LG GSA-4040 Service Manual

website http://biz.LGEservice.com e-mail http://www.LGEservice.com/techsup.html

Super Multi DVD Drive

SERVICE MANUAL

MODEL: GSA-4040B

P/NO : 3828HS1044A

September, 2003

Printed in Korea

MODEL : GSA-4040B

	TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................................................................		3
FEATURES............................................................................................................................................................................		3~4
SPECIFICATIONS.................................................................................................................................................................		5~8
LOCATION OF CUSTOMER CONTROLS .........................................................................................................................		9~10
DISASSEMBLY .................................................................................................................................................................		11~12
1. CABINET and CIRCUIT BOARD DISASSEMBLY ..........................................................................................................		11
1-1. Bottom Chassis..........................................................................................................................................................		11
1-2. Front Bezel Assy........................................................................................................................................................		11
1-3. Cabinet and Main Circuit Board .................................................................................................................................		11
2. MECHANISM ASSY DISASSEMBLY..............................................................................................................................		11
2-1. Pick-up Unit................................................................................................................................................................		11
2-2. Pick-up ......................................................................................................................................................................		12
GLOSSARY .............................................................................................................................................................................		16
EXPLODED VIEW .............................................................................................................................................................		13~14
MECHANICAL REPLACEMENT PARTS LIST ......................................................................................................................		15
THE DIFFERENCES OF CD-R/CD-RW DISCS AND GENERAL CD-ROM ...........................................................................		17
1.	Recording Layer ..............................................................................................................................................................	17
2.	Disc Specification ............................................................................................................................................................	17
3.	Disc Materials ..................................................................................................................................................................	18
4.	Reading Process of Optical Disc .....................................................................................................................................	19
5.	Writing Process of CD-R Disc .........................................................................................................................................	20
6.	Writing Process of CD-RW Disc ......................................................................................................................................	20
7.	Organization of the PCA, PMA and Lead-in Area ...........................................................................................................	21
8.	Function of PCA and PMA area ......................................................................................................................................	22
9. OPC and ROPC ..............................................................................................................................................................		22
10. Writing Process of DISC................................................................................................................................................		23
THE DIFFERENCES OF DVD-R/RW, DVD+R/RW DISCS AND DVDD-ROM .......................................................................		24
1.	Recording Layer ..............................................................................................................................................................	24
2.	Disc Specification ............................................................................................................................................................	25
3.	Disc Materials ..................................................................................................................................................................	25
4.	Writing Pulse Waveform of DVD+R.................................................................................................................................	28
5.	Writing Pulse Waveform DVD+RW .................................................................................................................................	30
6.	Organization of Inner Drive Area, Outer Drive Area, Lead-in Zone and Lead-out Zone .................................................	31
DVD & CD DATA PROCESSING......................................................................................................................................		33~36
1.	Data Processing Flow......................................................................................................................................................	33
2.	Copy Protection and Regional Code Management Block ...............................................................................................	34
3.	About Prevention the DVD-ROm from to be copy ...........................................................................................................	35
4.	About the DVD-ROM Regional Code ..............................................................................................................................	36
INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF THE PICK-UP....................................................................................................................		37~39
1.	Block Diagram of the Pick-up(HOP-8511T).....................................................................................................................	37
2.	Pick up Pin Assignment...................................................................................................................................................	38
3.	Signal detection of the P/U ..............................................................................................................................................	39
DESCRIPTION OF CIRCUIT.............................................................................................................................................		40~47
1.	ALPC Circuit ....................................................................................................................................................................	40
2.	Focus Circuit....................................................................................................................................................................	42
3.	Tracking & Sled Circuit ....................................................................................................................................................	43
4.	Spindle Circuit .................................................................................................................................................................	43
MAJOR IC INTERNAL BLOCK DIAGRAM AND PIN DESCRIPTION.............................................................................		48~73
TROUBLESHOOTING GUIDE ..........................................................................................................................................		74~90
BLOCK DIAGRAM ..................................................................................................................................................................		92
PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD DIAGRAM ...........................................................................................................................		93~96
ELECTRICAL REPLACEMENT PARTS LIST ........................................................................................................................		97

CAUTION - INVISIBLE LASER RADIATION WHEN OPEN AVOID EXPOSURE TO BEAM.

INTRODUCTION

This service manual provides a variety of service information.

It contains the mechanical structure of the Super Multi DVD Drive and the electronic circuits in schematic form. This Super Multi DVD Drive was manufactured and assembled under our strict quality control standards and meets or exceeds industry specifications and standards.

This Super Multi DVD drive is an internal drive unit designed for use with IBM PC, HP Vectra, or compatible computer. It can write as much as 700 Mbytes of digital data into CD-R/RW disc, and can

read as much as 700 Mbytes of digital data stored in a CD-ROM, CD-R and CD-RW disc.

It can write as much as 4.7Gbytes of digital data into DVD+R/RW disc, and can read as much as 4.7Gbytes of digital data stored in a DVD-ROM, DVD-R, DVD-RW, DVD+R and DVD+RW disc.

This Super Multi DVD Drive can easily meet the upcoming MPC level 3 specification, and its Enhanced Intelligent Device Electronics (E-IDE) and ATAPI interface allows Plug and play integration in the majority of today’s PCs without the need of an additional interface card.

