Apple Developer Note PowerBook G4 Service Manual

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Developer Note

PowerBook G4

November 2002



Apple Computer, Inc.

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, mechanical, electronic, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission of Apple Computer, Inc., with the following exceptions: Any person is hereby authorized to store documentation on a single computer for personal use only and to print copies of documentation for personal use provided that the documentation contains Apple’s copyright notice.

The Apple logo is a trademark of Apple Computer, Inc. Use of the “keyboard” Apple logo (Option-Shift-K) for commercial purposes without the prior written consent of Apple may constitute trademark infringement and unfair competition in violation of federal and state laws.

No licenses, express or implied, are granted with respect to any of the technology described in this book. Apple retains all intellectual property rights associated with the technology described in this book. This book is intended to assist application developers to develop applications only for Apple-labeled or Apple-licensed computers.

Every effort has been made to ensure that the information in this document is accurate. Apple is not responsible for typographical errors.

Apple Computer, Inc. 1 Infinite Loop Cupertino, CA 95014 408-996-1010

Apple, the Apple logo, AirPort, FireWire, iMac, Mac, PowerBook, and Macintosh are trademarks of Apple Computer, Inc., registered in the United States and other countries.

iBook, SuperDrive, and Velocity engine are trademarks of Apple Computer, Inc.

Adobe is a trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated or its subsidiaries and may be registered in certain jurisdictions.

OpenGL is a registered trademark of Silicon Graphics, Inc.

PowerPC is a trademark of International Business Machines Corporation, used under license therefrom.

Simultaneously published in the United States and Canada.

Even though Apple has reviewed this manual, APPLE MAKES NO WARRANTY OR REPRESENTATION, EITHER EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, WITH RESPECT TO THIS MANUAL, ITS QUALITY, ACCURACY, MERCHANTABILITY, OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. AS A RESULT, THIS MANUAL IS SOLD “AS IS,” AND YOU, THE PURCHASER, ARE ASSUMING THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO ITS QUALITY AND ACCURACY.

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Figures and Tables 7

Preface

Chapter 1

Chapter 2

About This Developer Note

Contents of This Note 9

Introduction

New Features 11 Features 12 Appearance 15 Peripheral Devices 16 System Software 17

Open Firmware 17 Computer Identification 18 Power-Saving Features 18

Reduced Processor Speed 18 Operating Modes 18

Architecture

Block Diagram and Buses 21

Block Diagram 21 Main ICs and Buses 23

Microprocessor and Caches 23

PowerPC G4 Microprocessor 23 Level 2 Cache 24 Level 3 Cache 24

 Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002

CONTENTS

Memory Controller and Bus Bridge 24

System RAM 25 Boot ROM 25 FireWire Controller 26 Ethernet Controller 26 Video Display Subsystem 26

I/O Controller 28

DMA Support 28 Interrupt Support 28 USB Interface 28 Ultra DMA/66 Interface 29 EIDE Interface 29 Modem Support 29 Sound Circuitry 30 Power Controller 30 AirPort Card Interface 31 CardBus Controller IC 31

Chapter 3

Devices and Ports

USB Ports 33

USB Connectors 33 USB Storage Devices 34

FireWire Port 35

FireWire Connector 35 FireWire Device Programming 37

Target Disk Mode 37 Ethernet Port 38 Internal Modem 40 AirPort Card 40

Data Security 41

AirPort Hardware 41

AirPort Software 42 Hard Disk Drive 42

Hard Disk Dimensions 42

Hard Disk Connector 44

Signal Assignments 45 ATA Signal Descriptions 46

 Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002

CONTENTS

DVD-ROM/CD-RW Combo Drive 48 DVD-R /CD-RW SuperDrive 49 Trackpad 50 Keyboard 50

Removing the Keyboard 50

Changing the Operation of the Keyboard 51

Keyboard Illustrations 51 Using the Fn Key 55 Using the Num Lock Key 55 The Function-Keys Checkbox 55 The Embedded Keypad 57

Other Control Keys 58 Flat-Panel Display 59 External Monitors 60

Dual Display and Mirror Mode 60 Analog Monitor Resolutions 61 Digital Display Resolutions 62

DVI-I Connector 62 External Video Port 64 Sound System 66

Sound Inputs 67

Built-in Microphone 67 Audio Input Jack 68 Modem Activity Sound Signals 68

Sound Outputs 68

Headphone Jack 68 Internal Speakers 69

Digitizing Sound 69

Chapter 4

Expansion Features

RAM Expansion Slots 71

Getting Access to the Slots 71

Mechanical Design of RAM SO-DIMMs 73

 Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002

CONTENTS

Electrical Design of RAM SO-DIMMs 73

SDRAM Devices 74 Configuration of RAM SO-DIMMs 75 Address Multiplexing 75

RAM SO-DIMM Electrical Limits 76 CardBus Slot 77

Appendix A

Appendix B

Supplemental Reference Documents

Apple Technical Notes 79 3D Graphics 79 PowerPC G4 Microprocessor 80 Velocity Engine (AltiVec) 80 Mac OS X 81 Mac OS 9.2.2 81 I/O Kit 82 Open Firmware 82 RAM Expansion Modules 83 PC Card Manager 83 ATA Devices 84 USB Interface 84 FireWire Interface 85 Digital Visual Interface 86 Wireless Networks 86

Abbreviations

Abbreviations and Standard Units 87 Other Abbreviations 88

Index

 Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002

Figures and Tables

Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Introduction

Figure 1-1 Front view of the computer 15 Figure 1-2 Back view showing I/O ports 16 Table 1-1 Feature changes 12

Architecture

Figure 2-1 Block diagram 22 Table 2-1 Buses supported by the Uni-N IC 25

Devices and Ports

Figure 3-1 USB Type A port 34 Figure 3-2 FireWire connector 36 Figure 3-3 Maximum dimensions of the internal hard disk 43 Figure 3-4 Hard disk connector and location 44 Figure 3-5 Keyboard layout 52 Figure 3-6 Alternate operations of function and control keys 53 Figure 3-7 Embedded numeric keypad operation 54 Figure 3-8 DVI-I connector 63 Figure 3-9 S-video connector 65 Table 3-1 Pin assignments on the USB port 34 Table 3-2 Pin assignments on the FireWire connector 36 Table 3-3 Signals for 10Base-T and 100Base-T operation 38 Table 3-4 Signals for 1000Base-T operation 39 Table 3-5 Pin assignments on the ATA hard disk connector 45 Table 3-6 Signals on the ATA hard disk connector 46 Table 3-7 Types of media read and written by the DVD-ROM/CD-RW

drive 48

Table 3-8 Media read and written by the SuperDrive 49 Table 3-9 Setting the default behavior of the function keys 56

 Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002

FIGURES AND TABLES

Table 3-10 The function keys as control buttons 56 Table 3-11 Embedded keypad keys 57 Table 3-12 Control keys that change 58 Table 3-13 Picture sizes on the flat-panel display 59 Table 3-14 Picture sizes on an analog monitor 61 Table 3-15 Picture sizes on a digital display 62 Table 3-16 Main signals on the DVI-I connector 63 Table 3-17 MicroCross signals on the DVI-I connector 64 Table 3-18 Pin assignments for the S-video output connector 65 Table 3-19 Picture sizes for S-video output 66

Chapter 4

Expansion Features

Figure 4-1 Interior view showing RAM expansion slots 72 Table 4-1 Sizes of RAM expansion modules and devices 75 Table 4-2 Types of DRAM devices 76

 Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002

PREFACE

About This Developer Note

This developer note is a technical description of the PowerBook G4 computer. The note provides information about the computer’s internal design, input-output features, and expansion capabilities.

Note:

This developer note has been updated to include information about the

latest product features and configurations.

This developer note is intended to help hardware and software developers design products that are compatible with the Macintosh products described here. If you are not already familiar with Macintosh computers or if you would like additional technical information, you may wish to read the supplementary reference documents described in Appendix A (page 79).

Contents of This Note

The information in this note is arranged in four chapters and two appendixes.

■

Chapter 1, “Introduction” (page 11), introduces the PowerBook G4 computer

and describes its features.

Chapter 2, “Architecture” (page 21), describes the internal logic of the computer,

■

including the main ICs that appear in the block diagram.

Chapter 3, “Devices and Ports” (page 33), describes the standard I/O ports and

■

the built-in I/O devices.

Contents of This Note

 Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002

PREFACE

About This Developer Note

■

Chapter 4, “Expansion Features” (page 71), describes the expansion features of

interest to developers. It includes development guides for expansion-bay devices, the RAM expansion modules, and the PC Card slot.

■

Appendix A (page 79) contains links to supplemental reference documents.

Appendix B (page 87) is a list of the abbreviations used in this developer note.

■

Contents of This Note

 Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002

CHAPTER 1

1 Introduction

This chapter outlines the features of the PowerBook G4 computer, with emphasis on the changes from the previous models.

New Features

The features that have changed are listed here along with references to the sections that describe them. For a quick summary of the changes, see Table 1-1.

Processor:

■

running at a clock speed of 867 MHz or 1 GHz. For more information, see “PowerPC G4 Microprocessor” (page 23).

Graphics IC and memory:

■

operates on the AGP4x bus along with 32 or 64 MB of DDR RAM. For more information, see “Video Display Subsystem” (page 26).

■

Hard disk storage:

capacity of 40 or 60 GB. For more information and developer guidelines for alternative hard drives, see “Hard Disk Drive” (page 42).

■

Battery bay:

Power adapter:

■

plug.

SuperDrive (DVD-R/CD-RW drive):

■

G4 computer have a SuperDrive drive. For more information, see “DVD-R /

CD-RW SuperDrive” (page 49).

New Features

 Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002

The PowerBook G4 computer has a PowerPC G4 microprocessor

The ATI Mobility Radeon 9000 graphics processor

The computer comes with a built-in hard disk drive with a

The computer has a 61 watt-hours battery bay.

The computer ships with a 65 W power adapter with grounded

Some configurations of the PowerBook

CHAPTER 1

Introduction

■

Modem:

The computer has a built-in Apple 56 Kbps modem. The modem supports K56flex and V.92 modem standard. For more information, see

“Modem Support” (page 29).

■

AirPort Card standard:

An AirPort Card is standard in the 1 GHz model. See

“AirPort Card” (page 40).

Table 1-1

Feature Previous model Current model

Feature changes

Processor PowerPC G4 PowerPC G4

Processor clock speed 667 or 800 MHz 867 MHz or 1 GHz

Graphics IC ATI Mobility Radeon 7500 ATI Mobility Radeon 9000

Graphics memory 32 MB of DDR 32 or 64 MB of DDR

Hard disk drive 30 GB on 667 MHz, 40 GB

on 800 MHz, or 60 GB CTO

40 GB on 867 MHz and 60 GB on 1 GHz

AirPort Card Standard on 800 MHz only Standard on 1 GHz only

Battery bay 55.3 watt-hours battery bay 61 watt-hours battery bay

Power adapter 45 W power adapter 65 W power adapter

Removable media DVD-ROM/CD-RW Combo

drive

DVD-ROM/CD-RW Combo drive or a DVD-R/CD-RW SuperDrive

Hard drive option Additional CTO hard drive

support

No additional CTO hard drive support

Features

Here is a list of the features of the PowerBook G4 computer. Each feature is described in a later chapter, as indicated in the list.

Features

 Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002

CHAPTER 1

Introduction

■

Processor:

The computer has a PowerPC G4 microprocessor running at a clock speed of 867 MHz or 1 GHz. For more information, see “PowerPC G4 Microprocessor” (page 23).

■

System bus:

The speed of the system bus is 133 MHz in all models.

Cache location and speed:

■

In addition to the L2 cache, which is internal to the

processor IC, the computer also has an L3 cache. See “Level 2 Cache” (page 24).

■

RAM:

The computer has two standard SO-DIMM expansion slots for SDRAM modules. The computer comes with 256 or 512 MB of SDRAM installed. See “RAM Expansion Slots” (page 71).

