Texas instruments TI-83 SILVER EDITION Guidebook

83 Plus /

TI-83 Plus Silver Edition

Graphing Calculator Guidebook

First Steps

On/Off Graphing a function Menus Modes Using parentheses Lists

Creating…

Tables Data and lists Matrices Split screen

Beyond the Basics

Inferential statistics Archiving/Unarchiving Programming Menu maps

More Information

Sending and receiving Troubleshooting Formulas Support and service

Important

Texas Instruments makes no warranty, either express or implied, including but not limited to any implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose, regarding any programs or book materials and makes such materials available solely on an “as-is” basis.

In no event shall Texas Instruments be liable to anyone for special, collateral, incidental, or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of the purchase or use of these materials, and the sole and exclusive liability of Texas Instruments, regardless of the form of action, shall not exceed the purchase price of this equipment. Moreover, Texas Instruments shall not be liable for any claim of any kind whatsoever against the use of these materials by any other party.

Windows is a registered trademark of Microsoft Corporation. Macintosh is a registered trademark of Apple Computer, Inc.

TI-83 Plus

US FCC Information Concerning Radio Frequency Interference

This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class B digital device, pursuant to Part 15 of the FCC rules. These limits are designed to provide reasonable protection against harmful interference in a residential installation. This equipment generates, uses, and can radiate radio frequency energy and, if not installed and used in accordance with the instructions, may cause harmful interference with radio communications. However, there is no guarantee that interference will not occur in a particular installation.

If this equipment does cause harmful interference to radio or television reception, which can be determined by turning the equipment off and on, you can try to correct the interference by one or more of the following measures:

•

Reorient or relocate the receiving antenna.

•

Increase the separation between the equipment and receiver.

•

Connect the equipment into an outlet on a circuit different from that to which the receiver is connected.

•

Consult the dealer or an experienced radio/television technician for help.

Caution:

approved by Texas Instruments may void your authority to operate the equipment.

TI-83 Plus

Any changes or modifications to this equipment not expressly

Chapter 1: Operating the TI-83 Plus Silver Edition

Documentation Conventions

In the body of this guidebook, TI-83 Plus (in silver) refers to the

TI-83 Plus Silver Edition. Sometimes, as in Chapter 19, the full

name TI-83 Plus Silver Edition is used to distinguish it from the TI-83 Plus.

All the instructions and examples in this guidebook also work for the TI-83 Plus. All the functions of the TI-83 Plus Silver Edition and the TI-83 Plus are the same. The two calculators differ only in available RAM memory and Flash application ROM memory.

TI-83 Plus Operating the TI-83 Plus Silver Edition 1

TI-83 Plus Keyboard

Generally, the keyboard is divided into these zones: graphing keys, editing keys, advanced function keys, and scientific calculator keys.

Keyboard Zones

Graphing Editing Advanced

advanced functions.

Scientific

standard scientific calculator.

TI-83 Plus Operating the TI-83 Plus Silver Edition 2

— Graphing keys access the interactive graphing features.

— Editing keys allow you to edit expressions and values.

— Advanced function keys display menus that access the

— Scientific calculator keys access the capabilities of a

TI-83 Plus

Graphing Keys

Editing Keys Advanced

Function Keys

Scientific Calculator Keys

Colors may vary in actual product.

TI-83 Plus Operating the TI-83 Plus Silver Edition 3

Using the Color.Coded Keyboard

The keys on the TI-83 Plus are color-coded to help you easily locate the key you need.

The light gray keys are the number keys. The blue keys along the right side of the keyboard are the common math functions. The blue keys across the top set up and display graphs. The blue

key provides access to

applications such as the Finance application. The primary function of each key is printed on the keys. For example,

when you press



, the

MATH

menu is displayed.

Using the y and

Keys

The secondary function of each key is printed in yellow above the key. When you press the yellow y key, the character, abbreviation, or word printed in yellow above the other keys becomes active for the next keystroke. For example, when you press y and then



, the

TEST

menu is displayed. This guidebook describes this keystroke combination as y

TI-83 Plus Operating the TI-83 Plus Silver Edition 4

The alpha function of each key is printed in green above the key. When

you press the green

key, the alpha character printed in green above the other keys becomes active for the next keystroke. For example, when you press

and then



, the letter

This guidebook describes this keystroke combination as

The y key accesses the second function printed in yellow above each ke

is entered.

