Page 1
Pilot’s Guide
KLX 135
Bendix/King
GPS/COMM
®
ORS 01
A
Page 2
AlliedSignal General Aviation Avionics
400 North Rogers Road
Olathe, Kansas 66062-1212
TELEX 669916 KINGRAD • FAX 913-791-1302
TELEPHONE (913) 768-3000
© 1994 AlliedSignal Inc.
6/95 006-08751-0000 1K Printed in USA
A
Page 3
KLX 135 Pilot’s Guide Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION .........................................................................i
KLX 135 SNEAK PREVIEW ..........................................................ii
HOW-TO INDEX .......................................................................iv
1. KLX 135 SYSTEM COMPONENTS .......................................1-1
2. DATA BASE .....................................................................2-1
2.1. Data Basics .......................................................................2-1
2.2. Data Base Contents and Coverage Areas .......................2-1
2.3. ICAO Identifiers .................................................................2-3
2.4. Updating the Data Base ....................................................2-3
2.5. User Defined Data Base ...................................................2-6
2.6. Data Base Update Service Options ..................................2-7
3. COMM OPERATION ..............................................................3-1
3.1. Entering Frequencies ........................................................3-1
3.1.1. Frequency Selection ................................................3-1
3.1.2. Standby Frequency Entry ........................................3-1
3.1.3. Active Frequency Entry ...........................................3-2
3.1.4. 25 Kilohertz Channel Spacing Operation ................3-2
3.1.5. Using QuickTune™ Frequency Selection ...............3-3
3.2. Receive/Transmit Annunciation ........................................3-4
3.3. Volume Adjustment and Automatic Squelchb Override ...3-4
3.4. Stuck Microphone Protection ............................................3-4
3.5 Blind Tuning Feature ..........................................................3-5
4. BASIC GPS OPERATION ......................................................4-1
4.1. Coverage Area ..................................................................4-1
4.2. Turn-on and Self Test .......................................................4-1
4.3. Display Format ..................................................................4-7
4.4. Basic Operation of Panel Controls ....................................4-9
4.4.1. Page Selection ......................................................4-10
4.4.2. Data Entry ..............................................................4-11
4.4.3. The Duplicate Waypoint Page ..............................4-14
4.4.4. Cyclic Fields ..........................................................4-15
4.5. Message Page ................................................................4-16
4.6. Initialization and Time to First Fix ...................................4-17
4.7. Selecting and Scanning Waypoints ................................4-20
4.7.1. Selecting Waypoints by Identifier ..........................4-20
4.7.2. Selecting Waypoints by Scanning .........................4-22
4.7.3. “Nearest” and “Complete” Waypoint Scan Lists ...4-23
4.7.4. Selecting Waypoints by Name or City ..................4-25
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Table of Contents
4.8. Direct to Operation ..........................................................4-28
4.8.1. Initiating a Direct To ..............................................4-28
4.8.2. Canceling a Direct To ............................................4-30
4.8.3. Waypoint Alerting for Direct To Operation ............4-31
4.9. Creating and Modifying Flight Plans ...............................4-31
4.9.1. Creating a Flight Plan ............................................4-32
4.9.2. Viewing Distance and Desired Track Between
Stored Flight Plan Waypoints ............................4-34
4.9.3. Activating a Numbered Flight Plan ........................4-34
4.9.4. Adding a Waypoint to a Flight Plan .......................4-35
4.9.5. Deleting a Waypoint from a Flight Plan ................4-36
4.9.6. Deleting Flight Plans .............................................4-37
4.9.7. Storing FPL 0 as a Numbered Flight Plan ............4-37
4.10. Operating from the Active Flight Plan ...........................4-38
4.10.1. General Procedures ............................................4-38
4.10.2. Turn Anticipation and Waypoint Alerting .............4-39
4.10.3. Viewing the Waypoint Pages for the
Active Flight Plan Waypoints .............................4-41
4.10.4. Combining Direct To and Flight Plan Operation .4-41
4.10.5. Viewing Distance, ETE, ETA, or Desired
Track to Flight Plan Waypoints ..........................4-43
4.11. Navigation Pages ..........................................................4-44
4.11.1. The Navigation 1 (NAV 1) Page ..........................4-44
4.11.2. The Navigation 2 (NAV 2) Page ..........................4-47
4.11.3. The Navigation 3 (NAV 3) Page ..........................4-48
4.11.4. The Navigation 4 (NAV 4) Page ..........................4-48
4.12. Waypoint Pages ............................................................4-49
4.12.1. Airport Pages .......................................................4-49
4.12.1.2. The Airport 2 (APT 2) Page .............................4-50
4.12.1.3. The Airport 3 (APT 3) Page .............................4-51
4.12.1.4. The Airport 4 (APT 4) Page ............................4-52
4.12.2. VOR Pages .........................................................4-53
4.12.3. NDB Pages ..........................................................4-54
4.12.4. Supplemental Waypoint Pages ...........................4-55
4.13. Viewing and Setting the Date and Time .......................4-58
4.14. The Other (OTH) Pages ...............................................4-60
4.14.1. Determining the Status of the GPS Signals ........4-60
4.14.2. Viewing and Deleting User Waypoints and
Waypoint Remarks ............................................4-62
4.14.3. Viewing the KLX 135 Software Status and
Time of Operation ..............................................4-64
4.15. Remote Mounted Annunciators ....................................4-64
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KLX 135 Pilot’s Guide T able of Contents
5. ADVANCED GPS OPERATION .............................................5-1
5.1. Calculator Pages ...............................................................5-1
5.1.1. The Calculator (CAL) 1 Page ..................................5-1
5.1.2. The Calculator (CAL) 2 Page ..................................5-3
5.2. Creating User-defined Waypoints ....................................5-5
5.2.1. Creating a Waypoint at Your Present Position .......5-5
5.2.2. Creating a Waypoint at a Certain Latitude/
Longitude .............................................................5-6
5.2.3. Creating a Waypoint Referenced from
Another Waypoint ................................................5-8
5.3. Navigation Modes .............................................................5-9
5.3.1. Selecting the Leg Mode or the OBS mode ...........5-10
5.3.2. The En route-Leg Mode ........................................5-10
5.3.3. The En route-OBS Mode ......................................5-11
5.3.4. Effects of Switching From En route-OBS
Mode to En route-Leg Mode ..............................5-11
5.3.5. Activating a Waypoint While in the
En route-OBS Mode ..........................................5-12
5.4. Operation Outside the Primary Coverage Area ..............5-13
5.5. Using the Take-home Mode ...........................................5-14
APPENDIX A - NAVIGATION TERMS ......................................A-1
APPENDIX B - MESSAGE PAGE MESSAGES ........................B-1
APPENDIX C - SCRATCHPAD MESSAGES ............................C-1
APPENDIX D - ABBREVIATIONS .............................................D-1
STATE ABBREVIATIONS .......................................................D-1
CANADIAN PROVINCE ABBREVIATIONS ...........................D-2
COUNTRY ABBREVIATIONS ................................................D-2
OTHER ABBREVIATIONS USED ON KLX 135 PAGES .......D-8
APPENDIX E - LAT/LON CONVERSIONS ................................E-1
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Table of Contents
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Page 7
KLX 135 Pilot’s Guide Introduction
122.90 ZBV
123.12 BIMINI
#>Leg N 2
VOR 1 W 7
INTRODUCTION
Welcome to the world of GPS flying! Your Bendix/King KLX 135
GPS/COMM is sure to make your flying more efficient and more fun.
After all, isn't that why you got into flying in the first place? Now when
you're flying VFR, you probably won't need to be constantly figuring
or looking up VOR radials and distances.
The convenient QuickTune™ feature will allow you to easily look up
the frequency for the appropriate airport, then transfer it to the
KLX 135 COMM transceiver.
This Pilot's Guide should be of great help to you. It is written in plain,
simple English and it assumes you are not an experienced user of
GPS or other type of long range navigation equipment. If you are
experienced, so much the better. This Pilot's Guide also includes
hundreds of sample screen figures and other illustrations to make
your learning easier. It is designed so that you can start at the front
and progress in the order presented; however, you may want to skip
around and learn things in your own order. Also, on page iv, there is
an index of frequently used procedures which will help you find the
page that describes how to do exactly what you want to do. There
are also several appendices in the back of the manual that you may
find useful from time to time.
Be sure to keep this Pilot's Guide handy with you in the airplane. It is
designed to fit easily in the glove box, or in the seat pocket. The
KLX 135 is very simple to operate, but the Pilot's Guide can sure be
of help to you.
One last thing. Don't get so involved in learning to use the KLX 135
that you forget to fly the airplane. Be careful, and remember to keep
a close eye out for other aircraft.
NOTE: A “whiskers” border is used around
data on some of the figures in this Pilot's Guide
to indicate that the data inside the border is
flashing.
i
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Page 8
Introduction
KLX 135 SNEAK PREVIEW
If you absolutely can't wait to use your KLX 135 until you've read this
Pilot's Guide, this section is for you. This page will teach you just
enough to get going and then learn by doing. This operational preview assumes the KLX 135 has been properly installed, the unit was
previously operational in the same general geographical location, and
that no peripheral equipment interfaced with the KLX 135 (such as
external HSIs, CDIs, autopilots, moving map display, etc.) is to be
used at this time. If you are using this operational preview in flight, do
so only in good VFR conditions and only with an alternate means of
navigation (including pilotage) available to cross-check position.
1. Turn the unit on with the On/Off/Volume knob (the small knob in
upper left hand corner). Adjust the COMM audio volume as
desired by pulling this knob out, turning it to an appropriate level
and pushing it back in.
2. For a few seconds, the Turn On Page is displayed while the unit
runs a self-test. Afterwards, the Self-test Page is displayed. If
the KLX 135 is receiving an altitude from an encoding altimeter,
the present pressure altitude will be displayed on line 3. The bottom line should display Self-test Pass and a flashing Ok?.
Press the F button to approve the Self-test Page.
3. The Initialization Page will now be displayed. If the date and time
are incorrect by more than 10 minutes, refer to section 4.2 of this
Pilot's Guide. The right side of the screen should show the
identifier of the nearest airport to the initial position, along with a
radial and distance from that airport waypoint. Press F with
the cursor flashing over Ok? to approve the Initialization Page.
4. The VFR page will now be displayed to notify you that the GPS is
for VFR use only. Press F to approve this page.
5. A Data Base Page is now displayed showing the date the data
base expires or the date it expired. Press F to acknowledge
the information displayed on this page.
Effective Date 3/94 006-08751-0000 Rev 0
ii
Page 9
KLX 135 Pilot’s Guide Introduction
6. The next page displayed will probably be a page showing the
VHF communication frequencies for the airport you are at. For
now, use the right outer knob to turn to the NAV page type
(watch the lower left corner of the screen and the small bar at the
bottom to know when you are there). Then use the right inner
knob to select the NAV 2 page if not already there. The NAV 2
page shows your present position relative to a nearby VOR.
Verify that this position is correct before proceeding.
7. Press the D button. A page with the words DIRECT TO is now
displayed on the screen.
In step 8 you will enter the ICAO identifier of the airport. The
identifier will have a "K" prefix for a Continental U.S. airport, a "C"
prefix for a Canadian airport, or a "P" prefix (in some cases) for
an Alaskan airport if the identifier is all letters. For example, LAX
becomes KLAX. For these countries if the identifier contains any
numbers, there is no prefix. For example, TX04 is entered TX04.
For other areas of the world the airport identifier should be
entered identically to how it is charted.
8. Rotate the right inner knob until the first character of the airport
identifier is displayed. Turn the right outer knob one step clockwise to move the flashing segment to the second character
position. Rotate the right inner knob to select the second character of the identifier. Use this procedure to enter the complete
airport identifier.
9. Press F. The display will change to a page showing the identifier, name, city, and state/country of the airport just entered.
Confirm that the correct airport is displayed. Press F a second
time to approve the airport data.
10. A Navigation page is now on the screen. It displays the distance,
groundspeed, bearing, and ETE to the destination airport. In
addition, it displays a course deviation indicator (CDI).
See--wasn't that easy?
iii
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Page 10
Introduction
HOW-TO INDEX
This index will help you quickly find important procedures at a glance.
The list is alphabetized by action words.