■

ROM:

The computer has 1 MB of boot ROM used by Open Firmware at startup. For information about the ROM, see “Boot ROM” (page 25). For information about Open Firmware, see “Open Firmware” (page 82).

■

Hard disk storage:

The computer comes with a built-in hard disk drive with a capacity of 40 or 60 GB. For more information and developer guidelines for alternative hard drives, see “Hard Disk Drive” (page 42).

■

Display:

The display is a 15.2 inch wide-screen TFT (1280 by 854 pixels) with a

resolution of 101.4 dpi. See “Flat-Panel Display” (page 59).

■

External monitor:

All configurations support an external video monitor, using the DVI-I connector for a digital video display and an S-video connector for a PAL or NTSC video monitor. (A VGA adapter and an S-video-to-composite adapter are included and an ADC adapter is available separately.) See “External Monitors” (page 60).

■

Graphics IC and memory:

The ATI Mobility Radeon 9000 graphics controller operates on the AGP4x bus along with 32 or 64 MB of video RAM. For more information, see “Video Display Subsystem” (page 26).

■

Battery bay:

The computer has a single battery bay. The battery uses lithium ion

cells and provides 61 watt-hours at 14.4 V (nominal).

■

Power adapter:

The computer comes with a 65 W power adapter with

grounded plug.

■

DVD-ROM/CD-RW Combo drive:

Some configurations have a built-in

DVD-ROM/CD-RW drive. See “DVD-ROM/CD-RW Combo Drive” (page 48).

■

SuperDrive (DVD-R/CD-RW drive):

Some configurations of the PowerBook G4 computer have a built-in DVD-R/CD-RW SuperDrive drive. For more information, see “DVD-R /CD-RW SuperDrive” (page 49).

Features

 Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002

CHAPTER 1

Introduction

■

CardBus slot:

The computer has a CardBus slot that accepts one Type I or Type II PC card or a CardBus Card. For more information, see “CardBus Slot” (page 77).

■

USB ports:

The computer has two USB 1.1 ports for an external keyboard, a

mouse, and other USB devices, described in “USB Ports” (page 33).

■

FireWire port:

The computer has one IEEE-1394a high-speed serial FireWire port, which supports transfer rates of 100, 200, and 400 Mbps. For more information, see “FireWire Port” (page 35).

■

Target disk mode: The PowerBook G4 computer can act like a FireWire storage device connected to another computer. See “Target Disk Mode” (page 37)

■ Modem: The computer has a built-in modem with 56 Kbps data rate and V.92

support. For more information, see “Internal Modem” (page 40).

■ Ethernet: The computer has a built in Ethernet port with an RJ-45 connector for

10Base-T, 100Base-T, and 1000Base-T operation. For more information, see “Ethernet Port” (page 38).

■ AirPort Card: An AirPort Card wireless LAN module is standard on the 1 GHz

model and optional on the 867 MHz model. For more information, see “AirPort Card” (page 40).

■ Sound: The computer has a built-in microphone and stereo speakers as well as

a stereo headphone jack and a sound input jack. See “Sound System” (page 66).

■ Keyboard: The keyboard has an embedded numeric keypad and inverted-T

arrow keys. Some of the function keys are used to control the display brightness and speaker volume; the other function keys are programmable by the user. See “Keyboard” (page 50).

■ Trackpad: The integrated trackpad includes tap/double-tap and drag features.

For more information, see “Trackpad” (page 50).

■ Weight: The basic configuration weighs 2.4 kg (5.4 pounds).

■ Size: The computer is 341 mm (13.4 inches) wide, 241 mm (9.49 inches) deep,

and 26.3 mm (1.04 inches) thick.

Features

 Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002

CHAPTER 1

Introduction

Appearance

Figure 1-1 is a front view of the PowerBook G4 computer. Figure 1-2 is a back view showing the I/O ports.

Figure 1-1 Front view of the computer

Sleep indicator light

Built-in speaker/ microphone

Function key

Trackpad

Appearance 15

 Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002

Display release button

Trackpad button

Power button

Security slot

Built-in speaker

AirPort antenna window

Slot-loading DVD-ROM /CD-RW Combo drive or DVD-R/CD-RW SuperDrive

CHAPTER 1

Introduction

Figure 1-2 Back view showing I/O ports

AirPort antenna window

Power adapter port

FireWire port

Ethernet port (10/100/1000Base-T)

Peripheral Devices

In addition to the devices that are included with the computer, several peripheral devices are available separately:

Sleep indicator light

DVI-I port

USB ports

Internal modem port

PC Card eject button

PC Card slot

Headphone jack

Audio line-in connector

TV out port

16 Peripheral Devices

 Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002

CHAPTER 1

Introduction

■ The PowerBook G4 Rechargeable Battery is available separately as an additional

or replacement battery.

■ The Apple Portable Power Adapter, which comes with the computer, is also

available separately. The adapter can fully recharge a completely depleted battery in three hours or less while the computer is running, shut down, or in sleep mode.

■ The Apple DVI to ADC Adapter, which enables the PowerBook G4 computer to

support Apple’s ADC displays, is available separately.

■ The Apple Pro Keyboard, a full-featured USB keyboard, is available separately.

■ The Apple Pro Mouse, an optical USB mouse, is available separately.

■ The AirPort Base Station is available separately.

■ The AirPort Card is also available separately.

■ A power cable for use on airliners is also available. The airline power cable

should have a sense resistor of 24.3K ohms connected between the power plug's shell and ground. For more information, see “Power Controller” (page 30).

System Software

The PowerBook G4 computer comes with both Mac OS X version 10.2 and Mac OS

9.2.2 installed. Mac OS X is the default startup system. For the latest information, see the references listed in “Mac OS X” (page 81) and “Mac OS 9.2.2” (page 81).

Here are a few items of interest about the system software on the PowerBook G4 computer.

Open Firmware

System software on all current Macintosh models uses a design based on Open Firmware. With this approach, the ROM on the main logic board contains only the Open Firmware code needed to initialize the hardware and load an operating system. The rest of the system code is loaded into RAM from disk or from the network. For more information, see the references listed in “Open Firmware” (page 82).

System Software 17

 Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002

CHAPTER 1

Introduction

Computer Identification

Rather than reading the box flag or the model string and then making assumptions about the computer’s features, applications that need to find out the features of the computer should use IORegistry calls to test for the features they require. IORegistry calls are part of the I/O Kit API. For more information, see the references listed at “I/O Kit” (page 82).

Asset management software that reports the kind of computer it is running on can obtain the value of the model property from the IOService plane of the IORegistry. For the PowerBook G4 computer, the value of the model property is PowerBook3,5.

Power-Saving Features

The PowerBook G4 computer has several profiles to save power. These profiles are labeled on the Energy Saver panel of System Preferences.

Reduced Processor Speed

Reduced processor speed allows the software to change the processor’s clock speed, slowing down to conserve power or speeding up when more speed is needed. The slower clock speed is 667 MHz and the L3 cache is turned off.

■ The system software uses a reduced processor speed to automatically conserve

power under the following conditions:

■ during system startup

■ when battery charge is low

■ when there is no battery installed

■

when using airline power

■ The user interface for the reduced processor speed is located in the options tab

under the Energy Saver panel in System Preferences.

Operating Modes

The power management protocols on the PowerBook G4 computer support two power-saving modes: idle and sleep.

18 System Software

 Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002

CHAPTER 1

Introduction

■ Idle: The system is idling with the main processor stopped in a halted,

low-power state. All clocks are running; the system can return to running code within a few nanoseconds. Cache coherency is maintained in this state.

■ Sleep: The system is completely shut down, with only the DRAM state

preserved for quick recovery. All processors are powered off with their state preserved in DRAM. All clocks in the system are suspended except for the

32.768 kHz timebase crystal on the PMU99 IC.

The computer automatically enters Idle mode after several seconds of inactivity. If the computer is attached to a network, it is able to respond to service requests and other events directed to the computer while it is in Idle mode.

While it is connected to an AC power supply, the computer can also respond to network activity when it is in sleep mode. The user can enable this feature by selecting Wake-on-LAN in the Energy Saver control panel.

When operating on the battery in sleep mode, the computer consumes less than 1 watt of power, meeting the Energy Star power-saving standard. When operating on the power adapter in sleep mode, the combined computer and adapter consume 3 to 4 watts of power.

Important

Peripherals such as PCMCIA cards and USB devices that do not conform to the computer’s power management protocols prevent the computer from switching to sleep mode and so deny the user the benefits of this energy-saving mode. When such peripherals are attached to the computer, the operating system displays a dialog to inform the user that the computer no longer meets the Energy Star requirements.

System Software 19

 Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002

CHAPTER 1

Introduction

20 System Software

 Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002

CHAPTER 2

2 Architecture

This chapter describes the architecture of the PowerBook G4 computer. It includes information about the major components on the main logic board: the microprocessor, the other main ICs, and the buses that connect them to each other and to the I/O interfaces.

Block Diagram and Buses

This section is an overview of the major ICs and buses on the computer’s main logic board.

Block Diagram

Figure 2-1 is a simplified block diagram of the main logic board. The diagram shows the input and output connectors, the main ICs, and the buses that connect them together.

Block Diagram and Buses 21

 Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002

CHAPTER 2

Architecture

Figure 2-1 Block diagram

SO-DIMM

slots

CardBus slot

connector

Connector to internal DVD-ROM/CD-RW Combo drive or DVD-R/CD-RW SuperDrive

Connector to internal antenna

and

Wireless LAN module

cache

memory bus

CardBus

bridge

ATA bus

DSP and

MAC

PMU99

power

controller

PowerPC G4

microprocessor

L2 cache: 256K

Max bus

Uni-N

memory

controller

and PCI

bus bridge

PCI bus

KeyLargo

I/O device

and disk

controller

Connector to

internal display

AGP

bus

Radeon 9000

graphics IC

Boot

ROM

Ultra-ATA bus

Snapper

audio

USB

Mobility

Ethernet

PHY

FireWire

PHY

Internal speaker connector

Data pump

and DAA

Modem module

Connector to internal IDE disk drive

S-video connecto

DVI-I monitor connector

Ethernet port

FireWire port

Audio input jack

Headphone jack

USB port

Telephone connector

22 Block Diagram and Buses

 Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002

CHAPTER 2

Architecture

Main ICs and Buses

The architecture of the PowerBook G4 computer is designed around the PowerPC G4 microprocessor and two custom ICs: the Uni-N memory controller and bus bridge, and the KeyLargo I/O device controller. Those three ICs occupy the center of the block diagram.

The PowerPC G4 microprocessor is connected to the Uni-N memory controller and bus bridge IC by a MaxBus bus. The bus clock speed is 133 MHz. The Uni-N IC has other buses that connect with the KeyLargo IC, the main system RAM, and the graphics IC. The buses implemented by the Uni-N IC are summarized in Table 2-1, which is in the section “Memory Controller and Bus Bridge” (page 24).

The Uni-N IC is connected to the KeyLargo I/O controller IC by a 32-bit PCI bus with a bus clock speed of 33 MHz. That bus also connects to the Boot ROM and the CardBus controller. The KeyLargo IC has other buses that connect with the hard disk drive and the optical drive, the power controller IC, the sound IC, the internal modem module, and the wireless LAN module.

Each of the components listed here is described in one of the following sections.

Microprocessor and Caches

The microprocessor communicates with the rest of the system by way of a 64-bit MaxBus bus to the Uni-N IC. The microprocessor has a separate bus to its internal second-level cache.

PowerPC G4 Microprocessor

The PowerPC G4 microprocessor used in the PowerBook G4 computer has many powerful features, including an efficient pipelined system bus called MaxBus.

Features of the PowerPC G4 include

■ 32-bit PowerPC implementation

■ superscalar PowerPC core

Microprocessor and Caches 23

 Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002

CHAPTER 2

Architecture

■ Velocity Engine (AltiVec technology): 128-bit-wide vector execution unit

■ dual 32 KB instruction and data caches

■ an on-chip level 2 (L2) cache consisting of 256 KB with a clock speed ratio of 1:1

■ high bandwidth MaxBus (also compatible with 60x bus)

■ fully symmetric multiprocessing capability

The PowerPC G4 microprocessor in the PowerBook G4 computer runs at a clock speed of 867 MHz or 1 GHz.

