Mission objective

<x,y grid reference> range bearing

STATUS: Mission status

START: Mission start point

<x,y grid reference> range bearing

END: Mission end point

<x,y grid reference> range bearing

COUNT: Mission kills and losses

TIME: MT=HH:MM:SS elapsed mission time

MD=HH:MM:SS estimated mission duration

Mission Clock

The mission clock indicates the time of day.

Diagram 4.11: Mission MFD

COMANCHE COCKPITS

Helmet Integrated Display and Sight System (HIDSS)

The Comanche pilot's helmet has a built-in display system known as the HIDSS. It is used much like a conventional ‘head up display’ but has the advantage of always being in the pilot’s view. If you select a Crew View l+ y which shows a close-up of the pilot’s face then you can see the HIDSS projected on to the lenses. The TADS and PNVS (Pilot Night Vision Sensor) optical units are slaved to the HIDSS so that they ‘look’ where the pilot is looking. The HIDSS can be used to acquire targets simply by looking at them. The HIDSS display colour can be cycled to make it easier to read when the outside conditions change.

K Select next HUD colour m+ K Select previous HUD colour

The HIDSS has two display modes; 'navigation' and 'combat'

HIDSS In Navigation Mode

Command heading Current heading Heading scale

4.16

Engine torque

Bank scale

True airspeed

IHADSS centre datum

Current waypoint identifier

Time to reach

current waypoint

(HH:MM:SS)

Diagram 4.12: HIDSS in navigation mode

Current waypoint

distance

Barometric altitude

Vertical speed indicator

Radar altitude (up to 1,500 feet)

Radar altitude (up to 200 feet)

Pitch ladder Altitude scale

4.17

COMANCHE COCKPITS

HIDSS Centre Datum

Indicates the centre of the display.

Heading Scale and Command Heading

The heading scale is calibrated every 30 degrees. The command heading indicates the direction to the next waypoint.

Pitch Ladder

The pitch ladder indicates the helicopter’s pitch and bank attitude. Pitch bars are calibrated every 10 degrees. Solid lines are draw above the horizon and dashed lines are drawn below the horizon.

Bank Scale

The bank scale indicates the helicopter's bank angle up to 30 degrees.

True Airspeed

True airspeed in knots.

Barometric Altitude

Digital readout of the barometric altitude (height above sea level) in feet.

Radar Altitude

Digital readout of the radar altitude (height above ground) in feet. This value is valid up to 1,500 feet.

The analogue radar altitude bar is valid up to 200 feet and is read against the altitude scale.

Vertical Speed Indicator

When the vertical speed indicator is above the altitude scale centre line the helicopter is climbing. When it is below the centre line the helicopter is sinking. The full scale deflection of the vertical speed indicator is +/-1,000 feet per minute.

Engine Torque

Digital readout of the engine torque.

Current Waypoint

The current waypoint identifier, distance and time to reach (hours:minutes:seconds) are shown in the lower left corner of the display.

COMANCHE COCKPITS

HIDSS In Combat Mode

See the ‘Acquiring Targets’ and ‘Weapons’ sections.

Bob-up Overlay

The bob-up overlay is useful for 'station-keeping' during bob-up or bob-sideways manoeuvres.

The symbology comprises an octagonal 'hover position' box, a bob-up command heading and a velocity vector.

The HIDSS display represents a 200m x 200m overhead view around the original bob-up position and the octagonal hover position box represents the helicopters rotor blades. As the helicopter drifts from the bob-up position so the hover position box will drift from the display centre. To keep 'on-station' fly towards the hover position box. The velocity vector will assist you to do this. The velocity vector is calibrated up to 10 knots.

The bob-up command heading appears on the heading strip and records the heading when the bob-up overlay was engaged.

The bob-up overlay can be engaged with the display in either navigation or combat modes.

The bob-up overlay will disengage automatically if the helicopter drifts more than 500 metres from the original bob-up position.

O Engage bob-up overlay (press again to re-centre)

l+ O Disengage bob-up overlay

4.18

Bob-up command heading

Diagram 4.13: Bob-up overlay

Hover position box

Velocity vector (to keep “on station”-fly towards the hover position box)

4.19

COMANCHE COCKPITS

Acquiring Targets

The Comanche has 3 target acquisition systems:-

1. a mast-mounted Fire Control Radar (FCR) which can be used to scan for ground targets

or airborne targets

2. a Target Acquisition and Designation Sight (TADS) with Forward-Looking Infra-Red (FLIR)

and Daylight TV (DTV) channels plus a laser designator/range-finder.