TO: SEE PAGE:
Activate a waypoint in OBS mode without changing the
selected course................................................................................5-12
Activate one of the previously created numbered flight plans............4-34
Add a waypoint to a flight plan ............................................................4-35
Calculate distance and time for a flight plan .........................................5-2
Calculate distance, bearing, and time from waypoint to waypoint........5-1
Calculate fuel requirements for a flight plan..........................................5-4
Calculate fuel requirements from waypoint to waypoint .......................5-3
Cancel Direct To operation .................................................................4-30
Change a cyclic field ...........................................................................4-15
Change navigation modes ..................................................................5-10
Change the default first waypoint character........................................4-13
Change the NAV 2 page present position reference waypoint...........4-47
Create a flight plan ..............................................................................4-32
Create a user-defined waypoint at your present position .....................5-5
Create a user-defined waypoint using the radial/distance method.......5-8
Create a user-defined waypoint with latitude/longitude........................5-6
Cycle between distance and desired track display on a
numbered flight plan page ...............................................................4-34
Cycle between distance, ETE, ETA, and desired track on the
FPL 0 page.......................................................................................4-43
Delete a flight plan which is no longer required..................................4-37
Delete a user-defined waypoint from the OTH 3 page.......................4-62
Delete a waypoint from a flight plan....................................................4-36
Delete a waypoint remark from the OTH 4 page................................4-63
Display the nearest airport continuously..........................................4-24
Display the nearest airports in an emergency ....................................4-24
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iv
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KLX 135 Pilot’s Guide Introduction
TO: SEE PAGE:
Enter a user-defined waypoint remark on the SUP 3 page................4-57
Enter a waypoint identifier...................................................................4-12
Enter an airport remark on the APT 3 page........................................4-51
Enter the local magnetic variation manually on the SET 2 page........5-14
Fly Direct To a waypoint......................................................................4-28
Fly direct to a waypoint in the active flight plan (FPL 0) .....................4-42
Initialize the position from the SET 1 page .........................................4-18
Recenter the D-Bar by going direct to the active waypoint.................4-30
Select a VOR or NDB by navaid name...............................................4-25
Select a waypoint by identifier from a waypoint page.........................4-20
Select a waypoint by scanning with the cursor off..............................4-22
Select a waypoint by scanning with the cursor on..............................4-22
Select an airport by scanning the airport name ..................................4-26
Set the date on the SET 2 page..........................................................4-58
Set the time on the SET 2 page..........................................................4-59
Store the active flight plan as a numbered flight plan.........................4-37
Tune a COMM frequency......................................................................3-1
Tune a COMM frequency from the data base ......................................3-3
Tune a COMM frequency using the active frequency
entry mode .........................................................................................3-2
Tune a COMM frequency using the standby frequency
entry mode .........................................................................................3-1
Tune a 25 kHz COMM frequency .........................................................3-2
Turn on and initialize the KLX 135........................................................4-2
Update the KLX 135 data base.............................................................2-3
View a message..................................................................................4-16
View the Nearest airports, VORs, or NDBs ........................................4-24
View the waypoints in the flight plan that are not the
active waypoint.................................................................................4-41
v
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Page 12
118®00 ∂∆ KOSH
136.97 > ««««∑∏π««««
>Leg 89.6nm 105kt
NAV 1 >345°To 0:51
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
GPS
KLX 135
B
CRSR
MSG D CLR ENT
COMM
Pull
25k
Pull
SCAN
Pull
TEST
VOL
OFF
N
S
E
W
TO
FR
33
30
24
21
15
12
6
3
OBS
GS
N
A
V
ı
GS
ı
N
33
30
W
24
21
S
15
12
E
6
3
HDGNAV
GS
AIRCRAFT
POWER
AL TITUDE
MIC KEY
14V
GRAY CODE
WPT ALERT
MESSAGE
MOVING MAP
DISPLAYS
ARTEX
ELS-10
ALT HDG NAV APR APGS
ALT HDG NA V APR BC
AP
ENG
TEST
KC 193
YD
RN RC PC
BC
ı
DN
UP
GPS ANTENNA
COMM
ANTENNA
HSI
CDI
AUTOPILOT
REMOTE ANNUNCIATORS
RS-232
OUTPUT
SPEAKER
HEADPHONES
KLX 135 SYSTEM
REQUIRED
OPTIONAL
OR
KI 525A KI 206
MIC
COM 1 COM 2
HF
OFF
INT
EXT
KMA 24 TSOMIC
TEL
1 COM 2 1 NAV 2
DME MKR ADF AUTO
SPEAKER
PHONE
MKR
A
O
M
LO
HI
T
S
T
S
E
N
S
AUDIO PANEL
OR
AND/
OR
AUDIO
1-0
System Components
Chapter 1
System Components
Effective Date 3/94 006-08751-0000 Rev 0
Page 13
KLX 135 Pilot’s Guide System Components
1. KLX 135 SYSTEM COMPONENTS
A basic KLX 135 system consists of a panel mounted KLX 135
GPS/COMM and a GPS antenna. An altitude input is required to
obtain full navigation and operational capabilities. Additional system
components may be added or interfaced to the KLX 135 which
increase its features and capabilities. Some of these optional components include an external course deviation indicator (CDI) or
horizontal situation indicator (HSI), ARTEX ELS-10 emergency locator transmitter (ELT), autopilot, and external annunciators.
The KLX 135 panel mounted unit contains the GPS sensor, the navigation computer, a COMM transceiver, a liquid crystal display (LCD),
and all controls required to operate the unit.
Installation of an appropriate VHF communication antenna (capable
of receiving 118.000 to 136.975 MHz) is required. However, the VHF
COMM antenna is not included as part of the KLX 135 system.
The GPS “patch” antenna is available for use with the KLX 135. It is
designed to always be mounted on the top of the aircraft.
The KLX 135 has analog outputs to drive the left-right deviation bar of
most mechanical CDIs and HSIs. In addition, the NAV mode of the
Bendix/King KFC 150, KAP 150, KAP 150H, KAP 100, KFC 200,
KAP 200, KFC 250, KFC 275, KFC 300, and KFC 325 flight control
systems may be coupled to the KLX 135. Many other autopilots may
also be coupled to the KLX 135. Actual autopilot performance and
capability when coupled to the KLX 135 may vary significantly from
one autopilot model to another.
System Components
Chapter 1
Altitude may be provided to the KLX 135 from an encoding altimeter
or blind encoder. Altitude is used as an aid in position determination
when not enough satellites are in view.
Some installations may require remote annunciators to be mounted
in the aircraft panel in order to indicate the status of certain KLX 135
functions, namely waypoint alert and message.
1-1
Effective Date 3/94006-08751-0000 Rev 0
Page 14
CANADA
USA
LATIN AM
PACIFIC
SOUTH PAC
SOUTH AM
EUROPE
EAST EUR
MID EAST
AFRICA
SOUTH PAC
PACIFIC
75°
60°
45°
30°
15°
0°
15°
30°
45°
60°
75°
60°
45°
30°
15°
0°
15°
30°
45°
60°
165°150°135° 120°105° 90° 75° 60° 45° 30° 15° 0° 15° 30° 45° 60° 75° 90° 105°120°135°150°165°180°
International Data Base primary areaNorth American Data Base primary area
Data Base
Chapter 2
Data Base
2-0
Figure 2-1 KLX 135 Data Base Geographical Region
Effective Date 3/94 006-08751-0000 Rev 0
Page 15
KLX 135 Pilot’s Guide Data Base
2.DATA BASE
2.1. DATA BASICS
The data base provides two primary functions. First, it makes pilot
interface with the GPS sensor much easier. Rather than having to
manually look up and then enter the latitude and longitude for a specific waypoint, it allows you to merely enter a simple waypoint
identifier. The data base automatically looks up and displays the latitude and longitude associated with the identifier. It should be obvious
that the data base saves a lot of tedious latitude/longitude entry and
also greatly reduces the potential for data input mistakes.
The second function of the data base is that it serves as a very convenient means to store and easily access aeronautical information.
Want to know the name of the airport, the nearest city, or the airport
altitude? Just unleash the power of the KLX 135 and display the
information right on the screen.
2.2. DATA BASE CONTENTS AND COVERAGE AREAS
There are two data base coverage areas available for the KLX 135.
One is referred to as the “North American” data base and the other is
referred to as the “International” data base.
Data Base
Chapter 2
The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) and Aeronautical
Radio, Inc. (ARINC) break the world into the ten geographic regions
shown in figure 2-1. The KLX 135 North American data base contains aeronautical information for the group of ICAO regions
consisting of Canada, USA, and Latin America. Likewise, the
International data base also provides information for the group of
ICAO regions consisting of Europe, East Europe, Africa, Mid East,
Pacific, South Pacific, and South America.
Both data bases contain complete information for all VORs and
NDBs in their respective coverage area. The data base also contains
public use and military airports which have any runway at least 1000
feet in length.
2-1
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Page 16
Data Base
The following is a listing of the KLX 135 North American and
International data base contents:
AIRPORTS
Identifier
Name
City, State or Country
Use type (if military)
Latitude and Longitude
Elevation
Communication frequencies
Chapter 2
Data Base
VORs
Identifier
Name
Frequency
Latitude and Longitude
Magnetic variation
NDBs
Identifier
Name
Frequency
Latitude and Longitude
(Note - Outer Compass Locators are not included in the data base)
250 USER DEFINED WAYPOINTS
Identifier
Latitude and Longitude
Effective Date 3/94 006-08751-0000 Rev 0
2-2
Page 17
KLX 135 Pilot’s Guide Data Base
2.3. ICAO IDENTIFIERS
Waypoints are stored in the KLX 135 database almost exclusively by
their ICAO identifiers. ICAO (International Civil Aviation
Organization) is an internationally accepted reference for the data. In
almost all cases the proper ICAO identifiers may be taken directly
from Jeppesen Sanderson or government aeronautical charts.
Airport identifiers in the contiguous United States, Alaska, and
Canada are special cases in the ICAO system. Many airport identifiers for these areas have four letters beginning with a prefix letter
that corresponds to the geographic area in which it is located. The
prefix letter for the contiguous U.S. is “K”. Thus, the identifier for
Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport is KDFW, not DFW (which
would be identical to the VOR identifier). Likewise, the identifier for
Orlando Executive Airport is KORL while the VOR identifier if ORL.
The prefix letter for Canada is “C” and for Alaska is “P”.
NOTE: There are several exceptions in Alaska. In many cases, airports with three letter identifiers receive the prefix “P”, but there are
many that don’t. The most reliable method of determining an Alaska
airport identifier is to look it up from the airport name or city. See section 4.7.4, “Selecting Waypoints by Name or City”.
Incidentally, you can program the KLX 135 to default to a certain
letter (such as “K”) when you are entering a waypoint identifier. See
section 4.4.2, “Data Entry” to learn about this handy feature.
Data Base
Chapter 2
Not all airport identifiers receive the prefix letter. Airport identifiers
which are combinations of letters and numbers do not apply to the
prefix rule. Examples of airport identifiers not using the prefix are
3C2, 7TX6, and M33.
So remember, if you are entering or looking for an airport
identifier that is all letters (no numbers) then it will begin with a
“K” prefix in the contiguous U.S., a “P” in Alaska (in some
cases), or a “C” in Canada. If there are numbers in the identifier
then a prefix is not used. For other areas of the world the airport
identifier stored in the KLX 135 data base is identical to how it is
charted.
2.4. UPDATING THE DATA BASE
The information stored in the data base would eventually become
obsolete if there wasn’t some means to update it. For example, new
airports open, navaids can move or change frequency,
communication frequencies can change, and on and on.
2-3
Effective Date 3/94006-08751-0000 Rev 0
Page 18
Data Base
The data base is updated by means of a 3.5-inch diskette supplied by
AlliedSignal and an IBM-compatible personal computer. This method
does not have to involve removing the KLX 135 from the aircraft’s
instrument panel. A jack, usually mounted in the aircraft’s instrument
panel, provides a means of interfacing the KLX 135 with the computer via an interface cable. The diskettes are not returned to
AlliedSignal.
Every 28 days, AlliedSignal receives new NavData information from
Jeppesen Sanderson. This information is processed and downloaded onto diskettes. AlliedSignal makes the update service
available to you in a choice of several subscription or random update
programs. See section 2.6 for details on these programs.
NOTE: AlliedSignal sends the update so that it arrives prior to the
Chapter 2
Data Base
next effective date. The new update may be installed any time prior
to the effective date and the KLX 135 will use the previous data up to
the effective date and automatically begin using the new data on the
effective date.
In order to use the update program you must have access to a computer having a disk drive capable utilizing 3.5-inch 1.44 megabyte
high density diskettes. If you wish to perform updates in the cockpit,
an optional PC Interface kit must be used. Included in the kit is an
interface cable that plugs into both the computer and into the data
loader jack. The data loader jack is included with the KLX 135
installation kit and is typically installed in the aircraft’s instrument
panel.
CAUTION: The data base must be updated only while the aircraft is on the ground. The KLX 135 does not perform any
navigation function while the data base is being updated. Since
a data base update takes approximately 10 minutes it is a good
idea to turn off all electrical equipment on the aircraft except for
the KLX 135 to avoid running down the aircraft battery.
NOTE: The diskettes sent to you can only be used to update one
KLX 135, although they can update that specific unit numerous times.
The first time the diskettes are used in an update operation, a unique
identification code from the KLX 135 being used is uploaded to the
diskettes. These diskettes may be used in this specific KLX 135 an
unlimited number of times which could be required if you switch back
and forth between the North American and International data bases
during one update cycle. These diskettes may not, however, be used
to update other KLX 135s. This update protection ensures that
Jeppesen Sanderson is properly compensated for the use of their
NavData.
Effective Date 3/94 006-08751-0000 Rev 0
2-4
Page 19
KLX 135 Pilot’s Guide Data Base
127.00 Update data
119.40 base on
>Leg ground only:
SET 3 Update pub DB?
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
127.00 Update data
119.40 base on
#>Leg ground only:
CRSR
Update pub DB?
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
127.00 Estimated load
119.40 time: 5 min
#>Leg
CRSR Approve?