Level 2 Cache

The data storage for the L2 cache consists of 256 KB of fast static RAM that is built into the microprocessor chip along with the cache controller and tag storage. The built-in L2 cache runs at the same clock speed as the microprocessor.

Level 3 Cache

The data storage for the L3 cache is 1 MB of DDR SRAM running at a clock speed ratio of 5:1. The tag storage for the L3 cache is built into the microprocessor.

Memory Controller and Bus Bridge

The Uni-N memory controller and bus bridge IC provides cost and performance benefits by combining several functions into a single IC. It contains the memory controller, the PCI bus bridge, the Ethernet and FireWire interfaces, and the AGP interface.

Each of the separate communication channels in the Uni-N IC can operate at its full capacity without degrading the performance of the other channels.

24 Memory Controller and Bus Bridge

 Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002

CHAPTER 2

Architecture

In addition to the four buses listed in Table 2-1, the Uni-N IC also has separate interfaces to the physical layer (PHY) ICs for Ethernet and FireWire, and an IIC (inter-IC control bus) interface that is used for configuring the memory subsystem.

Table 2-1 Buses supported by the Uni-N IC

Bus Destinations Width of data path Bus clock speed

MaxBus Microprocessor 64 bits 133 MHz

Memory System RAM 64 bits 133 MHz

PCI KeyLargo IC

and Boot ROM

AGP Graphics IC 32 bits 133 MHz

The microprocessor and the I/O controller IC are described in their own sections. The following sections describe the other subsystems that are connected to the Uni-N IC.

32 bits 33 MHz

System RAM

The memory subsystem in the PowerBook G4 computer supports two slots for 144-pin SO-DIMMs (small-outline dual inline memory modules). The data bus to the RAM and DIMM is 64 bits wide, and the memory interface is synchronized to the MaxBus bus interface at 133 MHz. See “RAM Expansion Slots” (page 71).

Boot ROM

The boot ROM is connected to the Uni-N IC by way of the high byte of the PCI bus plus three additional control signals: chip select, write enable, and output enable. The boot ROM is a 1 MB by 8 bit device.

Memory Controller and Bus Bridge 25

 Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002

CHAPTER 2

Architecture

FireWire Controller

The Uni-N IC includes an IEEE 1394a FireWire controller with a maximum data rate of 400 Mbits (50 MB) per second. The Uni-N IC provides DMA (direct memory access) support for the FireWire interface.

The controller in the Uni-N IC implements the FireWire link layer. A physical layer IC, called a PHY, implements the electrical signaling protocol of the FireWire interface and provides the electrical signals to the port. For more information, see “FireWire Connector” (page 35).

Ethernet Controller

The Uni-N IC includes an Ethernet media access controller (MAC) that implements the link layer. The Uni-N IC provides DB-DMA support for the Ethernet interface.

The Ethernet controller in the Uni-N IC is connected to a PHY interface IC that provides the electrical signals to the port. The PHY is capable of operating in either 10Base-T, 100Base-T, or 1000Base-T mode: The actual speed of the link is automatically negotiated by the PHY and the bridge or router to which it is connected. For more information, see “Ethernet Port” (page 38).

The PHY supports Auto-MDIX, which allows the use of straight-through cables in crossover situations (and conversely). For more information, see “Ethernet Port” (page 38).

Video Display Subsystem

The video display subsystem contains the graphics controller IC along with either 32 MB of DDR memory in the 867 MHz computer or 64 MB of DDR memory (32 MB internal and another 32 MB external to the IC) in the 1 GHz computer. The graphics IC, an ATI Mobility Radeon 9000, contains 2D and 3D acceleration engines, front-end and back-end scalers, a CRT controller, and an AGP4x bus interface with bus master capability.

The features of the Mobility Radeon 9000 include

■ graphics processor clock speed of 200 MHz

■ memory clock speed of 200 MHz

■ support for 32 MB of DDR video memory with 64-bit interface

26 Memory Controller and Bus Bridge

 Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002

CHAPTER 2

Architecture

■ support for 64 MB of DDR video memory with 128-bit interface

■ 2D and 3D graphics acceleration

■ transform acceleration

■ lighting acceleration

■ video acceleration

■ support for MPEG decoding

■ support for video mirror mode

■ support for dual-display mode

■ S-video output for a TV monitor

■ support for programmable pixel and vertex shading

The interface between the graphics IC and the rest of the system is an AGP4x (accelerated graphics port, quadruple speed) bus on the Uni-N IC. To give the graphics IC fast access to system memory, the AGP bus has separate address and data lines and supports deeply pipelined read and write operations. The AGP bus has 32 data lines and a clock speed of 133 MHz.

The graphics IC uses a graphics address remapping table (GART) to translate AGP logical addresses into physical addresses. The graphics driver software can allocate memory in both the graphics SDRAM and the main memory.

The graphics IC supports the built-in flat-panel display and an external monitor. The external monitor can either mirror the built-in display or show additional desktop space (dual-display mode). For information about the displays and supported resolutions, see “Flat-Panel Display” (page 59) and “External Monitors” (page 60).

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I/O Controller

The I/O controller IC in the PowerBook G4 computer is a custom IC called KeyLargo. It provides the interface and control signals for the devices and functions described in the following sections.

Note: In the device tree, the I/O controller is named “mac-io”.

DMA Support

The KeyLargo IC provides DB-DMA (descriptor-based direct memory access) support for the following I/O channels:

■ Ultra DMA ATA interface to the the internal hard drive

■ modem slot interface to the built-in modem

■ IIS channel to the sound IC

The DB-DMA system provides a scatter-gather process based on memory resident data structures that describe the data transfers. The DMA engine is enhanced to allow bursting of data files for improved performance.

Interrupt Support

The KeyLargo IC has an interrupt controller (MPIC) that handles interrupts generated within the IC as well as external interrupts, such as those from the Ethernet and FireWire controllers.

USB Interface

The KeyLargo IC implements two independent USB controllers (root hubs), each of which is connected to one of the ports on the back panel of the computer. The use of two independent controllers allows both USB ports to support high data rate

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devices at the same time with no degradation of their performance. If a user connects a high-speed (12 Mbps) device to one port and another high-speed device to the other, both devices can operate at their full data rates.

The two external USB connectors support USB devices with data transfer rates of

1.5 Mbps or 12 Mbps. For more information about the connectors, see “USB Connectors” (page 33).

USB devices connected to the PowerBook G4 computer are required to support USB-suspend mode as defined in the USB specification. Information about the operation of USB-suspend mode on Macintosh computers is included in the Mac OS USB DDK API Reference. To obtain it, see the reference at “USB Interface” (page 84).

The USB ports on the PowerBook G4 computer comply with the Universal Serial Bus Speciﬁcation 1.1 Final Draft Revision. The USB controllers comply with the Open Host Controller Interface (OHCI) specification.

Ultra DMA/66 Interface

The KeyLargo IC provides an Ultra DMA/66 channel that is connected to the internal hard disk drive. The KeyLargo IC provides DB-DMA (descriptor-based direct memory access) support for the Ultra DMA interface.

The internal hard disk drive is connected as device 0 (master) in an ATA Device 0/ 1 configuration.

EIDE Interface

The KeyLargo IC provides an EIDE interface (ATA bus) that supports the Combo (DVD-ROM/CD-RW) drive, SuperDrive (DVD-R/CD-RW) drive, and the wireless LAN module. The Combo and SuperDrive drives are ATAPI drives and are device-selected as master in an ATA device configuration.

Modem Support

The internal modem is connected to an internal USB port. The KeyLargo IC provides DB-DMA support for the modem interface. The modem provides digital call progress signals to the Snapper sound circuitry.

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The internal modem is a separate module that contains the data pump IC and the interface to the telephone line (DAA). For more information about the modem, see “Internal Modem” (page 40).

Sound Circuitry

The sound circuitry, called Snapper, is connected to the KeyLargo IC by a standard IIS (inter-IC sound) bus. The KeyLargo IC provides DB-DMA (descriptor-based direct memory access) support for the IIS port.

Note: In the device tree, the sound circuitry is named “sound”.

The Snapper circuitry includes a signal processing IC that handles the equalization and volume control functions, a codec IC that performs A-to-D and D-to-A conversion, and a power amplifier that drives the headphone jack.

All audio is handled digitally inside the computer. The Snapper circuitry performs digital-to-analog conversion for the audio signals to the internal speakers and the headphone jack.

For a description of the features of the sound system, see “Sound System” (page 66).

Power Controller

The PowerBook G4 computer can operate from a 15 volt power outlet on an airline, but for safety reasons, the computer will not allow battery charging. In order for the computer to detect the connection to airline power, the airline power cable should have a sense resistor of 24.3K ohms connected between the power plug's shell and ground.

The PowerBook G4 computer has a new variable speed fan control circuit and a new thermal circuit that will force the unit to sleep if the processor temperature exceeds 85 degrees Celsius. The circuit remains active during sleep so that it can continue to poll the temperature.

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The power management controller in the PowerBook G4 computer is a custom IC called the PMU99. It supports several power-saving modes of operation, including idle, doze, and sleep. For more information, see “Power-Saving Features” (page 18).

Note: In the device tree, the power controller is named “via-pmu”.

AirPort Card Interface

The interface between the AirPort Card and the KeyLargo IC uses the same data bus as the optical drive but has its own control signals.

The AirPort Card contains a media access controller (MAC), a digital signal processor (DSP), and a radio-frequency (RF) section. The card has a connector for the cable to the antennas.

Two antennas are built into the computer’s case. To improve reception, a diversity module between the antennas and the card measures the signal strength from both antennas and selects the stronger signal for the AirPort Card.

The design of the AirPort Card is based on the IEEE 802.11 standard. The card transmits and receives data at up to 11 Mbps and is compatible with older systems that operate at 1 or 2 Mbps. For information about its operation, see “AirPort Card” (page 40).

CardBus Controller IC

The interface to the PC Card slot is connected to the PCI bus. The CardBus controller IC is a PCI1410A device made by Texas Instruments. It supports both 16-bit PC Cards and 32-bit CardBus Cards.

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3 Devices and Ports

This chapter describes both the built-in I/O devices and the ports for connecting external I/O devices. Each of the following sections describes an I/O port or device.

USB Ports

The PowerBook G4 computer has two external USB 1.1 ports that can be used to connect additional I/O devices such as a USB mouse, printers, scanners, and low-speed storage devices.

The USB ports on the PowerBook G4 computer comply with the Universal Serial Bus Specification 1.1 Final Draft Revision. For more information about USB on Macintosh computers, consult the references at “USB Interface” (page 84).

USB Connectors

The USB ports use USB Type A connectors, which have four pins each. Two of the pins are used for power and two for data. Figure 3-1 is an illustration of a Type A port and matching connector. Table 3-1 shows the pin assignments.

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Figure 3-1 USB Type A port

1324

Table 3-1 Pin assignments on the USB port

Pin Signal name Description

1 VCC +5 VDC

2 D– Data –

3 D+ Data +

4 GND Ground

The computer provides 5-volt power at 500 mA for each of the two ports.

The USB ports support both low-speed and high-speed data transfers, at up to

1.5 Mbits per second and 12 Mbits per second, respectively. High-speed operation requires the use of shielded cables.

The PowerBook G4 computer comes with version 1.3 of the Macintosh USB system software, which supports all four data transfer types defined in the USB specification.

USB devices can provide a remote wakeup function for the computer. The USB root hub in the computer is set to support remote wakeup whenever a device is attached to the bus.

USB Storage Devices

Class drivers are software components that are able to communicate with many USB devices of a particular kind. If the appropriate class driver is present, any number of compliant devices can be plugged in and start working immediately

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without the need to install additional software. The Mac OS for the PowerBook G4 computer includes USB Mass Storage Support 2.0, a class driver that supports devices that meet the USB Mass Storage Class specification.

