• No part of this manual may be reproduced in any form.
• All specifications and designs are subject to change without notice.
In this manual we have tried as much as possible to describe all the various matters.
However, we cannot describe all the matters which must not be done, or which cannot be
done, because there are so many possibilities.
Therefore, matters which are not especially described as possible in this manual should be
regarded as ”impossible”.
This manual contains the program names or device names of other companies, some of
which are registered trademarks of respective owners. However, these names are not
followed by or in the main body.
B-65270EN/05DEFINITION OF WARNING, CAUTION, AND NOTE
DEFINITION OF WARNING, CAUTION, AND NOTE
This manual includes safety precautions for protecting the user and
preventing damage to the machine. Precautions are classified into
Warning and Caution according to their bearing on safety. Also,
supplementary information is described as a Note. Read the Warning,
Caution, and Note thoroughly before attempting to use the machine.
WARNING
Applied when there is a danger of the user being
injured or when there is a damage of both the user
being injured and the equipment being damaged if
the approved procedure is not observed.
CAUTION
Applied when there is a danger of the equipment
being damaged, if the approved procedure is not
observed.
NOTE
The Note is used to indicate supplementary
information other than Warning and Caution.
- Read this manual carefully, and store it in a safe place.
s-1
B-65270EN/05TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
DEFINITION OF WARNING, CAUTION, AND NOTE .................................s-1
I SERVO CHECK BOARD OPERATING PROCEDURE ...................... 517
c-5
B-65270EN/051.OVERVIEW
1 OVERVIEW
This manual describes the servo parameters of the following NC
models using an FANUC AC SERVO MOTOR α
descriptions include the servo parameter start-up and adjustment
procedures. The meaning of each parameter is also explained.
i or βi series. The
- 1 -
1.OVERVIEWB-65270EN/05
1.1 SERVO SOFTWARE AND SERVO CARDS SUPPORTED
BY EACH NC MODEL
NC product name Series and edition of applicable servo software Servo card
Series 21i-MODEL B (Note1)
Series 0i-MODEL B (Note1)
Series 0i Mate-MODEL B (Note1)
Power Mate i-MODEL D (Note1)
Power Mate i-MODEL H (Note1)
Series 15i-MODEL B
Series 16i-MODEL B
Series 18i-MODEL B
Series 0i-MODEL C
Series 0i Mate-MODEL C
Series 20i-MODEL B
Series 30i-MODEL A
Series 31i-MODEL A
Series 32i-MODEL A
Series 9096/A(01) and subsequent editions
(Supporting i series CNC and SERVO HRV1 control) (Note2)
Series 90B0/H(08) and subsequent editions
Series 90B6/A(01) and subsequent editions
(Supporting i series CNC and SERVO HRV1, 2, and 3 control)
(Note3)
Series 90B1/A(01) and subsequent editions (Note3)
Series 90B5/A(01) and subsequent editions
(Supporting i series CNC and SERVO HRV1, 2, and 3 control)
(Note4)
Series 90D0/A(01) and subsequent editions
(Supporting i series CNC and SERVO HRV4 control)
(Note5, Note6)
Series 90E0/A(01) and subsequent editions
(Supporting i series CNC and SERVO HRV2 and 3 control)
(Note6)
320C52 servo card
320C5410 servo card
320C5410 servo card
Servo card for FS30i
servo HRV4 control
Servo card for FS30i
servo HRV2 and 3
control
NOTE
1 The servo software series of the Series
21i-MODEL B, 0i-MODEL B, 0i Mate MODEL B, or
Power Mate i-MODEL D/H depends on the
incorporated servo card, as shown below:
Servo software Servo card
Series 9096 320C52 servo card
Series 90B0 or Series 90B6 320C5410 servo card
- 2 -
B-65270EN/051.OVERVIEW
NOTE
2 The servo software Series 9096 is compatible with
the conventional servo software Series 9090
except for the following function:
- Electric gear box (EGB) function can not be used.
3 The servo software Series 90B0 is upwardly
compatible with the conventional servo software
Series 90A0. Series 90B6 is a successor of Series
90B0. Series 90B1 is a special series compatible
with Series 90B0 and is required when a PWM
distribution module or pulse input DSA is used.