3. a Helmet Integrated Display and Sight System (HIDSS)

All three systems are integrated and a target acquired with one system may be passed to another system as long as it falls within the targeting restraints of that system. Any target which has been acquired is kept on a target list and all of the target acquisition systems are able to cycle through this list.

Select Target Acquisition System

Radar

Air radar IHADSSGround radar

Insert Home Page Up

FLIR DTV

Delete End Page Down

TADS

Diagram 4.14: Select target acquisition system

Novice and Realistic Avionics

There is an option to select either ‘Novice’ or ‘Realistic’ avionics. This is selected in the Options Screen ‘Realism’ menu.

Novice

The Novice avionics option simplifies the target acquisition systems. With this option selected only the HIDSS system is available and this is automatically engaged whenever you arm a weapon.

The performance of the HIDSS is exaggerated in this mode and you will never get a HIDSS failure.

Realistic

The Realistic avionics option allows use of all the target acquisition systems as described below.

COMANCHE COCKPITS

CP/G Assistance: Target ID

The Co-pilot/Gunner (CP/G) can assist you to identify targets. There are 3 levels of assistance; 'Novice', 'Realistic' and 'Off'. This is selected in the Options Screen ‘Realism’ menu.

Novice

The CP/G identifies the target immediately and reports them using simplistic names such as ‘Enemy Tank’ and ‘Allied Aircraft’.

Realistic

The CP/G attempts to make a visual identification (using the TADS where possible). It may take the CP/G a few moments to make the identification depending on the target range and adverse weather conditions. During this time the message ‘CP/G IDENTIFYING...’ is displayed instead of the target name. If there is no line of sight to the target then no identification can be made. If you have selected an inappropriate TADS system (you cannot use FLIR in heavy rain or DTV at night) the message ‘LOW LIGHT’ is displayed in place of the target name. In this case select a more suitable system. Once the identification is made the NATO reporting name is given for the target and you must decide if it is an allied or enemy target.

Off

The CP/G gives you no help whatsoever. Once a target has been selected then use the TADS systems to make the identification yourself. The 'Recognition Guide' will assist you in spotting key recognition features.

4.20

4.21

COMANCHE COCKPITS

Fire Control Radar

The Fire Control Radar scans for targets and a symbolic image of the returns is shown on the MFD display. The radar can only acquire targets to which it has line of sight (LOS). If an acquired target masks behind buildings or terrain features the radar will still display the target but the target category symbol will change. If the target was moving the radar will attempt to interpolate the target's new position. Target symbols are displayed using two different colours for clarity.

Target Categories LOS No LOS

Wheeled vehicle

Tracked vehicle

Air defence unit

Aircraft

Helicopter

Ship

Structure

Using radar will alert enemy targets of your presence and may attract hostile fire. Ensure that you switch the radar off when you have finished using it!

Ground Radar

COMANCHE COCKPITS

4.22

Target priority Current

Auto-target engaged

Selected target

Maximum scan limits

Target locked

Target identity

(see CP/G assistance)

TADS Fields of regard box

Diagram 4.15: Ground radar display

Target Acquisition System Controls

Num Lock

Display allied aircraft

Activate single radar sweep

+ Scan size

Single/ continuous radar sweep

– Range

+ Range

heading

Heading scale

MFD ‘focus’ light

Radar range

Scan position

Scan limits

Radar clutter

No line of sight to target

TADS fields of view marker

+ = Increase –

= Decrease > = Select Next < = Select Previous

Target range

Scan centre Scan rightScan left

456

–

Auto-target

> Target

< Target (shift)

Scan size

123

Lock/unlock target

Switch off (ctrl)

0 Del Enter

Diagram 4.16: Ground radar controls

4.23

COMANCHE COCKPITS

The ground radar can acquire battlefield targets and low slow flying helicopters. It can categorise targets but cannot differentiate between allied and enemy. The ground radar sweep is limited to a 90 degree arc ahead of the helicopter.

The ground radar shows cities and other built up areas as 'radar clutter'. It is only possible to target certain strategic and tactical structures such as bridges and hardened aircraft shelters.