FireWire Port

The PowerBook G4 computer has one external FireWire IEEE 1394a port. The FireWire port

■ supports serial I/O at 100, 200, and 400 Mbps (megabits per second)

■ provides up to 6 watts of power when the computer system is on or when the

power adapter is connected

■ supports booting the system from a mass storage device

■ supports target disk mode

The FireWire hardware and software provided with the PowerBook G4 computer are capable of all asynchronous and isochronous transfers defined by IEEE standard

1394.

FireWire Connector

The FireWire connector has six contacts, as shown in Figure 3-2. The connector pin assignments are shown in Table 3-2.

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Figure 3-2 FireWire connector

Table 3-2 Pin assignments on the FireWire connector

Pin Signal name Description

1 Power Unregulated DC; 12–17 V no load

2 Ground Ground return for power and inner cable shield

3 TPB- Twisted-pair B, differential signals

4 TPB+ Twisted-pair B, differential signals

5 TPA- Twisted-pair A, differential signals

6 TPA+ Twisted-pair A, differential signals

Shell — Outer cable shield

When the computer is on or the power adapter is connected, the power pin provides a maximum voltage of 17 V (no load) and up to 6 W power. Maximum current is

0.5 A and is controlled by an auto-resetting fuse.

Pin 2 of the 6-pin FireWire connector is ground for both power and the inner cable shield. If a 4-pin connector is used on the other end of the FireWire cable, its shell should be connected to the wire from pin 2.

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The signal pairs are crossed in the cable itself so that pins 5 and 6 at one end of the cable connect with pins 3 and 4 at the other end. When transmitting, pins 3 and 4 carry data and pins 5 and 6 carry clock; when receiving, the reverse is true.

FireWire Device Programming

Developers of FireWire peripherals are required to provide device drivers. A driver for DV (digital video) is included in QuickTime.

The PowerBook G4 computer can boot from a FireWire storage device that implements SBP-2 (Serial Bus Protocol) with the RBC (reduced block commands) command set. Detailed information is available only under non-disclosure agreement; contact Developer Technical Support at dts@apple.com.

For additional information about the FireWire interface and the Apple API for FireWire device control, refer to the resources listed at “FireWire Interface” (page 85).

Target Disk Mode

One option at boot time is to put the computer into a mode of operation called target disk mode. This mode is similar to SCSI disk mode on a PowerBook computer equipped with a SCSI port, except it uses a FireWire connection instead of a special SCSI cable.

When the PowerBook G4 computer is in target disk mode and connected to another Macintosh computer by a FireWire cable, the PowerBook G4 computer operates like a FireWire mass storage device with the SBP-2 (Serial Bus Protocol) standard. Target disk mode has two primary uses:

■ high-speed data transfer between computers

■ diagnosis and repair of a corrupted internal hard drive

The PowerBook G4 computer can operate in target disk mode as long as the other computer has a FireWire port and is running either

■ Mac OS X (any version)

■ Mac OS 9 with FireWire software 2.3.3 or later

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To put the computer into target disk mode, the user holds down the T key while the computer is starting up. When Open Firmware detects the T key during the boot process, it transfers control to special Open Firmware code.

To take the computer out of target disk mode, the user presses the power button.

For more information about target disk mode, see the section “Target Mode” in Technical Note TN1189, The Monster Disk Driver Technote. The note is available on the Technical Note website at

http://developer.apple.com/technotes/

Ethernet Port

The PowerBook G4 computer has a built-in Ethernet port that supports 10Base-T, 100Base-T, and 1000Base-T transfer rates. In operation, the actual speed of the link is auto-negotiated between the computer’s PHY device and the network bridge or router to which it is connected.

The connector for the Ethernet port is an RJ-45 connector on the back of the computer. Table 3-3 shows the signals and pin assignments for 10Base-T and 100Base-T operation. Table 3-4 shows the signals and pin assignments for 1000Base-T operation.

Table 3-3 Signals for 10Base-T and 100Base-T operation

Pin Signal name Signal deﬁnition

1 TXP Transmit (positive lead)

2 TXN Transmit (negative lead)

3 RXP Receive (positive lead)

4 – Not used

5 – Not used

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Table 3-3 Signals for 10Base-T and 100Base-T operation

Pin Signal name Signal deﬁnition

6 RXN Receive (negative lead)

7 – Not used

8 – Not used

Table 3-4 Signals for 1000Base-T operation

Pin Signal name Signal deﬁnition

1 TRD+(0) Transmit and receive data 0 (positive lead)

2 TRD–(0) Transmit and receive data 0 (negative lead)

3 TRD+(1) Transmit and receive data 1 (positive lead)

4 TRD+(2) Transmit and receive data 2 (positive lead)

5 TRD–(2) Transmit and receive data 2 (negative lead)

6 TRD–(1) Transmit and receive data 1 (negative lead)

7 TRD+(3) Transmit and receive data 3 (positive lead)

8 TRD–(3) Transmit and receive data 3 (negative lead)

To interconnect two computers for 1000Base-T operation, you must use 4-pair cable (Category 5 or 6).

The Ethernet port on the PowerBook G4 computer supports Auto-MDIX: It switches between MDI (Medium Dependent Interface) and MDI-X operation automatically, so it can be connected to another device by either a straight-through cable or a cross-over cable.

The Ethernet interface in the PowerBook G4 computer conforms to the ISO/IEC

802.3 specification, where applicable, and complies with IEEE specifications 802.3i (10Base-T), 802.3u-1995 (100Base-T), and 802.3ab (1000Base-T).

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Internal Modem

The PowerBook G4 computer comes with a built-in modem. The connector for the modem is an RJ-11 connector on the back of the computer.

The modem has the following features:

■ modem bit rates up to 56 Kbps (supports K56flex and V.92 modem standards)

■ Group 3 fax modem bit rates up to 14.4 Kbps

The modem is connected to an internal USB port and is a vendor-specific USB device. The modem driver controls the modem hardware and presents a virtual serial port to the operating system and applications. Applications that bypass the operating system’s modem driver and communicate directly with the SCC will not work properly.

AirPort Card

The PowerBook G4 computer supports the AirPort Card, an internal wireless LAN module, which is standard on the 1 GHz model PowerBook G4 computer and optional on the 867 MHz model.

By communicating wirelessly with a base station, the AirPort Card can be used for internet access, email access, and file exchange. A base station provides the connection to the Internet or the bridge between the wireless signals and a wired LAN or both. The AirPort Base Station has connectors for a wired LAN, a DSL or cable modem, and a standard telephone line using its built-in 56k modem.

AirPort transmits and receives data at speeds up to 11 Mbps, comparable to wired networking speeds. AirPort is Wi-Fi Certified, which means it is fully compatible with other devices that follow the IEEE 802.11b standard, including PCs. For more information about Wi-Fi and compatibility, see the reference at “Wireless

Networks” (page 86).

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Data Security

AirPort has several features designed to maintain the security of the user’s data.

■ The system uses direct-sequence spread-spectrum (DSSS) technology that uses

a multibit spreading code that effectively scrambles the data for any receiver that lacks the corresponding code.

■ The system can use an Access Control List of authentic network client ID values

(wireless and MAC addresses) to verify each client’s identity before granting access to the network.

■ When communicating with a base station, AirPort uses up to 128-bit encryption

to encode data while it is in transit.

■ The AirPort Base Station can be configured to use NAT (Network Address

Translation), protecting data from Internet hackers.

■ The AirPort Base Station can authenticate users by their unique Ethernet IDs,

preventing unauthorized computers from logging into your network. Network administrators can take advantage of RADIUS compatibility, used for authenticating users over a remote server. Smaller networks can offer the same security using a local look-up table located within the base station.

As an additional data security measure, VPN can be used in conjunction with the AirPort data security

AirPort Hardware

The AirPort Card is a wireless LAN module based on the IEEE 802.11 standard and using direct-sequence spread-spectrum (DSSS) technology. It is interoperable with PC-compatible wireless LANs that conform to the 802.11b standard and use DSSS.

Two AirPort antennas are built into the computer’s cover, on either side of the flat-panel display. One antenna is always used for transmitting. Either of the two antennas may be used for receiving. Using a diversity technique, the AirPort Card selects the antenna that gives the best reception.

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AirPort Software

The AirPort Card includes software for setting up and using the card:

■ AirPort Setup Assistant, an easy-to-use program that guides users through the

steps necessary to set up the AirPort Card or set up an AirPort Base Station.

■ Users can switch between wireless networks and can create and join

peer-to-peer networks. In Mac OS X, these functions are accessed via the AirPort status menu. In Mac OS 9, these functions are available through the AirPort application.

■ AirPort Admin Utility, a utility for advanced users and system administrators.

With it the user can edit the administrative and advanced settings needed for some advanced configurations.

Hard Disk Drive

The PowerBook G4 computer has an internal hard disk drive with a storage capacity of 40 or 60 GB. The drive has fluid dynamic bearings for quieter operation. The drive uses the Ultra DMA IDE (integrated drive electronics) interface and is ATA-5 compatible. Current Data Transfer Mode for the drive is UDMA-66.

The software that supports the internal hard disk is the same as that in previous models with internal IDE drives and includes DMA support. For the latest information about that software, see Technical Note TN1098, ATA Device Software Guide Additions and Corrections. The web page for Technical Note TN1098 includes a link to a downloadable copy of ATA Device Software Guide.

To obtain the reference documents listed here, see the reference links at “ATA Devices” (page 84).

Hard Disk Dimensions

Figure 3-3 shows the maximum dimensions of the hard disk and the location of the mounting holes. The minimum clearance between any conductive components on the drive and the bottom of the mounting envelope is 0.5 mm.

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3.00

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Figure 3-3 Maximum dimensions of the internal hard disk

9.50 maximum

[0.404 maximum]

14.00 [0.551]

90.60

[3.567]

4.06 [0.160]

M3, 3.0 mm thread depth minimum, 4X

61.72

[2.430]

69.85 [2.75]

Note: Dimensions are in millimeters [inches].

101.85 maximum [4.01 maximum]

M3, 2.5 mm thread depth minimum, 4

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Hard Disk Connector

The internal hard disk has a 48-pin connector that carries both the ATA signals and the power for the drive. The connector has the dimensions of a 50-pin connector, but with one row of pins removed, as shown in Figure 3-4. The remaining pins are in two groups: pins 1–44, which carry the signals and power, and pins 45–48, which are reserved. Pin 20 has been removed, and pin 1 is located nearest the gap, rather than at the end of the connector.

Figure 3-4 Hard disk connector and location

Key: vacant position at pin 20

3.99 [0.157]

Pin 1

9.50 maximum [0.404 maximum]

10.24 [0.403]

10.14 ± 0.375 [0.399 ± 0.014] Center line of pin 44

Note: Dimensions are in millimeters [inches].

Vacant row in 50-pin connector

14.00

[0.551]

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Signal Assignments

Table 3-5 shows the signal assignments on the 44-pin portion of the hard disk connector. A slash (/) at the beginning of a signal name indicates an active-low signal.

Table 3-5 Pin assignments on the ATA hard disk connector

Pin number Signal name

1 /RESET 2 GROUND

3 DD7 4 DD8

5 DD6 6 DD9

7 DD5 8 DD10

9 DD4 10 DD11

11 DD3 12 DD12

13 DD2 14 DD13

15 DD1 16 DD14

17 DD0 18 DD15

19 GROUND 20 KEY

21 DMARQ 22 GROUND

23 /DIOW, /STOP 24 GROUND

25 /DIOR, /HDMARDY, HSTROBE 26 GROUND

27 IORDY, /DDMARDY, DSTROBE 28 CSEL

29 /DMACK 30 GROUND

31 INTRQ 32 /IOCS16

33 /DA1 34 /PDIAG, /CBLID

35 /DA0 36 /DA2

37 /CS0 38 /CS1

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Table 3-5 Pin assignments on the ATA hard disk connector (continued)

Pin number Signal name

39 /DASP 40 GROUND

41 +5V LOGIC 42 +5V MOTOR

43 GROUND 44 Reserved

/IOCS16 is not used; see Table 3-6.