4 Servo software Series 90B5, which is a successor
of Series 90B0 and supports the same functions as
Series 90B6, is used in the Series 0i-MODEL C, 0i
Mate-MODEL C, and 20i-MODEL B.
5 When servo HRV4 control is used in the Series
30i-MODEL A and 31i-MODEL A, the servo
software series to be used is changed.
6 Servo software Series 90D0 and 90E0 is upwardly
compatible with conventional servo software Series
90B0 except the following functions:
- Fine Acc./Dec. (FAD) function can not be used.
- HRV1 control can not be used.
- 3 -
1.OVERVIEWB-65270EN/05
1.2 ABBREVIATIONS OF THE NC MODELS COVERED BY
THIS MANUAL
In this manual, the NC product names are abbreviated as follows.
NC product name Abbreviations
FANUC Series 30i-MODEL A Series 30i-A Series 30i
FANUC Series 31i-MODEL A Series 31i-A Series 31i
FANUC Series 32i-MODEL A Series 32i-A Series 32i
FANUC Series 15i-MODEL B Series 15i-B Series 15i
FANUC Series 16i-MODEL B Series 16i-B Series 16i
FANUC Series 18i-MODEL B Series 18i-B Series 18i
FANUC Series 20i-MODEL B Series 20i-B
FANUC Series 21i-MODEL B Series 21i-B Series 21i
FANUC Series 0i-MODEL C Series 0i-C
FANUC Series 0i Mate-MODEL C Series 0i Mate-C
FANUC Series 0i-MODEL B Series 0i-B
FANUC Series 0i Mate-MODEL B Series 0i Mate-B
FANUC Power Mate i-MODEL D
FANUC Power Mate i-MODEL H
Power Mate i-D
PMi-D
Power Mate i-H
PMi-H
Series 20i
FS20i
Series 0i
FS0i
Power Mate i
Power Mate i-D,-H
NOTE
In this manual, Power Mate i refers to the Power
Mate i-D, and Power Mate i-H.
(Note 1)
Series 30i
FS30i
Series 15i
FS15i
Series 16i and so on
Series 16i etc.
FS16i and so on
FS16i etc.
- 4 -
B-65270EN/051.OVERVIEW
1.3 RELATED MANUALS
The following seven kinds of manuals are available for FANUC AC
Table 1.3 Related manuals of SERVO MOTOR αi/βi series
Document name
FANUC AC SERVO MOTOR αis series
FANUC AC SERVO MOTOR αi series
DESCRIPTIONS
FANUC AC SERVO MOTOR βis series
DESCRIPTIONS
FANUC LINEAR MOTOR series
DESCRIPTIONS
FANUC SERVO AMPLIFIER αi series
DESCRIPTIONS
FANUC SERVO AMPLIFIER βi series
DESCRIPTIONS
FANUC AC SERVO MOTOR αis series
FANUC AC SERVO MOTOR αi series
FANUC AC SPINDLE MOTOR αi series
FANUC SERVO AMPLIFIER αi series
MAINTENANCE MANUAL
FANUC AC SERVO MOTOR βis series
FANUC AC SPINDLE MOTOR βi series
FANUC SERVO AMPLIFIER βi series
MAINTENANCE MANUAL
FANUC AC SERVO MOTOR αi series
FANUC AC SERVO MOTOR β
PARAMETER MANUAL
FANUC AC SPINDLE MOTOR αi series
FANUC AC SPINDLE MOTOR βi series
PARAMETER MANUAL
i series
SERVO MOTOR α
In the table, this manual is marked with an asterisk (*).
Document
number
B-65262EN
B-65302EN
B-65222EN
B-65282EN
B-65322EN
B-65285EN
B-65325EN
B-65270EN*
B-65280EN
i or βi series.
Major contents Major usage
• Specification
• Characteristics
• External dimensions
• Connections
• Specifications and functions
• Installation
• External dimensions and
maintenance area
• Connections
• Start up procedure
• Troubleshooting
• Maintenance of motor
• Initial setting
• Setting parameters
• Description of parameters
• Selection of motor
• Connection of motor
• Selection of amplifier
• Connection of
amplifier
• Start up the system
(Hardware)
• Troubleshooting
• Maintenance of
motor
• Start up the system
(Software)
• Turning the system
(Parameters)
- 5 -
1.OVERVIEWB-65270EN/05
Other manufactures’ products referred to in this manual
* IBM is registered trademark of International Business Machines
Corporation.