At the bottom of the ground radar display is the TADS field of regard box and the field of view marker. As you cycle through the targets you will see the CP/G moving the field of view marker on to the target. In realistic target ID assistance mode the CP/G cannot identify the target until the marker is on the target. Therefore if you are flying erratically the CP/G will be unable to make an identification.

Range

Select ground radar range (500m, 1, 2, 4 or 8Km).

Scan size

Adjust the radar scan arc size. Minimising the arc size will reduce your visibility to enemy targets and will increase the scan rate.

Scan direction

Adjust the radar scan direction left or right of centre.

Scan centre

Centre the radar scan.

Single/continuous radar sweep

Toggle between single sweep and continuous sweep.

Activate single radar sweep

Activate radar sweep in single sweep mode. Use single sweep mode to reduce your visibility to enemy targets.

Target priority

Adjust the target priority (ALL, LOW, MEDIUM or HIGH) to declutter the radar. The ground radar priority for each target is given in the 'Recognition Guide'. Generally any target which can fire at the helicopter is high priority, other armour and battlefield targets are medium priority and soft targets are low priority.

Next/previous target

Cycle forwards or backwards through the targets.

Auto-target

Toggle auto-target mode. In auto-target mode the ground radar automatically assesses the highest threat target. This will only select targets of the selected priority.

Lock/unlock target

Lock the current target to prevent the auto-target system from selecting another target.

Switch off

Switch the ground radar off.

MFD ‘Focus’ Light

The focus light indicates that this MFD page is being used by the selected target acquisition system.

Air Radar

COMANCHE COCKPITS

4.24

Enemy or all targets

Auto-target engaged

Scan limits

Target locked

Target identity

(see CP/G assistance)

Diagram 4.17: Air radar display

Target Acquisition System Controls

Num Lock

Pan up

– Zoom

+ Zoom

MFD ‘focus’ light

Radar range

Scan position

Scan centre

Target range

Selected target

+ = Increase –

= Decrease > = Select Next < = Select Previous

Pan centre Pan rightPan left

456

Pan down

123

> Target

< Target (shift)

Switch off (ctrl)

0 Del Enter

Diagram 4.18: Air radar controls

Lock/unlock target

4.25

COMANCHE COCKPITS

The air radar can acquire airborne targets. It can categorise targets and identify between

allied and enemy. The air radar can sweep through 360 degrees.

Air radar contacts will ‘timeout’ unless they are reswept.

Range

Select air radar range (500m, 1, 2, 4 or 8Km).

Scan size

Adjust the radar scan arc size. Minimising the arc size will reduce your visibility to enemy

targets and will increase the scan rate.

Scan direction

Adjust the radar scan direction left or right of centre.

Scan centre

Centre the radar scan.

Single/continuous radar sweep

Toggle between single sweep and continuous sweep.

Activate single radar sweep

Activate radar sweep in single sweep mode. Use single sweep mode to reduce your

visibility to enemy targets.

Display allied aircraft

Toggle display ALL aircraft targets or ENEMY targets only.

Next/previous target

Cycle forwards or backwards through the targets.

Auto-target

Toggle auto-target mode. In auto-target mode the air radar automatically assesses the

highest threat target.

Lock/unlock target

Lock the current target to prevent the auto-target system from selecting another target.

Switch off

Switch the air radar off.

MFD ‘Focus’ Light

The focus light indicates that this MFD page is being used by the selected target

acquisition system.

COMANCHE COCKPITS

Target Acquisition and Designation Sight (TADS)

4.26

Sensor type

(FLIR or DTV)

Target locked

Target identity

(see CP/G assistance)

Diagram 4.19: TADS display

Target Acquisition System Controls

Num Lock

Pan up

– Zoom

+ Zoom

TADS heading

(not helicopter heading)

TADS field of

view marker

+ = Increase –

= Decrease > = Select Next

< = Select Previous

Field of view

TADS field of

regard box

MFD ‘focus’ light

TADS gates

Target

TADS boresight datum

Target range

Pan centre Pan rightPan left

456

Pan down

123

> Target

< Target (shift)

Switch off (ctrl)

0 Del Enter

Diagram 4.20: TADS controls

Lock/unlock target

4.27

COMANCHE COCKPITS

The TADS system is located at the front of the helicopter in the nose turret. The unit can move +/-120 degrees in azimuth (left or right) and from +30 to –60 degrees in elevation (up or down). The system comprises a Forward-Looking Infra-Red (FLIR) channel, a Daylight TV (DTV) channel and a laser designator/range finder. The image from the TADS system is displayed in an MFD.

