General 1650-B User Manual

INSTRUCTION

MANUAL

TVPE

IMPEDANCE

1650-B

BRIDGE

GENERAL

A

RADIO

COMPANY

I

NSTR

UCT

ION

MANUAL

TVPE

IMPEDANCE

165D-B

Form

BRIDGE

165G-012G-A

10-0100

April,1968

GENERAL RADIO

West

Copyright

Con

1968,

co

rd,

M

General

assach

Radio

u

setts

Company

Specifications

RANGESOFMEASUREMENT

Capacitance

1pFto

1100

/-IF,

parallel,7ranges

Inductance

1

/-lHto1100H,series

parallel,7ranges

Resistance

acordc,
7

ranges

Conductance

acordc,1nanomhoto1.1
mhos,7ranges

Oissipation

0.001to1ofseries

0.1to50ofparallel

Storage

Factor,Q,at1kHz,

0.02to10ofseries
1to1000ofparallel

t Bridge operates

GENERAL
Generator:

recommendedifexternal
ply,6V,60mA,
Detector:
selectiveat1
Tuned
detectorisrequired.
tectorisavailableasthe

DC
dc

Power

Internal;1kHz

Internalorexternal;

Amplifier

Polarization:

power

supply

Required:

series

1 mOto1.1 MO,

Factor,D,at1kHz,

upto100

max.

kHz;

sensitivity

and

Null

Combinationof1311

Capacitors
for

series

4 size-D

cells,

20Hzto

20

or

or

C,

C.

L,

L.

kHz

with reduced accuracy.

±2%.

generatorisrequired.

Type

capacitance

Type

internal

control

Detectorisrecommendedifexternal

1240

Bridge

canbebiasedto600Vfrom

measurements.

supplied.

±1%±1pF

±1%

±1%±1mO

±1%±1nanomho

±5%

1

kHz

1

Q

accurate

±5%

1

kHzorlower

1310or1311

Internaldcsup-

detector

response

provided.

oscillator

Oscillator-Detector.

±1

±0.001

and

±0.001

Type

and

/-lH

lower

Oscillator

flat

1232-A

1232

external

kHzt

to

ACCURACY

DC

±1%,1 0to100
detector
<10.

±l%,

10

ext

supplyordetector

<10

micromhos.

at

at

de-

Accessories
precisionatextremesofbridge

Accessories
Mounting:

or

Dimensions
(330

105

mm).

Net

Weight

Shipping

Patent

Required:

Available:

Flip-Tilt

(widthxheightxdepth):

x 175 x

Nos

315

(est):

Weight

D187,740

required

micromhos

None.

Type

Cabinet.

mm):

Portable,

(est):

Portable,

and

kO,

ext

>100

to

required

Earphones
ranges.

1650-P1

rack,

19 x 121/4x41,/.

17 Ib (8 kg);

21 Ib

2,966,257.

supply

kO

1

mho,

Test

or

and

Jig.

Portable,

rack,

(10

kg);

canbeused

Residuals

=0.5

= 0.2

= 1 mO

13 x

63/4

in.

(485x315

18 Ib (B.5 kg).

rack,

30 Ib (13.5 kg).

pF

/-lH

for

x 121/4

high

in.

x

Condensed

A step-by-step procedure for the 1650-B Bridge operation

is

giveninthe operations

ience,

the

chart

flip-tilt cabinetofthe

NOTE:

convenience

This

instrumentisequipped

and

safety.

Operating

Instructions

chartinSection2.For your conven-

has been reproduced and included inside

instrument.

with

our

new

Refer

snap-on

to

the

Service

Section

knob

for

the

for

details.

added

Contents

Section

l-Introduction

Description.

1.1

1.2

Opening and

Tilting

1.3 Power Supply .

1.4

Symbols, Abbreviations, and Definitions

1.5

Series

and

Parallel Components

1.6

Portable-to-Rack Conversion

1.7 Connections

Section

2-Basic

2.1

2.2

2.3

2.4

2.5

2.6

Measurements

General
DC

and AC Sensitivity

DC

Voltage and Current Limits

of

Connection

External Generator
Maximum Applied AC Voltage
Operating Procedure

Section 3-Special Measurements

General

3.1

3.2

3.3

3.4

Application
Application
DC

Bias

ofDCBiastoCapacitors
ofDCto

for

AC Resistance Measurements.

3.5 MeasurementofAC Resistance or
Conductance

3.6

Measurement

3.7

Resonant Frequency

3.8

Shielded Three-Terminal

with

of

Transducers .

3.9 Remote Measurements .

3.10

Measurement

3.11

Useofthe Type 1650-P1 Test Jig

3.12

Limit

Testing

of

Grounded Components

the

Cabinet.

with

Orthonull

Inductors

Reactance

of

Tuned Circuits

Components.

Section

1-1

1-1
1-1

4-Accuracy

4.1 General

4.2

DC

Resistance.

AC Resistance.

4.3
1-2 4.4 Inductance .
1-2 4.5
1-3 4.6
1-4 4.7

2-1
2-4
2-4
2-6
2-6

Section 5-Principles

2-7

Capacitance
Effects
D
Orthonull Accuracy .

4.8

D

4.9

of

and

Q Accuracy

andQRangesvsFrequency

4.10 Corrections

4.11 Operation below 1kHz

4.12 Operation above 1kHz

of

General

5.1

5.2 1650 Bridge

3-1
3-1
3-2
3-4

3-5
3-5
3-6
3-6

Section

6-Service

6.1

6.2

6.3

6.4 Trouble

and Maintenance

Warranty
Service
Minimum

Analysis.

6.5 Repair Notes

Cal

6.6

6.7

6.8

ibration Procedure

Knob Removal

Knob Installation
3-6
3-7

Parts Lists and Diagrams
3-7
3-7

Appendix

CapacitancetoGround

for

Residuals

Operation

Performance Standards

~1

~1

~1

~2

~2

~2

~3

~3

4-5

~o

~5

~5

5-1
5-5

6-1
6-1
6-1
6-4
6-5
6-6
6-8
6-8

6-10

BIAS

jack.

Voltage bias for capacitors: Apply bias
Csposition.
resistor as a
Current bias for inductors: Apply bias only if PARAMETER switch
Lpposition. For

OPP ARM jack.
Connect external

decade capacitor
for reactive bal­ance

of

For

Cp, refertoSection 2. Max voltageis600

current

limitertoprevent

ls,

refertoSection 2.

Internal OSCillator LEVEL control.

resistors.

only

if PARAMETER switchisin

short

circuit.

V dc. Add a

is

in

GENERATOR switch.

Turns

bridge on, selects internalorexternal

generator, acordc, checks battery.

UNKNOWN terminals.