To update the KLX 135 data base:
1. Plug the 9 pin female connector end of the interface cable into a
COM serial port of the computer. If the computer has COM 1
and COM 2 serial ports, either may be used. Some computers
use a 9 pin COM serial port connector while other computers use
a 25 pin connector. If the computer being used has a 9 pin connector, the interface cable connector will plug directly into the
computer’s 9 pin connector. If the computer’s COM serial port
uses a 25 pin connector, use the 25 pin to 9 pin adapter included
in the PC interface kit to adapt the interface cable’s connector to
the computer’s connector.
2. If you are using the PC interface kit in the cockpit, plug the other
end of the interface cable (4 conductor male connector) into the
data loader jack that is mounted in the aircraft panel.
3. Insert the diskette into the computer’s disk drive. Turn on the
computer being used for the data base update. The program on
the disk will automatically “boot” (load) and the computer screen
will display “Ready” when the computer is ready to continue with
the data base update operation.
4. Turn on the KLX 135. Press F
as required to approve the Self
Test, Initialization, VFR, and Data
Base pages. Use the right outer
knob to select the Setup (SET)
type pages and the right inner
knob to select the SET 3 page
(figure 2-2).
Figure 2-2
Data Base
Chapter 2
5. Press B. Update Pub DB? will
now be inverse video as in
figure 2-3.
6. Press F. The estimated load
time in minutes is now displayed
(figure 2-4).
NOTE: In step 6, repeated pressing
E
will terminate the update process
and bring the display back to the original SET 3 page shown in figure 2-2.
7. Press F to acknowledge the estimated load time and begin the
erasing of the existing data base. The unit will now display
2-5
Figure 2-3
Figure 2-4
Effective Date 3/94006-08751-0000 Rev 0
Page 20
Data Base
Erasing data base. After the
data base has been erased, the
loading of the new data automatically begins. As the new data is
being loaded, the percentage of
transfer is displayed (figure 2-5).
127.00 Programming
119.40 data base
>Leg 95% complete
CRSR
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
Figure 2-5
8.The KLX 135 will indicate when
the data base update is complete
as shown in figure 2-6. You may
either turn the KLX 135 off at this
point or press Fto restart the
KLX 135.
9.Remove the interface cable. Remove the disk from the com-
Chapter 2
Data Base
puter. Turn off the computer.
127.00 Published data
119.40 base update
#>Leg complete
CRSR Acknowledge?
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
Figure 2-6
The chances are small of having difficulty updating the data base
but—
If you have a problem:
• First check that the interface cable is properly connected and that
the computer is turned on. If there is a problem with the
connection or the computer the KLX 135 will display Data
Loader Not Ready. When the problem is corrected this prompt
is removed and the update operation can continue from where it
left off.
• If an internal test fails after the data has been loaded, the
KLX135 will display Checksum Error, Data Base Invalid.
Press F to acknowledge. The KLX 135 will then display Data
Base Update Failed, Retry?Use the right outer knob to position the cursor over the desired choice and press F.
• There are other error messages that may be displayed. If you
have a problem that you can’t resolve, write down any error
messages to aid your AlliedSignal Service Center in identifying
the problem.
2.5. USER DEFINED DATA BASE
In addition to the published data base of airports, VORs, and NDBs
stored in the Jeppesen data base, you may create up to 250 other
user-defined waypoints. Section 5.2.1, “Creating User-defined
waypoints” describes this further.
Effective Date 3/94 006-08751-0000 Rev 0
2-6
Page 21
KLX 135 Pilot’s Guide Data Base
The KLX 135 contains an internal lithium battery that is used to
“keep-alive” the user-defined data base as well as flight plans. This
battery has a typical life of three to five years.
recommended that the battery be replaced every three years at an
authorized AlliedSignal Service Center.
2.6. DATA BASE UPDATE SERVICE OPTIONS
The following tear-out page can be used for ordering the North
American and International data base update services from
AlliedSignal. The forms may be mailed or FAXed for your
convenience.
It is highly
Data Base
Chapter 2
2-7
Effective Date 3/94006-08751-0000 Rev 0
Page 22
Data Base
Chapter 2
Data Base
This page intentionally left blank
Effective Date 3/94 006-08751-0000 Rev 0
2-8
Page 23
KLX 135 Data Base Diskette Update Service Options
AlliedSignal GAA offers several update
service options to suit your requirements.
Please select the service desired, then
fill out and mail the attached order form
below. Credit card orders may be faxed.
Note: Updates are current for 28 days
after effective date on diskette. If you
select any service other than the complete 13-time service, your KLX 135 will
begin alerting you after 28 days that
your data base is out of date.
North American Data Base
or
International Data Base
Complete Update Service.
Provides 13 updates–one
every 28 days for one year.
Six-time Update Service.
Provides six updates–one
every 56 days for one year.
Four-time Update Service.
Provides four updates–one
during each quarter for one
year.
Single Update. Provides one
update upon receipt of order.
Price:
$395*
Price:
$260*
Price:
$195*
Price:
A
Please set up the service under:
My name.
Name:
Company:
Address:
City:
State: Zip Code:
Telephone: ( )
FAX: ( )
Aircraft Make:
Aircraft Model: ______
My Company's name.
Method of Payment
Check/Money order enclosed
$95*
Wire Transfer:
Chase Manhattan Bank, NY
Acct #910-2-538734
MasterCard
Number
Expires
Signature
*Please include tax if you are subscribing from the
following states: CA, FL, KS, MO, MN, NM, TX
Send to:
AlliedSignal GAA
Data Base Update Service
Mail Drop #45
400 N. Rogers Road
Olathe KS 66062-1212
Telephone: (913) 768-3020
FAX: (913) 791-1335
VISA
.
Page 24
Fold here
Tape here
BUSINESS REPLY MAIL
FIRST-CLASS MAIL PERMIT NO. 121 OLATHE, KANSAS
POSTAGE WILL BE PAID BY ADDRESSEE
ALLIEDSIGNAL GENERAL AVIATION AVIONICS
M D 45
400 NORTH ROGERS ROAD
OLATHE KS 66062-9987
NO POSTAGE
NECESSARY
IF MAILED
IN THE
UNITED STATES
Page 25
KLX 135 Pilot’s Guide COMM Operation
3.COMM OPERATION
This section describes the use of the VHF Communication
Transceiver portion of the KLX 135. If you are not yet familiar with
the procedure of turning on and initializing the KLX 135, see section
4.2, “Turn-on and Self Test”.
3.1. ENTERING FREQUENCIES
3.1.1. FREQUENCY SELECTION
The KLX 135 is capable of tuning VHF communication frequencies
from 118.000 MHz (megahertz) to 136.975 MHz.
To tune a COMM frequency:
1.Use the left outer knob to select the
desired number of megahertz between
118 and 136. In figure 3-1, the
frequency 122.90 MHz is desired.
2.Make sure the left inner knob is pushed in, and use it to complete
the desired frequency. In this case, the left inner
knob changes the frequency in increments of 0.05
MHz (50 kHz) (figure 3-2). Note that the left inner
knob must be rotated three clicks clockwise to go
from 122.75 MHz to 122.90 MHz.
B
VOL
OFF
COMM
Pull
TEST
Pull
25K
119.00
122.75
>Leg
NAV 1
APT VOR NDB S
Figure 3-1
MSG
119.00
122.90
>Leg
Figure 3-2
D
COMM Operation
Chapter 3
3.1.2. STANDBY FREQUENCY ENTRY
The default frequency entry mode is standby frequency entry. In the
standby frequency entry mode, both the active and standby communication frequencies are displayed, and any frequency tuning is
performed on the standby frequency.
To tune a COMM frequency using the standby frequency entry
mode:
1.Use the left knobs to tune the standby COMM frequency, such as
122.90 MHz (figure 3-2 above).
2.To exchange the active and standby frequencies,
press the A(flip-flop) button (figure 3-3).
122.90
119.00
>Leg
Figure 3-3
3-1
Effective Date 3/94006-08751-0000 Rev 0
Page 26
COMM Operation
122.90
>Leg
119.00
123.12
>Leg
3.1.3. ACTIVE FREQUENCY ENTRY
You can also tune the KLX 135 active frequency directly.
To tune a COMM frequency using the active frequency entry
mode:
1. Press and hold the A button for approximately 2
seconds. The standby frequency will disappear and
the active frequency will be the same as before you
pressed the A button (figure 3-4).
2. You can now use the left knobs to tune the active COMM
frequency.
3. To change back to standby frequency entry mode, press the A
button momentarily.
3.1.4. 25 KILOHERTZ CHANNEL SPACING OPERATION
Some communication frequencies are multiples of 25 kilohertz (for
example 125.975 MHz). KLX 135 allows you to easily tune these
frequencies.
To tune a 25 kHz COMM frequency:
Chapter 3
1. Pull the left inner knob out.
COMM Operation
2. Use the left knobs to tune the frequency. Notice
that the KLX 135 only displays two digits after the
decimal point, so it has to cut off the last digit. For
example, in figure 3-5 the standby frequency is
123.125 MHz and the KLX 135 displays 123.12.
Figure 3-4
Figure 3-5
3. When you’re ready to go back to 50 kHz tuning, push the left
inner knob back in. This will allow you to select frequencies with
fewer turns of the knob.
Effective Date 3/94 006-08751-0000 Rev 0
3-2
Page 27
KLX 135 Pilot’s Guide COMM Operation
3.1.5. USING QuickTune™ FREQUENCY SELECTION
The KLX 135 gives you the ability to look up an airport VHF
communication frequency from the navigation data base and load it
directly into to COMM transceiver. That way, you don’t have the risk
of getting the wrong frequency or making a tuning error. The
QuickTune™function is accessible on the Airport 4 (APT 4) page.
You may also use the Active 4 (ACT 4) page, if the active waypoint is
an airport (see section 4.10.3).
To tune a COMM frequency from the data base:
1.Use the right outer and inner knobs to locate the APT 4
(orACT4, if the active waypoint is an airport) page for the facility
you desire to communicate with (figure 3-6). The APT 4 page
displays the frequency type (TWR
= Tower Frequency, GRND =
Ground Control, PCL = Pilot-controlled Lighting, etc.) and
frequency.
2.Press the Bbutton to turn the
cursor on and use the right outer
knob to scan through all the
airport’s frequencies (figure 3-7).
There may be more frequencies
than can be displayed at one time.
3.When you have the cursor over
the desired frequency, press F
and that frequency will become the
standby frequency in the COMM
transceiver (figure 3-8). The
cursor turns off automatically.
119.00 KCOU
121.60 ATIS* 128.45
>Leg GRND* 121.60
APT+4 TWR * 119.30
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
Figure 3-6
119.00 KCOU
121.60 CTR * 118.40
#>Leg CTAF* 119.30
CRSR PCL * 119.30
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
Figure 3-7
119.00 KCOU
119.30 CTR * 118.40
>Leg CTAF* 119.30
APT+4 PCL * 119.30
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
Figure 3-8
COMM Operation
Chapter 3
3-3
Effective Date 3/94006-08751-0000 Rev 0
Page 28
COMM Operation
119ß00
121.60
>Leg
119®00
121.60
>Leg
Stuck
Mic
>Leg
3.2. RECEIVE/TRANSMIT ANNUNCIATION
The KLX 135 display tells you when it is receiving and transmitting!
When you key the mic and the KLX 135 COMM transmits, a small “T”
is displayed above the active frequency (figure 3-9).
One instance where this is nice is if you have multiple
COMM transmitters in the aircraft, it tells you when you
are transmitting on the KLX 135. Whenever the
KLX 135’s receiver breaks the squelch, an “R” is
displayed in the same spot (figure 3-10). If the volume
happens to be turned down low on the KLX 135, your
audio panel, or your headphones, you may not hear the
audio, but you will see the “R” annunciation. Note that
you can’t receive and transmit at the same time.
3.3. VOLUME ADJUSTMENT AND AUTOMATIC SQUELCH OVERRIDE
The small knob in the upper left corner of the KLX 135 is not only the
ON/OFF switch, it is used to adjust the COMM audio volume. By
pulling this knob out you can override the automatic squelch, either to
receive a distant, weak signal or to give you a noise reference to
adjust the volume by.
Chapter 3
3.4. STUCK MICROPHONE PROTECTION
COMM Operation
Figure 3-10
Figure 3-9
Occasionally, a microphone switch can get stuck in the “on” position.
When this happens, you can jam the frequency. To prevent this, the
KLX 135 automatically shuts down the transmitter whenever it is
keyed for more than 35 seconds at a time. When this
happens, the COMM frequency display area is
replaced with a flashing Stuck Mic message
(figure 3-11) until the microphone key is turned off.
When this is the case, tuning the COMM with the left knobs or pressing the flip-flop button will cause the words Stuck Mic to be removed,
allowing you to see what you are tuning. This is helpful if you desire
to listen to a different frequency than you were when the microphone
got stuck. Five seconds after you stop adjusting the frequency in any
way, the Stuck Mic message will reappear.
If you are intentionally making a lengthy transmission and Stuck Mic
is displayed, simply release the microphone key for an instant and
then resume your transmission.