The TADS system is used to locate, identify and designate targets. If you have selected no target ID assistance then you can use TADS to identify targets before firing. Using TADS is more stealthy than using the radar as enemy targets are less likely to know that they are being targeted

To locate targets select the widest field of view available and slew the TADS in the direction of the area of interest. Targets are brighter than the surrounding terrain. When you have located a target, zoom in by reducing the field of view. When the TADS is aimed directly towards the target the TADS gates appear and you can lock the target to keep it centred in the display and make an identification. TADS is especially useful for finding enemy armour lurking in the tree-lines.

It is very difficult to use the TADS system when the helicopter is moving. You are recommended to use this system when the helicopter is in a steady hover. Use the auto-hover facility H.

If the light conditions are inappropriate for the selected sensor then a "LOW LIGHT" appears on the TADS display.

Forward-Looking Infra-Red (FLIR)

The FLIR has 3 fields of view; wide, medium and narrow. The FLIR is ineffective in adverse weather conditions.

Daylight TV (DTV)

The DTV only has a narrow field of view. The DTV is ineffective at night.

Zoom

Select TADS field of view (WIDE, MEDIUM or NARROW).

Pan

Pan the TADS left, right, up and down. On an external view of the Comanche you can see the TADS housing move as you steer it.

Pan Centre

Centre the TADS pan.

Next/previous target

Cycle forwards or backwards through the targets.

Lock/unlock target

Lock the current target to prevent the auto-target system from selecting another target.

Switch off

Switch the TADS system off.

MFD ‘Focus’ Light

The focus light indicates that this MFD page is being used by the selected target acquisition system.

COMANCHE COCKPITS

Helmet Integrated Display and Sight System (HIDSS)

The HIDSS enables the pilot to acquire targets simply by looking at them. Effectively the radar and TADS are slaved to the HIDSS. At night-time the Pilot Night Vision Sensor (PNVS) must be used. To activate PNVS press the N key.

The HIDSS display moves with your head and remains in the centre of the screen. You can pan your view using the virtual cockpit keys. The functionality of these keys is duplicated on to the numeric keypad arrow keys when HIDSS mode is selected.

To find targets with HIDSS first select HIDSS mode _ and make sure that you have a weapon selected i. HIDSS will boresight targets near to the display datum. When a target is seen the target marker will appear.

You can ‘padlock’ the target by pressing either l+ j or 1. Press either l+ j or 0 to unpadlock the target.

Radar sweep position

4.28

Horizon line

Target marker

Weapon type

Number of weapons

remaining

Diagram 4.21: HIDSS display in combat mode – weapons are covered in more detail in the

Weapons section

Target identity

(see CP/G assistance)

Target range

Sensor type

Target locked

4.29

COMANCHE COCKPITS

The weapon type indicates the selected weapon:-

‘Gun’ 20mm Gatling gun ‘AAM’ AIM-92 Stinger IR guided air-to-air missiles ‘AGM(RF)’ AGM-114L Longbow Hellfire radar guided anti-tank missiles ‘AGM(LSR)’ AGM-114K Hellfire II laser guided anti-tank missiles ‘RKT(HE)’ Hydra 70 M255 70 mm high explosive unguided rockets ‘RKT(MP)’ Hydra 70 M261 70 mm multi-purpose unguided rockets

The sensor type indicates the active target acquisition system:-

‘GND RDR’ Ground radar ‘AIR RDR’ Air radar ‘FLIR’ Forward-Looking Infra-Red ‘DTV’ Daylight TV ‘HIDSS’ HIDSS

The target lock type indicates if the weapon has a valid lock else the reason for lock failure:-

‘NO ACQUIRE’ No target acquisition system is active ‘NO WEAPON’ No weapon is selected ‘NO TARGET’ No target has been designated ‘INVALID TARGET’ The target is unsuitable for the weapon ‘SEEKER LIMIT’ The target exceeds the weapon seeker limit ‘NO LOS’ No line of sight to the target ‘NO BORESIGHT’ The target must be ahead of the helicopter for unguided rockets ‘MIN RANGE’ The target is too near ‘MAX RANGE’ The target is too far ‘VALID LOCK’ The lock is good