* MS-DOS and Windows are registered trademarks of Microsoft
Corporation.
All other product names identified throughout this manual are
trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective companies.
In this manual, the servo parameters are explained using the following
notation:
(Example)
Series 15iServo parameter function name
No.1875(FS15i)
No.2021(FS30i, 16i)
Series 30i, 31i, 32i, 16i, 18i, 21i, 0i, Power Mate i
The following α
i/βi Pulsecoders are available.
Pulsecoder name Resolution Type
αiA1000
αiI1000
αiA16000
βiA128
βiA64
1,000,000 pulse/rev Absolute
1,000,000 pulse/rev Incremental
16,000,000 pulse/rev Absolute
131,072 pulse/rev Absolute
65,536 pulse/rev Absolute
When parameters are set, these pulse coders are all assumed to have a
resolution of 1,000,000 pulses per motor revolution.
NOTE
Load inertia ratio
The effect of α
iA16000 can be increased when
used together with AI nano contour control.
- 6 -
B-65270EN/05 2. SETTING αiS/αiF/βiS SERIES SERVO PARAMETERS
2 SETTING αiS/αiF/βiS SERIES SERVO
PARAMETERS
- 7 -
2. SETTING αiS/αiF/βiS SERIES SERVO PARAMETERSB-65270EN/05
2.1 INITIALIZING SERVO PARAMETERS
2.1.1 Before Servo Parameter Initialization
Before starting servo parameter initialization, confirm the following:
<1> NC model (ex.: Series 16i-B)
<2> Servo motor model (ex.: α
<3> Pulsecoder built in a motor (ex.:
<4> Is the separate position detector used? (ex.: Not used)
<5> Distance the machine tool moves per revolution of the motor
(ex.:10 mm per one revolution)
<6> Machine detection unit (ex.:0.001 mm)
<7> NC command unit (ex.:0.001 mm)
iF8/3000)
αiA1000)
- 8 -
B-65270EN/05 2. SETTING αiS/αiF/βiS SERIES SERVO PARAMETERS
A
)
2.1.2 Parameter Initialization Flow
On the servo setting and servo adjustment screens, set the following:
In emergency stop state, switch on NC.
Initialization bits
Motor No.
MR
CMR
Move direction
Reference counter
Velocity gain
Make settings for using separate detector.
No. 1807#3 = 1, 1815#1 = 1 (Series 15i)
No. 1815#1 = 1 (Series 30i, Series 16i and so on)
Set flexible feed gear.
Number of velocity pulses
8192
00000000 See (2) and (8)-(b)-3 in Subsec. 2.1.3.
See (3) in Subsec. 2.1.3.
See (4) in Subsec. 2.1.3.
See (5) in Subsec. 2.1.3.
See (7) in Subsec. 2.1.3.
See (9) in Subsec. 2.1.3.
Set 150% if the machine inertia is unknown.
(Equivalent to load inertia ratio parameter)
Semi-closed loop Closed loop
Which system is being used?
← See (6) in Subsec. 2.1.3. →
Number of velocity pulses
Set flexible feed gear.
8192
Number of position pulses
Ns (Note 1
Number of position pulses
Turn power off then on.
End of parameter setting
12500
NOTE
1 When a separate detector of A/B phase parallel type and a serial linear scale are
used, Ns indicates the number of feedback pulses per motor revolution, sent from
the separate detector.
When a serial rotary scale is used, the number of pulses is calculated using
following expression: 12500 × (gear reduction ratio between the motor and table)
See (8)-(b)-2 in Subsec. 2.1.3.
- 9 -
2. SETTING αiS/αiF/βiS SERIES SERVO PARAMETERSB-65270EN/05
2.1.3 Servo Parameter Initialization Procedure
(1) Preparation
Switch on the NC in an emergency stop state.
Enable parameter writing (PWE = 1).
Initialize servo parameters on the servo setting screen.
For a Power Mate i with no CRT, specify a value for an item number
on the servo setting screen. See Fig. 2.1.3.
To display the servo setting screen, follow the procedure below, using
the key on the NC.
- Series 15i
Press the
SYSTEM
key several times, and the servo setting screen will
appear.