ATA Signal Descriptions

Table 3-6 describes the signals on the ATA hard disk connector.

Table 3-6 Signals on the ATA hard disk connector

Signal name Signal description

/DA(0–2) Device address; used by the computer to select one of the registers in the ATA

drive. For more information, see the descriptions of the CS0 and CS1 signals.

DD(0–15) Data bus; buffered from IOD(16–31) of the computer’s I/O bus. DD(0–15) are

used to transfer 16-bit data to and from the drive buffer. DD(8–15) are used to transfer data to and from the internal registers of the drive, with DD(0–7) driven high when writing.

/CBLID The host checks this signal after power on or hardware reset to detect

whether an 80-conductor cable is present.

/CS0 Register select signal. It is asserted low to select the main task ﬁle registers.

The task ﬁle registers indicate the command, the sector address, and the sector count.

/CS1 Register select signal. It is asserted low to select the additional control and

status registers on the ATA drive.

CSEL Cable select; not available on this computer (n.c.).

/DASP Device active or slave present; not available on this computer (n.c.).

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Table 3-6 Signals on the ATA hard disk connector (continued)

Signal name Signal description

/DDMARDY Drive ready to receive Ultra DMA data.

/DIOR I/O data read strobe.

/DIOW I/O data write strobe.

/DMACK Used by the host to initiate a DMA transfer in response to DMARQ.

DSTROBE Strobe for Ultra DMA data transfers to host.

/HDMARDY Ultra DMA data ready.

HSTROBE Strobe for Ultra DMA data transfers from host.

IORDY I/O ready; when driven low by the drive, signals the CPU to insert wait

states into the I/O read or write cycles.

/IOCS16 I/O channel select; not used on this computer.

DMARQ Asserted by the device when it is ready to transfer data to or from the host.

INTRQ Interrupt request. This active high signal is used to inform the computer that

a data transfer is requested or that a command has terminated.

/PDIAG Asserted by device 1 to indicate to device 0 that it has completed the

power-on diagnostics; not available on this computer (n.c.).

/RESET Hardware reset to the drive; an active low signal.

/STOP Stop request; an active low signal.

Key This pin is the key for the connector.

The built-in ATA devices are connected to the I/O bus through bidirectional bus buffers.

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DVD-ROM/CD-RW Combo Drive

Some configurations of the PowerBook G4 computer have a slot-loading DVD-ROM/CD-RW Combo drive. The drive can read DVD media and read and write CD media, as shown in Table 3-7. The DVD-ROM/CD-RW drive also provides DVD-Video playback with DVD MPEG2 decode.

Table 3-7 Types of media read and written by the DVD-ROM/CD-RW drive

Media type Reading speed Writing speed

DVD-ROM 8x (CAV) –

CD-R 24x (CAV) 8x (CLV)

CD-RW 24x (CAV) 8x (CLV)

CD or CD-ROM 24x (CAV) –

Important

The DVD-ROM/CD-RW drive supports only 12 cm disc media. It does not support 8 cm discs or noncircular media.

Digital audio signals from the DVD-ROM/CD-RW Combo drive can be played through the sound outputs under the control of the Sound Manager.

The DVD-ROM/CD-RW Combo drive is an ATAPI drive and is device-selected as master in an ATA device configuration.

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DVD-R /CD-RW SuperDrive

Some configurations of the PowerBook G4 computer have a slot-loading DVD-R/ CD-RW SuperDrive drive.

The SuperDrive can read and write DVD media and CD media, as shown in Figure

3-1. The DVD-R/CD-RW drive also provides DVD-Video playback. (The G4

microprocessor provides the MPEG-2 decoding.)

Table 3-8 Media read and written by the SuperDrive

Media type Reading speed (maximum) Writing speed

DVD-R 4x (CAV max) 1x (CLV)

DVD-ROM 8x (CAV max, single

layer) 6x (CAV max, dual layer)

CD-R 24x (CAV max) 8x (CLV)

CD-RW 12x (CAV max) 4x (CLV)

CD or CD-ROM 24x (CAV max) –

The Apple SuperDrive writes to DVD-R 4.7 gigabyte General Use media. These discs are playable in most standard DVD players and computer DVD-ROM drives. For a list of players tested by Apple for playability, refer to

http://www.apple.com/dvd/compatibility/

For compatibility information regarding recordable DVD formats, refer to

http://dvddemystified.com/dvdfaq.html#4.3

Digital audio signals from the SuperDrive can be played through the sound outputs under the control of the Sound Manager.

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The SuperDrive is an ATAPI drive.

Trackpad

The pointing device in the PowerBook G4 computer is a trackpad. The trackpad is a solid-state device that emulates a mouse by sensing the motions of the user’s finger over its surface and translating those motions into ADB commands.

The user makes selections either by pressing the trackpad button (below the trackpad) or by tapping and double tapping on the pad itself. The trackpad responds to one or two taps on the pad itself as one or two clicks of the button. The user can tap and drag on the trackpad in much the same manner as clicking and dragging with the mouse. The tap and double-tap functions are optional; the user activates or deactivates them by means of the mouse pane in System Preferences in Mac OS X or the Trackpad control panel in Mac OS 9.

Keyboard

The keyboard is a compact, low-profile design with a row of function keys and inverted-T cursor motion keys.

Removing the Keyboard

The keyboard is removable to allow access to the internal components and expansion connectors inside the computer. The keyboard is held in place by a locking screw and two latches.

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To unlock the keyboard, the user turns a slotted screw that is part of the Num Lock LED, which is between the F5 and F6 function keys. Turning the screw 180° locks or unlocks the keyboard.

Note: The PowerBook G4 computer leaves the factory with keyboard locking screw in the unlocked position.

The two latches are between the ESC key and the F1 key and between the F11 and F12 keys. The user can release the latches by pulling them toward the front of the computer.

Changing the Operation of the Keyboard

Several of the keys on the keyboard have more than one mode of operation.

■ Function keys F1–F7 can also control the display brightness, the speaker volume,

the dual display feature, and the Num Lock function; function key F12 is also the media eject key.

■ Certain control keys can be used as page-control keys.

■ The keys on the right side of the keyboard can be used as a numeric keypad.

The next sections describe these groups of keys and the way their alternate modes of operation are selected by using the Fn key, the Num Lock key, and the Function Keys checkbox in the Keyboard control panel.

Keyboard Illustrations

Figure 3-5 shows the actual appearance of the keyboard. Figure 3-6 shows the alternate modes of operation of the function and control keys. Figure 3-7 shows the embedded numeric keypad.

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Figure 3-5 Keyboard layout

Figure 3-6 and Figure 3-7 include duplicate versions of some keys in order to show their alternate modes of operation. In some cases, the alternate key captions shown in the figures do not appear on the keyboard. For the actual appearance of the keyboard, refer to Figure 3-5.

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Figure 3-6 Alternate operations of function and control keys

fn key is down and checkbox is unchecked, or fn key is up and checkbox is checked.

fn key is up and checkbox is unchecked, or fn key is down and checkbox is checked.

fn key is up.

fn key is down.

fn key is up.

fn key is down.

Keyboard 53

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Figure 3-7 Embedded numeric keypad operation

num lock is off and fn key is down.

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Using the Fn Key

Pressing the Fn key affects three sets of keys: the function keys F1–F12, the embedded numeric keypad, and certain modifier keys.

■ It toggles the function keys between their control-button operation and their

F1–F12 functions, as shown in Table 3-9 (page 56) and Figure 3-6 (page 53). In Mac OS 9, the user selects the default modes of operation of those keys as described in the section “The Function-Keys Checkbox” (page 55).

■ It selects the embedded numeric keypad on the right portion of the

alphanumeric keys, as shown in Table 3-11 (page 57) and Figure 3-7 (page 54).

■ It changes certain control keys, including the cursor control keys, to page control

keys, as shown in Table 3-12 (page 58) and Figure 3-7 (page 54).

Note: User-programmable function key assignments are supported in Mac OS 9. In Mac OS X, the user must provide a third-party utility to enable the feature.

Using the Num Lock Key

Pressing the Num Lock key affects two sets of keys: the embedded keypad and the rest of the alphanumeric keys.

■ It selects the embedded numeric keypad, as shown in Table 3-11 (page 57) and

Figure 3-7 (page 54).

■ It makes the rest of the alphanumeric keys functionless (NOPs), as shown in

Figure 3-7 (page 54).

The Function-Keys Checkbox

The Function-keys checkbox is supported in Mac OS 9. The Fn key lets the user switch the mode of operation of the function keys at any time. The user selects the default mode of the function keys by means of the Function-keys checkbox in the Keyboard Control Panel.

The Function-keys checkbox lets the user choose whether the function key operations are primary or secondary. “Function keys primary” means the function keys are normally in their F1–F12 mode of operation and pressing the Fn key selects

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their control-button mode. “Function keys secondary” means the function keys are normally in their control-button mode and pressing the Fn key selects their function-key mode.

Note: The F12 key will remain the primary function even when the secondary function is enabled.

In other words, pressing the Fn key reverses the mode of operation of the function keys from the default mode set by the checkbox. Table 3-9 (page 56) summarizes the checkbox settings and the operation of the Fn key. The operations of the individual function keys are shown in Table 3-9 (page 56) and Figure 3-6 (page 53).

Table 3-9 Setting the default behavior of the function keys

Operations of function keys

Make function keys primary checkbox

Fn key up Fn key down

Checked F1–F12

functions

Not checked Control

buttons

Table 3-10 The function keys as control buttons

Key name Control button

Control buttons

F1–F12 functions

F1 Decrease display brightness

F2 Increase display brightness

F3 Mute the speaker

F4 Decrease speaker volume

F5 Increase speaker volume

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Table 3-10 The function keys as control buttons (continued)

Key name Control button

F6 Num Lock

F7 Switch between dual display and mirroring

F12 Media eject

The Embedded Keypad

A certain group of alphanumeric keys can also function as an embedded keypad. The user selects this mode by using the Fn key or the Num Lock key. Figure 3-7 (page 54) shows the keys making up the embedded keypad and Table 3-11 lists them.

Table 3-11 Embedded keypad keys

Key name Keypad function

6 Clear P * (multiply)

77 J1

88 K2

99 L3

0 / (divide) ; – (subtract)

- = (equals) M 0

U 4 , NOP

I 5 . . (decimal)

O 6 / + (add)

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When the embedded keypad is made active by the Num Lock key, the other alphanumeric keys have no operation (NOP), as shown in Figure 3-7 (page 54). The affected keys include certain special character keys: plus and equal sign, right and left brackets, vertical bar and backslash, and straight apostrophe.

Other Control Keys

The cursor control keys can also be used as page control keys. Other control keys can take on the functions of certain keys on a PC keyboard, for use with PC emulation software. The Fn key controls the modes of operation of this group of keys. Table 3-12 is a list of these keys and their alternate functions. These control keys are also show in Figure 3-7 (page 54).

Table 3-12 Control keys that change

Key name Alternate function

Shift Right shift key

Control Right control key

Option Alt gr (right Alt key)

Command Windows key

Enter Menu key (for contextual menus)

Left arrow Home

Up arrow Page up

Down arrow Page down

Right arrow End

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Flat-Panel Display

The PowerBook G4 computer has a built-in color flat-panel display. It is a wide-screen display (1280 by 854 pixels) and is 15.2 inches across, measured diagonally. The resolution is 101.4 dpi.

The display is backlit by a cold cathode fluorescent lamp (CCFL). The display uses TFT (thin-film transistor) technology for high contrast and fast response.

In addition to its native resolution (1280 by 854) the display also supports several non-native resolutions, as shown in Table 3-13. The graphics controller IC includes a scaling function that expands displays with those smaller resolutions to fill the screen.

The display’s native resolution, 1280 by 854, has an aspect ratio of 3:2. When selecting a picture resolution with an aspect ration of 4:3, the user can choose to have it displayed with square pixels and black margins on the sides, or with stretched pixels that fill the display from side to side. These options are shown in Table 3-13.