MULTIPLIER switch.
Multiply CGRL dial setting

switch range

CGRL dial.
Main balance

accuracy, choose MULTIPLIER set­ting for balance between 1 and 10.

for

result.

control.

by

For greatest

Ground.

DETector jack.
Useful

to
external amplifier
or earphones for
additional sensiti­vityorselectivity.

EXTernal GENerator jack.

Max

power: 0.05

Max

voltage:

whicheverissmaller.

Frequency range

connect

W.

500

V dc;

for

LandC:20Hzto20kHz.

EXTernal DO jack.
Useful for extending DO range with

a decade box.

or

!..

V ac rms where fisin

5

Figure

Hz,or100

1 -1.Type

V ac rms,

1650-B

Impedance

ORTHONULLI'li switch.
When set
two

balance

measurements. SwitchtoIN

and DO dials are

to

main dials, false nulls are avoided and

IN, clutch engaged between

is

faster for high D

Bridge.

and

low 0

bothinwhite sectors.

when CGRL

Section

1.1

DESCRIPTION.

The

I6S0-B

self-contained
cludes
resistance,
the
I-kHz
one-percent
highDandQaccuracy,amechanism

Q

CGRL
plete
and
the
sector.
beyond

coverofthe

adaptor

1.2

six

bridges

generators

measurements.

measurement,

dial,

portability,

carrying

CGRL

In

Extra

the

the

panel

dial

I-in.

OPENING

Impedance

impedance-measuring

for

the

measurementofcapacitance,

conductance,

and

C,G,R,

a

visual

andaconvenient

case.

slowly

torque

sector.
relay-rack
Type

I6S0-B

(paragraph

AND

and

detectors

Features

andLaccuracy

slow-motion

ac

and

The

slow-motion

and

mustbeapplied

mode1(F

is

1.6).

TILTING THE CABINET.

Bridge

inductance,

necessary

of

dc

null

effortlessly

igure

replaced

(Figure

system,

this

over
to

mechanism

indications,

tilting

mechanism

to

1-2),

witharelay-rack

1-1)isa

which

as

well

for

dc

bridge

include

all

ranges,

facilitate

mechanism

aboutaI-in.
move

the

the

captive

on

1-1

in-

as

and

low

the

com-

turns

dial

ntroduction

1.3

POWER

which
These

be

installed
facing
tected

shipmentbyan
and

the

a.

locked

b.
c.
d.

remove

e.

f.

g.

The

instrument

isinthe

SUPPLY.

The

Type

I6S0-B

slide

intoafiber

batteries,

the

open

from

lastce11.Toremove

Open

position.
Remove
Lift
Follow

the

Place

Replace
Replace

desired

with

leakage

the

the

instrument

the

disk.

the

supplied

the

positive

endofthe

and

insulating

instrument

the

two

directions

battery

the

instrumentinits

the

two

is

now

position

is

powered

tube

inside

with

the

instrument,

terminals

tube.

The

accidental

disk

inserted

the

disk,

proceedasfollows:

cabinet

cabinet

from

tube

backinits

cabinet

readytooperate

and

its

on

the

screws.

turned

and

screws

cabineL

cabinet.

by

four D

the

(center
batteries
discharge

between

placeitin

(Figure

battery

holder.

as

on.

cells,

instrument.

should

buttons)

are

pro-

during

the

cap

1-4).

cube,

and

soon

as

the

it

The
pedance
instrument.
to

any

convenient

to

give

the

best

The
same

slide
closed.
open

position

Whether
cover

forms a
tion

manual

kept

with

directions

Bridge

the

viewofthe

the

are

Once

most

instrument

pins

Thus,

with

the

convenient

and

instrument.

for

given

open,

angle.

comfortable

meter

maybelocked

that

are

the

instrument

the

cover

instrument

for

any

other

opening

on

the

The

and

used

storage

the

the

handle

instrument

angle

access

dials.

to

can

firmlyinplace.

is

open
place

test

Type

I6S0-B Im-

supportofthe

maybetilted

shouldbechosen

to

the

knobs

fully

openbythe

lock

the

instrument

be

carried

or

closed,

for

the

instruc-

data

that

should

and

in

the

the

be

Figure 1 - 2. Type 1650-B Impedance Bridge in rack panel.

INTRODUCTION

1-1

1.4

nitions
in

this

SYMBOLS,

The

following

are

used

instruction

ABBREVIATIONS,

symbols,

on

the

manual:

abbreviations,

panelofthe

AND

DEFINITIONS.

Type

and

1650-B

defi-

and

D

dissipation

factor

1

G

B

cot

e tan 8

Q

C

capacitance
external

bridge

paralle1c<ipacitance

series

standard

unknown

conductance

unknown
inductance

bridge

paralle

series

unknown

resistance

ratio

arm

(

----iE---

decade

residual

capacitance

capacitor

capacitance

(

-.JWV-

conductance

(

...rvYV"\-.

residual

lind

uctance

inductance

inductance

(

~),

resistance

capacitor

capacitance

(0.1

inductance

)

fJF)

),

the

inverseofresistance

)

the

real

partofan

impedance

PF

f

w

kD

M

MD

flF

mD
nF

pF

H

mH

R

power

factor

frequency
angular

ohm,

a

pedance
kilohm,1kD=1000

multiplying

quencies
megohm,1MD
microfarad,aunitofcapacitance

milliohm,
(or

mflF)

ImflF

(or

flflF)

1

flflF

henry,aunitofinductance

millihenry,
microhenry,

ground,

=-

frequency,

unit

factor

other

ImD = 1 x
nanofarad

=1 x

10-3flF

picofarad

=1 x

10-6flF

ImH

1

case

(chassis)

Z

of

resistance,

than

=1 x

= 1 x

J1H

=1 x

277

R

=

f

ohms

applied

toDandQat

1 kHz

106ohms

3

10-

ohm

(or

millimicrofarad),

(or

micromicrofarad),

3

10-

H

10-6H

reactance,

cos

or

e

Im-

fre-

InF

IpF

standard

CGRL

bridge

parallel

series

DQ

unknown

series

impedance

Z

Q

impedance

quality

for

10

rheostat

residual

resistance

resistance

rheostat

resistance

reactance,

factor

inductors

kD

resistor

resistance

resistance

resistance

the

X

=-=-

R

wL

S

R

S

imaginary

B

G

R

p

or

wL

p

parrofan

1

D

tan

1.5

SERIES

An

a

pure

frequency

of

resistance

will

mind

bridge

llsed

in
series
lent

circuits

for

series-parallel

Appendix.

impedance

resistance

by

be

results.

the

or a

parallel

AND

PARALLEL

thatisneitherapure

mayberepresented

eitheraseries

and

reactance.

invaluable

The

valuesofresistance

equivalent

combination

are

shown

conversion

COMPONENTS.

oraparallel

Keeping

for

properly

circuit

in

Figure

at

reactance

at

any

combination

this

concept

interpreting

and
depend
is

1 kHzisgiveninthe

on

used.