GSA-4040B series *1)

Design Specifications

*1)

GMA-4040B does not apply to the record function of DVD+R/+RW. GRA-4040B does not apply to the record function of DVD-R/-RW/-RAM GWA-4040B does not apply to the record function of DVD-RAM. GDA-4040B does not apply to the record function of DVD+R/+RW and CD-R/RW.

FEATURES

1General

1)Enhanced IDE (ATAPI) interface.

2)Internal Half-height Drive.

3)CD-R/RW, DVD-R/RW/RAM/+R/+RW read and write compatible CD Family and DVD-ROM read compatible.

4)Buffer Under-run prevention function embedded.

5)2MB buffer memory.

6)Power loading and power eject of a disc. Bare media loading.

7)MTBF : 100,000 POH

8)Vertical and Horizontal installable.

2.Supported disc formats

1)Reads data in each CD-ROM, CD-ROM XA, CD-I, Video CD, CD-Extra and CD-Text.

2)Reads data in Photo CD (Single and Multi session).

3)Reads standard CD-DA.

4)Reads and writes CD-R discs conforming to “Orange Book Part 2”.

5)Reads and writes CD-RW discs conforming to “Orange Book Parts 3”.

6)Reads data in each DVD-ROM, DVD-R(Ver.1.0, Ver.2.0 for Authoring) and DVD-RAM(Ver.1.0)

7)Reads and writes in each DVD-R(Ver.2.0 for General), DVD-RW, DVD-RAM(Ver.2.1), DVD+R and DVD+RW

3

3.Supported write method

1)For CD-R/RW

Disc at once, Session at Once, Track at once and Packet Write.

2)For DVD-R

Disc at Once and Incremental Recording.

3)For DVD-RW

Disc at Once, Incremental Recording and Restricted Overwrite.

4)For DVD-RAM Random Write

5)For DVD+R Sequential Recording

6)For DVD+RW Random Write

4.Performance

1)	Average access time :		CD-ROM	125ms
	(1/3 stroke)		DVD-ROM	145ms
2)	Write speed :		CD-R	4x, 8x CLV, 16x, 24x ZCAV
			CD-RW	4x, 8x, 12x CLV, 16x ZCLV
				(High Speed CD-RW supported: 8x, 12x,
				Ultra Speed CD-RW supported: 16x)
			DVD-R	1x, 2x, 4x CLV
			DVD-RW	1x, 2x CLV
		DVD-RAM (Ver.2.1)		2x, 3x ZCLV
			DVD+R	2.4x, 4x CLV
			DVD+RW	2.4 CLV
3)	Read speed:	CD-ROM/R/RW		32x/32x/24x Max.
			CD-DA(DAE)	24x Max.
		DVD-ROM/R/RW		12x/8x/8x Max.
			+R/+RW	8x Max.
	DVD-Video(CSS Compliant Disc)
		(Single/Dual layer)		8x Max.
		DVD-RAM(Ver. 1.0/2.1)		2x/2x, 3x
4)	Sustained Transfer rate :		CD-ROM	4,800 kB/s (32x).Max.
			DVD-ROM	16.62 Mbytes/s (12x)Max.
5)	Burst Transfer rate:			Ultra DMA Mode2, Multi word DMA Mode2, PIO Mode4.

6)Multimedia MPC-3 compliant

5.Audio

1)16 bit digital data output through ATA interface.

2)Software Volume Control

3)Equipped with audio line output for audio CD playback.

* Definition
Transfer Rate : 1x (DVD) = 1.385 Mbytes/s,		Mbytes/s = 106bytes/s
	1x(CD) = 150 kB/s,	kB/s = 210 bytes/s
Capacity :	MB = 220 bytes,	kB = 210bytes

4

SPECIFICATIONS

1. SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS

-CPU: IBM Compatible Pentium 700MHZ (or faster) (For High speed, 700MHz or faster recommended.) -128MB Memory or greater

2. SUPPORTING OPERATING SYSTEM

* Operating System	* Recording tool
Window 98 Second Edition	(1)	RecordNow (Veritas)
Windows Millennium Edition (Me)	(2)	DLA (Veritas)
Window 2000 Professional	(3)	DVD-RAM Device driver software (Panasonic)
Window XP Home Edition, Professional	(4)	WinCDR (Aplix)
	(5)	B’s Recorder Gold (BHA)
	(6)	B;s Clip (BHA)
	(7)	Drag’n Drop (Easy System Japan)
	(8)	Nero(Ahead)
	(9)	In CD(Ahead)
	(10)	Easy CD Creator (Roxio)
	(11)	Direct CD (Roxio)

2.1 Applicable disc formats
DVD	DVD-ROM:	4.7GB (Single Layer)
		8.5GB (Dual Layer)
	DVD-R:	3.95GB (Ver.1.0 : read only)
		4.7GB (Ver.2.0 for Authoring : read only)
		4.7GB (Ver.2.0 for General: read & write)
	DVD-RW:	4.7GB (Ver.1.1)
	DVD-RAM:	2.6GB/side (Ver.1.0)
		1.46GB/side, 4.7GB/side (Ver.2.1)
	DVD+R:	4.7GB
	DVD+RW:	4.7GB
CD	CD-ROM Mode-1 data disc
	CD-ROM Mode-2 data disc

CD-ROM XA, CD-I, Photo-CD Multi-Session, Video CD

CD-Audio Disc

Mixed mode CD-ROM disc (data and audio)