Table 3-13 Picture sizes on the ﬂat-panel display

Picture size

Display area used

Black margins

Shape of pixels

640 by 480 1024 by 768 yes square

640 by 480 1280 by 854 no stretched

720 by 480 1280 by 854 no square

800 by 600 1024 by 768 yes square

800 by 600 1280 by 854 no stretched

896 by 600 1280 by 854 no square

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Table 3-13 Picture sizes on the ﬂat-panel display (continued)

Picture size

1024 by 768 1024 by 768 yes square

1024 by 768 1280 by 854 no stretched

1152 by 768 1280 by 854 no square

Display area used

External Monitors

The computer has a Digital Visual Interface (DVI) connector for flat panel displays, an external video monitor, or a projection device. The DVI connector supports all DVI-equipped displays. A DVI-to-VGA adapter for use with analog monitors is included. With a ADC-to-DVI adapter, available separately, the PowerBook G4 computer can be used with any Apple flat panel display.

The computer also has an S-video connector that supplies a video signal for an NTSC or PAL video monitor or VCR. See “External Video Port” (page 64).

Black margins

Shape of pixels

Dual Display and Mirror Mode

An external monitor or projection device connected to the computer can increase the amount of visible desktop space. This way of using an external monitor is called dual display to distinguish it from mirror mode, which shows the same information on both the external display and the built-in display.

The scaling function is available when the internal display and an external monitor are both operating and the mirror mode is selected. However, the external monitor could have black borders during mirroring, depending on the supported timings between the two displays and on the monitor’s selection algotithm. Both displays show full-sized images only when the display resolution for the external monitor is set to the internal display’s native resolution: 1280 by 854. Both displays can operate with other resolution settings, but in mirror mode, one of them has a display that is

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smaller than the full screen and has a black border around it. With the resolution for the external monitor set to 640 by 480 or 800 by 600, the image on the internal display is smaller than its screen. For resolution settings larger than 1280 by 854, the image on the external monitor is smaller than its screen.

Analog Monitor Resolutions

The PowerBook G4 computer comes with an adapter for use with an analog video monitor. Table 3-14 lists the picture sizes and frame rates supported.

Table 3-14 Picture sizes on an analog monitor

Picture size (pixels)

Frame rate Pixel depth

Picture size (pixels)

Frame rate Pixel depth

512 by 384 60 Hz 24 bpp 1024 by 768 72 Hz 24 bpp

640 by 480 60 Hz 24 bpp 1024 by 768 75 Hz 24 bpp

640 by 480 67 Hz 24 bpp 1024 by 768 85 Hz 24 bpp

640 by 480 72 Hz 24 bpp 1152 by 870 75 Hz 24 bpp

640 by 480 75 Hz 24 bpp 1280 by 960 75 Hz 24 bpp

640 by 480 85 Hz 24 bpp 1280 by 1024 60 Hz 24 bpp

640 by 870 75 Hz 24 bpp 1280 by 1024 75 Hz 24 bpp

800 by 600 56 Hz 24 bpp 1600 by 1200 60 Hz 24 bpp

800 by 600 60 Hz 24 bpp 1600 by 1200 65 Hz 24 bpp

800 by 600 72 Hz 24 bpp 1600 by 1200 70 Hz 24 bpp

800 by 600 75 Hz 24 bpp 1600 by 1200 75 Hz 24 bpp

800 by 600 85 Hz 24 bpp 1792 by 1344 60 Hz 24 bpp

832 by 624 75 Hz 24 bpp 1856 by 1392 60 Hz 24 bpp

1024 by 768 60 Hz 24 bpp 1920 by 1440 75 Hz 24 bpp

1024 by 768 70 Hz 24 bpp 2048 by 1536 75 Hz 24 bpp

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When the flat-panel display and an external video monitor are operating at the same time, the system allocates 16 MB of video memory for each, enough to support the full 24-bit pixel depth at resolutions up to 2048 by 1536 pixels.

Digital Display Resolutions

Table 3-15 shows the resolutions supported on flat-panel (digital) displays. The

32 MB of video RAM on the accelerated graphics card supports pixel depths up to 32 bits per pixel at all resolutions.

Table 3-15 Picture sizes on a digital display

640 by 480 1024 by 768

800 by 500 1280 by 800

800 by 512 1280 by 1024

800 by 600 1344 by 840

960 by 600 1600 by 1024

1024 by 600 1600 by 1200

1024 by 640 1920 by 1200

DVI-I Connector

The external monitor connector is a DVI-I connector. It carries both digital and analog video signals. Figure 3-8 shows the contact configuration; Table 3-16 and

Table 3-17 list the signals and pin assignments.

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Figure 3-8 DVI-I connector

1234 5678

910111213141516

17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

C1 C2

C3 C4

Table 3-16 Main signals on the DVI-I connector

Pin Signal name Pin Signal name

1 TMDS Data2– 13 TMDS Data3+

2 TMDS Data2+ 14 +5V Power

3 TMDS Data2/4 Shield 15 Ground for +5V Power

4 TMDS Data4– 16 Hot Plug Detect

5 TMDS Data4+ 17 TMDS Data0–

6 DDC Clock 18 TMDS Data0+

7 DDC Data 19 TMDS Data0/5 Shield

8 Analog Vertical Sync 20 TMDS Data5–

9 TMDS Data1– 21 TMDS Data5+

10 TMDS Data1+ 22 TMDS Clock Shield

11 TMDS Data1/3 Shield 23 TMDS Clock+

12 TMDS Data3– 24 TMDS Clock–

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Table 3-17 MicroCross signals on the DVI-I connector

Pin Signal name

C1 Analog Red Video

C2 Analog Green Video

C3 Analog Blue Video

C4 Analog Horizontal Sync

C5 Analog Common Ground Return

The graphics data sent to the digital monitor use transition minimized differential signaling (TMDS). TMDS uses an encoding algorithm to convert bytes of graphics data into characters that are transition-minimized to reduce EMI with copper cables, and DC-balanced for transmission over fiber optic cables. The TMDS algorithm also provides robust clock recovery for greater skew tolerance with longer cables or low-cost short cables. For additional information about TMDS, see the references shown in “Digital Visual Interface” (page 86).

External Video Port

The PowerBook G4 computer has a video port that provides S-video output to a PAL or NTSC video monitor or VCR. The video output connector is a 7-pin S-video connector. Figure 3-9 shows the arrangement of the pins and Table 3-18 shows the pin assignments on the S-video connector.

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Figure 3-9 S-video connector

Table 3-18 Pin assignments for the S-video output connector

Pin number S-video output connector

6 5

1 Analog GND

2 Analog GND

3 Video Y (luminance)

4 Video C (chroma)

5 composite video

6 Unused

7 Unused

An adapter (included) can be plugged into the S-video connector and accepts an RCA plug for connecting a composite video monitor.

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The PowerBook G4 computer provides video output at picture sizes and frame rates compatible with the NTSC and PAL standards; the picture sizes are listed in Table 3-19. Those picture sizes produce underscanned displays on standard monitors.

Table 3-19 Picture sizes for S-video output

Picture size Pixel depth

512 by 384 24 bpp

640 by 480 24 bpp

720 by 480 (NTSC only)

720 by 576 (PAL only)

800 by 600 24 bpp

832 by 624 24 bpp

1024 by 768 24 bpp

Sound System

The sound system for the PowerBook G4 computer supports stereo sound output and input, available simultaneously. The sound circuitry handles audio data as 16-bit samples at a 44.1 kHz sample rate.

The sound circuitry and system software can create sounds digitally and either play the sounds through the built-in speakers or send the sound signals out through the sound output jack or one of the USB ports.

24 bpp

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The PowerBook G4 computer can record sound data from the built-in microphone, an audio CD, the audio input jack, or a USB audio device. For each sound input source, sound play-through can be enabled or disabled. Sound data from digital sources is converted to analog form for output to the speakers and the sound output jack.

Sound Inputs

The sound system accepts inputs from the following sources:

■ the built-in microphone

■ the audio input jack

■ a CD or DVD in the DVD-ROM/CD-RW Combo drive

■ a CD or DVD in the DVD-R/CD-RW SuperDrive

■ a digital audio device connected to a USB or FireWire port

■ sound signals from the communication (modem) slot

The microphone preamp has a dedicated analog input channel in the Snapper circuitry; the other inputs send digital data. The analog input can be set for play-through or recording. The digital inputs can be selected or mixed by the Snapper sound circuitry.

The computer also accepts digital sound data from the DVD-ROM/CD-RW Combo drive, DVD-R /CD-RW SuperDrive, or from devices connected to the USB or FireWire ports. Sound data from those sources can be sent to the sound system to be converted to analog form for output to the speakers and the output jack.

Built-in Microphone

The built-in microphone is located at the bottom of the left speaker grille.

The sound signal from the built-in microphone goes through a dedicated preamplifier that raises its nominal 30 mV level to a nominal 150 mV (peak-to-peak) signal to the sound circuitry. That signal level assures good quality digitizing without driving the analog input into clipping.

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Audio Input Jack

The audio input jack is a 3.5 mm mini phone jack located on the I/O panel on the back of the computer. The audio input jack accepts line-level stereo signals. It also accepts a stereo miniplug-to-RCA cable adapter for connecting stereo equipment to the computer.

The sound input jack signal connections are

■ tip: audio left channel

■ ring: audio right channel

■ sleeve: audio ground

Modem Activity Sound Signals

Modem activity sound signals from the communications slot are sent to the Snapper sound circuitry as 8-bit digital data.

Sound Outputs

The sound system sends sound output signals to the built-in speakers and the external sound output jack.

Headphone Jack

The headphone jack is located on the left side of the computer. The headphone jack provides enough current to drive a pair of low-impedance headphones. It can also be used as a line-level output.

The headphone jack has the following electrical characteristics:

■ impedance suitable for driving standard 32-ohm headphones

■ output level 2.0 V peak-to-peak (0.7 V RMS)

■ signal-to-noise (SNR) 90 dB unweighted (typical)

■ total harmonic distortion (THD) 0.03% or less

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Internal Speakers

The computer has two internal speakers, one on either side of the keyboard. The computer turns off the sound signals to the speakers when an external device is actively connected to the sound output jack and during power cycling.

Digitizing Sound

The sound circuitry digitizes and records sound as 44.1 kHz 16-bit samples. If a sound sampled at a lower rate on another computer is played as output, the Sound Manager transparently upsamples the sound to 44.1 kHz prior to outputting the audio to the sound circuitry.

When recording sound from a microphone, applications that may be affected by feedback should disable sound play-through by calling the Sound Manager functions.

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CHAPTER 4

4 Expansion Features

This chapter describes the expansion features of the PowerBook G4 computer: the RAM expansion slots and the CardBus slot.

RAM Expansion Slots

The computer has two RAM expansion slots that accommodate standard SO (small outline) DIMMs using SDRAM devices. One or both slots may be occupied by factory-installed SO-DIMMs. The slots are accessible for user installation of an additional or larger SO-DIMM.

RAM expansion SO-DIMMs must be PC133 compliant.

The SO-DIMMs must use SDRAM devices. If the user installs an SO-DIMM that uses EDO devices, the boot process will fail when the user attempts to restart the computer and the computer will not operate.

The address logic for the RAM slots supports up to 1 GB total RAM. Using the highest-density devices currently available, an SO-DIMM can contain up to 512 MB of RAM, so the two RAM expansion slots can accommodate up to 1 GB total RAM.

Getting Access to the Slots

The RAM expansion slots are stacked in a dual socket on the main logic board. The user can get access to the slots by removing the keyboard, as shown in Figure 4-1.

The keyboard is held in place by a locking screw and two latches.

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The keyboard locking screw is a slotted screw that is part of the Num Lock LED, which is located between the F5 and F6 function keys. The locking screw can be turned through 360°; turning it 180° switches between the locked and unlocked positions. The computer is shipped with the locking screw in the unlocked position.

The two latches are between the ESC key and the F1 key and between the F11 and F12 keys. You release the latches by pulling them toward the front of the computer.