Effective Date 3/94 006-08751-0000 Rev 0
3-4
Figure 3-11
Page 29
KLX 135 Pilot’s Guide COMM Operation
120.00
>Leg
3.5 BLIND TUNING FEATURE
Turning the unit on while holding the flip-flop (A) button will bring
the KLX 135 up in the active frequency entry mode,
loading 120.00 MHz into the active COMM frequency
(figure 3-12). This allows the pilot to “blind-tune” the
radio in the event of a display failure.
The COMM standby frequency will also be 120.00 MHz, although it is
not displayed during active entry.
To accurately tune the active frequency on the COMM, count up 1
MHz for each clockwise click of the left outer knob, and down 1 MHz
for each counterclockwise click of the knob. Similary, count up or
down 50 kHz or 25 kHz per click of the left inner knob, depending on
whether it is pushed in or pulled out.
IMPORTANT NOTE: In order to have the ability to change the
COMM frequency, the pages of the turn-on sequence (Self-Test,
Initialization, VFR, and Data Base) must be approved. Hold the A
button down for about two seconds after appliying power to the
KLX 135. Then, wait about 20 seconds and press the F button four
times to approve these pages.
Figure 3-12
3-5
Effective Date 3/94006-08751-0000 Rev 0
Page 30
118®00 ∂∆ KOSH
136.97 > ««««∑∏π««««
>Leg 89.6nm 105kt
NAV 1 >345°To 0:51
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
GPS
KLX 135
B
CRSR
MSG D CLR ENT
COMM
Pull
25k
Pull
SCAN
Pull
TEST
VOL
OFF
∫
DIRECT-TO
BUTTON
MESSAGE
BUTTON
CLEAR
BUTTON
ENTER
BUTTON
RIGHT INNER
KNOB
RIGHT OUTER
KNOB
CURSOR
BUTTON
LEFT INNER
KNOB
LEFT OUTER
KNOB
FLIP-FLOP
BUTTON
ON/OFF/VOLUME
SQUELCH TEST KNOB
Figure 4-1 KLX 135 Controls
Page 31
Basic GPS Operation
Effective Date 3/94 006-08751-0000 Rev 0
4-0
Page 32
KLX 135 Pilot’s Guide
Basic GPS Operation
4.BASIC GPS OPERATION
4.1. COVERAGE AREA
The KLX 135 was designed to provide worldwide navigation coverage from North 74°latitude to South 60°Latitude (figure 4-2).
Outside this area, magnetic variation must be manually entered as
discussed in section 5.4, “Operation Outside the Primary Coverage
Area”. See section 2.2 for the data base geographical regions.
74°
60°
45°
30°
15°
0°
15°
30°
45°
60°
74°
60°
45°
30°
15°
0°
15°
30°
45°
60°
Figure 4-2 KLX 135 Navigation Coverage Area
4.2. TURN-ON AND SELF TEST
Well, it’s time to get down to business and actually use the KLX 135!
Figure 4-1 can be folded out and used as a reference during the
following procedures. This is especially handy if you’re learning while
away from your GPS. The steps below take a lot of words to explain,
but before you know it, you will be “flying” through them.
NOTE: When power is applied to the KLX 135 it always “wakes up”
in the En route-Leg mode. Only the En route-Leg mode is described
in this chapter. In this mode the KLX 135 performs great circle
navigation (the shortest distance between two points located on the
earth’s surface). The course deviation output displayed on the unit’s
internal course deviation indicator (CDI) and provided to an external
horizontal situation indicator (HSI) or CDI is five nautical miles (full
scale sensitivity) left and right. The other mode is En route-OBS and
is described in section 5.3.3.
Basic GPS Operation
Chapter 4
4-1
Effective Date 3/94006-08751-0000 Rev 0
Page 33
Basic GPS Operation
To turn on and initialize the KLX 135:
1.Turn on the KLX 135 by turning the small power/volume knob
clockwise. Be conscious of how far you turn it, for you are also
adjusting the COMM volume.
The Turn-On page (figure 4-3) will
be displayed for a few seconds.
During this time, the KLX 135
performs an extensive internal
test. The operational revision
status (ORS) level number in the
upper right corner of the display should match the ORS level
indicated on the cover of this Pilot’s Guide .
KLX 135 ORS 01
GPS/COMM
with QuickTune¶µ
©1994 King Radio Corp
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
Figure 4-3
When the internal test is complete, the Turn-On page will
automatically be replaced by the
Self Test page (figure 4-4).
NOTE: If the KLX 135 is operating in
««««“‘”««««
Prs Alt 1130ft
Self-test Pass Ok?
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
Figure 4-4
∫
the Take-Home Mode, the TakeHome Warning Page (figure 4-5) is
displayed first and must be
acknowledged by pressing F. See
section 5.5 for more information on
the Take-Home mode.
WARNING
System in Take-home
Mode: DO NOT USE FOR
NAVIGATION Ok?
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
Figure 4-5
2.Verify that the data displayed on the Self Test page is the same
as is being displayed on the appropriate indicator (if any) in the
aircraft which is interfaced to the KLX 135. If the KLX 135 is not
connected to any other equipment in the aircraft, you may skip to
step 3.
Chapter 4
Basic GPS Operation
If the KLX 135 is interfaced with a NAV indicator such as an HSI
or a course deviation indicator (CDI), the deviation bar (D-bar)
should be indicating a half scale deviation to the right. The
TO/FROM indicator should be showing FROM.
If any of the above checks fail, do not use the associated
indicator with the KLX 135.
3.If the KLX 135 has passed the internal self test, the bottom left
side of the Self Test page will display Self-test Passand all
external annunciators should be illuminated. If instead, Self-test
Effective Date 3/94 006-08751-0000 Rev 0
4-2
Page 34
KLX 135 Pilot’s Guide Basic GPS Operation
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
20 DEC 93 1415 UTC
WPT: Ref KIXD
N 38°49.91' 330°Fr
W 94°53.38' Ok? 0.8nm
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
20 DEC 93 1415 UTC
WPT: Ref KIXD
N 38°49.91' 330°Fr
W 94°53.38' Ok? 0.8nm
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
07 --- -- 1415 UTC
WPT: Ref KIXD
N 38°49.91' 330°Fr
W 94°53.38' Ok? 0.8nm
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
07 JAN 94 1415 UTC
WPT: Ref KIXD
N 38°49.91' 330°Fr
W 94°53.38' Ok? 0.8nm
Fail is displayed, recycle power to the KLX 135. If the Self Test
page still displays Self-test Fail, the KLX 135 requires repair and
should not be used for navigation.
4. When you are ready to approve the Self-test page, press the F
button while the Ok? is flashing. If it happens not to be flashing,
press the B button and use the right outer knob to move the
cursor there.
5. The next page displayed will be
the Initialization page (figure 4-6).
Verify that the date displayed in
the top left corner of the
Initialization page is correct. The
KLX 135 has an internal battery
powered calendar/clock, so the date and time normally don’t
require setting. The battery has a life of approximately 3 years.
In addition, the KLX 135’s system date and time are automatically updated very precisely when at least one satellite is being
received. However, if for some reason the date or time are incorrect, it is necessary to enter the correct date or time so that the
KLX 135 can reach the navigation mode. The date must be correct and the time must be correct within ten minutes so that the
KLX 135 will start looking for the
correct satellites.
Figure 4-6
If the date is incorrect, rotate the
right outer knob counterclockwise
until the cursor is over the entire
date field (figure 4-7). Rotate the
right inner knob until the correct
day of the month is displayed
(figure 4-8). Then, move the cursor to the month field by rotating
the outer knob one click
clockwise and change the month
as necessary. Use the same
methods to select the correct
year (figure 4-9). When the date
is correct, press F.
6. Verify that the time displayed in
the upper right corner of the
Initialization page is correct to
4-3
Figure 4-7
Figure 4-8
Figure 4-9
Effective Date 3/94006-08751-0000 Rev 0
Basic GPS Operation
Chapter 4
Page 35
Basic GPS Operation
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
07 JAN 94 1415 UTC
WPT: Ref KIXD
N 38°49.91' 330°Fr
W 94°53.38' Ok? 0.8nm
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
07 JAN 94 0615 EST
WPT: Ref KIXD
N 38°49.91' 330°Fr
W 94°53.38' Ok? 0.8nm
within ten minutes of the actual
time. Remember, once the
KLX 135 receives the first
satellite, it will automatically be
very accurately updated by the
satellite to the correct time.
However, you are responsible for
assuring the desired time zone is
selected on the KLX 135. If it is
necessary to reset the time,
position the cursor over the time
zone field (figure 4-10) and
select the desired time zone
(figure 4-11).
The following are the time zones which the KLX 135 is capable of
displaying:
UTC Coordinated Universal Time (Zulu)
GST Greenland Standard Time (UTC - 3)
GDT Greenland Daylight Time (UTC - 2)
ATS Atlantic Standard Time (UTC - 4)
ATD Atlantic Daylight Time (UTC - 3)
EST Eastern Standard Time (UTC - 5)
EDT Eastern Daylight Time (UTC - 4)
CST Central Standard Time (UTC - 6)
CDT Central Daylight Time (UTC - 5)
MST Mountain Standard Time (UTC - 7)
MDT Mountain Daylight Time (UTC - 6)
PST Pacific Standard Time (UTC - 8)
Chapter 4
Basic GPS Operation
PDT Pacific Daylight Time (UTC - 7)
AKS Alaska Standard Time (UTC - 9)
AKD Alaska Daylight Time (UTC - 8)
HAS Hawaii Standard Time (UTC - 10)
HAD Hawaii Daylight Time (UTC - 9)
SST Samoa Standard Time (UTC - 11)
SDT Samoa Daylight Time (UTC - 10)
Figure 4-10
Figure 4-11
You will be able to change the time zone any time you desire on
several other pages, so don’t worry if you’re not sure which time
zone to choose. UTC—Coordinated Universal Time (also called
“Zulu”) is always a safe choice.
Effective Date 3/94 006-08751-0000 Rev 0
4-4
Page 36
KLX 135 Pilot’s Guide Basic GPS Operation
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
07 JAN 94 14-- EST
WPT: Ref KIXD
N 38°49.91' 330°Fr
W 94°53.38' Ok? 0.8nm
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
07 JAN 94 1430 EST
WPT: Ref KIXD
N 38°49.91' 330°Fr
W 94°53.38' Ok? 0.8nm
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
07 JAN 94 1430 EST
WPT: K Ref KIXD
N 38°49.91' 330°Fr
W 94°53.38' Ok? 0.8nm
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
07 JAN 94 1430 EST
WPT: KJFK Ref KIXD
N 38°49.91' 330°Fr
W 94°53.38' Ok? 0.8nm
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
07 JAN 94 1430 EST
WPT: KJFK Ref KJFK
N 40°38.41' ---°Fr
W 73°46.67' Ok? 0.0nm
Once you have selected the desired time zone, position the cursor over the entire time field and
select the correct hour with the
right inner knob (figure 4-12).
Since 24 hour time is used, be
sure to add 12 if the time is after
1:00 P.M. (2:30 P.M. becomes
1430). Now move the cursor to
the tens of minutes position and select the desired value, and
repeat this process for the last digit of the time field. When the
correct time has been entered
(figure 4-13), press F to start
the clock running. Don’t worry
that you can’t update the
seconds. The KLX 135 system
time will automatically be corrected very precisely once a satellite
is received.
7. To aid the GPS receiver in acquiring your position, it is vital that it
have a reasonable idea of where you are, and the Initialization
page is where you have the chance to set this initial position.
Check to see if the displayed initial position is where you actually
are. This latitude/longitude is the last known position before the
power was shut down the last time. Unless the unit has been
moved since its last use, this position should be correct. On the
right side of the screen will be the identifier of the nearest airport
in the database, with a radial and
distance from that airport. If you
need to change the initial position
to—let’s say—John F. Kennedy
International (KJFK), move the
cursor to the WPT: field and use
the right inner knob to select a K
as the first character of the
identifier (figure 4-14). Move the
cursor to the right one character
and select a J and then right
again to select an F. The final K
should be filled in by the data
base (figure 4-15). When you
press F, the latitude and
longitude fields will change to
those of KJFK (figure 4-16). If
necessary, the latitude and longitude may be entered manually.
4-5
Figure 4-12
Figure 4-13
Basic GPS Operation
Chapter 4
Figure 4-14
Figure 4-15
Figure 4-16
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Page 37
Basic GPS Operation
8.When all information on the Initialization page is correct, move
the cursor to Ok?and press Fto move on.
9.The VFR page will be displayed to notify you that the GPS is for
VFR use only.
10.The Data Base page will now be displayed with the cursor over
Acknowledge?. Line 1 indicates whether a North American or
International data base is being
used. If the data base is current,
line 3 will show the date when the
data base expires (figure 4-17).
If, on the other hand, the data
base is out of date, line 3 shows
the date that it expired
(figure4-18). The KLX 135 will
still function with an out of date
data base; however, you must
exercise extreme caution and
always verify that the data base
information is correct before using
information from an out-of-date
data base. Press Fto acknowledge the information on the
Data Base page.
NORTH AMERICAN
Data Base Expires
12 OCT 1994
Acknowledge?
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
Figure 4-17
INTERNATIONAL
Data Base Expired
12 OCT 1994
Acknowledge?
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
Figure 4-18
WARNING: The accuracy of the data base information is
assured only if the data base is current. Operators using an outof-date data base do so entirely at their own risk.