CD-Extra

CD-Text

CD-R (Conforming to “Orange Book Part2”: read & write)

CD-RW (Conforming to “Orange Book Part3”: read & write)

2.2Writing method

(1)For CD-R/RW .......................Disc at Once (DAO)

	Session at Once (SAO)
	Track at Once (TAO)
	Packet Writing
(2) For DVD-R/RW	.....................Disc at Once
	Incremental Recording
	Restricted Overwrite (DVD-RW only)

(3)For DVD-RAM/+RW .............Random Write

(4)For DVD+R...........................Sequential Recording

5

2.3 Disc capacity...............................................	120mm
	80mm (Horizontal only)
2.4 Data capacity
• User Data/Block	DVD-ROM/R/RW/RAM/+R/+RW ......	2,048 bytes/block
	CD (Yellow Book) ..........................................	2,048 bytes/block(Mode 1 & Mode 2 Form 1)
		2,336 bytes/block (Mode 2)
		2,328 bytes/block (Mode 2 Form 2)
		2,352 bytes/block (CD-DA)

2.5 RPC (Regional Playback Control) Phase2, No Region

3.DRIVE PERFORMANCE

3.1 Host interface ..................................................................			X3T13 ATA/ATAPI5/1321D
			INF-8090i Rev.5.3
3.2 Read/Write & Rotational speed
<Read>	CD-ROM ........................................................		14x ~ 32x (CAV), Approx. 6,850r/min
	CD-RW data/CD-I/Video CD ..........................		10x ~ 24x (CAV), Approx. 5,130 r/min
	CD-DA (DAE) .................................................		10x ~ 24x (CAV), Approx. 5,130 r/min
	CD-DA (Audio out) .........................................		4.3x	~	10x (CAV), Approx. 2,140 r/min
	DVD-ROM ............	Single layer......................	5.0x	~	12x (CAV), Approx. 6,890 r/min
		Dual layer ........................	3.3x	~	8x (CAV), Approx. 5,056 r/min
	DVD-R ...................	3.95GB ............................	3.3x	~	8x (CAV), Approx. 5,056 r/min
		4.7GB ..............................	3.3x	~	8x (CAV), Approx. 4,600 r/min
	DVD-RW................	4.7GB ..............................	3.3x	~	8x (CAV), Approx. 4,600 r/min
	DVD-RAM..............	Ver.1.0.............................	2x (ZCLV)*
		Ver.2.1.............................	2x, 3x (ZCLV)*
	DVD+R ..................	4.7GB ..............................	3.3x	~	8x (CAV), Approx. 4,600 r/min
	DVD+RW...............	4.7GB ..............................	3.3x	~	8x (CAV), Approx. 4,600 r/min
<Write>	CD-R ..............................................................		4x, 8x (CLV), 16x , 24x (ZCLV)
	CD-RW...........................................................		4x(CLV), High speed Disc 8x, 12x (CLV)
			Ultra speed Disc 16x(ZCLV)
	DVD-R............................................................		1x, 2x, 4x (CLV)
	DVD-RW ........................................................		1x, 2x (CLV)
	DVD-RAM..............	Ver.2.1.............................	2x, 3x (ZCLV)
	DVD+R...........................................................		2.4x, 4x (CLV)
	DVD+RW .......................................................		2.4x	(CLV)
* Rotational speed (CLV, ZCLV)
	CD-ROM/R/RW..............................................		1x: Approx. 497 +38/-39 (Inside)
	(CLV = 1.2 - 1.4 m/s)			to	214 +17/-16 r/min (Outside)
	DVD-R/RW.....................................................		1x: Approx. 1,390(Inside) ~ 575 r/min(Outside)
	(CLV = 3.49 m/s)
	DVD-RAM..............	Ver.1.0.............................	1x: Approx. 2,387(Inside) ~ 1,014 r/min(Outside)
		Ver.2.1...............................	2x: Approx. 3,246(Inside) ~ 1,375 r/min(Outside)
	DVD+R/RW....................................................		1x: Approx. 1,390(Inside) ~ 575 r/min(Outside)

6

3.3Data transfer rate

3.3.1Sustained transfer rate

<Read>	CD-ROM/R.....................................................		2.07	~ 4.8 Mbytes/s (32x) Max.
	CD-RW...........................................................		1.5	~ 3.6 Mbytes/s (24x) Max.
	CD-DA(DAE) ..................................................		1.5	~ 3.6 Mbytes/s (24x) Max.
	DVD-ROM ............	Single layer......................	6.88	~ 16.2 Mbytes/s (12x) Max.
		Dual layer ........................	4.57	~ 11 Mbytes/s (8x) Max.
	DVD-R............................................................		4.57	~ 11 Mbytes/s (8x) Max.
	DVD-RW ........................................................		4.57	~ 11 Mbytes/s (8x) Max.
	DVD-RAM..............	Ver.1.0.............................	2.77	Mbytes/s
		Ver.2.1.............................	2.77, 4.155 Mbytes/s
	DVD+R...........................................................		4.57	~ 11 Mbytes/s (8x) Max.
	DVD+RW .......................................................		4.57	~ 11 Mbytes/s (8x) Max.
<Write>	CD-R .....................	4x, 8x ..............................	0.6, 1.2 Mbytes/s (Mode-1)
		16x, 24x (ZCLV) ..............	1.8 ~ 2.4, 1.8 ~ 3.6 Mbytes/s (Mode-1)
	CD-RW ..................	4x, 8x, 12x .......................	0.6, 1.2, 1.8 Mbytes/s (Mode-1)
		16x (ZCLV)......................	1.8 ~ 2.4, Mbytes/s (Mode-1)
	DVD-R ...................	2x, 4x...............................	2.77, 5.54 Mbytes/s
	DVD-RW................	1x, 2x...............................	1.385, 2.77 Mbytes/s
	DVD-RAM..............	2x, 3x...............................	2.77, 4.155 Mbytes/s(Ver.2.1):Without verify
	DVD+R ..................	2.4x, 4x............................	3.32, 5.54 Mbytes/s
	DVD+RW...............	2.4x..................................	3.32	Mbytes/s
3.3.2 Burst transfer rate
	Ultra DMA Mode 2..........................................		33.3	Mbytes/s Max.
	Multiword DMA Mode 2..................................		16.6	Mbytes/s Max.
	PIO Mode 4 ....................................................		16.6	Mbytes/s Max.
3.4 Access time (1/3 stroke)
* Typical value