1-3..A

whether

The

nomograph

nor

specific

the

reactance

equiva-

in

a

lcs

Ls

L

cot

e

;)

R

s

Figure

p

1 -3.Equivalent

Rp

circuits

IRS

for

complex

Cp

impedance.

Rp

INTRODUCTION

1-2

are

Q a

The

tabulated

relationships

below.

They

between

are

easily

RESISTANCE AND INDUCTANCE

jWLpR

p

R

+ jWL

p

1

__

=

o

=~

WL

p

the

p

circuit

derived.

elements

10-32

SCREWS

CAl

R

s

R

s

Z

=-

0

C

s

Q2

L

+ Q2

1

1

+ Q2

L

Q2

1

Rp;

+ Q2

1

WL

s

----.

- ,

Q

R

RESISTANCE AND

1

+--

R

s

jwC

s

1

Q

wRsC

2

(l

+ 0

) Cp;

1

----L

p

1 + 0

p

2

s

(l

R

p

=

QWL

p

---

jC£p

+---

R

p

+ Q2) R

p

CAPACITANCE

R

p

1

jC£p

s

02R

(B)

r

SCREWS

LEAD
SET

---------~--

1

+--

P

jC£p

2

+ 0

1

1

s

C

p

WRpC

1

p

1

+ 0

FLAT WASHER(M)

C

s

2

PLATE(L)

(J

I

(K~

2

R

s

1.6

Bridge
a

rack-mounted

cal

(PIN

0

+ D2

1

PORT

ABLE-TO-RACK

The

following

can

be

and

electrical

1650-3350)

To

mount

prQceedasfollows

a.

Open

the

(full

open)

and

2

1

Rp;

R

p

+ D

=

2

0

1

CONVERSION.

procedureisgivensothat
converted
assembly.

mustbeordered

the

instrument

lock

from a

To

changeover,

instrument

(Figure

the

1-4):

handle.

portable

accomplish

a

from

in a

to

its

R

s

assembly

the

Rack

Adaptor

General

rack

adaptor

horizontal

a 1650-B

mechani-

Set

Radio.

panel,

position

~

HANDLES

16508-12

-------------

FLAT WASHER

/

to

LOCK

o

./

~

16508·12

Figure

1- 4.

Rack

mounting

the

1650.8.

INTRODUCTION

(Gl

WASHER (01

/NUT(Pl

1-3

b.

washers

screws

side)

c.

to

one

d.

pivot

e.

Remove

just

Lift

side.

From

screws.

Lift

that

are

hold

on

above

the

the

the

the

No.

the

instrumentinthe

the

sides

the

handle

instrument

inside

cabinet

10-32

outofthe

of

the

off

the

bly.

f.

In

place

of

the

pivot

inch

screws

and

nut

g.

(the

foot

h.

grommet

1.

j.

the

instrument

Remove

(B)

(H)oneach

Remove

farthest

(PIN

4110-0500).

Set

the

cabinettoone

Remove

supplied.

the

from

the

the

by

screw

eyelet

the

rubber

battery

following

and

from
side
foot

tube.

k.

Twist

the
unconnected
net

from

the

1.

Solder

0280)toS103,

leadtoS102,

m.

Install

tighten

the

the

n.

rack

panel.

the

Loosen

panel

two

lead-set

ends

through

outsidetothe

the

white

204R

204R.

the

instrumentinits

No.

10-32

nutKon

and

slide

Tighten

leads

the

ins

leadofthe

(Figure

screws

both

plateLtoward

nutKslightly

slide.

o.

Putalarge

screws

(face
sideupas

being
the

nut

the

the

ber

between

on

each

p.

Set

the

upward).

you

q.

Lower

sure

that

right-hand

r.

Installaflat

(P)onscrewsBoutsideofbracket

s.

Raise

the

instrument

t.

Tighten

adaptor

u.

gasket

v.

Loosen

Snap

the

handles.

(Figure

the

insulators

flatwasher

sideofthe

backofthe

Turn

the

look

at

the

adaptor

the

battery

side.

washer

adaptor

panel

and

nutsPand

nutsKand

1-5).

battery

instrument.

instrument

instrument

it.

panel

Brackets

panel
rubber

turn

slide

Tighten

tube

on

the

screws

of

the

(A)

instrument

pivot.

cabinet

cabinet,

handle-and-cover

screws,

Place

insert

the

secure.

foot

2 m

cutout).

and

install

side.

tube

(PIN

the

instructions

together

grommet

ide.

lead

6-9).

Solder

cabinet.

(A)

removedinstep

sides

of

so

(E)

over

onaflat

so

over

mounting

F

go

(G),

lock

up

untilitis

gasket.

the

instrument

platesLover

nuts

and

batteries

rack

panel

with

cabinet.

and

remove

the

lockwasher

the

the

1650-1261)

and

(2)

in

set

(PIN

the

Install

the

opening

the

outside

thatLwon't

the

projecting

thatitis

the

instrument

brackets

over

screws

washer

F.

flush

over

K.

into

(Figure

resilient

These

(one

set

the

assem-

two

cabinet

supplied

on

feed

the

cabi-

1650-

black

surface

right

are

(0)

the

place
1-6).

per

two

(C)

from

the

the

and

in

on

B.

and

with

onto

rub-

b.

of

%-

PANEl..

it

CABINET

p

-~

16508-11

Figure

BATTERY

INSULATOR

(1650-1230)

1 -5.Detail

view

of

1650-

panel

LEAD

mounting.

SET

0280

GROMMET

INSERT
BATTERIES
FROM

THIS

END

BATTERY

TUBE

(1650-1261)

1.7 CONNECTIONS.

The

UNKNOWN
spaced
ard

INTRODUCTION

binding

telephone

posts

tips,

1-4

terminals

that

accept

alligator

are

clips,

standard

banana

crocodile

plugs,

%-inch-

stand-

clips,

BATTERY_

INSULATOR

(1650-1231)

Figure

1 -6.Battery

mounting

for

rock-mounted

1650·B

Bridge.

TABLE

1 - 1

Panel

Connectors

c:=Cdl;;;;;;;;;=,=c

=~

AVAILABLE

+---

+-+-

+---

f----'274-LMR

PATCH CORDS

TYPE

NO.