- Series30i,31i,32i,16i,18i,21i,20i,0i
→ [SYSTEM] → [] → [SV-PRM]
If no servo screen appears, set the following parameter as shown, and
switch the NC off and on again.
#7 #6 #5 #4 #3 #2 #1 #0
3111 SVS
SVS (#0) 1: Displays the servo screen.
When the following screen appears, move the cursor to the item you
want to specify, and enter the value directly.
INITIAL SET BITS
Motor ID No.
AMR
CMR
Feed gear N
(N/M) M
Direction Set
Velocity Pulse No.
Position Pulse No.
Ref. counter
Fig. 2.1.3 Servo setting screen Correspondence of Power Mate i
00001010
00000000
- 10 -
B-65270EN/05 2. SETTING αiS/αiF/βiS SERIES SERVO PARAMETERS
(2) Initialization
Start initialization.
Do not power off the NC until step (11).
#7 #6 #5 #4 #3 #2 #1 #0
INITIAL SET BIT PRMC DGPR PLC0
( Note)
Reset initialization bit 1 to 0.
DGPR(#1)=0
After initialization is completed, DGPR (#1) is set to 1.
NOTE
Once initialization has been completed, bit 3
(PRMC) for initialization automatically set to 1.
(Except Series 30i)
(3) Motor ID No. setting
Specify the motor ID number.
Select the motor ID number of a motor to be used according to the
motor model and motor specification (the middle four digits in
A06B-****
When using servo HRV3 or HRV4 control, perform loading by using
the motor ID number for servo HRV2 control. Loading is possible
with the series and editions listed in the table and later editions.
The mark "x" indicates a value that varies depending on the options
used.
The mark "-" indicates that automatic loading of standard parameters
is not supported as of February, 2005.
NOTE
• Series 30i
Specify the motor ID number for servo HRV2 control.
• Other than the Series 30i
When a pair of the values set in parameter No. 1023 (servo axis number) are
consecutive odd and even numbers, set motor ID numbers for servo HRV control of
the same type.
(Correct examples)
Servo axes when parameter No.1023= 1,2: Motor ID number for servo HRV2 control
Servo axes when parameter No.1023= 3,4: Motor ID number for servo HRV1 control
(Wrong examples)
Servo axes when parameter No.1023= 1: Motor ID number for servo HRV2 control
Servo axes when parameter No.1023= 2,3: Motor ID number for servo HRV1 control
-B***) listed in the following tables.
- 11 -
2. SETTING αiS/αiF/βiS SERIES SERVO PARAMETERSB-65270EN/05
0441-B200 351 G - B B 0442-B200 353 G - B B 0443-B200 355 G - B B 0444-B210 357 G - B B 0445-B110 360 G - B B 0445-B210 362 G - B B 0446-B110 364 G - B B 0447-B110 368 G - B B 0447-B210 370 G - B B 0448-B110 372 G - B B 0448-B210 374 G B B 0449-B110 376 G - B B 0449-B210 378 G - B B
0451-B110 380 G - B B 0454-B110 384 G - B B 0455-B110 388 G - B B 0456-B110 392 G - B B 0456-B210 394 G - B B 0457-B110 396 G - B B 0459-B110 400 G - B B -
Motor ID No.
90D0
90E0
90B0
90B5
90B6
90B19096
Note: The following linear motors are driven by 400V.
Motor model
LiS1500B1/4
LiS3000B2/2
LiS4500B2/2HV
LiS4500B2/2
LiS6000B2/2HV
LiS6000B2/2
LiS7500B2/2HV
LiS7500B2/2
LiS9000B2/2
LiS3300C1/2
LiS9000C2/2
LiS11000C2/2HV
LiS11000C2/2
LiS15000C2/3HV
LiS10000C3/2
LiS17000C3/2
Motor
specification
0444-B210 358 G - B B 0445-B110 361 G - B B 0446-B010 363 G - B B 0446-B110 365 G - B B 0447-B010 367 G - B B 0447-B110 369 G - B B 0448-B010 371 G - B B 0448-B110 373 G - B B 0449-B110 377 G - B B 0451-B110 381 G - B B 0454-B110 385 G B B
0455-B010 387 G - B B 0455-B110 389 G - B B 0456-B010 391 G - B B 0457-B110 397 G - B B 0459-B110 401 G - B B -
Motor ID No.