DVD-ROM ......................................................	145 ms Typ.
DVD-RAM (Ver.2.1) .......................................	165 ms Typ.
CD-ROM ........................................................	125ms Typ.

(Note 1)

(Note 1)

Note :

1) Average random access time is the typcal value of more than 50 times including latency and error correction time.

Test Disc : DVD : ALMEDIO TDV-520 / TDR-820

CD : ALMEDIO TCDR-701 / HITACH HCD-1

*) Typical value defines a measured value in normal temperature (20 deg.C.) and horizontal position.

3.5	Data error rate (Measured with 5 retries maximum)
	DVD-RAM..............	<10 -12
	DVD-ROM .............	<10 -12
	CD-ROM................	<10-12 (Mode-1)
		<10-9 (Mode-2)
	Condition : It is assumed that the worst case raw error rate of the disc is 10-3
3.6	Data buffer capacity .......................................................	2Mbytes

7

4. Quality and Reliability

4.1 MTBF..................................................		100,000 Power On Hours(Consecutive/Cumulative POH)
	Assumption : ..........................	Used in a normall office environment at room temperature.
	-POH per year.........................	3,000
	-ON/OFF cycles per year........	600
	-Operating duty cycle..............	20% of power on time (Seek: 5% of operating time)
4.2	Tray cycle test...................................	10,000 times
4.3	Actuator mechanism	No degeneration in the mechanical part after test
		1,000,000 full stroke seek
4.4 MTTR (Mean Time To Repair) ...........		0.5 h
4.5	Component life .................................	5 years or 2,000 h of Laser radiating time
	Assumption : ..........................	Used in a normall office environment.

5.POWER REQUIREMENTS

5.1 Source voltage

	+5V		+ 5% tolerance, less than 150 mVp-p Ripple voltage
	+12V + 10% tolerance, less than 300 mVp-p Ripple voltage
5.2 Current
			Idle (Hold track state)..............	+5V DC		0.6A Typ.		< 0.9 A Max.
				+12V DC		0.5A Typ.		< 0.9 A Max.
			Read (Active) ..........................	+5V DC		0.7A Typ.		< 1.3 A Max.
				+12V DC		0.6A Typ.		< 1.2 A Max.
			Seek (Acess) ..........................	+5V DC		0.8A Typ.		< 1.5 A Max.
				+12V DC		1.3A Typ.		< 1.8 A Max.
5.3 Standby
			Sleep mode (No disc) .............	1.0 W Typ.		1.2 W Max.
6. AUDIO PERFORMANCE
			Item	Typical		Test Signal		Test Condition		Note
	OUT		Output Level	0.7 Vrms		1KHz 0 dB		No Filter
										at 47kΩ
	AUDIO		Frequency response	+/-3dB		20-20kHz 0dB
			THD	0.1%		1KHz 0 dB	with IHF-A + 20KHz LPF
	Headphone output level(Optional)			-		-		-		None

7. Acoustic noise

Less than 50dB, A scale, at 0.5 m away from the drive Note : 1. Disc : Less than unbalance 0.5 x10-4 Nm

2.Installation : Horizontal

3.Ambient temperature : Normal temperature

4.Except loading, unloading and seek

8.Dimensions

External dimensions (W x H xD)	146x41.3x184.6mm
Front bezel (WxHxD)	148.2x42x5 mm
9. Mass .................................................	Approx. 0.92 kg

*Which is not provided with Circuit Diagram of this model. Please Contact the friendly staff of LG Service Care at: Website http: //biz.LGEservice.com

e-mail http : //www.LGEservice.com/techsup.html

8

LOCATION OF CUSTOMER CONTROLS

Front Panel

Emergency Eject Hole

Disc Tray

Stop/Eject Button

Drive Activity Indicators

1.Disc tray

This is the tray for the disc. Place the disc on the ejected disc tray, then lightly push the tray (or push the eject button) and the CD will be loaded.

NOTE: Don’t pull out or push in the disc tray forcibly. This might cause damage to the loading section of the drive.

2.Stop/Eject button

This button is pressed to open the CD tray.

This button works only when power is supplied to the drive.

If an Audio CD is playing, pressing this button will stop it, and pressing it again will open the tray.

3.Emergency Eject Hole

Insert a paper clip here to eject the Disc tray manually or when there is no power.