A waypoint page for the waypoint which was active when the
KLX135 was last turned off will be displayed on the screen. If the
last active waypoint was an airport, the APT 4 page showing the
airport’s communications frequencies
will be displayed (figure 4-19). We
thought you’d like that! Almost
Chapter 4
always, the waypoint which was
active when you last turned the
Basic GPS Operation
KLX135 off is the airport where you
landed. Therefore, when you get
121.40 KORL
123.12 ATIS* 127.25
>Leg CLR * 128.45
APT+4 GRND* 121.40
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
Figure 4-19
ready to depart, the airport communication frequencies for that airport
will automatically be displayed for you! If you wish to select one or
two of the airport frequencies to QuickTune™the COMM, see sec-
tion 3.1.5, “Using QuickTune™Frequency Selection”.
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KLX 135 Pilot’s Guide Basic GPS Operation
After you get your COMM frequencies ready to go, you’ll probably
want to check the NAV 2 page to see your present position. Use the
right outer knob to select the NAV page type and then the right inner
knob, if necessary, to select the NAV
2 page. It is quite likely that the
present position will be dashed at first
(figure 4-20). It takes the KLX135
several minutes to acquire the GPS
satellites and to make its initial
calculation of your position. When
the KLX135 reaches a NAV ready
status and is able to navigate, the
NAV 2 page will display your present
position relative to the nearest VOR
(figure 4-21). Verify that the present
position shown on the NAV 2 page is
correct.
NOTE: In order to reach a Nav ready status, the aircraft must be
away from obstructions blocking the GPS antenna’s view of required
satellites. If the KLX 135 fails to reach a Nav ready status within five
minutes refer to section 4.6, “Initialization And Time To First Fix”.
4.3. DISPLAY FORMAT
127.25 >Present Posn
121.40
>Leg Ref: ----NAV 2 ---°Fr ----nm
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
Figure 4-20
127.25 >Present Posn
121.40
>Leg Ref: ORL
NAV 2 030°Fr 0.4nm
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
Figure 4-21
The KLX135 uses a Liquid Crystal Display (LCD). In normal operation, the display screen is divided into two segments by a vertical line,
called the page divider. In some cases, such as the display of
system messages or the turn-on and self test sequence, the page
divider disappears and you have a “full-screen” page.
Aeronautical information (or
data
) is presented on the screen in the
form of “pages”. A page is a presentation of specific data in an
organized format. Various page “types” are used to display related
kinds of data. For example, one page type is NAV (navigation). NAV
pages show information such as distance, groundspeed, bearing,
course, and other data relating to navigation. Another page type is
APT (airport). APT pages contain information pertinent to a specific
airport such as name, city, State, elevation, and direction and distance relative to the aircraft’s present position.
In normal operation, the aeronautical data is displayed on the right
side of the screen. The active and standby COMM frequencies
appear in the upper left corner of the display. The active frequency is
4-7
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Basic GPS Operation
Chapter 4
Page 39
Basic GPS Operation
always on the top line. The bottom
line on the left side of the page divider
indicates the page type that is being
displayed on the right side of the page
divider. In figure 4-22, the APT 1
(airport 1) page is being displayed.
126.50 KISM
129.12 KISSIMMEE MUN
>Leg ORLANDO
APT 1 FL
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
Figure 4-22
You might think of the page types as the chapters in a book and the
page numbers as the pages within a chapter. Just as a chapter in a
book may have from one to many pages, a KLX135 page type may
have from two to 10 pages associated with it. There are, for
example, 10 flight plan pages (FPL 0, FPL 1, FPL 2, ..., FPL 9) in the
flight plan page type and four airport pages (APT 1, APT 2, APT 3,
APT 4) in the airport page type.
Figure 4-23 shows an example of an
APT 4 page. Notice the “+” sign in
the page identification. Whenever a
“+” sign is part of a page identifier
there will be two or more pages, all
having the same page number, used
125.15 KICT
125.70 ATIS 125.15
>Leg CLR 125.70
APT+4 GND 121.90
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
Figure 4-23
to present all of the required information. That is, all of the information associated with a particular page number doesn’t fit on the page
being viewed. In this case the “+”
sign indicates that there are two or
more APT 4 pages. Figure 4-24
shows the second APT 4 page for
KICT (Wichita Mid-Continent Airport).
The third line of the left side has three
125.15 KICT
125.70 TWR 118.20
>Leg UNIC 122.95
APT+4 CL C 126.70
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
Figure 4-24
purposes: (1) If the KLX 135 is ready
for you to approve something, such
as a selected waypoint, the “Ent”
prompt will flash (figure 4-25),
indicating you should press the F
Chapter 4
button to continue. (2) If the KLX 135
has a new message for you which
Basic GPS Operation
122.90 ZBV 116.70
123.12 BIMINI
#>Leg N 25°42.10'
VOR 1 W 79°17.10'
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
Figure 4-25
must be viewed on a message page,
a large “M” will flash in the same area
(figure 4-26) telling you to press the
Cbutton and view the new
message. (3) Immediately to the right
of the “message/enter” display area,
the navigation mode (see section
118.00 ZBV ∂∆ KSEA
124.62 > ««««∑∏∫««««
{>Leg 62.1nm 112kt
NAV 1 >262°To 0:33
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
Figure 4-26
5.3.1 for details) is displayed. If the KLX135 is in the En route-Leg
mode (the normal mode of operation), “Leg” will be displayed here.
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KLX 135 Pilot’s Guide Basic GPS Operation
The lower left corner of the display, where the page type and number
are usually displayed, can also display short operational messages to
the user called “scratchpad messages”. These messages are
displayed for approximately five seconds, then this area returns to the
page type and number. Figure 4-27
shows an example of a scratchpad
message indicating a duplicate
identifier. A complete listing of
scratchpad messages is available in
Appendix C of this Pilot’s Guide.
4.4. BASIC OPERATION OF PANEL CONTROLS
The KLX 135 controls are very easy to use. Most of the page selection and data entry is done with the knobs on the right side of the
front panel and the cursor (B) button immediately above them.
The knobs on the left side and the flip-flop (A) button above them
control the communication transceiver. There are four buttons
across the bottom: C(Message), D(Direct To), E(Clear), and
F(Enter). The operation of these four buttons will be described on
the next few pages.
The cursor is an area of inverse video (light characters on a dark
background) on the screen. Many pages allow you to add, delete, or
change data on the screen by first pressing the Bbutton to turn the
cursor function on and bring the cursor on the screen. The right
knobs are then used to enter or change data. When the cursor is on
the screen, the lower left corner of the screen will show CRSRin
inverse video rather than the page
name for that particular page (figure
4-28). The cursor is over Present
Posn.
There are times when the cursor is
flashing. Figure 4-29 shows an
example of how “whiskers” are used
in this Pilot’s Guide to depict a flashing cursor (over ATIS 125.15) in
addition, it shows an example of how
“whiskers” around normal text is used
to depict normal (non-inverse) characters flashing. The letters Entare
flashing but are not in inverse video.
122.90 H 276
123.12 HOTEL
Dup N 55°49.90'
Ident W 55°45.70'
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
Figure 4-27
131.30 >Present Posn
124.50
>Leg N 39°43.20'
CRSR W 86°17.21'
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
Figure 4-28
121.90 KICT
125.60 ATIS 125.15
#>Leg CLR 125.70
CRSR GND 121.90
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
Figure 4-29
Basic GPS Operation
Chapter 4
4-9
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Page 41
Basic GPS Operation
Chapter Name/
Page # Range Page Type Page Functions
APT 1-4 Airport Directory of published
airports
VOR 1-2 VOR Directory of published
VOR stations
NDB 1-2 NDB Directory of published
non-directional beacons
(NDB)
SUP 0-3 Supplemental Wpt Directory of user-defined
waypoints
ACT 1-3 Active Waypoint Information about the
active waypoint
NAV 1-4 Navigation Navigation data
FPL 0-9 Flight Plan Active and stored flight
plans
CAL 1-2 Calculator Distance, bearing, time
and fuel calculator
SET 1-5 Setup Setting initial position and
date/time, updating the
data base, and selecting
certain features
OTH 1-5 Other Status reports, and
deleting user wpts and
remarks
4.4.1. PAGE SELECTION
It is now time to learn to select a desired page.
NOTE: The cursor function is not used in selecting pages and the
B
button should not be pressed at this time. If CRSR is annunciated in the lower left corner of the display, press the Bbutton to turn
the cursor function off.
The right outer knob is rotated to select one of ten page types for the
display. These ten page types are the following:
Chapter 4
Basic GPS Operation
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4-10
Page 42
KLX 135 Pilot’s Guide Basic GPS Operation
Remember that the page type is displayed at the lower left corner of
the screen. The first three letters of the page type are always used
for annunciation on the screen, for example, CALrepresents
Calculator page. The page type is also annunciated by means of a
bar on the display, which moves as you turn the right outer knob. All
the page types are listed across the front panel directly under the display, and the bar will always be over one of them. For example, let’s
say you were on a NAV page
(figure 4-30) and you wanted to turn
to a SET page. You would look at the
list and see that the SET pages are
three places to the right of the NAV
pages. Therefore, turning the right
outer knob three clicks clockwise will
get you to the SET pages (figure 4-31). The annunciator bar and the
page labels work kind of like a map to
get you from one page type to
another. The page type selection
wraps around from Other (OTH) to
Airport (APT); that is, the knob has no
mechanical stops.
Once you have selected the desired page type using the right outer
knob, you may select the page number by rotating the right inner
knob. Let’s use an example to make sure you understand. You are
presently viewing the APT 2 page and you wish to view the NAV 3
page. Rotating the right outer knob 5 (five) clicks clockwise will
display the NAV page that you last viewed—we’ll say the NAV 2
page. Turning the right inner knob one click clockwise or three clicks
counterclockwise will bring you to the NAV 3 page. Got it?
NOTE: In this Pilot’s Guide the right smaller knob is assumed to be
in the “in” position unless it specifically states that he knob should be
in the “out” position. Therefore, the words “rotate the right inner
knob” mean to turn the right inner knob while the knob is in the “in”
position.
120.00 KABQ ∆ KELP
122.00 Dtk 177°
>Leg Track 181°
NAV 4 Brg 178°
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
Figure 4-30
123.50 TURN
121.50 ANTICIPATION
>Leg >ENABLE
SET 4
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
Figure 4-31
Basic GPS Operation
Chapter 4
4.4.2. DATA ENTRY
Now that you’ve learned how to select the desired page, you’re ready
to learn the means of entering data. It is necessary to enter data, for
example, in order to specify a waypoint of your choice to go Direct
To. The general procedure for entering a waypoint identifier is
described below and is shown in figures 4-32 through 4-40 for entering a waypoint (in this case, First Flight airport in North Carolina,
identifier KFFA) on the Calculator (CAL) 1 page.
4-11
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Page 43
Basic GPS Operation
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
122.90 >Wpt Fr>KRDU
132.50 To>KSAV
>Leg 255nm Brg 209°
CRSR 121kt ETE 2:06
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
122.90 >Wpt Fr>K
132.50 To>KSAV
>Leg 255nm Brg 209°
CRSR 121kt ETE 2:06
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
122.90 >Wpt Fr>K
132.50 To>KSAV
>Leg 255nm Brg 209°
CRSR 121kt ETE 2:06
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
122.90 >Wpt Fr>KF2
132.50 To>KSAV
>Leg 255nm Brg 209°
CRSR 121kt ETE 2:06
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
122.90 >Wpt Fr>KFFA
132.50 To>KSAV
#>Leg 255nm Brg 209°
CRSR 121kt ETE 2:06
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
122.90 >Wpt Fr>KRDU
132.50 To>KSAV
>Leg 255nm Brg 209°
CRSR 121kt ETE 2:06
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
122.90 >Wpt Fr>KRDU
132.50 To>KSAV
>Leg 255nm Brg 209°
CAL 1 121kt ETE 2:06
To enter a waypoint identifier:
1. If the cursor is not on the screen
(figure 4-32), press B to turn on
the cursor function (figure 4-33).
Figure 4-32
2. If required, rotate the right outer
knob to position the cursor
(figure 4-34).
3. Rotate the right inner knob to
select the first character of the
waypoint identifier (figure 4-35).
4. Turn the right outer knob one
click clockwise to move the cursor
to the second character position
(figure 4-36).
5. Rotate the right inner knob to
select the second character
(figure 4-37).
Chapter 4
6. Use the right outer and inner
Basic GPS Operation
knobs in this manner until the
complete waypoint identifier is
displayed (figure 4-38). Note that
you may not have to enter the last
characters of the identifier
because each time you enter a
character, the KLX 135 offers you
the first identifier in the data base
beginning with the characters you
have entered.
Figure 4-33
Figure 4-34
Figure 4-35
Figure 4-36
Figure 4-37
Figure 4-38
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KLX 135 Pilot’s Guide Basic GPS Operation
7.If Entis flashing on the left side
of the screen, then press F.
This will prompt the KLX 135 to
display a waypoint page for the
waypoint identifier you just
entered (figure 4-39).
8.Verify the waypoint information
displayed, and then press F
again to approve the waypoint
page. The display will return to
the page previously displayed
(figure 4-40).