90D0
90E0
90B0
90B5
90B6
90B19096
- 15 -
2. SETTING αiS/αiF/βiS SERIES SERVO PARAMETERSB-65270EN/05
0444-B210 90 A A A A A
0445-B110 91 A A A A A
0447-B110 92 A A A A A
0449-B110 93 A A A A A
0456-B110 94 A A A A A
0445-B210 120 A A A A A
0447-B210 121 A A A A A
0449-B210 122 A A A A A
0456-B210 123 A A A A A
0441-B200 124 A A A A A
0442-B200 125 A A A A A
0443-B200 126 A A A A A
0412-B811
0413
0413-B811
0414
Motor ID No.
127
(160-A driving)
128
(160-A driving)
129
(360-A driving)
130
(360-A driving)
90D0
90B0
90E0
A R A A D
A N A A D
A Q A A D
A Q A A D
90B5
90B6
90B19096
(Reference)
The parameter table presented in Chapter 6 has two motor ID Nos. for
the same linear motor. One of the two is for driving the α series servo
amplifiers (130A and 240A). Be careful not to use the wrong ID No.
For AMR, set 00000000. When using a linear motor, set AMR
according to the description in Section 4.14, "LINEAR MOTOR
PARAMETER SETTING".
αiS/αiF/βiS motor
00000000
- 16 -
B-65270EN/05 2. SETTING αiS/αiF/βiS SERIES SERVO PARAMETERS
(5) CMR setting
Set CMR, Command Multiply Ratio, it converts the axis movement
command into pulses-
with the scale of a distance the NC instructs the machine to move.
CMR = Command unit / Detection unit
CMR 1/2 to 48 Setting value = CMR × 2
Usually, set CMR with 2, because command unit = detection unit
(CMR = 1).
(6) Flexible feed gear setting
Specify the flexible feed gear (F⋅FG). This function makes it easy to
specify a detection unit for the leads and gear reduction ratios of
various ball screws by changing the number of position feedback
pulses from the Pulsecoder or separate detector. It converts the
incoming number of pulses from the position detector so that it
matches the commanded number of pulses.
(a) Semi-closed feedback loop
Setting for the αi Pulsecoder
(Note 1) Necessary position feedback pulses
F⋅FG numerator (≤ 32767) per motor revolution
= (as irreducible fraction)
F⋅FG denominator (≤ 32767) 1,000,000 (Note 2)
NOTE
1 For both F⋅FG numerator and denominator, the maximum setting
value (after reduced) is 32767.
2 αi Pulsecoders assume one million pulses per motor revolution,
irrespective of resolution, for the flexible feed gear setting.
3 If the calculation of the number of pulses required per motor
revolution involves π, such as when a rack and pinion are used,
assume π to be approximately 355/113.
Example of setting
If the ball screw used in direct coupling has a lead of 5 mm/rev and
the detection unit is 1 µm
The number of pulses generated per motor turn (5 mm) is:
5/0.001 = 5000 (pulses)
Because the αi Pulsecoder feeds back 1000000 pulses per motor turn:
FFG = 5000 / 1000000 = 1 / 200
Other FFG (numerator/denominator) setting examples, where the gear
reduction ratio is assumed to be 1:1
2. SETTING αiS/αiF/βiS SERIES SERVO PARAMETERSB-65270EN/05
r
N
Example of setting
If the gear reduction ratio between the rotation axis motor and table is
10:1 and the detection unit is 1/1000 degrees
The table rotates through 360/10 degrees when the motor makes one
turn.
The number of position pulses necessary for the motor to make one
turn is:
360/10 ÷ (1/1000) = 36000 pulses
F⋅FG numerato
36,000 36
= =
F⋅FG denominator 1,000,000 1,000
If the gear reduction ratio between the rotation axis motor and table is
300:1 and the detection unit is 1/10000 degrees
The table rotates through 360/300 degrees when the motor makes one
turn.