Target Acquisition System Controls

Num Lock

Pan left (alt)

> Target

< Target (shift)

Pan up (alt)

Pan right

456

123

(alt)

Pan down (alt)

Switch off (ctrl)

0 Del Enter

Diagram 4.22: HIDSS controls

Lock/unlock target

+ = Increase –

= Decrease

> = Select Next

< = Select Previous

COMANCHE COCKPITS

Pan

Pan the HIDSS left, right up and down (use with g to pan the virtual cockpit view).

Next/previous target

Cycle forwards or backwards through the targets.

Lock/unlock target

Lock the current target to prevent the HIDSS from selecting another target.

Switch off

Switch the HIDSS target acquisition mode off.

Weapons

The Comanche is ‘mission agile’ and is configurable from a low observable scout to an attack/precision strike gunship.

The Comanche carries its weapons internally, mounted on bay doors either side of the fuselage. Optional stub wings can be fitted to carry more weapons.

When the stub wings are fitted the Comanche loses its stealth capabilities and so the stub wings should not be used for low observable missions.

Selecting any internal weapon will automatically open the bay doors.

Selecting a weapon automatically switches the HIDSS display to combat mode. Making the weapons safe returns the HIDSS display to navigation mode.

i Select next weapon

m+ i Select previous weapon

l+ i Weapons safe

To fire a weapon press the n. If the weapon fails to launch check the lock failure status on the HIDSS display.

4.30

Low observable Integral armement Attack/precision strike

Diagram 4.23: The Comanche is configurable from a low observable scout to an

attack/precision strike gunship

4.31

COMANCHE COCKPITS

20 mm Gatling Gun

The Comanche is equipped with a stowable three-barrel M197 20 millimetre Gatling gun loaded with 500 rounds of ammunition.

The gun automatically tracks the selected target and can be rotated +/-120 degrees in azimuth (left or right) and from +10 to -60 degrees in elevation (up or down).

The Gatling gun can be used against ground or air targets.

Type 20 mm Gatling gun Rate of fire 750 rounds per minute Maximum range 1,600 metres Muzzle velocity 884 metres per second Weight 0.257 Kg

Target marker

without valid lock

Target out

of range

Diagram 5.24: HIDSS display for the gun showing an out of range target

Target marker with valid lock

Diagram 5.25: HIDSS display for the gun showing a valid target lock

COMANCHE COCKPITS

AIM-92 Stinger

The Comanche carries Stinger short-range air-to-air guided missiles. A maximum of 12 can be carried internally on the bay doors and a maximum of 16 can be carried on the stub wings – 28 Stingers in total.

The Stinger is a heat seeking missile and is effective against airborne targets. If a ground target is selected then "INVALID TARGET" is displayed on the HIDSS display.

Enemy targets will use flares and IR jammers to distract this missile.

Type short-range air-to-air

Guidance infra-red homing (fire-and-forget) Maximum range 5,000 metres Cruise speed Mach 2.0 Seeker field of view 80° Weight 13.6 Kg

When the Stinger is seeking for a target a pair of dashed concentric circles move around the HIDSS display to indicate the seeker head position. When a valid lock on has been achieved the dashed circles become solid and indicate the target position. Also a tone is emitted to indicate the valid lock.

4.32

Seeker head

position

Turn left to get

a target lock

Diagram 4.26: HIDSS display for a Stinger seeking a target

Diagram 4.27: HIDSS display for a Stinger showing a valid target lock

Current target

is outside the

seeker limit

Target marker

4.33

COMANCHE COCKPITS

Hellfires

The Comanche carries Hellfire short-range anti-tank guided missiles. A maximum of 6 can

be carried internally on the bay doors and a maximum of 8 can be carried on the stub wings

– 14 Hellfires in total.

There are two types of Hellfire missile; the AGM-114L Longbow Hellfire and the AGM-114K

Hellfire II. Hellfires are effective against armoured battlefield targets but may also be used

against slow moving airborne targets.

The AGM-114L Longbow Hellfire is an active radar guided missile. This is fire and forget

missile. When the missile has been launched you can select another target and launch

another missile.