4.Drive activity indicator

Green colored LED is used to indicate the operation of Super Multi DVD Drive.

9

Rear Panel

Analog Audio Output Connector		IDE Interface Connector

R G	L

C S M
S	L	A

	POWER
INTERFACE	+5	GND	+12
	1
	2

39 40

Jumper Connector

Power Connector

Digital Audio Output

Connector

1.Power Connector

Connects to the power supply (5-and 12-V DC) of the host computer.

NOTE : Be careful to connect with the proper polarity. Connecting the wrong way may damage the system (and is not guaranteed). Usually this connector can only be attached one-way.

2.IDE Interface Connector

Connect to the IDE (Integrated Device Electronics) Interface using a 40-pin flat IDE cable.

NOTE : Do not connect or disconnect the cable when the power is on, as this could cause a short circuit and damage the system. Always turn the power OFF when connecting or disconnecting the cable.

3.Jumper Connector

This jumper determines whether the drive is configured as a master or slave. Changing the master-slave configuration takes effect after power-on reset.

4.Analog Audio Output Connector

Provides output to a sound card (analog signal). Generally you need this to play a regular audio CD.

5.Digital Audio Output Connector

This connector is not supported.

10

DISASSEMBLY

1.CABINET and CIRCUIT BOARD DISASSEMBLY

1-1. Bottom Chassis

A.Release 4 screws (A) and remove the Bottom Chassis in the direction of arrow (1). (See Fig.1-1)

(1)

(A)

Bottom Chassis

(A)

(A)(A)

Fig. 1-1

1-2. Front Bezel Assy

A.Insert and press a rod in the Emergency Eject Hole and then the CD Tray will open in the direction of arrow (2).

B.Remove the Tray Door in the direction of arrow

(3) by pushing the stoppers forward.

C.Release 3 stoppers and remove the Front Bezel Assy.

	Tray Door
(3)
Stoppers
(2)	CD Tray
	Front Bezel Assy
Emergency Eject Hole
Fig. 1-2
11

1-3. Cabinet and Main Circuit Board

A.Remove the Cabinet in the direction of arrow (4). (See Fig. 1-3)

B.Release 2 hooks (a) and remove the CD Tray drawing forward.

C.Remove the Main Circuit Board in the direction of arrow (5).

D.At this time, be careful not to damage the 4 connectors, are positioned at left and bottom sides, of the Main Circuit Board.

	Cabinet
Hooks (a)	(4)
	(5)
Main
Circuit Board
	Fig. 1-3

2. MECHANISM ASSY DISASSEMBLY

2-1. Pick-up Unit

A.Release screws (B).

B.Separate the Pick-up Unit in the direction of arrow (6).

(B)	(B)
Pick-up Unit
	(6)
	Mechanism Assy
Fig. 2-1

2-2. Pick-up

A. Release 1 screw (C) and remove the Pick-up.

(C)

Pick-up

Pick-up Unit

Fig. 2-2

12

						005	035	004
5	EXPLODED VIEW			011
			008
								006
					012
					014
			009			015
				420					PBM00 (MAIN C.B.A)
4			010
							016
		A03
	A01			013	401
3						025	471
							027
					018		026		001
				401	430	028		401
			007		020		401
							022
			023				430
2		A02	401				020
							401
					050
			017
									413
			019
	003		021
	002				030			413	413
							032
					021	024
									413
1					031
				401
	A	B	C		D		E	F	G	H
					13		14

	GLOSSARY
ATIP	Absolute Time in Pre-groove. With an additional modulation of the “Wobble”, the “Groove” contains a time
	code information.
Wobble	The pre-groove in the Disc is not a perfect spiral but is wobbled.
	With : – A typical amplitude of 30 nm
	– A spatial peried of 54~64 µm
CW	Continuous Wave. The laser light output is at a constant level.
DOW	Direct Over-Write. The action in which new information is recored over previously recorded information in
	CD-RW disc.
Overwrite	The action in which new information is recorded over previously recorded information.
(Pre-)Groove	The guidance track in which clocking and time code information is stored by means of an FM
	modulated wobble.
Land	Land is characterized in the following way:
	When radial signals are concerned,land is defined as the area between the grooves.
	When HF signal are concerned,land is defined as the area between the marks(pits) in tangential
	direction.
Hybrid Disc	A Multisession disc of which the first Session is mastered. On a hybrid disc, recorded and
	mastered information may co-exist.
Mastered	Information,stored as pits on the disc during the manufacturing process of the disc.
Information	(when making the master)
OPC	Optimum Power Control. Procedure is determined optimum recording power according to CD-
	R/RW Media in recording start step.
ROPC	Running OPC. The purpose is to continuously adjust the writing power to the optimum power
	that is required.
	When the optimum power may change because of changed conditions of disc and change in
	operating temperature.
Jitter	The 16 value of the time variation between leading and trailing edges of a specific (I3 … I11) pit
	or land as measured by Time Interval Analysis.
Deviation	The difference between a fixed value of Pit length and Land length.
TOC	Table Of Contents : in the Lead-in Area the subcode Q-channel contains information about the
	Tracks on the disc.
Packet	A method of writing data on a CD in small increments.
Writing	Two kinds of packets can be written : Fixed-length and Variable-length.
Write	The shape of the HF write signal used to modulate the power of the laser.
Strategy	The Write Strategy must be used for recordings necessary for disc measurements.
Information	Wobble, ATIP, Disc Identification, Write Power, Speed Range OPC Parameters, etc are
Area	recorded in the Information area of CD-RW Disc
Finalization	The action in which (partially) unrecorded or logically erased tracks are finished and the Lead-in
	and/or Lead-out areas are recorded or overwritten with the appropriate TOC subcode.
Logical Erase	A method to remove information from a disc area by overwriting it with an EFM signal containing
	mode 0 subcode
	A logically erased area is equivalent to an unrecorded
Physical Erase	The action in which previously recorded information is erased by overwriting with a CW laser
	output.
	After a Physical Erase action, the erased area on the CD-RW disc is in the unrecorded state
	again.
Session	An area on the disc consisting of a Lead-in area, a Program area, a lead-out area.
Multi session	A session that contains or can contain more than one session composed Lead-in and Lead-out