274-NQ
274-NQM

274-NQS

274-NP
274-NPM
274-NPS

274-NL
274-NLM

274-NLS

l74-LLB
274-LLR
274-LMB

274-LSB

274-LSR

Double-plug
Double-plug
Double-plug

Double-plug
Double-plug
Double-plug

Shielded
Shielded
Shielded

Single-plug
Single-plug
Single-plug
Single-plug
Single-plug
Single-plug

NOTE:

ically

be

plugged

AND

GR874

sexless;

together.

patch
patch
patch

patch
patch
patch

double-plug
double-plug
double-plug

patch
patch
patch
patch
patch
patch

ADAPTORS

connectors

Le.,

any

two,

DESCRIPTION

cord,

in-line

cord,

in-line

cord,

in-line

cord,

right-angle

cord,

right-angle

cord,

right-angle

patch
patch
patch

cord,

black,

cord,

red,

cord,

black,

cord,

red,

cord,

black,

cord,

red,

ore50D ond

although

cord,
cord,
cord,

cord,

36"

cord,

24"

cord,

12"

36"

36"

long

24"

24"

long

12"

12"

long

identical,

cord,
cord,
cord,

long
long

long

long
long

long

ore

36"
24"

12"

mechon-

can

long
long
long

36"
24"
12"

long
long
long

CATALOG

0274-9860
0274-9896
0274-9861

0274-9880
0274-9892
0274-9852

0274-9883
0274-9882
0274-9862

0274-9468
0274-9492
0274-9847

0274-9848
0274-9849
0274-9850

NO.

t--

f----r-

.~-----------"--

+----7- 776 -A

~776-B

+----7-

874-R34

874-R33

274-QI3J

776-C

Ad3fltor

Coaxial

Coaxial

Adaptor,

Patch

Patch

Patch

cable,

patch

patch

shielded

cord,

cord,

cord,

double-plugtotelephone

cord,

double

plugtoGR874,

cord,

two

plugstoGR874,

double

plugtoBNC

shielded

GR874toBNC

BNCtoBNC

double

plugtoBNC

plug,

36"

36"

36"

long

long

long

1560-9695

0874-9692

0874-9690

0274-9884

0776 -9701

0776 -9702

0776 -9703

INTRODUCTION

1-5

spade

terminals

(F~ure

1-7).

The
two-terminal
No.

440.
The

a

single

or 2

banana

(PIN

and

EXT

DQ,

telephone

EXT

GEN,

plug

0274-9454

Standard

telephone tip

all

DET,

plug

G, and
such
or

wire

size

uptonumber

eleven

jacks
274-MB

and

BIAS

jacks

accept

such

as

the

Switchcraft

OPP

ARM

jacks

as

the

GR

Type

274-DBI

9455,

respectively).

Banana plug ­stabilized

Shoulder

PI
binding post body alligator clip

assuring contact even .
when nut

by

ug

enters Slender

is

loose. I s

i

Figure

1 -7.Methodsofconnection

a

accept

be

opp

necting

interconnections.

These

~

binding post only. 0

Table

I

4 posts.

to

the

are

Insulated

used

between

ARM

General

cables

1-1.

It

.

'd

InSI

e lac top

of

all binding

meosurement

spaced

%-inchoncenters

Double

the

EXT

andGterminals.

Radio

also

that

can

Some of

~I

Spade
with l4" throat all wire sizes

. k

will clamp
under nut.

terminals.

so

that

a GR

Plug

(PIN

0274-9875)

GEN

andGterminalsorthe

makesavarietyofintercon-

be

used

in

various

these

cables

terminal'

~

~

are

Clamps

up to

No.

without cutting.

11

shown

Type

can

system

in

INTRODUCTION

1-6

2.1

GEN

ERAL.

Figure

in

the

Type
balance
bridges
bridges
andQranges.

Q

and

highDvaluesisachieved

null@

balancing

and

dc

2-1

1650-B

equations.

and

series

are

usedtoprovide

Full

mechanism

measurements

SERIES

shows

Impedance

Hays

and

parallel

useofthese

may

LOW

(

o

CAPACITANCE

08

Section

the

six

bridge

Bridge,

and

Maxwell

capacitance

wide

coverage

wide

by

meansofan

(paragraph

be

made

with

C

s

D)

TO

I

RATIO

R

A

ARM

InTOIMol}

2-

circuits

as

wellasthe

inductance

comparison

over

ranges

5.4).
the

PARALLEL

Basic

used

the

D

at

low

Ortho-

Both

ac

bridge,

C

p

HIGH

(

01TO50

CAPACITANCE

Measurements

which

tion
schematics
the
bias,

as
Orthonull
basic
chart.

D)

hasamagnitude

The

next

needed

for

include

userinmaking

etc.

The

those

definedinSection

usage,

measurement

two

pages

making

all

special

symbols

detector

responsive

relevent

practice

RESISTANCE

concisely
basic

bridge

measurements

on

the

diagrams

1. A

sensitivity,

follows

R

detector.

state

the

measurements.

terminalstoaid

that

are

short

discussion

etc

relating

the

instruction

informa-

The

require

the

same

of

to

CONWCTANCE

R

/0TO/ MtI(/

R

N

"CGRL"

0-11

It

A

Figure

C 0

x

D 0

x

SERIES

Lx

08

2 -1.Bridge

R

N

RAC

__

1_:

OJRxC

L

LOW

(

.02

TO 10'

INDUCTANCE

circuits

r

_1_

OJRrC

x

S

r

0

'.

RATIO

ARM

InTOIMOI}

usedinimpedance

L

p

(Hj~~

0)

PARALLEL

R

A

bridge.

INDUCTANCE

16508-14

BASIC MEASUREMENTS 2-1

Type

1650-8

LOW 0(0TO

I)

01

"F

~"'"

'.

R,

lI.n

CGRL

R,

c)('~

0.'

pF

MULT

100

1

RAO

1M

a.

Turn

BAT

CHECK

pointer
replace
b.

Turn
EXTERNAL
1

kHz.

c.

Turn

d.

Connect

most

stray

the

LOW

10

lOOk

10k

GENERATOR

position.Ifthe

is

not

the

batteries.

GENERATOR

m AC

PARAMETER

the

capac

terminal
case.
e.

Turn

ORTHONULL@

OUT.

f.

Turn

OSC

The

panel

control
internal
g.

oscillator.

Turn DQ dia I
LOWDscale.
h.

Turn

CGRL

i.

Adjust

divisions

j.

Turn
minimum
k.

Alternately
dial,
null,

DET

deflection.

MULTIPLIER

meter

then

the

increasing

adjust,

DQ

needed.
L

ORTHONULL@

this

bridge

ing

times
ceeds
m.Ifthe
uncaIibrated

unless

f(kHz)

1.
DQ

portion,

shouldbemeasuredasCpo
n.

The

series
unknown
CGRL-dial

T I

PLIER-switch

ooThe D

DQ
p.

Turn

equaIsthe

equals

dial

timesf(kHz).