Pulling on the latches only (not on the keys), and without disconnecting the keyboard’s membrane cable, you can lift the keyboard up and turn it face down onto the front part of the case.

Figure 4-1 Interior view showing RAM expansion slots

Upper memory slot

Important

Lower memory slot (filled)

Use care when inserting or removing a DIMM. Pay particular attention to the retaining tabs on either side of the slot. Make sure to release the tabs before removing a DIMM.

When installing a DIMM, hold the RAM expansion card at a 30-degree angle. Line up the notch in the card with the small

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Keyboard flipped over

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tab in the RAM expansion slot and slide the card into the slot until the gold edge is almost invisible, then gently push the RAM expansion card into the expansion slot. Make sure the tabs are engaged before closing up the computer.

Mechanical Design of RAM SO-DIMMs

The RAM expansion modules used in the PowerBook G4 computer are standard 144-pin 8-byte DRAM SO-DIMMs, as defined in the JEDEC specifications.

The mechanical characteristics of the RAM expansion SO-DIMM are given in the JEDEC specification for the 144-pin 8-byte DRAM SO-DIMM. The specification number is JEDEC MO-190-C. To obtain a copy of the specification, see the references listed at “RAM Expansion Modules” (page 83).

The specification defines SO-DIMMs with nominal heights of 1.0, 1.25, 1.5, and 2.0 inches. The PowerBook G4 computer can accommodate SO-DIMMS with heights of 1.25 inches or less.

Important

The PowerBook G4 computer can not accept a 1.5 or 2-inch SO-DIMM.

The JEDEC specification defines the maximum depth or thickness of an SO-DIMM as 3.8 mm. Modules that exceed the specified thickness can cause reliability problems.

Electrical Design of RAM SO-DIMMs

SO-DIMMs for the PowerBook G4 computer are required to be PC133 compliant. For information about the PC133 specifications, see the references at “RAM Expansion Modules” (page 83).

The electrical characteristics of the RAM SO-DIMM are given in section 4.5.6 of the JEDEC Standard 21-C, release 7. To obtain a copy of the specification, see the references listed at “RAM Expansion Modules” (page 83).

The JEDEC and Intel specifications define several attributes of the DIMM, including storage capacity and configuration, connector pin assignments, and electrical loading. The specifications support SO-DIMMs with either one or two banks of memory.

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Important

The memory controller on the PowerBook G4 computer uses a separate CKE signals for each bank, as called out in the JEDEC specification. SO-DIMMs that have all the CKE pins connected together do not operate properly.

The JEDEC specification for the SO-DIMM defines a Serial Presence Detect (SPD) feature that contains the attributes of the module. SO-DIMMs for use in PowerBook computers are required to have the SPD feature. Information about the required values to be stored in the presence detect EEPROM is in section 4.1.2.5 and Figure

4.5.6–C (144 Pin SDRAM SO–DIMM, PD INFORMATION) of the JEDEC standard 21-C specification, release 7.

Important

For a DIMM to be recognized by the startup software, the SPD feature must be programmed properly to indicate the timing modes supported by the DIMM.

Capacitance of the data lines must be kept to a minimum. Individual DRAM devices should have a pin capacitance of not more than 5 pF on each data pin.

SDRAM Devices

The SDRAM devices used in the RAM expansion modules must be self-refresh type devices for operation from a 3.3-V power supply. The speed of the SDRAM devices must be 133 MHz or higher.

The devices are programmed to operate with a CAS latency of 3. At that CAS latency, the access time from the clock transition must be 5.4 ns or less. The burst length must be at least 4 and the minimum clock delay for back-to-back random column access cycles must be a latency of 1 clock cycle.

When the computer is in sleep mode, the RAM modules are in self-refresh mode and the maximum power-supply current available for each RAM module is 8 mA (see the section “RAM SO-DIMM Electrical Limits” (page 76)). Developers should specify SDRAM devices with low power specifications so as to stay within that limit.

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Configuration of RAM SO-DIMMs

Table 4-1 shows information about the different sizes of SDRAM devices used in the memory modules. The first two columns show the memory size and configuration of the SO-DIMMs. The next two columns show the number and configuration of the SDRAM devices making up the memory modules.

Table 4-1 Sizes of RAM expansion modules and devices

SO-DIMM size

SO-DIMM conﬁguration (MB x bits)

Number of devices

Device conﬁguration (MB x bits)

Number of banks

128 MB 16 x 64 8 16 x 8 1

128 MB 16 x 64 8 8 x 16 2

256 MB 32 x 64 16 16 x 8 2

256 MB 32 x 64 8 32 x 8 1

256 MB 32 x 64 8 16 x 16 2

512 MB 64 x 64 16 32 x 8 2

Note: The PowerBook G4 computer does not use memory interleaving, so installing two SO-DIMMs of the same size does not result in any performance gain.

Address Multiplexing

Signals A[0] – A[12] and BA[0] – BA[1] on each RAM SO-DIMM make up a 15-bit multiplexed address bus that can support several different types of SDRAM devices. Table 4-2 lists the types of devices that can be used in the PowerBook G4 computer by size, configuration, and sizes of row, column, and bank addresses.

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Important

The PowerBook G4 computer supports only the types of SDRAM devices specified in Table 4-2. Other types of devices should not be used with this computer.

Table 4-2 Types of DRAM devices

Device size

Device conﬁguration (bytes x bits banks) Row address bits Column address bits

64 Mbits 2 M x 8 x 4 12 9

64 Mbits 1 M x 16 x 4 12 8

64 Mbits 512 K x 32 x 4 11 8

128 Mbits 4 M x 8 x 4 12 10

128 Mbits 2 M x 16 x 4 12 9

128 Mbits 1 M x 32 x 4 12 8

256 Mbits 8 M x 8 x 4 13 10

256 Mbits 4 M x 16 x 4 13 9

RAM SO-DIMM Electrical Limits

Each RAM SO-DIMM must not exceed the following maximum current limits on the +3.3 V supply:

Active: 1.2 A (8 devices at 150 mA each)

Sleep: 12 mA

Important

The restriction on sleep current is required not only to maximize the battery life but to meet the limitations of the backup battery during sleep swapping of the main battery. Developers of RAM expansion modules that exceed the limit on sleep current must include a warning to the user that battery sleep swapping may not work with those modules installed.

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The maximum current specified for active operation generally rules out the use of 4-bit-wide SDRAM devices in a RAM expansion module. Such a module would have 16 such devices, and the 1.2 A maximum current would allow only about 75 mA per device. To stay within the current limits, RAM expansion modules should use only 8-bit or 16-bit SDRAM devices.

CardBus Slot

The CardBus slot accepts one Type I or Type II card. The slot supports both 16-bit PC Cards and 32-bit CardBus Cards. The card can be removed and replaced while the computer is operating.

Note: The CardBus slot does not provide 12 V power.

For information about the CardBus and the PC Card Manager, refer to the CardBus DDK and the PC Card Manager SDK. To obtain the DDK and the SDK, see the reference at “PC Card Manager” (page 83).

Important

The AirPort Card does not work in the CardBus slot.

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APPENDIX A

A Supplemental Reference

Documents

For more information about the technologies mentioned in this developer note, you may wish to consult some of the following references.

For information about older models of Macintosh computers, refer to the developer notes archive at

http://developer.apple.com/techpubs/hardware/hardware2.html

Apple Technical Notes

Apple Technical Notes answer many specific questions about the operation of Macintosh computers and the Mac OS. The notes are available on the Technical Note website at

http://developer.apple.com/technotes/

3D Graphics

Developers of 3D graphics for games should know about OpenGL for Macintosh®, a new version of SGI’s application programming interface (API) and software library for 3D graphics.

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APPENDIX A

Supplemental Reference Documents

Information is available on the World Wide Web at

http://www.apple.com/opengl

Developer support and documentation is available at

http://developer.apple.com/opengl/

PowerPC G4 Microprocessor

Information about the PowerPC G4 microprocessor is available on the World Wide Web at

http://e-www.motorola.com/webapp/sps/site/ taxonomy.jsp?nodeId=03M943030450467M98653

Velocity Engine (AltiVec)

Velocity Engine is Apple’s name for the AltiVec vector processor in the PowerPC G4 microprocessor. Apple provides support for developers who are starting to use the Velocity Engine in their applications. Documentation, development tools, and sample code are available on the World Wide Web, at

http://developer.apple.com/hardware/ve/index.html

and

http://developer.apple.com/techpubs/macosx/CoreTechnologies/vDSP/ vDSP.html

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APPENDIX A

Supplemental Reference Documents

AltiVec Technology Programming Environments Manual (AltiVec PEM) is a reference guide for programmers. It contains a description for each instruction and information to help in understanding how the instruction works. You can obtain a copy of the AltiVec PEM through the Motorola AltiVec site on the World Wide Web, at

http://e-www.motorola.com/webapp/sps/site/ overview.jsp?nodeId=03M943030450467M0ymK5Nf2

Mac OS X

Mac OS X version 10.2 is installed by default on the PowerBook G4 computer. For access to Apple’s developer documentation for Mac OS X, see the Apple Developer Connection (ADC) website at

http://developer.apple.com/techpubs/macosx/macosx.html

O'Reilly & Associates publishes a series of books about Mac OS X development. The books in this series have been technically reviewed by Apple engineers and are recommended by the Apple Developer Connection.

Mac OS 9.2.2

Mac OS 9.2.2 is also included with the PowerBook G4 computer. Programming information about Mac OS 9 is available on the World Wide Web at

http://developer.apple.com/techpubs/macosx/Carbon/carbon.html

You can find additional information in Apple Technical Notes at

http://developer.apple.com/technotes/

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Supplemental Reference Documents

I/O Kit

The I/O Kit is part of Darwin, the operating system foundation for Mac OS X. The documentation for I/O Kit is available on Apple’s Darwin website at

http://developer.apple.com/techpubs/macosx/Darwin/index.html

Open Firmware

The software architecture implemented on current Macintosh computers follows the standard defined by the Open Firmware IEEE 1274-1994 specification. Three Technical Notes provide an introduction to Open Firmware on the Macintosh platform. They are:

TN1061: Open Firmware, Part I, available at

http://developer.apple.com/technotes/tn/tn1061.html

TN1062: Open Firmware, Part II, available at

http://developer.apple.com/technotes/tn/tn1062.html

TN1044: Open Firmware, Part III, available at

http://developer.apple.com/technotes/tn/tn1044.html

Other Technical Notes provide additional information about Open Firmware on the Macintosh.

TN2000: PCI Expansion ROMs and You, at

http://developer.apple.com/technotes/tn/tn2000.html

82 I/O Kit

 Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002

APPENDIX A

Supplemental Reference Documents

TN2001: Running Files from a Hard Drive in Open Firmware, at

http://developer.apple.com/technotes/tn/tn2001.html

TN2004: Debugging Open Firmware Using Telnet, available at

http://developer.apple.com/technotes/tn/tn2004.html

RAM Expansion Modules

The mechanical characteristics of the RAM SO-DIMM are given in JEDEC specification number JEDEC MO190-C. The specification can be found by using the search string MO190-C on the Electronics Industry Association’s website at

http://www.jedec.org/DOWNLOAD/default.cfm

The electrical characteristics of the RAM SO-DIMM are given in JEDEC Standard 21-C. The specification can be found by using the search string JESD21-C on the Electronics Industry Association’s website at

http://www.jedec.org/DOWNLOAD/default.cfm

The RAM DIMMs are required to be PC133 or PC100 compliant. Information about the PC133 and PC100 specifications is available from Intel’s website at

http://developer.intel.com/technology/memory/pcsdram/

PC Card Manager

For information about the CardBus and the PC Card Manager, refer to the CardBus DDK and the PC Card Manager SDK. The DDK and SDK are available on the Apple Developer World web page at

http://developer.apple.com/sdk/index.html

RAM Expansion Modules 83

 Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002

APPENDIX A

Supplemental Reference Documents

ATA Devices

ATA (AT Attachment), also referred to as integrated drive electronics (IDE), is a standard interface used with storage devices such as hard disk drives. For more information on ATA, refer to the following Apple website at

http://developer.apple.com/techpubs/hardware/DeviceManagers/ata/ata.html

ATA Manager 4.0 supports driver software for internal IDE drives and includes DMA support. For the latest information about ATA Manager 4.0, see Technical Note TN1098, ATA Device Software Guide Additions and Corrections, available on the world wide web at

http://developer.apple.com/technotes/tn/tn1098.html

The web page for Technical Note TN1098 includes a link to a downloadable copy of ATA Device Software Guide.