122.90 KFFA 10ft
132.50 FIRST FLIGHT
#>Leg KILL DEVIL HIL
APT 1 NC
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
Figure 4-39
122.90 >Wpt Fr>KFFA
132.50 To>KSAV
>Leg 361nm Brg 231°
CRSR 121kt ETE 2:59
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
Figure 4-40
Often, you will find yourself entering airports that begin with the same
character over and over again. In section 2.3, you learned how the
KLX135 uses ICAO identifiers, which means that many U.S. airport
identifiers begin with the letter K. Also, many airport identifiers in
Europe begin with the letter E or the letter L. Especially when flying
VFR, you will mostly want to enter airports as Direct To or Flight Plan
waypoints. The KLX 135 has a great feature that will save you turns
of the knob when you know that the first character will probably be a
K, E, L, or other letter that is commonly used in your part of the world.
You can set the default first waypoint identifier character on the
SET 5 page.
To change the default first waypoint identifier character:
1.Select the SET 5 page
(figure 4-41) and turn on the
cursor (B) (figure 4-42).
2.Use the right inner knob to select
the desired character
(figure 4-43), such as a K in the
U.S., a C in Canada, a P in
Alaska, an E or an L in Europe,
etc.
4-13
118.85 Default First
132.50 Character of
>Leg Wpt Identifier
SET 5 Entry: A
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
Figure 4-41
118.85 Default First
132.50 Character of
>Leg Wpt Identifier
CRSR Entry: A
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
Figure 4-42
118.85 Default First
132.50 Character of
>Leg Wpt Identifier
CRSR Entry: K
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
Figure 4-43
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Basic GPS Operation
Chapter 4
Page 45
Basic GPS Operation
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
118.90 DIRECT TO:
130.10
#>Leg D
CRSR
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
118.90 D Typ Area
130.10 3 1 NDB CAN?
#>Leg 2 NDB CUB?
CRSR 3 NDB USA?
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
128.10 INIT POS:K
119.97 N 39°36.91'
#>Leg W 78°45.71'
CRSR
3. Turn off the cursor. To try it out, proceed to the SET 1 page
(initial position). Turn the cursor
(B) on (it will come on over the
waypoint field). Try turning the
right inner knob clockwise
(figure 4-44). There’s the
character you just selected on the
SET 5 page!
4.4.3. THE DUPLICATE WAYPOINT PAGE
There are some waypoints in the data base whose identifiers are not
unique. That is, more than one waypoint has the same identifier.
When a waypoint identifier has been entered which is not unique to a
single waypoint, a Duplicate Waypoint page appears on the screen.
The Duplicate Waypoint page is used to select which of the
waypoints having the same identifier is actually desired. The
waypoint identifier is displayed on the top left of the page. To the
right of the identifier is the number of waypoints in the data base
having the identifier. Below the identifier is a list of the waypoint
types (APT, VOR, NDB, USR) and the associated countries which
use the identifier.
To see an example of a Duplicate Waypoint page, try entering the
identifier “D” as a Direct To waypoint or a Flight Plan Waypoint:
Figure 4-44
1. Press D.
2. Select the letter “D” as the
waypoint identifier (figure 4-45). D
is the full identifier of several
waypoints in the KLX 135 data
base.
3. Press F. The Duplicate
Chapter 4
Basic GPS Operation
Waypoint page will be displayed
on the screen (figure 4-46). At
the time of this writing, there were
Figure 4-45
three waypoints in the North
American data base having the
identifier D. If there are more
Figure 4-46
than four waypoints having the same identifier, only the first three
are initially shown. The list includes an NDB in Canada, an NDB
in Cuba, and an NDB in the U.S. The cursor will be over the first
waypoint listed. They are listed with the waypoint closest to the
aircraft’s present position displayed first and the waypoint farthest
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KLX 135 Pilot’s Guide Basic GPS Operation
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
121.00 AUS
120.20 Mag Var E 7°
>Leg
VOR 2 >135°To 13.3nm
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
121.00 AUS
120.20 Mag Var E 7°
>Leg
CRSR >135°To 13.3nm
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
121.00 AUS
120.20 Mag Var E 7°
>Leg
CRSR >135°To 12.8nm
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
121.00 AUS
120.20 Mag Var E 7°
>Leg
CRSR >315°Fr 12.5nm
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
118.90 D Typ Area
130.10 3 1 NDB CAN?
#>Leg 2 NDB CUB?
CRSR 3 NDB USA?
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
118.90 D 295
130.10 FIVE FINGER
#>Leg N 57°16.28'
NDB 1 W133°37.80'
from the aircraft displayed last. To view the rest of the choices,
rotate the right outer knob clockwise. Doing so will move the
flashing cursor over waypoints two, three and then will cause the
waypoint list to “scroll” so that the other waypoints in the list may
be seen.
4. To select the desired waypoint,
move the cursor over the
appropriate choice (figure 4-47).
5. Press F and the display will
change to the waypoint page for
the selected waypoint
(figure 4-48).
6. Press F again to approve the
waypoint page.
4.4.4. CYCLIC FIELDS
On many of the KLX 135 pages, there are
ceded by a carat (>). A cyclic field is
one that you as the pilot can select
from two or more options. For example, in figure 4-49, the field >135°To
(magnetic bearing to Austin VOR) is a
cyclic field. In this case, the second
option is the magnetic radial from
Austin VOR to present position.
To change a cyclic field:
1. Turn on the cursor by pressing
the B button (figure 4-50).
2. Using the right outer knob, move
the cursor over the cyclic field
you wish to change (figure 4-51).
Figure 4-47
Figure 4-48
cyclic fields
Figure 4-49
Figure 4-50
, which are pre-
Basic GPS Operation
Chapter 4
3. Press the E button to change
the cyclic field (figure 4-52).
Notice that repeated E presses
“cycle” you through the choices.
In this case there are only two, so
E works like a toggle switch.
4-15
Figure 4-51
Figure 4-52
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Page 47
Basic GPS Operation
NOTE: The cyclic field which always appears on the left side of the
display is the navigation mode selector/annunciator. In most cases, it
will display >Leg indicating en route-leg mode (figure 4-52). The
other choice is the en route-OBS
mode, in which the magnetic selected
course is displayed here (figure 4-53).
You can move the cursor to this cyclic
field by turning the cursor all the way
counterclockwise. See section 5.3 for
more details on navigation modes.
4.5. MESSAGE PAGE
Whenever the KLX 135 wants to get your attention, the message
prompt (a large “M” on the left side of the screen, just below the
COMM frequencies) begins flashing
(figure 4-54). If you have a remote
message annunciator in your aircraft,
it will also begin flashing at that time.
You should view the message at your
earliest opportunity because the unit
may be alerting you to some situation
of immediate concern to its condition or to your flight. A description of
each possible message is included in Appendix B of this Pilot’s
Guide.
121.00 AUS
120.20 Mag Var E 7°
>142
VOR 2 >315°Fr 12.4nm
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
Figure 4-53
125.05 Time CST 1537
126.90 Depart 1301
{>Leg ETA KSTJ 1557
NAV 3 Flight 2:36
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
Figure 4-54
To view a message:
*Data Base Outdated
1.Press the Cbutton. The MSG
page will appear and show the
new message (figure 4-55).
All Data Must be
Confirmed Before Use
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
Figure 4-55
NOTE: Appendix B of this Pilot’s Guide contains a list of all the
Chapter 4
Message page messages and their meanings. It is possible that
several messages are displayed at one time on the Message page.
Basic GPS Operation
The newest message appears first and the rest in reverse
chronological order.
2.After reading the message, press Cagain to return to the page
previously in view. If all of the messages cannot be displayed on
one Message page, repeated presses of Cwill show the other
messages before returning to normal operation. If a message
condition exists which requires a specific action by you, the
message prompt will remain on but will not flash.
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KLX 135 Pilot’s Guide Basic GPS Operation
4.6. INITIALIZATION AND TIME TO FIRST FIX
Since the KLX 135 stores its position and other required parameters
in memory when power to the unit is removed, it is seldom necessary
to aid the unit in reaching a NAV ready condition. The time required
from power on until the KLX 135 determines its present position and
is therefore ready to navigate is called “time to first fix.” The time to
first fix is normally a few minutes or less. In order for the KLX 135 to
reach a NAV ready condition, it is necessary to meet the following
conditions:
1. The KLX 135’s “almanac” data must be current. Almanac data is
orbital information for all the satellites and is used for initial
acquisition when the KLX 135 is first turned on. This data is
stored in the KLX 135’s non-volatile memory and is considered
current for up to six months. Each satellite sends almanac data
for all satellites. Since the KLX 135 routinely updates the
almanac data during normal operation, the almanac data will
become out of date only if the KLX 135 hasn’t been used for the
previous six months or longer. Collecting new almanac data
takes place automatically if the data is more than six months old.
The process of acquiring new almanac data is called a “Search
The Sky” start-up. The Search The Sky process requires that the
KLX 135 be turned on for a period of from 12.5 to 20 minutes and
that at least one satellite be in view. The Self Test, Initialization,
and Data Base pages should be approved. Almanac data is
being collected as long as the Other 1 (OTH 1) page displays
SRCH in the upper right corner. In addition, the message alert
will flash indicating there is a message to be viewed. If you press
the C button the message page will display a message stating:
*Search the Sky
Acquisition Started
Basic GPS Operation
Chapter 4
Press C again to return to the previous page. The message
will remain active while the almanac data is being collected.
2. The aircraft must be located such that the GPS antenna has an
unobstructed view of the sky so that required satellite signals are
not being blocked. If possible, position the aircraft away from
hangars or other obstructions.
3. The date and time displayed on the Initialization page or SET 2
page should be within 10 minutes of actual time. Date and time
are seldom a practical concern because the KLX 135 contains a
battery backed up calendar/clock. In addition, once a satellite is
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Page 49
Basic GPS Operation
being tracked, the KLX 135’s system time is automatically updated to UTC (Zulu) time. However, if the time displayed on the Self
Test page or the SET 2 page is in error by more than 10 minutes
it is necessary to enter a correct time. See section 4.2, “Turn-On
And Self Test.”
4.The aircraft’s position should be within 60 nm of where the
KLX135 last had a valid position. If the distance is greater than
60 nm the KLX 135’s position should be “initialized” on either the
Initialization Page (section 4.2), or the SET 1 page. Since the
KLX 135 stores its position when power is removed, it is usually
not necessary to initialize the position when power is later reapplied. However, initialization may be required, for example, if the
KLX 135 was not turned on for a flight or if it stopped navigating
somewhere along the last flight due to a lack of adequate satellite
coverage. If there is any doubt about whether or not to initialize,
go ahead and do it! It’s no big deal and it takes just a moment.
To initialize the position from the SET 1 page:
1.If the cursor is not on the screen
(figure 4-56), press the B
button to bring it on the page over
the INIT POSfield (figure 4-57).
2.Using the right inner and outer
knobs, enter the identifier for the
airport where you are presently
located or the identifier of a
navaid or other airport which is
close to your present position (figure 4-58). Any waypoint in the
data base which is within 60 miles
is acceptable, but the closer the
Chapter 4
Basic GPS Operation
better. Remember, if you are
entering an airport identifier that
is all letters (no numbers), then it
will begin with a “K” prefix in the
contiguous U.S., a “P” in Alaska
(in some cases; in others, the prefix is not added), or a “C” in
Canada. If there are numbers in the identifier then a prefix is not
used. Outside the contiguous U.S., Alaska, and Canada, use the
airport identifiers as they are charted.
122.80 INIT POS:
126.00 N 51°12.00'
>Leg W115°51.11'
SET 1
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
Figure 4-56
122.80 INIT POS:
126.00 N 51°12.00'
>Leg W115°51.11'
CRSR
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
Figure 4-57
122.80 INIT POS:CYYC
126.00 N 51°12.00'
#>Leg W115°51.11'
CRSR
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
Figure 4-58
Effective Date 3/94 006-08751-0000 Rev 0
4-18
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KLX 135 Pilot’s Guide Basic GPS Operation
3.Once you have entered the
complete identifier, press F.
The display will change to the
waypoint page for the waypoint
you entered (figure 4-59).
122.80 CYYC 3560ft
126.00 CALGARY INTL
#>Leg CALGARY
APT 1 AB
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
Figure 4-59
4.If this is the waypoint you intended to enter, press Fagain.
The display will change back to the SET 1 page.
NOTE: As an alternative, you can also enter the approximate latitude and longitude of your present position directly on the SET 1
page instead of entering a waypoint.
122.80 INIT POS:CYYC
126.00 N 51°06.83'
5.With the right inner knob, position
the cursor over Ok?, if it is not
already there (figure 4-60).
#>Leg W114°01.22'
CRSR Ok?
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
Figure 4-60
6.Press Fto approve the initial position. The cursor will
automatically be removed from the screen.
NOTE: If the KLX 135 is in the Take-Home mode, you are allowed to
enter the groundspeed (kt) and heading (°) fields in order to simulate
flight (figure 4-61). They are not used
for actual initialization in an aircraft.
However, entering a ground speed
will allow the KLX 135 to “fly” along
the active flight plan (or to a direct to
waypoint) starting from the
initialization waypoint. A heading
122.80 INIT POS:
126.00 N 51°06.83'
>Leg W114°01.22'
SET 1 200kt 43°
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
Figure 4-61
may be entered in the initial heading field while in the Take-Home
mode if the one offered is not desired. See section 5.5 for more
details on the Take-Home mode.