GENERATOR

reading

RHEOSTAT

R,

CT

wR.C.

wArC

r

nF

100

1k

in

the

switchtoAC

switchtoCs•
unknown
itance

and

LEVEL

affects

near

dial

near

SENS

reading.

first

dial

the

DET

is

not

the

DQ

approaches

dial

goes

the

capacitance

productofthe

and

setting.

the

reading

switchtoOFF.

BAT

0.05

for

for

I-'F

1

10

100

100

10

1

switch

meter

sector,

INTERNAL

so

that

is

between

the

1650-B

switch

clockwise.

only

on

the

1l.

about

switch

the

CGRL

the

best

SENS

used

dial

read-

or

into

the

unknown

of

the

MUL-

on

the

to

to

the

for

as

on

ex-

the

R

HIGH 0(0ITO50)

o

II'F

~w,,,

R.

R,

IIonCGRL

RHEOSTAT

CASE

e,,;'~CT

D)(·~'

...

RITCT

pF

MULT

100

RAO

1M

a.

Turn

BAT

CHECK

pointer
replace
b.

the

Turn

GENERATOR
EXTERNAL
1

kHz.

c.

Turn

PARAMETER

Large

electrolytics

sured

at

for

greater

d.

Connect

most

stray

the

LOW

case.

e.

Turn
OUT.
f.

Turn
The

paneIcontrol

internal

g.

Turn
HIGH D
h.

Turn

CGRL

i.

6

Adjust
divisions

j.

Turn
minimum
k.

Alternately
dial,

then

best

null,

SENSasneeded.

I.

ORTHONULL@

set

to

INifthe

times

lIf

ceeds

1.

m.

If

the

at

0.1,

the

sured

as

n.

The

parallel

unknown
CGRL-dial
TIPLIER-switch
o• .The D

DQ

dial

p.

Turn

nF

1

10

10k

100
lk

lOOk

GENERATOR

position.Ifthe

IS

notinthe

batteries.

m AC

should

a low

ORTHONULL@

OSC

oscillator.

DQ

scale.

MULTIPLIER
meter

Cs•

equaIsthe

times

GENERATOR

frequency

accuracy.

the

unknown

capacitance

terminal

LEVEL

dial

dial

DET

SENS

deflection.

reading.

adjust,

the

CGRL

increasing

(kHz)

approaches

DQ

dial

unknown

capacitance

reading

setting.

equaIsthe

lIf

and

affectsonIy

near

near

switch

DQ

reaches

shouIdbe

(kHz).

I-'F

1

10

100

100

10

1

switch

meter

BAT

sector,

switchtoAC

INTERNAL

switchtoCpo

be

mea-

(120

Hz)

so

that

is

between

the

1650-B

switch

clockwise.

the

0.2

on

the

11.

for

about

switch

first

the

dial

for

the

the

DET

should

dial

reading

or

ex-

the

stop

mea-

of

productofthe

and

the

MUL-

read

ing on

switch

OFF.

to

to

for

DQ

be

the

the

a.
b.
BAT

pointer
replace
c.
desired

LEVEL

6

internal
d.

OUT
e.
f.
about6divisions
g.
minimum
centerifmakingadc
Nullasusual
surement.

circuit.)
h.
null,
dc.
active
see

i.

CGRL-dial
the

j.

OFF.

o HIGH

loon +

R,

CGRL

Ilk

RHEOSTAT

EXT

DC

R,

AC

R,

UNKNOWN

R,

CGRL

lI.n

RHEOSTAT

1
10

Check
Turn

mechanical

GENERATOR

CHECK

is

notinthe

the

Turn

GENERATOR

generator

control

oscillator.

Turn

ORTHONULL@

and

PARAMETER

Turn

CGRL

Adjust

Turn

DET

MULTIPLIER

reading

(DQ

Adjust

CGRL

or

zero

If

ac

null

balance

instruct

The

unknown

MULTIPLIER

Turn

GENERATOR

6YOLTS

Ilt---~-----<>

R,

IOkn

"T

-=-

DC

;h

VOLTAGE

10k!}

,

R.

R,

°

LOW

°lOW

10
100

o

II'F

100
lk

zeroofmeter.

switchtothe

position.Ifthe

BAT

batteries.

switchtothe

source.

affects

The

only

switch

switchtoR.

dial

near

11.

SENS

control

deflection.

switch

to

the

measurement.

if makinganac

ion

rheostat

dial

the

is

may

manua

for

pointer

not

sharp,are-

be

I.

not in

necessary,

resistance

reading

multiplied

switch

switch

~~:

meter

sector,

OSC

left

mea-

best
if

using

is

setting.

the

to

for

for

of

the

ac

the

by

to

OPERATING

INSTRUCTIONS

G

Q.

Check

b.

Turn
BAT
po

interisnot
replace
c.

Turn
desired
LEVEL

ternal

d.

Turn

OUT and

e.

Turn

f.

Adjust

RESISTANCE

mechan

GENERATOR

CHECK

the

batteries.

GENERATOR

generator

control

osci

lIator.
ORTHONULL@
PARAMETER

CGRL

DET

about6divisions
g.

Turn

MULTIPLIER

minimum
if making a
as
ment.
h.

null,orzero

If
balance

instruction

i.

CGRL-dial
the

j.

readingtothe

usual

if making

(DQ

rheostat

Adjust

ac

CGRL

null is not

may be

manual.

The

unknown

MULTIPLIER

Turn

GENERATOR

dc

the

reading

OFF.

(In

TO

IOOOtol!l)

icaIzeroofmeter.

switchtothe

position.Ifthe

in

the

BAT

switchtothe

source.

affects

The

only

switch

switch

diaInear

SENS

1l.
control

deflection.

switch

leftofcenter

measurement.

an

ac

measure-

notinthe

dial

for

circuit.)

best

pointerifusing

sharp,areactive

necessary,

conductance

multiplied

switch

setting.

switch

meter

sector,

OSC

the

in-

toG.

for

for

Null

ac

dc,

see

is

the

by

HIGH 0

(I-CD)

O'"~'O'"

".

mil

MUL

T 1

RAIl

o. Turn
BAT

CHECK.Ifthe

isn't

in

the

batteries.

b. Turn

GENERATOR
EXTERNAL
1

kHz.

be

measured

(10kHz)

c.

Turn

PARAMETER

d.

Connect

stray

capacitance

LOW

terminal

e.

Turn

OUT.

f.Turn

The

panel

internal

except

Iron

core

linear.

g.

Turn DQ

Q

scale.

h.

Turn

CGRL

i.

Adjust

divisions

j.

Turn

minimum meter

to

k.