[

The accesses the alpha function printed in green above each key.

TI-83 Plus Operating the TI-83 Plus Silver Edition 5

key

Turning On and Turning Off the TI-83 Plus

Turning On the Calculator

To turn on the TI-83 Plus, press É.

•

If you previously had turned off the calculator by pressing y M, the

TI-83 Plus displays the home screen as it

was when you last used it and clears any error.

•

If Automatic Power Down™ (APDé) had previously turned off the calculator, the TI-83 Plus will return exactly as you left it, including the display, cursor, and any error.

•

If the TI-83 Plus is turned off and you connect it to another calculator or personal computer, the TI-83 Plus will “wake up” when you complete the connection.

•

If the TI-83 Plus is turned off and connected to another calculator or personal computer, any communication activity will “wake up” the

TI-83 Plus.

To prolong the life of the batteries, APD turns off the TI-83 Plus automatically after about five minutes without any activity.

TI-83 Plus Operating the TI-83 Plus Silver Edition 6

Turning Off the Calculator

To turn off the TI-83 Plus manually, press y M.

•

All settings and memory contents are retained by Constant

Memory

•

Any error condition is cleared.

Batteries

The TI-83 Plus uses four AAA alkaline batteries and has a userreplaceable backup lithium battery (CR1616 or CR1620). To replace batteries without losing any information stored in memory, follow the steps in Appendix B.

TI-83 Plus Operating the TI-83 Plus Silver Edition 7

Setting the Display Contrast

Adjusting the Display Contrast

You can adjust the display contrast to suit your viewing angle and lighting

conditions. As you change the contrast setting, a number from

(darkest) in the top-right corner indicates the current level. You may

to not be able to see the number if contrast is too light or too dark.

(lightest)

Note: The TI-83 Plus has 40 contrast settings, so each number represents four settings.

through

The TI-83 Plus retains the contrast setting in memory when it is turned off.

To adjust the contrast, follow these steps.

1. Press and release the y key.

2. Press and hold † or }, which are below and above the contrast

symbol (yellow, half-shaded circle).

†

•

TI-83 Plus Operating the TI-83 Plus Silver Edition 8

lightens the screen.

}

darkens the screen.

If you adjust the contrast setting to

Note:

blank. To restore the screen, press and release y, and then press and hold

until the display reappears.

}

, the display may become completely

When to Replace Batteries

When the batteries are low, a low-battery message is displayed when you:

•

Turn on the calculator.

•

Download a new application.

•

Attempt to upgrade to new software.

To replace the batteries without losing any information in memory, follow the steps in Appendix B.

Generally, the calculator will continue to operate for one or two weeks after the low-battery message is first displayed. After this period, the

TI-83 Plus will turn off automatically and the unit will not operate.

Batteries must be replaced. All memory should be retained.

The operating period following the first low-battery message could be

Note:

longer than two weeks if you use the calculator infrequently.

TI-83 Plus Operating the TI-83 Plus Silver Edition 9

The Display

Types of Displays

The TI-83 Plus displays both text and graphs. Chapter 3 describes graphs. Chapter 9 describes how the TI-83 Plus can display a horizontally or vertically split screen to show graphs and text simultaneously.

Home Screen

The home screen is the primary screen of the TI-83 Plus. On this screen, enter instructions to execute and expressions to evaluate. The answers are displayed on the same screen.

Displaying Entries and Answers

When text is displayed, the TI-83 Plus screen can display a maximum of 8 lines with a maximum of 16 characters per line. If all lines of the display are full, text scrolls off the top of the display. If an expression on the

home screen, the (Chapter 16) is longer than one line, it wraps to the beginning of the next line. In numeric editors such as the window screen (Chapter 3), a long expression scrolls to the right and left.

editor (Chapter 3), or the program editor

TI-83 Plus Operating the TI-83 Plus Silver Edition 10

When an entry is executed on the home screen, the answer is displayed on the right side of the next line.

Entry Answer

The mode settings control the way the TI-83 Plus interprets expressions and displays answers.

If an answer, such as a list or matrix, is too long to display entirely on

...

one line, an ellipsis (

) is displayed to the right or left. Press ~ and | to

display the answer.

Entry Answer

Returning to the Home Screen

To return to the home screen from any other screen, press y

Busy Indicator

When the TI-83 Plus is calculating or graphing, a vertical moving line is displayed as a busy indicator in the top-right corner of the screen. When you pause a graph or a program, the busy indicator becomes a vertical moving dotted line.