Information about the ATA standards is available at the Technical Committee T13 AT Attachment website, at

http://www.t13.org/

USB Interface

For more information about USB on Macintosh computers, refer to Apple Computer’s Mac OS USB DDK API Reference. Information is also available on the World Wide Web, at

http://developer.apple.com/techpubs/hardware/DeviceManagers/usb/ usb.html

84 ATA Devices

 Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002

APPENDIX A

Supplemental Reference Documents

USB game controllers are supported by the InputSprocket component of the Apple Games Sprockets software architecture. InputSprocket software and information about the InputSprocket API can be found at

http://developer.apple.com/games/

For full specifications of the Universal Serial Bus, you should refer to the USB Implementation Forum on the World Wide Web, at

http://www.usb.org/developers/home.php3

FireWire Interface

For additional information about the FireWire IEEE 1394 interface and the Apple API for FireWire software, refer to the resources available on the Apple FireWire website at

http://developer.apple.com/hardware/FireWire/index.html

The IEEE 1394 standard is available from the IEEE. Ordering information can be found on the World Wide Web at

http://standards.ieee.org/reading/ieee/std_public/description/busarch/ 1394-1995_desc.html

You may also find useful information at the 1394 Trade Association’s website:

http://www.1394ta.org/

FireWire Interface 85

 Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002

APPENDIX A

Supplemental Reference Documents

Digital Visual Interface

For information about transition minimized differential signaling (TMDS) used with digital video monitors, see the specification, Digital Visual Interface DVI Revision 1.0, available on the website of the Digital Display Working Group (DDWG) at

http://www.ddwg.org/index.html

Wireless Networks

More information about Wi-Fi and wireless networks using the IEEE 802.11 standard is available on the website of the Wireless Ethernet Compatibility Alliance, at

http://www.wirelessethernet.org/OpenSection/index.asp

86 Digital Visual Interface

 Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002

APPENDIX B

B Abbreviations

Here a lists of abbreviations used in this developer note.

Abbreviations and Standard Units

Standard units of measure used in this note include:

A amperes MB megabytes

dB decibels Mbps megabits per second

GB gigabytes Mbits megabits

Hz hertz MHz megahertz

KB kilobytes mm millimeters

kg kilograms ns nanoseconds

kHz kilohertz V volts

mA milliamperes VDC volts direct current

mAh milliampere-hours

Abbreviations and Standard Units 87

 Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002

APPENDIX B

Abbreviations

Other Abbreviations

Other abbreviations used in this note include:

10Base-T an Ethernet standard for data transmission at rates up to 10 Mbits per

second

100Base-T an Ethernet standard for data transmission at rates up to 100 Mbits

per second

1000Base-T an Ethernet standard for data transmission at rates up to 1000 Mbits

per second

AGP accelerated graphics port

AIM ATA Interface Module

ANSI American National Standards Institute

API application programming interface

ASIC application-speciﬁc integrated circuit

ATA AT attachment

CAS column address strobe, a memory control signal

CD compact disc

CD-ROM compact disc read-only memory

CPU central processing unit

CRT cathode ray tube, a video display device

DAA data access adapter (a telephone line interface)

DAC digital-to-analog converter

DDC display data channel

DIMM Dual Inline Memory Module

DB-DMA descriptor-based direct memory access

DDK device developer’s kit

88 Other Abbreviations

 Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002

APPENDIX B

Abbreviations

DDR double data rate, a type of SDRAM

DMA direct memory access

DVI Digital Visual Interface

EDO extended data out

EIDE enhanced integrated device electronics

G4 Generation 4, the fourth generation of PowerPC

microprocessors, incorporating AltiVec technology

GND ground

HFS hierarchical ﬁle system

HID human interface device, a class of USB devices

IC integrated circuit

IDE integrated device electronics

IEC International Electrotechnical Commission

IIC inter-IC control bus

IIS inter-IC sound bus

I/O input and output

ISO International Organization for Standardization

JEDEC Joint Electron Device Engineering Council

L1 level 1 or ﬁrst level, a type of CPU cache

L2 level 2 or second level, a type of CPU cache

L3 level 3 or third level, a type of CPU cache

LED light emitting diode

Mac OS Macintosh Operating System

MDI Medium Dependent Interface

MDI-X Medium Dependent Interface with Cross-Over

modem modulator-demodulator, a data communications interface for use

with analog telephone lines

NMI nonmaskable interrupt

Other Abbreviations 89

 Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002

APPENDIX B

Abbreviations

NOP no operation

NVRAM nonvolatile random-access memory

OHCI Open Host Controller Interface

OS operating system

PCI Peripheral Component Interconnect, an industry-standard expansion

bus

PLL phase-locked loop

RAM random-access memory

RCA Radio Corporation of America

rms root mean square

ROM read-only memory

SBP Serial Bus Protocol

SCSI Small Computer System Interface

SDK software developer’s kit

SDRAM synchronous dynamic RAM

SNR signal to noise ratio

SO-DIMM Small Outline Dual Inline Memory Module

SPD Serial Presence Detect, a feature of the SO-DIMM

TMDS transition minimized differential signaling

USB Universal Serial Bus, an industry-standard expansion bus

VCC positive supply voltage (voltage for collectors)

90 Other Abbreviations

 Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002

Index

Numerals

3D graphics, reference information for 79

abbreviations 88 accelerated graphics port. See AGP access to internal components 50, 71 AGP bus 27 AirPort Admin Utility 42 AirPort Application 42 AirPort Base Station 41 AirPort Card 12, 40–42

hardware components 41 interface 31 security features 41

software components 42 AirPort Setup Assistant 42 ATA disk interface

reference information for 84 ATA hard disk 42 ATI Mobility IC 26 ATI Mobility Radeon 9000 11

block diagram 21, 22 boot ROM 25 booting from a FireWire device 37 buses 21, 23, 25

CardBus controller IC 31 CardBus slot 77 clock speeds 23 Combo drive 12, 48 connectors

Ethernet 38 external monitor 62 FireWire 35 hard disk drive 45 modem 40 sound input 68 sound output jack 68 S-video 64 USB 33

custom ICs

KeyLargo I/O controller 28 Uni-N memory controller and bridge IC 24

displays

external monitors 61

VGA, SVGA, and XGA monitors 61 ﬂat panel 59 mirror mode

resolution settings 61 scaling function 59

DMA support 28 DVD-R/CD-RW drive 49 DVD-R/CD-RW, SuperDrive 11, 12, 49 DVD-ROM/CD-RW drive 48 DVD-ROM/CD-RW, Combo drive 12, 48

Apple Computer, Inc November 2002

INDEX

EDO devices not supported 71 Energy Star standard 19 Ethernet controller 26 Ethernet port 38 external monitors 60–64

connector 62 mirror mode with 60 pixel depths available 62 VGA, SVGA, and XGA monitors 61

features 12 FireWire connector 35 FireWire controller 26 FireWire device drivers 37 FireWire device programming 37 FireWire port 35–38

booting from 37 connector 35 device drivers 37

Target Disk mode 37 FireWire, reference information for 85 ﬂat panel display 59 Function-keys checkbox 55

G4. See PowerPC G4 microprocessor graphics address remapping table (GART) 27 graphics IC 26

hard disk drive 42–47

connector

ATA signals on 46 pin assignments on 45

dimensions and mounting holes 42

I/O ports

Ethernet 38 IDE hard disk 42 internal modem 29 interrupts 28

JEDEC speciﬁcations for SO-DIMMs 73

keyboard 50–58

control keys with alternate functions 58

effect of Function-keys checkbox 55

Fn key 55

keys with multiple functions 51

Num Lock key 55

removing 50, 71 Keyboard control panel 55 KeyLargo I/O controller IC 28

hard disk connector 45

pin assignments on 45 signals on 46

Apple Computer, Inc November 2002

L2 cache 24 L3 cache 24

INDEX

machine identiﬁcation 18 memory interleaving not supported 75 microprocessor 23 microprocessor clock speeds 23 mirror mode 60

resolution settings for 61 modem 29, 40 monitor connector 62

new features 11 NTSC video monitor 64

Open Firmware 17

reference information for 82

P, Q

PAL video monitor 64 PCI bus 28 peripheral devices 16 pointing device 50 power controller IC 31 power saving modes 18, 31 PowerPC G4 microprocessor 23

RAM expansion 71–76

EDO devices not supported 71

maximum current limits 76

memory interleaving not supported 75

module sizes 75

SDRAM device speciﬁcations 74 sizes of SO-DIMMs 71

RAM expansion module

capacities 75

ROM. See boot ROM

scaling of display images 59 SCSI Disk mode 37 SDRAM devices 71

speciﬁcations of 74 serial presence detect, on SO-DIMM 74 Sleep mode 18 SO-DIMMs 71

address multiplexing on 75

conﬁgurations 75

electrical design of 73

electrical limits for 76

mechanical design of 73

SDRAM device speciﬁcations 74

serial presence detect on 74 sound circuitry 30 sound speciﬁcations 67 sound system 66–69

input sources 67

built-in microphone 67

external input 68 internal speakers 69 output devices 68

speakers 69 SuperDrive 11, 12, 48, 49 SVGA monitors 61 S-video connector 64 system software 17

Idle mode 18 machine identiﬁcation 18 Open Firmware 17 power saving modes 18 Sleep mode 18

Apple Computer, Inc November 2002

INDEX

Target Disk mode 37 3D graphics, reference information for 79 trackball 50 trackpad 50

Uni-N memory controller and bridge IC 24 units of measure 87 Universal Serial Bus. See USB ports USB connectors 33 USB controller IC 29 USB ports 33–35

connectors 33 data transfer speeds 29, 34

USB, reference information for 84

VGA monitors 61 video display

controller IC 26 subsystem architecture 26

video monitors 61

Apple Developer Note PowerBook G4 Service Manual

Specifications and Main Features

Frequently Asked Questions

User Manual

Contents

Figures and Tables

About This Developer Note

Contents of This Note

1 Introduction

New Features

Features

Appearance

Peripheral Devices

System Software

Open Firmware

Computer Identification

Power-Saving Features

Reduced Processor Speed

Operating Modes

2 Architecture

Block Diagram and Buses

Block Diagram

Main ICs and Buses

Microprocessor and Caches

PowerPC G4 Microprocessor

Level 2 Cache

Level 3 Cache

Memory Controller and Bus Bridge

System RAM

Boot ROM

FireWire Controller

Ethernet Controller

Video Display Subsystem

I/O Controller

DMA Support

Interrupt Support

USB Interface

Ultra DMA/66 Interface

EIDE Interface

Modem Support

Sound Circuitry

Power Controller

AirPort Card Interface

CardBus Controller IC

3 Devices and Ports

USB Ports

USB Connectors

USB Storage Devices

FireWire Port

FireWire Connector

FireWire Device Programming

Target Disk Mode

Ethernet Port

Internal Modem

AirPort Card

Data Security

AirPort Hardware

AirPort Software

Hard Disk Drive

Hard Disk Dimensions

Hard Disk Connector

Signal Assignments

ATA Signal Descriptions

DVD-ROM/CD-RW Combo Drive

DVD-R /CD-RW SuperDrive

Trackpad

Keyboard

Removing the Keyboard

Changing the Operation of the Keyboard

Keyboard Illustrations

Using the Fn Key

Using the Num Lock Key

The Function-Keys Checkbox

The Embedded Keypad

Other Control Keys

Flat-Panel Display

External Monitors

Dual Display and Mirror Mode

Analog Monitor Resolutions

Digital Display Resolutions