Alternately

dials

DQ
first,

increasing
needed.NuII
er

as

near
meterasposs
be

possible

I. ORTHONULL@

ed

INifthe
f (kHz)
m.
tained

approachesoris

If

a

and

switchtoLp•

The

n.

series

unknown

CGRL-dial

PLIER-switch
o.

The

Q of

to

Q-dial
p.

reading

Turn

GENERATOR

10

100

BAT

100

lk

meter

sector,

switch

pointer

replace

10

GENERATOR

the

switchtoAC

m AC

Air

core

atahigh

to

getareasonab

INTERNAL

rf <:hokes

frequency

Ie Q.

switchtoLs.

unknown

and

the

so

is

that

between

1650-B

ORTHONULL@switch

OSC

LEVEL

control
oscillator.
for

nonlinear

inductors

dial

dial

DET

near

SENS for

affects

Use

are

4 on

near

clockwise.

only

full

unknowns.

often

the

1l.

about

deflection.

MULTIPLIER

switch

reading.

for

adjust

the

means
to

ib Ie.

to

best
the

the

Usua

center

the

null,

DET

bring

center

CGRL

the

lIy it

the

DQ

SENS

pointer.

shouldbeswitch-

DQ-dial

sharp

theQdial

equaIsthe

reading

reading

null

cannot

inductance

productofthe

and

less

is

the

than

be ob-

near

of

MUL

setting.

the

unknown

times

equals

f (kHz).

switch

should

most

the

case.

the

output

non-

LOW

for

and

dial

point-

of

the

won't

times

1.

10,

the

TI-

the

OFF.

as

o.

Turn

to

BAT

CHECK.Ifthe

isn't

in

the

batteries.

b.

Turn

GENERATOR

EXTERNAL

the

BAT

m AC INTERNAL

GENERATOR

switch

meter

pointer

sector,

replace

switchtoAC

to

1 kHz.
c.

Turn

d.

Connect
stray
LOW

e.

Turn

PARAMETER

unknown

capac

itonce

terminal

and

ORTHONULL@

switchtoLp•
so

that

is

between

the

1650-B

switch

most

the

case.

to

OUT.

to

f. Turn OSC
The

panel

internal

except

1ron

oscillator.
for

core

LEVEL

control

nonlinear

inductors

affects

Use

are

clockwise.

only

the

full

output
unknowns.
often

non-

linear.

g.

Turn DQ

scale.

Q
h. Turn

i.

Adjust

divisions

j.

6

Turn
minimum
k.

Alternately

dials

DQ

first,

needed.
pointerasneartothe

meteraspossible.

dial

CGRL

DET

deflection.
MULTIPLIER
meter

for

the

increasing

Null

near

5 on

dial

near

SENS for

reading.

adjust

the

best

the

DET

means

centerofthe

Usuallyitwon't

the

1l.

switch

CGRL

null,

SENS

bring

HIGH

about

CGRL

6

for

and

as

the

be possible to center the pointer.

is

not

used

DQ

be

Ls, or

of

MUL

on

dial

ob-

lossy

the

TI-

to

I. ORTHONULL@

this

bridge

read

ing

1 or

less.

m.Ifa
tained,
and

must

the

unknown is not

n.

The

unknown

CGRL-dial

PLiER-switch

o.

TheQof

dial

reading

p. Turn

unless

times

lIf

sharp

the

unknown

be

measured

parallel

equals

reading

setting.

the

times

GENERATOR

the

(kHz)

approaches

nuIIcannot

is

inductive.

inductance

the

productofthe

and

the

unknown

lIf

(kHz).

too

as

equaIsthe

switch

OFF.

2.2 DC AND

With

ances

may
upto100kn.
shouldbeused

tivity

limits

meter may be

by

pluggingitinto

AC

SENSITIVITY.

the

be

internal

easily

Above

6-volt

madeupto

100knahigher

(paragraph

the

accuracyto±lOmn. A more

placed

in

series

the BIAS

bridge.

A 100-.0

supply

The

limits

unknown

external

when

the

The
bridge by
no

danger

At

I-kHzacmeasurements

most

resistors,

I-kHz and dc

resistor

the

current

isinseries

dc,

so

that

CGRL

range

dialisat

maximum power

the

internal

of

injuring

extremes

the

values

in

the

supplyis0.09W;

components

to

difference

is

negligible.

TABLE

MAXIMUMDCBRIDGE VOLTAGE

AND CURRENT

supply,

3.2).

jack

series

in

the

with

unknown

zero.

that

it

is

often

increase

21

-

one-percent

10kn

and

with

Below

with

on the

with

external

In,

the

the

voltage

the

sensitive

internal

side

internal6-V

sensi-

meter

of

unknownto60

the

CGRL

rheostat

currentisgreatest

canbeappliedtothe

thus

there

ratedatO.IW

or more.

desirabletomake

sensitivity.

between

the

measured

bal­care

the

rnA.

For

for

is

An

external

1232,

is

very

at

frequencies

between
case.
a

convenient

2.3

the

The

screw

DC

VOLTAGE AND CURRENT LIMITS.

Bridge

tect
ponent

able

to

protect

maximum

test

voltages

Unless

test

voltageisdesired,asupplyofabout

a 90-V

battery),

tuned

desirable

other

than

LOW

UNKNOWN
near

the

ground

point.

voltages

WARNING

must

the bridge and

from

damage.

to

limit

the

currentto5

the

operator

voltage

voltages

the

are

utmost

with

described

and some

about25kn

null

when making

1kHz. It may be

terminal

UNKNOWN

be

the

limit,

in

sensitivity

TABLE 2-2

EIA STANDARD TEST VOLTAGES

(RS 196 FIXED-FILM RESISTORS

REC 117

LOW-POWER

WIRE-WOUND RESISTORS)

detector,

measurements

and

binding

limited

unknown com-

Itisalso

rnAorless

from

injury.

standard

military

below.

in

series,

such

connected

the 1650-B

post

to

pro-

advis-

The
EIA

test

or a

standard

100 V

is

as

(e.g.,

recom-

the

is

Range

Full Scale

1.0

10.0

100.0
kn

1

kn

10

100

kn

lMn

Range

Multiplier

100mn

HI

10.0

100.0
1

kn

10

kn

100

kn

E

71
71
71
71

71
223
500

Max

V
V
V
V

V
V
V

* Itispreferabletolimit currenttoaVOid

ortoreduce voltageto10

hazard

V.

Resistance Range

2.7 -

99.0

-999.0

100

10

9999.0
99

-

kn

1000 -

100knup

1*

Max

100

mA

100 mA

71

mA

22

mA

14.1

14.1

14.1

shock

rnA
rnA
mA

Resistance Bridge Mult EIA

Range

less

than

10.0

10-99.0

100 -

999.0

1000-9999.0

10-99

100kn

*

kn

up

REC

117 applies only upto9999.0.