16

The differences of CD-R/CD-RW discs and General CD-ROM

1. Recording Layer

Recordable CD has a wobbled pre-groove on the surface of disc for laser beam to follow track.

CD-ROMRead(READ-only-ONLYDisc DISC)

.6um

1

3~11T

0.4~0.5 um

CD-R and CD-RW Disc

(Pit)Groove

Land

	Track pitch(p)	a=30nm
	A
	Iw
	O
	a	Radial Direction
		Radial Error Signal
Land	Groove
	a
		Average center
		Actual center
		The Groove wobble

2. Disc Specification

ITEM	CD-ROM	CD-R	CD-RW
Standard	Yellow Book	Orange Book II	Orange Book III
Record	Not available	Write once	Re-Writeable
Tracking Signal I11/Itop	> 0.6	> 0.6	0.55 > M11> 0.70
(HF Modulation)
Read Laser Power(mW)	< 0.5 mW	< 0.7 mW	< 1.0 mW
Jitter	< 35 nsec	< 35 nsec	< 35 nsec
Reflectivity (Rtop)	70 %	65 %	15 % ~ 25 %
Remark) Write Laser Power(mW)		14-65 mW	6-45 mW

17

3. Disc Materials

1)CD-ROM disc

•It is composed of Silver _ colored aluminum plate and Reflective layer.

•Groove (Pit) of aluminum plate make a track.

•Laser wavelength : 780 nm, Laser Power (Read): 0.5mW

•Signal is detected by the difference of reflective beam

intensity between “pit” and “Land” on the disc.

Label Printing

Protective Layer

Reflective Layer

Substrate (Polycarbonate)

Pit

Laser Beam

2)CD-R disc

•It is so-called WORM (Write Once Read Many) CD.

•It is composed of polycarbonate layer, Organic dye layer, Reflective layer, and Protective layer.Gold/Silver Reflective layer is used to enhance the reflectivity

•According to the kinds of Organic dye layer, it is divided by Green CD, Gold CD, Blue CD.

•Laser Wavelength : 780 nm, Laser Power (read) : 0.7 mW

•Recording Power : 8x(14~20mW), 16x(25~35mW)

•When some part of dye layer is exposed to laser heat, it’s color changs black.Therefore, writing and reading is enabled by the difference of reflectivity between changed part and unchanged part.

•Polycarbonate layer has Pre_Groove which make a Track.

	Pigment	Reflective Layer	Color
	Phtalocyanine	Gold/Silver	Yellow/White
	Cyanine	Gold/Silver	Dark Green/Bright Green
	Azo	Gold/Silver	Dark Blue

Label Printing

Protective Layer

Reflective Layer

Organic Dye Layer

Substrate (Polycarbonate)

Laser Beam

Groove

18

3) CD-RW Disc

Label Printing

Protective Layer

Dielectric Layer(TL)

Recording Layer

Dielectric Layer(UL)

Substrate (Polycarbonate)

Laser Beam

Groove

•It is composed of polycarbonate layer, alloy(silver, arsenic) layer, aluminum reflectivity layer, protective layer.

•An crystalized alloy layer is transformed into noncrystalized by the laser heat. Therefore, writing and reading is enabled by the difference of reflectivity.

•It is possible to overwrite about 1000 times.

•Laser Wavelength : 780 nm, Laser Power (Read) : 1.0mW

•Recording Power : Erase (4~18mW), Write (6~45mW)

•When disc rewriting, new data is overwritten previously recorded data.

•Polycarbonate layer has a Pre-Groove which make a track.

4. Reading process of Optical Disc
	Lens	H
	θ	D
		Beam
		Spot
Focusing	Numerical aperture:	NA=nsinθ,
Lens		n: Refractive index
	Focus depth : H = λ/NA
Laser Spot	laser spot diameter : D = λ/NA2
at Constant
Read Intensity	Previously Recorded Marks

		Groove	Land	Mirror
Reflected
Light
Signal
	I11	IG	IL	I0
I3	Itop Laser Spot
	Position

(Time)

19

5. Writing Process of CD-R Disc

Incident	(Write)
Laser
Power		(Read)
(Read)
a	b c d e f g	Laser Spot
		Position
		(Time)
	a
Laser	b
Spot		Reflected
	c
		Light
		Signal
	d
	e
	f
Recorded		g
Mark

Reflected

Light

Signal

										Laser Spot
	a b c d e f							g
										Position
										(Time)

Below "ORP"– Mark Too Short

At Optimum Record Power ("ORP")