TI-83 Plus Operating the TI-83 Plus Silver Edition 11

Display Cursors

In most cases, the appearance of the cursor indicates what will happen when you press the next key or select the next menu item to be pasted as a character.

Cursor Appearance Effect of Next Keystroke

Entry Solid rectangle

Insert Underline

Second Reverse arrow

Alpha Reverse A

Full Checkerboard

rectangle

If you press

(A). If you press y during an insertion, the underlined cursor becomes

an underlined # (

during an insertion, the cursor becomes an underlined

A character is entered at the cursor; any existing character is overwritten

A character is inserted in front of the cursor location

A 2nd character (yellow on the keyboard) is entered or a 2nd operation is executed

An alpha character (green on the keyboard) is entered or

No entry; the maximum characters are entered at a prompt or memory is full

SOLVE

is executed

Graphs and editors sometimes display additional cursors, which are described in other chapters.

TI-83 Plus Operating the TI-83 Plus Silver Edition 12

Entering Expressions and Instructions

What Is an Expression?

An expression is a group of numbers, variables, functions and their arguments, or a combination of these elements. An expression evaluates to a single answer. On the TI-83 Plus, you enter an expression in the

same order as you would write it on paper. For example, pR expression.

You can use an expression on the home screen to calculate an answer. In most places where a value is required, you can use an expression to enter a value.

Entering an Expression

To create an expression, you enter numbers, variables, and functions from the keyboard and menus. An expression is completed when you press

, regardless of the cursor location. The entire expression is evaluated according to Equation Operating System (EOSé) the answer is displayed.

is an

rules

, and

TI-83 Plus Operating the TI-83 Plus Silver Edition 13

Most TI-83 Plus functions and operations are symbols comprising several characters. You must enter the symbol from the keyboard or a menu; do not spell it out. For example, to calculate the log of 45, you must press

. Do not enter the letters L, O, and G. If you enter

LOG

the TI-83 Plus interprets the entry as implied multiplication of the

L, O

variables

Calculate 3.76 ÷ (L7.9 + ‡5) + 2 log 45.

, and G.

Ë 76 ¥ £ Ì 7 Ë 9 Ã y

¤ ¤ Ã 2

Multiple Entries on a Line

To enter two or more expressions or instructions on a line, separate them with colons ( entry (

ENTRY

) .

]). All instructions are stored together in last

[

Entering a Number in Scientific Notation

To enter a number in scientific notation, follow these steps.

TI-83 Plus Operating the TI-83 Plus Silver Edition 14

1. Enter the part of the number that precedes the exponent. This value

can be an expression.

2. Press y D.

is pasted to the cursor location.

3. If the exponent is negative, press Ì, and then enter the exponent,

which can be one or two digits.

When you enter a number in scientific notation, the TI-83 Plus does not automatically display answers in scientific or engineering notation. The

mode settings

and the size of the number determine the display format.

Functions

A function returns a value. For example,

, L, +,

‡

(

, and

log(

are the functions in the example on the previous page. In general, the first letter of each function is lowercase on the TI-83 Plus. Most functions take at least

(

one argument, as indicated by an open parenthesis (

sin(

name. For example,

TI-83 Plus Operating the TI-83 Plus Silver Edition 15

requires one argument,

) following the

sin(

value

)

Instructions

An instruction initiates an action. For example,

ClrDraw

is an instruction that clears any drawn elements from a graph. Instructions cannot be used in expressions. In general, the first letter of each instruction name is uppercase. Some instructions take more than one argument, as

(

indicated by an open parenthesis ( example,

Circle(

requires three arguments,

) at the end of the name. For

Circle(X,Y,

radius

)

Interrupting a Calculation

To interrupt a calculation or graph in progress, which is indicated by the busy indicator, press É.

When you interrupt a calculation, a menu is displayed.

•

To return to the home screen, select

•

To go to the location of the interruption, select

1:Quit

2:Goto

When you interrupt a graph, a partial graph is displayed.

•

To return to the home screen, press

•

To restart graphing, press a graphing key or select a graphing

‘

or any nongraphing key.

instruction.