At

EXT GEN terminals.

Range

1.0

10.0

100.0
1

10

100

kn
kn
kn

** Maximum allowance bridge voltage will

test

voltage.

T E

ABL

2-3

EIA STANDARD TEST VOLTAGES

(RS 172 - FIXED COMPOSITION HESISTORS)

Bridge Mult Range

1.0

10.0

100.0
1

kn

10

kn

100kn

EIA Test

Voltage Range

0.5 - 1 V

0.5

- 1 V

2.5

- 3 V

-lOV

8

24

-30

V

- 100 V

80

Test Voltage

10
30

100 V

Bridge*

Voltage

**

-71V***

50

27.5-33V
16 -20V

26.4-33

- 100 V

80

Max

0.3V
1 V

3

not

V

V
V
V

give

maximum

Max

Voltage

**
**

101

Bridge

33V
20
33

I-

V
V
V

BASIC MEASUREMENTS

at

EXT GEN terminals

*

** cannot get required bridge voltage

***

limitedto71

2-4

V by bridge

Spec.

Title

7/30/57

No.2

to

& Date

2/27/62

120° C

Description

Mil-R-94B
Amend.

Resistors Variable
Composition - continuous
operation when properly
derated, at any ambient
temp. up

VARIABLE

(Military

Resistance
Tolerance

±1O&20%

TABLE

2-4

RESISTORS

Specifications)

Measurement Accuracy

Meas.

(all

Qualification inspection: Table 2-6

not

Acceptance inspection:

±1%

GR

Bridges: Qualification:
1608

GR Bridges Acceptance:

1608, 1650,

at de).

to exceed ±0.5%

and

1652

& 1652

Test

Voltage

Resistor

less

1

10

100

1k

10k

lOOk up

* 0.5

Wand

70°

full

11/9/56

No.2

Variable-

C.

3/21/62

TABLE

5/14/62

C,

C.
11/18/65

rated

an

of

1/6/59

of

40° C

*

2-5

VOLTAGES

(DO NOT EXCEED)

Mil-R-22097B

Lead-screw-actuated
Nonwirewound Variable

- at maximum ambient
85°

continuous
ambient temp.

Mil-R-19A
Amend.

Wirewound
ambient temp.
up

Mil-R-22B
Power Type Wirewound
Variable

MIL-R-22097B TEST

Range

than 1

to
to
to
to
to

of

temps.

C,

& 125°

Mil-R-23285A
Nonwirewound Metal

Variable-

Film
load operation at

C.

125°

Low Operating Temp.

to

105°

(f2)

9.99

99.9 1.0
999

9.99 k

99.9 k

larger resistors.

±1O%

±5&10%

±1O%

±1O%

Test Voltage (V)

0.1

0.3

3.0

10

30

100

±1.0%
GR Bridges: 1608, 1652,

1650

Qualification inspection:

±0.5%

Quality conformance: ±1%
GR

Bridges Qualification:

1608 & 1652

GR Bridges Conformance:

1608, 1652, 1650

±1.0%

GR Bridges: 1608, 1652,

1650

±1.0%

GR Bridges: 1608, 1652,

1650

MIL-R-94B TEST

Resistor

Resistor

Range

to

100

10 k

100 k up

100

10k

100 korhigher

999

to

9.99 k

1 k

to

99.99 k

MI L·R-23285A TEST

Range

to
to
to
to

99
990

9.9 k
99 k

2.7
1 k

Table 2-5

&

Table 2-7

As

small

practical

&

& practical

As small

TABLE

(m

TABLE

((2)

2-6

VOLTAGES

Test Voltage

2-7

VOLTAGES

Voltage

15

as

as

.01to2

to

0.1
to

1.0
to

20

Range

0.3

to

0.5

0.5to1.5

1.5

to

4.5

4.5

to

15

to

45

Range

4

15

40

(V)

(V)

BASIC

MEASUREMENTS

2-5

mended.

0.1
all
a

supply
curacy.
desirable
that
various

appliedtothe
2-1.
prevent

unknown,
toavalue

The

W,

which

resistors,

permits
For

resistance

for

the

maximum

typesofresistors

The

maximum

Careful

damagetothe

Because

itisadvisable

less

available

is

and

good

bridge

observation

the

than

component.

CURRENT-LIMITING

RESISTOR

Figure

test

Various

types

of

2-3.

Various

2-4

through

voltages

is

indicates

in

Tables

the

voltmeter

assuming

large

enoughtocausenoerror.

2.4

CONNECTION OF

EIA

resistors

military

2-7.

showninFigure

the

bridge

2-2

and

directly

that

the

power

a low

the

enough

maximum

measurements

over1MD,ahigher

sensitivity,

EIA

test

have

voltage

for

each

of

bridge.

full

voltage

to

the

power

2 - 2.

Circuit

voltage

measurements.

standards

are

summarized

standards

A

suggested

voltage

2-3.

An

across

input

resistance

EXTERNAL

from

suchasupply

dissipation

currentis4

upto1

MD

with

butitshould

voltage

different

and

current

range

is

100 V,

voltage

that

are

giveninTable

bothofthese

maybeapplied

limit

the

available

rating

for

setup

2-2.

and

shouldbesetaslisted

alternate

the

standard

for

are

The

of

testing

in-

Tables

listed

for

tests

voltmeter

scheme

unknown

of

the

the

voltmeter

GENERATOR.

for

almost

mAo

1%

voltage

be

and

ratings.

may

limits

unknown

different

2-2

in

Tables

at

is

resistor,

Such

ac-

noted

that

be

will

to

the

power

and

these

here

to

put

the

is

bridge
impedanceatthe
(resistive)
a

short

is

shunted
transformer,

quired,
a

matching
useful.
GR

Type
this
400,
output
a

matching

canbeapplied
generator
cuit

by

this

connection,
pacitance
sidered.

to

ground

when

shielded
the

low
nal.
BIAS

(paragraph

connectagenerator

advantage
er

unless

rating,

inputISshort-circuited.