The AGM-114K Hellfire II is a semi-active laser guided missile. The missile requires a the

target to be 'painted' with laser.

Hellfire missiles can be launched in one of two modes; lock on before launch (LOBL) and lock on after launch (LOAL). The lock on mode is toggled with the L key.

In LOBL mode the missile requires a line of sight to the target. If a radar guided Hellfire is

used then the helicopter can mask behind cover after the missile is launched. If a laser

guided Hellfire is used then the target must be laser designated throughout the missiles

flight. The missile's time to target (in seconds) is shown in the lower left corner of the

IHADSS display. If more than one missile is launched then the flight time of the most

recently launched missile is shown.

In LOAL mode the missiles can be launched from behind cover. The missile follows a high

launch profile. When a target is selected the missile steers towards it but only if the target

is within the missile's seeker limits. With radar guided Hellfires it is not necessary for the

helicopter to unmask but with laser guided missiles it is necessary to unmask in order to

designate the target.

Hellfire ‘LOAL’ Deployment

When Hellfire missiles are deployed in lock-on after launch ‘LOAL’ mode they follow a

high launch profile. That is, they zoom climb to about 300m before pitching over so

that they can 'see' ground targets.

The initial zoom climb uses energy and shortens the effective range of the missile. The

missile cannot see ground targets until it has pitched over and is looking towards the

ground. This increases the minimum range of the missile.

The target lock type will show a ‘VALID LOCK’ in LOAL mode if the target range is

between 1.5 Km and 5.0 Km. These are a guideline only. Other factors have to be

considered such as the height difference (between the helicopter and the target) and

the target azimuth error (the horizontal angular error between the display centre and

the target).

COMANCHE COCKPITS

Type short-range anti-tank guided missile (ATGM)

Guidance active radar (AGM-114L) semi-active laser (AGM-114K)

Maximum range 8,000 metres

Cruise speed Mach 1.3

Seeker field of view 60°

Weight 45.0 Kg

Target marker

showing invalid

target lock

Lock on before

launch

Diagram 4.28: HIDSS display for a Hellfire missile in LOBL launch mode showing an invalid target lock

4.34

Target marker

showing invalid

Lock on before

launch

Missile’s time to target (seconds)

Diagram 4.29: IHIDSS display for a Hellfire missile in LOBL launch mode showing a valid target lock

lock

4.35

COMANCHE COCKPITS

Invalid target lock

Lock on after

launch

Diagram 4.30: HIDSS display for a Hellfire missile in LOAL launch mode showing an invalid target lock

Target marker

Lock on after

launch

Valid target lock

Diagram 4.31: HIDSS display for a Hellfire missile in LOAL launch mode showing a valid target lock

COMANCHE COCKPITS

Hydra 70 Rockets

The Comanche carries Hydra 70 mm folding-fin aerial rockets (FFARs). These rockets are unguided so it is necessary to boresight the target by steering the helicopter towards it. Use the forward cockpit view o.

Hydra rockets can only be carried on the stub wings and they are mounted in pods of 19 giving a maximum capacity of 38.

Rockets can be fired in salvos to increase the damage area and kill probability.

S Increase salvo size

m+ S Decrease salvo size

There are two types of warheads; the M255 high explosive (HE) warhead and the M261 multi-purpose sub-munition (MPSM) warhead.

The M255 HE warhead is effective against soft battlefield targets and helicopters. The M261 MPSM warhead is effective against armoured vehicles.

The rocket pods have automatic adjustable elevation (from +4.9 degrees to -15.0 degrees). It is only necessary to line the helicopter's heading up with the target if the elevation is within limits. This makes using rockets in the Comanche far easier than in the Hokum and the kill probability is increased.

The rocket pods will not elevate at speeds in excess of 100 knots. If the helicopter's speed is above this limit the rockets must be boresighted manually as in the Hokum.

Type folding-fin aerial rocket

Maximum range 5,000 metres Weight 6.0 Kg

The HIDSS display shows the target marker and an 'I-beam'. It is necessary to line up the target marker with the I-beam in order to get a valid lock. With airborne targets the I-beam must be lined up with the computed intercept point instead.