TI-83 Plus Operating the TI-83 Plus Silver Edition 16

TI-83 Plus Edit Keys

Keystrokes Result

}

†

y |

y ~

‘

{

y 6

Moves the cursor within an expression; these keys repeat. Moves the cursor from line to line within an expression that

occupies more than one line; these keys repeat. On the top line of an expression on the home screen, } moves

the cursor to the beginning of the expression. On the bottom line of an expression on the home screen,

moves the cursor to the end of the expression. Moves the cursor to the beginning of an expression. Moves the cursor to the end of an expression. Evaluates an expression or executes an instruction. On a line with text on the home screen, clears the current line. On a blank line on the home screen, clears everything on the

home screen. In an editor, clears the expression or value where the cursor is

located; it does not store a zero. Deletes a character at the cursor; this key repeats. Changes the cursor to an underline (

front of the underline cursor; to end insertion, press y 6 or press |, }, ~, or †.

); inserts characters in

†

TI-83 Plus Operating the TI-83 Plus Silver Edition 17

Keystrokes Result

y 7

„

Changes the cursor to Þ; the next keystroke performs a

2nd

operation (an operation in yellow above a key and to the left); to cancel

, press y again.

2nd

Changes the cursor to Ø; the next keystroke pastes an alpha character (a character in green above a key and to the right) or executes

or press |, }, ~, or †.

SOLVE

(Chapters 10 and 11); to cancel

, press

Changes the cursor to Ø; sets alpha-lock; subsequent keystrokes (on an alpha key) paste alpha characters; to cancel alpha-lock, press

. If you are prompted to enter a name

such as for a group or a program, alpha-lock is set automatically. Pastes an

mode with one keystroke.

Seq

mode, a T in

Func

mode, a q in

Par

mode, or

Pol

TI-83 Plus Operating the TI-83 Plus Silver Edition 18

Setting Modes

Checking Mode Settings

Mode settings control how the TI-83 Plus displays and interprets numbers and graphs. Mode settings are retained by the Constant Memory feature when the TI-83 Plus is turned off. All numbers, including elements of matrices and lists, are displayed according to the current mode settings.

To display the mode settings, press

. The current settings are highlighted. Defaults are highlighted below. The following pages describe the mode settings in detail.

Normal Sci Eng

Float 0123456789

Radian Degree

Func Par Pol Seq

Connected Dot

Sequential Simul Real a+bi re^qi

Full Horiz G-T

TI-83 Plus Operating the TI-83 Plus Silver Edition 19

Numeric notation Number of decimal places Unit of angle measure Type of graphing Whether to connect graph points Whether to plot simultaneously Real, rectangular complex, or polar complex Full screen, two split-screen modes

Changing Mode Settings

To change mode settings, follow these steps.

1. Press † or } to move the cursor to the line of the setting that you

want to change.

2. Press ~ or | to move the cursor to the setting you want.

3. Press

Setting a Mode from a Program

You can set a mode from a program by entering the name of the mode as an instruction; for example,

Func

Float

. From a blank program command line, select the mode setting from the mode screen; the instruction is pasted to the cursor location.

Normal, Sci, Eng

Notation modes only affect the way an answer is displayed on the home screen. Numeric answers can be displayed with up to 10 digits and a two-digit exponent. You can enter a number in any format.

TI-83 Plus Operating the TI-83 Plus Silver Edition 20

Normal

to the left and right of the decimal, as in

Sci

notation mode is the usual way we express numbers, with digits

12345.67

(scientific) notation mode expresses numbers in two parts. The

significant digits display with one digit to the left of the decimal. The

appropriate power of 10 displays to the right of

Eng

(engineering) notation mode is similar to scientific notation.

, as in

1.234567E4

However, the number can have one, two, or three digits before the decimal; and the power-of-10 exponent is a multiple of three, as in

12.34567E3

Note: If you select (or the absolute value is less than .001), the TI-83 Plus expresses the answer in scientific notation.

Normal

notation, but the answer cannot display in 10 digits

Float, 0123456789

Float

(floating) decimal mode displays up to 10 digits, plus the sign and

decimal.

0123456789

(fixed) decimal mode specifies the number of digits (

through 9) to display to the right of the decimal. Place the cursor on the desired number of decimal digits, and then press

The decimal setting applies to

TI-83 Plus Operating the TI-83 Plus Silver Edition 21

Normal, Sci

, and

Eng

notation modes.