The number of position pulses necessary for the motor to make one
turn is:
360/300 ÷ (1/1000) = 12000 pulses
F⋅FG numerator12,00012
= =
F⋅FG denominator1,000,0001000
(b) Full-closed feedback loop
Setting for use of a separate detector (full-closed)
Number of position pulses corresponding
F⋅FG numerator (≤ 32767) to a predetermined amount of travel = (as irreducible fraction)
F⋅FG denominator (≤ 32767) Number of position pulses corresponding to a predetermined amount of travel from
a separate detector
Example of setting
To detect a distance of 1-µm using a 0.5-µm scale, set the following:
(L represents a constant distance.)
umerator of F⋅FGL/11
= =
Denominator of F⋅FGL/0.52
Other FFG (numerator/denominator) setting examples
Detection unit
1µm 1 / 1 1 / 2 1 / 10 1 / 20
0.5µm - 1 / 1 1 / 5 1 / 10
0.1µm - - 1 / 1 1 / 2
1 µm 0.5 µm 0.1 µm 0.05 µm
Scale resolution
- 18 -
B-65270EN/05 2. SETTING αiS/αiF/βiS SERIES SERVO PARAMETERS
(7) Motor rotation direction setting
Set the direction in which the motor is to turn when a positive value is
specified as a move command. For linear motors, set the parameter
according to the description in Section 4.14, "LINEAR MOTOR
PARAMETER SETTING".
111 Clockwise as viewed from the Pulsecoder
−111 Counterclockwise as viewed from the Pulsecoder
Counterclockwise as
viewed from the
Pulsecoder
Set -111.
FANUC
Clockwise as viewed from
the Pulsecoder
Set 111.
(8) Specify the number of velocity pulses and the number of position pulses.
Set the number of velocity pulses and the number of position pulses
according to the connected detector. For linear motors, set these
parameters according to the description in Section 4.14, "LINEAR
MOTOR PARAMETER SETTING".
(a) Number of velocity pulses
Set the number of velocity pulses to 8192.
αiS/αiF/βiS motor
(b) Number of position pulses
(b)-1 Number of position pulses for semi-closed feedback loop
Set the number of position pulses to 12500.
Number of position pulses
(αiS/αiF/βiS motor, semi-closed feedback loop)
(b)-2 Number of position pulses for full-closed feedback loop
(See Subsections 2.1.4 and 2.1.5)
Set the number of position pulses to the number of pulses fed back
from the separate detector when the motor makes one turn. (The
flexible feed gear has nothing to do with the calculation of the number
of position pulses).
Number of position pulses (full-closed
feedback loop)
When using a serial rotary scale with a resolution of 1,000,000 pulses
per revolution, set a value assuming that 12500 is equivalent to
1,000,000 pulses.
Number of position pulses (full-closed
feedback loop)
* 1,000,000 pulses / rev
8192
12500
Number of pulses fed back from the
separate detector when the motor
makes one turn
12,500 ×
(motor-table gear reduction ratio)
- 19 -
2. SETTING αiS/αiF/βiS SERIES SERVO PARAMETERSB-65270EN/05
Example 1:
Parallel type, serial linear scale
If the ball screw used in direct coupling has a lead of 10 mm and
the separate detector used has a resolution of 0.5 µm per pulse
Number of position pulses = 10 / 0.0005 = 20,000
Example 2:
Serial rotary scale
If the motor-table gear reduction ratio is 10:1,
Number of position pulses = 12,500 × (1/10) = 1250
(b)-3 If the setting for the number of position pulses is larger than 32767
Conventionally, initialization bit 0 (high resolution bit) must be
i series CNC,
2628 (FS15i)
2185 (FS30i,16i)
changed according to the command unit. For the current
however, there is no mutual dependence between the command unit
and initialization bit 0.
Of course, the conventional setting method is applicable, but using the
conversion coefficient for the number of position feedback pulses
makes the setting easier.
Conversion coefficient for the number of position feedback pulses
Series 90E0, Series 90D0, Series 90B0, Series 90B5, Series 90B6,
Series 90B1 :
Set the number of position pulses with a product of two
parameters, using the conversion coefficient for the number of
position feedback pulses.
Number of feedback pulses per motor revolution, sent from the
separate detector
= Number of position pulses × Conversion coefficient for the
number of position feedback pulses
Series 9096 :
No conversion coefficient for the number of position feedback
pulses can be used. As usual, set the initialization bit 0 to 1, and
set the number of velocity pulses and the number of position
pulses to 1/10 the respective values stated earlier.
Number of feedback pulses per motor revolution, sent from the
separate detector
= Number of position pulses × 10
→ See Supplementary 3 of Subsection 2.1.8.
- 20 -
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