4.36

4.37

COMANCHE COCKPITS

Target marker

Rocket salvo size

Diagram 4.32: HIDSS display for unguided rockets showing I-beam not lined up with ground target

Solid I-beam

indicating valid lock

➝

Steer towards I-beam

Dashed I-beam

marker indicating

no boresight

Target marker

Diagram 4.33: HIDSS display for unguided rockets showing I-beam lined up with ground target

Target marker

Dashed I-beam

Computed

intercept point

indicating

no boreshight

➝

Steer towards I-beam

Diagram 4.34: HIDSS display for unguided rockets showing I-beam not lined up with air target intercept point

COMANCHE COCKPITS

Target marker

Computerised

intercept point

Solid I-beam

indicating valid lock

Diagram 4.35: HIDSS display for unguided rockets showing I-beam lined up with air target intercept point

Countermeasures

When the ASE display indicates a radar or infra-red threat then the following countermeasures may be used to increase survivability.

Radar Jammer

The radar jammer is used to fool enemy radar of the helicopter’s position by creating spurious targets.

J radar jammer on/off

IR Jammer

The IR jammer pumps out intense IR radiation to confuse the seeker head of an incoming IR missile to break lock.

I IR jammer on/off

Chaff

Chaff comprises millions of strips of aluminised Mylar film which when released generate a cloud of radar signature to fool incoming radar guided missiles.

C release chaff cartridge

Flares

Flares are hot pyrotechnic cartridges used to create false targets for incoming IR missiles.

F release flare cartridge

The disadvantage of electronic countermeasures (ECM) such as the radar and IR jammers is that they unmask the helicopter and increase its visibility. They should be used as required.

The disadvantage of chaff and flares is that they run out! The Comanche carries 60 of each.

4.38

4.39

COMANCHE COCKPITS

Automatic Countermeasures

The Co-pilot/Gunner can assist you with operating the countermeasures.

This option is selected in the Options Screen ‘Realism’ menu and can also be changed in-flight.

l+ C automatic countermeasures on/off.

Pilot Night Vision Sensor (PNVS)

The Comanche pilot has night vision sensor to aid flying at night.

N PNVS on/off

Windshield Wipers

The Comanche is not fitted with windshield wipers as they would spoil the stealth characteristics of the helicopter. In wet weather conditions concealed air blowers automatically engage to clear the windshield.

5. HOKUM COCKPITS

HOKUM COCKPITS

5.1

Diagram 5.1: Cockpit view (pilot left, co-pilot right)

Diagram 5.2: Side-by-side cockpit configuration

HOKUM COCKPITS

Instrument Panel

The Hokum has a side-by-side cockpit configuration. The pilot sits in the left (port) seat and the co-pilot (CP/G) sits in the right (starboard) seat. You can assume either of the crew roles.

Each pilot has two multi-function displays (MFDs). The indicator lights and backup instruments are located on the central console. The co-pilot has binoculars for the ventrally mounted periscope.

Refer to the In-flight ‘Views’ section for details of the cockpit views.

Airspeed Indicator

The airspeed indicator shows the indicated airspeed of the helicopter and also the sideslip (sideways velocity).

5.2

Indicated Airspeed Scale km/h * 10 Full scale deflection -50 to 450 km/h

Sideslip Scale km/h * 10 Full scale deflection +/-100 km/h

Barometric Altimeter

The barometric altimeter shows the barometric altitude (height above sea level).

Barometric Altitude Large needle scale metres X 100 (one revolution = 1,000 metres) Small needle scale metres X 1,000 (one revolution = 10,000 metres)

HOKUM COCKPITS

5.3

Vertical Speed Indicator

The vertical speed indicator shows the rate of climb.

Climb

030

520

Descend

Diagram 5.3: Direction of climb and descent

Rate of Climb Scale metres per minute / 10 (scale is non-linear) Full scale deflection +/-300 metres per minute

Artificial Horizon

The artificial horizon shows the helicopter pitch and roll attitude relative to the ground.

Pitched up Rolled left

Pitched down Rolled right

Diagram 5.4: Pitch up/down rolled left/right

HOKUM COCKPITS

Standby Compass

The standby compass shows the helicopter’s heading.

90 East

‘C’ North

18 South

27 West

Master Caution Light

The master caution light flashes, accompanied by an audible warning, to indicate that there is a problem. The problem will be indicated by the warning lights or EKRAN Display. To acknowledge the caution press M. This extinguishes the master caution light and silences the audible warning.