The decimal setting applies to these numbers:

•

An answer displayed on the home screen

•

Coordinates on a graph (Chapters 3, 4, 5, and 6)

•

The

Tangent(

DRAW

instruction equation of the line, x, and

dy/dx

values (Chapter 8)

•

Results of

•

The regression equation stored after the execution of a regression

CALCULATE

operations (Chapters 3, 4, 5, and 6)

model (Chapter 12)

Radian, Degree

Angle modes control how the TI-83 Plus interprets angle values in trigonometric functions and polar/rectangular conversions.

Radian

mode interprets angle values as radians. Answers display in

radians.

Degree

mode interprets angle values as degrees. Answers display in

degrees.

TI-83 Plus Operating the TI-83 Plus Silver Edition 22

Func, Par, Pol, Seq

Graphing modes define the graphing parameters. Chapters 3, 4, 5, and 6 describe these modes in detail.

Func

(function) graphing mode plots functions, where Y is a function of

(Chapter 3).

Par

(parametric) graphing mode plots relations, where X and Y are

functions of

Pol

(polar) graphing mode plots functions, where r is a function of

(Chapter 4).

(Chapter 5).

Seq

(sequence) graphing mode plots sequences (Chapter 6).

Connected, Dot

Connected

plotting mode draws a line connecting each point calculated

for the selected functions.

Dot

plotting mode plots only the calculated points of the selected

functions.

TI-83 Plus Operating the TI-83 Plus Silver Edition 23

Sequential, Simul

Sequential

graphing-order mode evaluates and plots one function

completely before the next function is evaluated and plotted.

Simul

(simultaneous) graphing-order mode evaluates and plots all

selected functions for a single value of

them for the next value of

Note: Regardless of which graphing mode is selected, the TI-83 Plus will sequentially graph all stat plots before it graphs any functions.

Real, a+bi, re^

Real

mode does not display complex results unless complex numbers

and then evaluates and plots

are entered as input. Two complex modes display complex results.

a+b

•

(rectangular complex mode) displays complex numbers in the

form a+b

re^

(polar complex mode) displays complex numbers in the form

TI-83 Plus Operating the TI-83 Plus Silver Edition 24

Full, Horiz, G.T

Full

screen mode uses the entire screen to display a graph or edit

screen. Each split-screen mode displays two screens simultaneously.

Horiz

•

(horizontal) mode displays the current graph on the top half of the screen; it displays the home screen or an editor on the bottom half (Chapter 9).

G.T

•

(graph-table) mode displays the current graph on the left half of

the screen; it displays the table screen on the right half (Chapter 9).

TI-83 Plus Operating the TI-83 Plus Silver Edition 25

Using TI-83 Plus Variable Names

Variables and Defined Items

On the TI-83 Plus you can enter and use several types of data, including real and complex numbers, matrices, lists, functions, stat plots, graph databases, graph pictures, and strings.

The TI-83 Plus uses assigned names for variables and other items saved in memory. For lists, you also can create your own five-character names.

Variable Type Names

Real numbers Complex numbers Matrices Lists Functions Parametric equations Polar functions Sequence functions Stat plots Graph databases

TI-83 Plus Operating the TI-83 Plus Silver Edition 26

, ... ,

A, B A, B

ãAä, ãBä, ãCä

L1, L2, L3, L4, L5, L6 Y1, Y2 X1T r1, r2, r3, r4, r5, r6 u, v, w Plot1, Plot2, Plot3 GDB1, GDB2

, ... ,

, . . . , Y9,

and

Y1T

, ... ,

, . . . ,

ãJä

X6T

, and user-defined names

and

Y6T

GDB9, GDB0

Variable Type Names

Graph pictures Strings Apps Applications AppVars Application variables Groups Grouped variables System variables

Pic1, Pic2 Str1, Str2

Xmin, Xmax

, ... ,

Pic9, Pic0

, ... ,

Str9, Str0

, and others

Notes about Variables

•

You can create as many list names as memory will allow (Chapter 11).

•

Programs have user-defined names and share memory with variables (Chapter 16).

•

From the home screen or from a program, you can store to matrices (Chapter 10), lists (Chapter 11), strings (Chapter 15), system variables such as

Xmax

(Chapter 1),

TblStart

(Chapter 7), and all

functions (Chapters 3, 4, 5, and 6).

•

From an editor, you can store to matrices, lists, and

functions

(Chapter 3).

•

From the home screen, a program, or an editor, you can store a value to a matrix element or a list element.

TI-83 Plus Operating the TI-83 Plus Silver Edition 27

+ 797 hidden pages