Above "ORP" – Mark Too Long

Time

6. Writing process of CD-RW Disc

Crystal phase	Amorphous	Write Power
Melting/
quenching		Erase Power
Heating/		Read Power
gradual cooling
Erased state	Recorded state
(higher reflectivity)	(lower reflectivity)	Groove

Crystal Amorphous

20

7. Organization of the PCA, PMA and Lead-in Area

1) Layout of CD-ROM disc

Disc Center	Diameter 120 mm

Diameter 46 mm

Diameter 15 mm

Center hole	Clamping and Label Area		Information Area
	Read Only Disc
Lead-in Area	Program Area			Lead-out Area

2) Layout of CD-R/RW disc

Disc Center		Diameter 120 mm

Diameter 45 mm

Diameter 15 mm

Center hole

Clamping and Label Area

Information Area

Unrecorded Disc

PCA

PMA

Lead-in Area

Program Area

Lead-out Area

Test Area : for performing OPC procedures.

Test Area

Count Area

Count Area : to find the usable area immediately in T.A

Tsl : start time of the Lead-in Area, as encoded in ATIP

in

out

PMA : Program Memory Area

Tsl-00:35:65 Tsl-00:15:05 Tsl-00:13:25 Tsl

99:59:74

00:00:00

21

8. Function of PCA and PMA area

1)PCA (Power Calibration Area)

•PCA area is used to determine the correct Laser Power for a disc.

–Method 1 : PCA area is divided by a track.

–Method 2 : The previous Calibration value is referred.

–Method 3 : ROPC is used to determine Laser Power value automatically in data writing.

•CD-R Disc can write maximum 99 Tracks but CD-RW Disc can write unlimited tracks because it has a rewritable function.

2)PMA (Program Memory Area)

•It has a track information (track No, track Start/End time) of every track before writing completed.

–PMA area has the last written point and the next writable point of a disc.

–In case of CD to CD copy, some writer may not write PMA area.

* When Disc is Finalized,

PMA information is transferred to the Lead_In area so that general Driver can read it.

* Because PCA and PMA area exist before Lead-In area, General CD Player or CD-ROM Drive can’t read these areas.

9. OPC and ROPC

1)OPC (Optimum Power Control)

•This is the first step of writing process, because CD writer has its own laser power value and media have different writing characteristics,

–This is determined by the Writing characteristic, speed, temperature, and humidity.

–Laser wavelength is determined by the environmental temperature (775~795nm) and Optical Laser Power is determined by the test and retry.

•Asymmetry and optimum writing Power

–EFM signal Asymmetry is determined by the writing power.

Therefore, Optical Power which has the same value to the preset power value can be estimated by measuring HF signal Asymmetry on the PCA area.

•Measurement of Asymmetry

*Parameter setting (Beta) : Using AC coupled HF signal before equalization Beta = (A1+A2)/(A1-A2)

Signal	A1
	0
HF
	A2
	Time	P << Po

P = Po

Time

P >> Po

Time

22

Reflected recording pulse

Incident recording pulse

2) ROPC (Running Optimum Power Control)

• Variable primary factor of Optimum Power

–Change of Power sensitivity on the Disc. (limited to 0.05 *Po)

–Wavelength shift of the laser diode due to the operating temperature change.

–Change of the Spot aberration due to the Disc skew,

Substrate thickness, Defocus.

– Change of Disc or Optics conditions due to the long term OPC

==> It is necessary to adjust continuously to obtain the Optimum Power.

• Principle of Running OPC	Sampled timing B
– To meet the factors mentioned above,
a horizontal _ direction movement of a curve is uesd.

– Beta = f(B-level) = constant on the Recorded Disc

–Procedure of ROPC

a. Reference B-level is determined during OPC Procedure.

b. During Recording, B-level value is controlled to have a close Reference B-level value.

c.Normalization of B-level is used to eliminate the effect of reflectivity fluctuation. ==> The reflected B-level value is normalized by the disc reflectivity itself.

	B
Sample Disc Reflectivity	Level
(Read power)

11T

Sample B-level (Write Power)

Sampled at timing B normalized to recording power

Level B with Pwo

Pwo decided by OPC

Recording Power

10. Writing Process of DISC
	CD-R/RW Media	Program Area
	Write Strategy	PMA Area	ROPC
	Determination
OPC	PCA Test Area	Lead-In Area

PCA Count Area

Lead-out Area

* Recording Capacity of CD-R/RW (74Minute Recording media)

•(2048 Byte/Sector) X (75 Sector/Second) X (60 Second/Minute) X 74 Minute = 681,984,000 Bytes = 682 Mbytes

•But the actual recording capacity is about 650 Mbytes. (according to the ISO 9660 standard, approximately 30 Mbytes are used to make directory structure and volume names.)