5.4

Fire Warning & Extinguisher Lights

The fire warning lights indicate if either engine or the auxiliary power unit (APU) is on fire. In case of a fire use the fire extinguisher. The fire extinguisher can only be used once per mission.

L ENG Left engine fire

APU APU fire

R ENG Right engine fire

l+ F Activate fire extinguisher

The fire extinguisher light indicates if the fire extinguishers have been used.

HOKUM COCKPITS

5.5

Warning Lights

TRQ Engine over torque

RTR RPM Low main rotor RPM

FUEL LOW Low fuel level (<25% maximum fuel level)

HYD PRES Low hydraulic pressure

OIL PRES Low or high engine oil pressure

OIL TEMP High engine oil temperature

Status Lights

RTR BRK Rotor brake engaged

WHL BRK Wheel brake engaged

NAV LTS Navigation lights on

HOV HLD Hover-hold active

ALT HLD Altitude-hold active

AUT PLT Auto-pilot active

RDR Radar active

LSR Laser active

RDR JAM Radar jammer active

IR JAM Infra-red jammer active

AUT C/M Auto-countermeasures active

AUT TWD TWD auto-paging active

Gear (Undercarriage) Lights

The GEAR UP/DOWN light is illuminated green when the gear is fully down and red when the gear is fully up. The light flashes when the gear is in a transitional state (raising or lowering). The GEAR DAMAGED light indicates a gear failure.

l+ G Raise/lower gear

HOKUM COCKPITS

EKRAN Display

The EKRAN automatic check-up system monitors necessary systems and critical values and shows text warnings on this display and sends audible warnings to the pilot’s headphones.

Multi-Function Displays (MFDs)

Each pilot has two multi-function displays (MFDs) available.

Each MFD can display one of ten selectable pages:-

Ground Radar

Air Radar

Electro-Optical System (EOS)

Tactical Situation Display (TSD)

Threat Warning Display (TWD)

Weapon

System

Engine

Flight

Mission

5.6

The pages can be cycled through on each MFD:-

( Select next left MFD page

m+ ( Select previous left MFD page

) Select next right MFD page

m+ ) Select previous right MFD page

The displays can be switched on and off:-

l+ ( Switch left MFD on and off

l+ ) Switch right MFD on and off

HOKUM COCKPITS

5.7

There are shortcut keys to select any page on either MFD.

Left MFD:-

l+ 1 Ground Radar

l+ 2 Air Radar

l+ 3 Electro-Optical System (EOS)

l+ 4 Tactical Situation Display (TSD)

l+ 5 Threat Warning Display (TWD)

l+ 6 Weapon

l+ 7 System

l+ 8 Engine

l+ 9 Flight

l+ 0 Mission

Right MFD:-

g+ 1 Ground Radar

g+ 2 Air Radar

g+ 3 Electro-Optical System (EOS)

g+ 4 Tactical Situation Display (TSD)

g+ 5 Threat Warning Display (TWD)

g+ 6 Weapon

g+ 7 System

g+ 8 Engine

g+ 9 Flight

g+ 0 Mission

Ground Radar MFD

See the 'Acquiring Targets' section.

Air Radar MFD

See the 'Acquiring Targets' section.

Electro-Optical System (EOS) MFD

See the 'Acquiring Targets' section.

HOKUM COCKPITS

Tactical Situation Display (TSD) MFD

5.8

Sensor type

Threat range

circles

Selected target

Helicopter datum

Diagram 5.5: TSD MFD (target declutter)

Threat is targeting

helicopter (Flashes when

a missile is launched)

TSD range

Declutter level

(target)

Radar scan limits

Targets/Threats

Selected Target

range

The Tactical Situation Display shows the moving map, navigation information, targets, antiaircraft threats and air threats and is essential during combat situations.

Helicopter Datum

The TSD shows a plan view of the battlefield with the helicopter located at the bottom of the display.

Declutter Level

The TSD has 3 declutter levels:-

ALL Display both target and navigation information

TGT Display target information only

NAV Display navigation information only

D Next TSD declutter level

m+ D Previous TSD declutter level

TSD Range

The TSD range is selectable between 2, 5, 10 and 25Km. This also changes the range of the TWD display.

E Next TSD range

m+E Previous TSD range

Games PC ENEMY ENGAGED User Manual

Specifications and Main Features

Frequently Asked Questions

User Manual