Basic GPS Operation
Chapter 4
7.Select the NAV 2 page. When the KLX 135 reaches the NAV
ready status and is therefore able to navigate, the NAV 2 page
will display the present position. Verify that the latitude and
longitude or the waypoint, radial, and distance display of present
position are correct.
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Basic GPS Operation
4.7. SELECTING AND SCANNING WAYPOINTS
There are four types of waypoints: airports, VORs, NDBs, and user
waypoints. Waypoints in the published data base fall into one of the
first three types. You can create up to 250 user waypoints to
supplement the waypoints in the database (see section 5.2.1 to
create a user waypoint).
There are three methods you may use to select a specific waypoint
for viewing. You may enter the waypoint’s identifier directly, you may
scan through the waypoint identifiers in alphabetical order, or you
may enter the waypoint’s name. If the waypoint is an airport, you
may also select it by entering the city where the airport is located.
4.7.1. SELECTING WAYPOINTS BY IDENTIFIER
The most direct way of selecting a specific waypoint is to simply enter
the waypoint’s identifier directly on the appropriate waypoint page
type (APT, for example). Let’s use Chicago O’Hare International
Airport whose identifier is KORD as an example.
To select a waypoint by identifier from a waypoint page:
1.Use the right outer and inner
knobs to select the Airport 1 (APT
1) page (figure 4-62). (Actually,
the airport identifier can be
entered on any of the three
Airport pages but we’ll use the
APT 1 since it displays the airport
118.00 Y78 690ft
136.97 RAINBOW
>Leg MILWAUKEE
APT 1 WI
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
Figure 4-62
name and city).
2.Turn on the cursor (B) and
make sure the right inner knob is
Chapter 4
Basic GPS Operation
pushed in. The cursor will appear
over the first character of the airport identifier (figure 4-63).
118.00 Y78 690ft
136.97 RAINBOW
>Leg MILWAUKEE
CRSR WI
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
Figure 4-63
3.Turn the right inner knob to select
a “K” as the first character (figure
4-64). You may turn the knob
either clockwise or counterclockwise, and the letters and numbers
wrap around with a blank character separating the “9” and the “A”.
Effective Date 3/94 006-08751-0000 Rev 0
4-20
118.00 K00 440ft
136.97 HALL
>Leg KAUFMAN
CRSR TX
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
Figure 4-64
Page 52
KLX 135 Pilot’s Guide Basic GPS Operation
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
118.00 ABA 112.50
136.97 ARUBA
>Leg N 12°30.53'
VOR 1 W 69°56.47'
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
118.00 BAE 116.40
136.97 BADGER
>Leg N 43°07.01'
CRSR W 88°17.06'
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
118.00 BMI 108.20
136.97 BLOOMINGTON
>Leg N 40°28.85'
CRSR W 88°55.87'
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
118.00 KOAJ 90ft
136.97 ELLIS
>Leg JACKSONVILLE
CRSR NC
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
118.00 KORD 670ft
136.97 CHICAGO-O HARE
>Leg CHICAGO
CRSR IL
Notice that as you turn through letters, the KLX 135 automatically
fills in the identifier of the first waypoint in alphanumeric order in
the database which matches what you’ve entered so far (in this
case, Hall Airport in Kaufman, Texas). Go ahead and experiment a little bit.
4. Use the right outer knob to move
the cursor to the second
character and select an “O”
(figure 4-65).
5. Use the same process to select
an “R” and then a “D”
(figure 4-66). You are now viewing the APT 1 page for KORD.
The KLX 135 feature of filling in characters of the identifier can be a
time saver! For a second example, let’s select Bloomington VOR
whose identifier is BMI.
More selecting a waypoint by identifier:
Figure 4-65
Figure 4-66
1. Make sure you have turned the
cursor off from the previous
example. With the right knobs,
select the VOR 1 page
(figure 4-67).
2. Turn the cursor (B) on.
3. Change the first character to a
“B” (figure 4-68).
4. Move the cursor to the second
character and select “M”
(figure 4-69). Eureka! When you
entered the “M”, the KLX 135
searched its data base for the
first VOR identifier beginning with
the letters “BM” and found BMI.
Many times you will only have to
enter two or three characters of
the waypoint identifier and the KLX 135 will furnish the rest.
5. Turn off the cursor (B).
4-21
Figure 4-67
Figure 4-68
Figure 4-69
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Basic GPS Operation
Chapter 4
Page 53
Basic GPS Operation
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
118.00 KL3 850ft
136.97 WUNNUMMIN LAKE
>Leg WUNNUMMIN LAKE
CRSR ON
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
118.00 KL3 850ft
136.97 WUNNUMMIN LAKE
>Leg WUNNUMMIN LAKE
CRSR ON
4.7.2. SELECTING WAYPOINTS BY SCANNING
You may also select waypoints by scanning through them. This may
be done with the cursor either on or off.
To select a waypoint by scanning with the cursor off:
1. Select the page type for the waypoint you are looking for (APT,
VOR, NDB, or SUP).
2. Pull the right inner knob to the “out” position.
3. Turn the right inner knob clockwise to scan through the
waypoints in alphabetical order, or counterclockwise to scan in
reverse alphabetical order. Remember that numbers are
considered lower in order than letters. Thus, the airport identifier
KA2 comes before KAAF.
NOTE: The faster you turn the knob while scanning, the larger the
step through the waypoints. This variable rate scanning allows you to
get from one end of the list to the other very quickly. When the knob
is turned slowly, you will go through the waypoints one at a time.
You may also want to scan waypoints with the cursor on. This is
especially useful if you remember the first part of the identifier, or if
you wanted to scan all airports that start with a KL, for example.
Let’s give it a try.
To select a waypoint by scanning with the cursor on:
1. Select the page type for the waypoint you are looking for (APT,
VOR, NDB, or SUP). In this case, we want the APT 1 page.
2. Turn on the cursor (B). It will appear over the first character of
the waypoint identifier. Select a K with the right inner knob.
3. Move the cursor one place to the
Chapter 4
Basic GPS Operation
right and select an L (figure 4-70).
4. Move the cursor one place to the
right and pull the right inner knob
out. The last two characters of
the waypoint identifier will be in
reverse video (figure 4-71).
5. Use the right inner knob to leaf
through all the data base airports
whose identifiers begin with KL.
Effective Date 3/94 006-08751-0000 Rev 0
Figure 4-70
Figure 4-71
4-22
Page 54
KLX 135 Pilot’s Guide Basic GPS Operation
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
118.00 KPAO 1 1370ft
136.97 PALO ALTO-S CL
>Leg
APT 1 >126°To 1.2nm
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
118.00 KOAK 9 10ft
136.97 METRO OAKLAND
>Leg
APT 1 >327°To 16.4nm
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
118.00 KL6 2100ft
136.97 LITTLE BEAR LK
>Leg LITTLE BEAR LK
CRSR SK
You will see KL6, Little Bear
Lake Airport in Saskatchewan
(figure 4-72), and KLAS,
McCarran International in Las
Vegas, Nevada among others.
Figure 4-72
4.7.3. “NEAREST” AND “COMPLETE” WAYPOINT SCAN LISTS
There are actually two waypoint scan lists for airports, VORs, and
NDBs. These two lists are the “complete” list and the “nearest” list.
The complete list contains all of the waypoints in the data base for a
waypoint type (all the airports, for example). The nearest list consists
of the nine nearest waypoints (of that type) to your present position.
Therefore, if you are in the nearest airport list, it will contain the nine
nearest airports relative to your location. There is no “nearest” list for
supplemental waypoints (SUP).
The nearest list is positioned in front of the complete list. That is, you
must scan backwards (turn the knob counterclockwise) through the
complete list to reach the nearest list. You will know when you have
reached the nearest list because the
top middle portion of the waypoint
page will flash the relative position of
the waypoint to your position. “1”
indicates nearest (figure 4-73) while
“9” indicates the ninth nearest (figure
4-74). As you scan clockwise with
the right inner knob “1, 2, 3, ..., 9”, the
next scan position is the beginning of
the complete list. The nearest list can
only be reached by scanning backwards. It does not wrap around after
the last waypoint in the complete list.
Figure 4-73
Figure 4-74
Basic GPS Operation
Chapter 4
Waypoint pages displayed in the nearest list do not contain a latitude
and longitude position as they do in the complete list. Instead, the
bearing and distance to the waypoint (or the radial and distance from
the waypoint) are displayed.
Once the nearest waypoint is being displayed, the other waypoint
pages (for example, APT 2 and APT 3) for that airport are available
for display by making sure the right inner knob is pushed in and then
turning it to select the desired airport page.
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Basic GPS Operation
4.7.3.1. Nearest Airports in an Emergency
In the event of an emergency, a special feature is provided to very
quickly display the nearest airport to your present position and the
rest of the nearest airport list.
To display the nearest airports in an emergency:
1.Press C, then press F.
2.The waypoint page for the nearest airport is now displayed on
the screen. The right inner knob (in the “out” position), may now
be used in the normal manner to scan the other nearest airports.
With the right inner knob in the “in” position, you may view all
three airport pages for a specific airport. Figures 4-73 and 4-74
show examples of nearest APT 1 pages.
4.7.3.2. Continuous Display of Nearest Airport
When the nearest airport page is initially displayed, “1” is displayed in
the upper right hand corner of the page to designate this airport as
the nearest airport. However, if you continue to fly along your flight
plan with this page selected, the same airport will be displayed and
its position in the nearest airport list will change from 1to 2, 3, 4... 9
until finally it won’t be in the nearest airport list at all. The reason for
this is that in the event of an actual emergency once you have
determined which airport you are heading for, you don’t want the
nearest airport list to update while you are maneuvering or looking up
data on the other airport pages for that airport.
There may be times, however, when you’re flying over “unfriendly”
terrain when you wish to always have the nearest airport displayed
on the screen.
To display the nearest airport continuously:
1. Display the nearest airport page by pressing Cfollowed by
Chapter 4
pressing F.
Basic GPS Operation
2. Turn on the cursor (B).
3. Rotate the right outer knob
clockwise to position the cursor
over “1” (figure 4-75). As long as
the cursor is left in this position,
this page will update so that the
nearest airport is always shown
as the flight progresses.
Effective Date 3/94 006-08751-0000 Rev 0
4-24
118.00 KPAO 1 1370ft
136.97 PALO ALTO-S CL
>Leg
CRSR >127°To 3.2nm
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
Figure 4-75
Page 56
KLX 135 Pilot’s Guide Basic GPS Operation
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
118.00 CJS 116.70
136.97 JUAREZ CIUDAD
>Leg N 31°38.16'
CRSR W106°25.58'
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
118.00 PNE 112.00
136.97 N PHILADELPHIA
>Leg N 40°04.92'
CRSR W 75°00.57'
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
118.00 ABB 112.40
136.97 NABB
>Leg N 38°35.33'
CRSR W 85°38.16'
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
118.00 ANX 114.00
136.97 NAPOLEON
>Leg N 39°05.73'
CRSR W 94°07.73'
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
118.00 CJS 116.70
136.97 JUAREZ CIUDAD
>Leg N 31°38.16'
VOR 1 W106°25.58'
4.7.4. SELECTING WAYPOINTS BY NAME OR CITY
When you know the identifier of the desired waypoint you will use one
of the two methods just described to select it. However, what if you
know the name but you don’t know the identifier of your desired
waypoint? You’re in luck because the KLX 135 will allow you to enter
the first few characters of the name to help you find it in the data
base. We will use a couple of examples to illustrate how this is done.
For VORs and NDBs, you may use the navaid name. For airports,
you may use the airport name or the city name (where the airport is
located).
In this first example we want to view the information in the KLX 135
data base for Napoleon VOR (located just east of Kansas City) but
we don’t remember the identifier for it.
To select a VOR or NDB by navaid
name:
1. With the cursor off, use the right
knobs to select the VOR 1 page
(figure 4-76). The VOR waypoint
in view is not important.
2. Press B and then make sure
the right inner knob is pushed to
the “in” position.
3. With the right outer knob, move
the cursor over the first character
in the VOR name which is being
displayed (figure 4-77).
4. Change this first character to an
“N” in this case (figure 4-78).
Figure 4-76
Figure 4-77
Figure 4-78
Basic GPS Operation
Chapter 4
5. Move the cursor one space to the
right and select the second character, “A” (figure 4-79).
6. Select the third character, “P”
(figure 4-80). Up pops Napoleon
and its identifier, ANX!
7. Turn off the cursor (B) so you
can view other pages.
4-25
Figure 4-79
Figure 4-80
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Page 57
Basic GPS Operation
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
118.00 MGGT 4950ft
136.97 LA AURORA INTL
>Leg GUATEMALA CITY
CRSR GTM
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
118.00 KLGA 20ft
136.97 LA GUARDIA
>Leg NEW YORK
CRSR NY
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
118.00 KPAE 610ft
136.97 SNOHOMISH CO
>Leg EVERETT
CRSR WA
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
118.00 MGGT 4950ft
136.97 LA AURORA INTL
>Leg GUATEMALA CITY
CRSR GTM
We will now use another example to show how we may enter a few
characters and then scan through all the waypoints in the data base
beginning with those characters. Let’s use this method to find
La Guardia Airport in New York City.