EXT

GEN

at1kHz

circuit

by

the

when

on

the

inductance

the

UNKNOWN

of

whichisapproximately

In

some

cases

where

particularlyinmeasurements

transformer

This

1311

application

500,

1000,

will

notbedistorted

transformer

When

the

can

connection

from

Capacitance

can

low

impedances

cable

generator

Capacitance

terminal

4.6).

over

the

as

do

transformer

Audio

2000,

desired

by

be

the

its

causealarge

and

to

the

external

the

between

need

Oscillator

at

frequencies

5000,

to

drive

bridge

the

internal

connected

to

the

BIAS

generator

terminals

from

the

are

measured.

use

the

outer

terminaltothe

of

over

ground

A

bridge

to

the

can

transformer

BIAS

useofthe

transformer

GR

Type

The

bridge

input

jackisa minimumof30 D

bridgeissettomeasure

terminals.

the

primaryofthe

0.25

more

input

of

generator

not

be

is

of

50,

and

10,000

by

over-loading

low-impedance

voltage

bridge

directly

to

jack

is

ungrounded

ground

in
(Figure

negative

errorathigh

low

shielded.

recommended

60,

Hz

is

transformer,

the

BIAS

Therefore,

This

bridge

H.

powerisre-

impedance,

and

bridge

The

100,

120,

because

andithas

loads.

higher

than

the

bridge

cir-

2-3a).

and

must

be

con-

terminal

frequencies

use

conductortoconnect

100

cause

internal

578

positive

pF

jack,

hasahigher

Transformers

BIAS

from

the

appreciable

can

be

but

this

bridge

termi-

positive

error

used

has

transform-

voltage

(Figure

is

is

for

its

In

ca-

a

to

no

2-3b).

SHIELDED

LEAD

is

OSCLJ

Figure

EXT~

AS

L6

2 -3.Me.thodsofapplying

EXT

OSC

external

16Q8.18

ac.

In

most

cases

whenanexternal

it

should

side

generator
transformer

TERNAL
connected

grounded;

to

the

connected

be

connected

of

the

bridge.

is

connected

when

position,

to

the

paragraph

generator

If

the

should

external

toalow-impedance

the

bridge

to

In

this

directly

function

and

the

4.6).
be

generator

the

low

chassis

A

second

avoided.

sirabletoplacearesistorinseries

generator

shouldbelarge

BASIC

connection

enoughtoprevent

MEASUREMENTS

to

the

2-6

generatorisused

EXT

GEN

jack

connection,

to

switchisin

generator

(which

the

ground

the

internal

the

terminal

should

connection

canbeoverdriven

load,

itisgenerally

with

the

ungrounded

bridge.

This

distortion

external

AC

resistor

even

on

the

bridge

EX-

when

when

be

de-

2.5 MAXIMUM

The

the

1650-B

a.

is

ent

Exact
culated
insuring

the

(including

b.

the

c

the

d.

the

e.

the

limits

from

APPLIED

maximumacvoltage

Impedance

voltage

the

bridge

range

Bridge

and

power

unknown),

circuit

used,

positionofthe

methodofapplying

for

any

specific

the

that

circuit

the

diagramsofFigure

power

AC

VOL

that

depends

ratingsofeach

used,

variable

the

measurement

dissipation

TAGE.

maybeapplied

on:

components,

voltage.

can

2-1,

in

the

compon-

be

cal-

and

ratio-arm

to

by

resistors

a maximum
avoid

any

resultinan

A much

into

the

can

be
rating
power

shouldbereduced

is

the

simplest

a

value

tor

voltage

ponent

.

The

ther

limitonthe

E a

=J...

m x 5

whicheyer
step-down
to

the

primary,

applied

2

...E:....

- 20.0

2

supply.

and

the

rheostats

voltage

is

adjustments

overload.

simpler

bridgeto0.5Wso

damaged

of

the

of R

input

under

unknown

way

2

=..E:..

,

4P

andPthe

transformer

to

where

power

voltage

volts(fin

is

ratio

Hz),

smaller.

andanequivalent

of 20 .0.

to

the

bridge

should

be

placedInseries

is

less

than

applied,

of

approach

any

is

the

panel

that

conditions.

less

care

is

no

than

must

controls

to

bridge

0.5

accordingly.Aseries

limit

the

power.

Eisthe

open-c

ratingofthe

imposes

appliedtothe

or 100

This

transformer

the

EXT

volts,

resistance,

Therefore,

to

0.5

to

W,aseries

with

0.5

W.Ifsuch

be

that

limit

the

components

If

the

W,

the

It

should

ircuit

unknown

following

GEN

hasa3-to-1

referred

limit

the

resistor

the

external

taken

would

power

power

input

resistor

have

genera-

com-

fur-

jack:

power

c.

Set

the

CGRL

dial

upscale

to

of

d.

Make

the

e.

DQ

dial,
mechanism,
than1at
toalower

f.

then

the

meter

reading
When

give

several

To

find

a

wide

range

Often

and

itisdesirable

urement.

resonance

Adjust

Make

the

the

ganged

will

balance,

range

and

further

CGRL

dial,

cannotbereduced

theQis

sharp

best

dip,

without

theQis

This

is

and

appears

ChartisshowninF

first

CGRL

to

the

follow).

turn

rebalance.

balances

then

very

dips

rotate

higher

to

necessary

igure

L

(HAY)

balance

dial

CGRL

If

the

CGRL

the

low,

as

the

the

making

change

capacitive.

2~4.

p

with

for

dial

the

CGRL

MULTIPLIER

using

DQ

further.

the

meter

CGRL

CGRL

another

at

some

the

frequency

if

the

(10or11).

the

DQ

dial.

further

by

balance

the

setting

first

the

dial,

etc.

deflection

dialisrotated.

dial

slowly

DQ

adjustment.

other

inductor

A

DQ

Q=I

(the

Orthonull

is

less

switch

DQ

dial,

until

the

will

over

frequency,

of

meas-

is

above

Coverage

2.6

OPERATING

In

the

measurement

than

1 or

capacirors
ancing
avoided
that
Lp)
when
a low

procedure

by

the

Orthonull

andatany

the

unknownISvery

Q

at

the
sectorsofthe
frequencies

they
(essentially
Orthonull

Operating

mechanismisengaged)isas

a.

Set

the

Procedure
measured.
terminals

IS

used)asdescribed

and

b.

Set

the

PROCEDURE

can

use

of

operates

frequency.

frequency

DQ

dial

don't

the

same

bridge

Chart,

Connect

connect

ORTHONULL

of

whose

be

simplified

Orthonull.

on

all

It
lossy,

of

are

adjusted

apply.

as

without

switches

the

unknown

the

in

paragraph

WITH

inductors

Disgreater

It

four

bridges

will

~ac

ilitate

I.e.,

measurement.

for

The

balancing

Orthonull

as

described

depending

to

external

generator

2.4.

SWITCHtoIN.

ORTHONULL.

whose

and
should

Q

than

false

be

(C

, C , L ,

s p s

the.

is

1,

nulls

noted

balance

hasahIgh

The

white

1kHz.

At

other

procedure

once

follows:

in

on

whatisbeing

the

UNKNOWN

(if

less

bal-

D or

the

the

one

Xc

.

Figure2-4.

DQ

L

s

(MAXWELL)

C

p

coverage

0=1

165()"16

chart.

BASIC

MEASUREMENTS

2-7