23

The differences of DVD-R/RW, DVD+R/RW discs and DVD-ROM

1. Recording Layer

DVD-ROM (Read Only Disc)

um

.74

0

T

3

0.4 um

DVD-R/RW Disc

LPP

(Land Pre-Pit)

DVD+R/RW Disc

24

2. Disc Specification

	DVD-ROM		DVD-R	DVD-RW	DVD+R	DVD+RW
	Single-Layer	Dual-Layer
Media Type	Read Only	Read Only	Dye	Phase change	Dye	Phase change
User data capacity	4.7GB	8.54GB	4.7GB	4.7GB	4.7GB	4.7GB
Wavelength	650nm	650nm	650nm	650nm	650nm	650nm
Reflectivity	45~85%	18~30nm	45~85%	18~30%	45~85%	18~30nm
Track pitch	0.74	0.74	0.74	0.74	0.74	0.74
Minimum pit length	0.4	0.44	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4
Modulation	>0.6	>0.6	>0.6	>0.6	>0.6	>0.6
Channel bitrate	26.16MHz	26.16MHz	26.16MHz	26.16MHz	26.16MHz	26.16MHz
Wobble Frequency	-	-	140KHz	140KHz	817.4KHz	817.4KHz
Addressing	26.16MHz	26.16MHz	Wobble & LPP	Wobble & LPP	Wobble(ADIP)	Wobble(ADIP)
Read Power (mW)					0.7 + 0.1	0.7 + 0.1
Write Power (mW)	-	-
JItter	<8%	<8%	<8%	<8%	<9%	<9%

3. Disc Materials

1) DVD-ROM

<Single Layer >

Label

Polycarbonate

Bonding layer

Reflective layer

Polycarbonate

<Dual Layer >

Label

Polycarbonate

Reflective layer

Bonding layer

Semi-reflective

Polycarbonate

25

2) Recording format using organic dye material (DVD-R/DVD+R)

*The format that records data through the creation of recorded marks by changing the organic dye material with a laser beam.

> Disc structure

DVD-R	DVD+R
Adhesive layer	Adhesive layer
Protective layer	Protective layer
Reflective layer	Reflective layer
Recording layer(dye)	Recording layer(dye)
Disc substrate	Disc substrate

> Disc structure

[Recording]

Recording is done by changing the organic dye layer and the substrate with a laser when a strong is applied to a disc, the temperature of the ortanic dye material goes up, the dye is decomposed and the substrate changes at the same time. At this time, a durable bit is created as is the case with a CD-ROM.

[Playback]

Signals are read with the differences of the reflection of a laser from pits.

Adhesive layer

Protective layer

Reflective layer

Dye layer

Substrate

Laser beam

26

3) Recording format using phase-change recording material (DVD-RW/DVD+RW)

*Data is recorded by changing the recording layer from the amorphous status to the crystalline status, and played back by reading the difference of the reflection coefficient.

[ Amorphous : Non-crystalline ]

> Disc structure

DVD-RW	DVD+RW
Adhesive layer	Adhesive layer
Protective layer	Protective layer
Reflective layer	Reflective layer
Dielectric layer	Dielectric layer
Recording layer	Recording layer
(Phase change material)	(Phase change material)
Dielectric layer	Dielectric layer
Disc substrate	Disc substrate

> Recording principles

[Recording]

When a high-power laser is applied to the recording material, it melts and then becomes amorphous with a low reflection coefficient when it quickly cools off. When a mid-power laser is applied to heat gradually the recording material and then gradually cools it off, it becomes crystal with a high reflection coefficient.

[Playback]

A low-power laser is used for playback. The amount of reflected light depends on the status (amorphous or crystalline) of the recording material. This is detected by an optical sensor.

Substrate

Laser beam

Crystalline status

Amorphous status

Recording data (Melting/Quick cooling)

Erasing data (Heating/Gradual cooling)

Data erased state	Recorded state
(High reflection coefficient)	(Low reflection coefficient)

27

4. Writing Pulse Wave Form of DVD+R

For different speed ranges, different write strategies can be used. This document specifies 2 options:

-a pulsed write strategy, where each single mark is created by a number of subsequent separated short pulses.

-a blocked write strategy, where each single mark is created by one continuous pulse.

1) 1st Method : Using Pulsed Write Strategy

	* 3T :
		T = 3
	NRZI	2Tw
	Channel bits
		Ttop
		dTtop
	Pp	dTle
	Pb

N = 3 : only the top pulse(Ttop ), first pulse lead-time dT top , dTle

* > 4T :
		T > 4
NRZI	2Tw		Tw
Channel bits
	Ttop	Tmp	Tmp	Tlp
	dTtop
Pp	dTle
Pb

N > 4 : the top pulse (Ttop ), multi-pulse (Tmp ) and last pulse (Tlp ), first pulse lead-time dTtop, dTle

Pp : Actual write power

Pb : Bias Power

28

2) 2st Method : Using Blocked Write Strategy

NRZI

2Tw

Tw

Channel bits

dTtop

Tlp

Ttop

Tmp

dPp
Pp	dTle
0mW	Pb

1.25Tw
Pc	Pb

						dTtop,3		dPp3
3T mark										1.25Tw
										Pb
						Ttop,3
				dTle						Pc

dTtop,4	dPp4
4T mark	1.25Tw
Ttop,4	Tlp

5T mark											1.25Tw
			Ttop,4		Tmp	Tlp
Etc.											1.25Tw
			Ttop,4		Tmp			Tmp Tlp

N = 3 : Ttop (cm = 3) can be optimized individually.

N >	4 : T	(cm > 4) + (N-3) x T	+ T	lp	,	T	w	= Tmp
	top	w
Pc	shall be < 0.1mW

Pp : Actual write power Pb : Bias Power

dPp : Additional power ( Only be applied for the 3T and 4T marks)

Pc : Cooling power (Especially at higher recording speeds, optimum cooling down of the recording layer after writing a mark may be needed.)

29