To select an airport by scanning the airport name:
1. With the cursor off and the right inner knob in the “in” position,
select the APT (Airport) 1 page. The airport displayed at this
time is not important.
2. Turn on the cursor (B).
3. Move the cursor over the first
character in the airport name
(figure 4-81).
4. Change the first character to an
“L”.
Figure 4-81
5. Move the cursor one place to the
right, and select an “A”
(figure 4-82).
6. Now, move the cursor one place
to the right and pull the right inner
Figure 4-82
knob out. The rest of the airport
name field will appear in inverse
video (figure 4-83).
7. Turn the right inner knob clockwise, scanning through
La Crosse Municipal, La
Figure 4-83
Grande/Union airport, and
several others. Eventually, you
will arrive at “LA GUARDIA”
Chapter 4
(figure 4-84). By pushing the
right inner knob in and turning it,
Basic GPS Operation
you can leaf through the
Figure 4-84
remainder of the pages for La Guardia.
NOTE: This same method may be used with the name of the city
where the airport is located.
Effective Date 3/94 006-08751-0000 Rev 0
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KLX 135 Pilot’s Guide Basic GPS Operation
There are a few changes made to names in order to accommodate
the KLX 135 display and to make the names easier to find.
1. Names which are too long to fit on the display are abbreviated.
The first six characters are usually exactly correct, but the follow
ing are exceptions:
North, Northern, East, Eastern, etc.—uses N, E
Southeast, Northwest, etc.—uses SE, NW
Point—uses PT
Port—uses PT
Fort—uses FT
Saint—uses ST
General—Deleted, or uses GEN
Person’s name—uses initials for other than last name unless
very well known (Will Rogers World airport)
Delete “City of” (City of Colorado Springs Municipal)
Delete “Greater” (Greater Buffalo Int’l)
Delete “The” (The Hartsfield Atlanta Int’l)
2. Unless the first word is greater than eight characters, it is usually
not abbreviated.
3. Delete most punctuation such as periods and apostrophes.
4. Abbreviations for International are INTL, INT, and IN.
5. Abbreviations for Regional are REGL and REG.
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Basic GPS Operation
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Page 59
Basic GPS Operation
4.8. DIRECT TO OPERATION
The Dbutton is used to initiate Direct To operation (navigation from
your present position direct to your destination). When Dis
pressed, the Direct To page will be
displayed with a flashing cursor over
a waypoint identifier (figure 4-85).
The waypoint identifier which appears
on the Direct To page is chosen by
the KLX 135 according to the
following rules:
1. If the Flight Plan 0 (FPL 0) page is displayed on the screen and
the cursor is over one of the waypoint identifiers in FPL 0 when
D
is pressed, then that waypoint identifier will appear on the
DIR page. You will appreciate this feature when you learn to use
flight plans in section 4.10.
OR . . .
2. If there is any waypoint page (APT, VOR, NDB, SUP, or ACT
page) in view when
D
is pressed, then the DIR page will
contain the identifier for the waypoint just viewed.
If neither condition above is occurring, then:
118.00 DIRECT TO:
136.97
#>Leg KPWA
CRSR
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
Figure 4-85
3. When
D
is pressed, the waypoint identifier for the current
active waypoint will be displayed on the DIR page.
If there is no active waypoint when Dis pressed, then:
4. The Direct To page displays blanks in the waypoint identifier
field. In order for there not to be an active waypoint, there is no
Direct To waypoint and there are no waypoints in Flight Plan 0.
Now that you know the ground rules, let’s go ahead and try some
Chapter 4
practical examples. First, let’s say we wanted to fly directly to
Wexford County Airport in Cadillac, Michigan. Its ICAO identifier is
Basic GPS Operation
KCAD.
4.8.1. INITIATING A DIRECT TO
To fly Direct To a waypoint
(procedure 1):
1.Press D. The Direct To page is
displayed (figure 4-86). The
cursor will already be on. A
Effective Date 3/94 006-08751-0000 Rev 0
4-28
118.00 DIRECT TO:
136.97
#>Leg KDTW
CRSR
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
Figure 4-86
Page 60
KLX 135 Pilot’s Guide Basic GPS Operation
waypoint identifier may or may not be displayed, it doesn’t matter
at this point.
2.Rotate the right inner knob to
select the first character of the
desired waypoint’s identifier, in
this case, a “K” (figure 4-87).
Remember to enter the “K”, “C”,
or “P” prefix for certain airports in
North America, if required (see
section 2.3, “ICAO Identifiers”).
3.Turn the right outer knob one
click clockwise to move the flashing portion of the cursor over the
second character position
(figure 4-88).
4.Rotate the right inner knob to
select the second character of
the identifier (figure 4-89).
118.00 DIRECT TO:
136.97
#>Leg K
CRSR
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
Figure 4-87
118.00 DIRECT TO:
136.97
#>Leg K
CRSR
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
Figure 4-88
118.00 DIRECT TO:
136.97
#>Leg KC2
CRSR
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
Figure 4-89
5.Use right outer and inner knobs
as in the previous steps until the
desired identifier is completely
displayed (figure 4-90).
6.Press Fto display the
waypoint page for the selected
waypoint (figure 4-91).
7.Press Fagain to approve the
displayed waypoint page. The
screen will change to the NAV 1
page, and the selected waypoint
will now be the active Direct To
waypoint (figure 4-92).
4-29
118.00 DIRECT TO:
136.97
#>Leg KCAD
CRSR
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
Figure 4-90
118.00 KCAD 1310ft
136.97 WEXFORD CO
#>Leg CADILLAC
APT 1 MI
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
Figure 4-91
118.00 D∆ KCAD
136.97 > ««««∑∏π««««
>Leg 76.8nm 112kt
NAV 1 >167°To 0:41
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
∫
Figure 4-92
Effective Date 3/94006-08751-0000 Rev 0
Basic GPS Operation
Chapter 4
Page 61
Basic GPS Operation
To fly Direct To a waypoint (procedure 2):
1.Select the desired waypoint page
(APT, VOR, NDB, or SUP) on the
screen (figure 4-93) using one of
the three procedures explained in
section 4.8.
118.00 JJC 396
136.97 MOUNTAIN CITY
>Leg N 36°24.99'
CRSR W 81°49.46'
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
Figure 4-93
2.Press D. The Direct To page is
displayed and it contains the
desired waypoint identifier
(figure 4-94).
3.Press F. The display will revert
to the NAV 1 page with the
118.00 DIRECT TO:
136.97
#>Leg JJC
CRSR
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
Figure 4-94
selected waypoint as the Direct To waypoint.
If you get off course and wish to recenter the left/right deviation bar
(D-Bar) to proceed to the same waypoint, use the following
procedure:
To recenter the D-Bar by going direct to the active waypoint:
1.Select a non-waypoint page (NAV, FPL, CAL, SET, or OTH) on
the screen.
2.Press D. The Direct To page is displayed on the left, containing the active waypoint identifier.
3.Press F.
4.8.2. CANCELING A DIRECT TO
To cancel Direct To operation:
The primary reason for wanting to cancel Direct To operation is to
return to flight plan operation which is described later in section
Chapter 4
4.10.4 “Combining Direct To and Flight Plan Operation”.
Basic GPS Operation
1.Press D.
2.Press Eto blank out the waypoint identifier field (figure 4-95).
3.Press F.
Effective Date 3/94 006-08751-0000 Rev 0
4-30
118.00 DIRECT TO:
136.97
>Leg _____
CRSR
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
Figure 4-95
Page 62
KLX 135 Pilot’s Guide Basic GPS Operation
4.8.3. WAYPOINT ALERTING FOR DIRECT TO OPERATION
Approximately 36 seconds prior to reaching a Direct To waypoint, the
arrow preceding the waypoint identifier on the waypoint page for the
active waypoint will begin flashing. This arrow will also be flashing on
any NAV or FPL page displaying the active waypoint identifier. This
is called “waypoint alerting”. If an external waypoint alert annunciator
is mounted in the aircraft, this annunciator will begin flashing at the
same time.
4.9. CREATING AND MODIFYING FLIGHT PLANS
The following rules and considerations apply to KLX 135 flight plans:
• The KLX 135 is capable of storing in its memory nine flight plans
plus an active flight plan.
• Each of the flight plans may contain up to 20 waypoints. The
waypoints may consist of any combination of published
waypoints from the data base or user created waypoints.
• The flight plans are numbered 0 through 9 (FPL 0, FPL 1, FPL 2,
. . . , FPL 9).
• The active flight plan is always FPL 0. The standard procedure
is to create a flight plan in one of the flight plans numbered as
FPL 1, FPL 2, etc. When one of these numbered flight plans is
activated, it becomes FPL 0, the active flight plan. This Pilot’s
guide will refer to FPL 0 as the “active flight plan” and FPL 1
through FPL 9 as the “numbered flight plans.” If desired, a flight
plan can be created directly in the active flight plan. This avoids
creating the flight plan in a numbered flight plan and then having
to activate it. The disadvantage is that if a numbered flight plan
is subsequently made active, the one programmed directly into
FPL 0 will be lost.
Basic GPS Operation
Chapter 4
• Modifications may be made to FPL 0 without affecting the way it
is stored as a numbered flight plan.
• Unless Direct To operation is being used, the active flight plan
(FPL 0) must contain at least two waypoints. Otherwise, the
KLX 135 navigation system will be flagged.
4-31
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Page 63
Basic GPS Operation
4.9.1. CREATING A FLIGHT PLAN
A flight plan for a flight from Lakefront airport in New Orleans, LA. to
St. Petersburg/Clearwater, FL. International airport will be used as an
example of how to create a flight plan. The waypoints making up the
flight plan are: KNEW(Lakefront airport), GPT(Gulfport VOR), SJI
(Semmes VOR), CEW(Crestview VOR), MAI(Marianna VOR), TLH
(Tallahassee VOR), CTY(Cross City VOR), and KPIE
(St. Petersburg/Clearwater International airport).
To create a flight plan:
1.Select the flight plan (FPL) pages with the right outer knob.
2.Select a flight plan page
(preferably other than FPL 0)
which does not contain a flight
plan (figure 4-96). If all of the
flight plan pages contain flight
plans, refer to section 4.9.6,
118.00 Copy FPL 0?
136.97 1: >Dis
>Leg
FPL 7
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
Figure 4-96
“Deleting Flight Plans”.
3.Turn on the cursor (B).
NOTE: The KLX 135 flight plan operation is designed so that the first
waypoint in the flight plan should always be the departure point.
Remember to enter the K, P, or C prefix for certain airports in the
United States, Alaska (some, but not all cases), or Canada, respectively. See section 2.3, “ICAO Identifiers”.
4.Use the right inner knob to select
the first character of the departure
waypoint identifier (figure 4-97).
If you have set the default first
Chapter 4
Basic GPS Operation
waypoint character to Kon the
SET 5 page, you will just need
one turn clockwise (see section
4.4.2, “Data Entry”)
118.00 Copy FPL 0?
136.97 1:K >Dis
#>Leg
CRSR
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
Figure 4-97
5.Turn the right outer knob to move the flashing part of the cursor
over the second character, then select the desired character.
6.Use the above procedure to
select the entire identifier for the
first waypoint (figure 4-98).
118.00 Copy FPL 0?
136.97 1:KNEW >Dis
#>Leg
CRSR
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
Figure 4-98
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4-32
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KLX 135 Pilot’s Guide Basic GPS Operation
7.Press F. A waypoint page for the identifier just entered will be
displayed on the screen
(figure 4-99). If a mistake was
made and the wrong waypoint
identifier was entered, press E
and begin again. If no mistake
was made but the waypoint
identifier just entered isn’t in the
data base, a page allowing creation of a user defined waypoint
will appear on the screen. Refer to section 5.2.1 for instructions
on how to create a user-defined waypoint.
118.00 KNEW 10ft
136.97 LAKEFRONT
#>Leg NEW ORLEANS
APT 1 LA
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
Figure 4-99
8.Press Fagain to approve the
waypoint page being displayed.
The cursor will move
automatically to the second waypoint position (figure 4-100).
9.Use the same procedure to enter
118.00 Use? Inverted?
136.97 1:KNEW >Dis
>Leg 2:
CRSR
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
Figure 4-100
the rest of the waypoints in the
flight plan (figure 4-101). If the
flight plan consists of three or
more waypoints, the waypoints
will automatically scroll as
necessary to allow entry of the
118.00 Use? Inverted?
136.97 6:TLH >Dis
#>Leg 7:CTY 394
CRSR 8:KPIE ----
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
Figure 4-101
next waypoint.
10.When all of the waypoints have been entered in the flight plan,
the right outer knob may be rotated to move the cursor up and
down and manually “scroll” through the waypoints making up this
flight plan. This is useful if the flight plan contains four or more
waypoints since not all of the waypoints can be displayed at one
time. When the right outer knob is rotated counterclockwise, the
cursor may be positioned over Use?. If there are more than
three waypoints in the flight plan, the first two waypoints will then
be displayed followed by the last waypoint in the flight plan.
Rotate the right outer knob to move the cursor and manually
scroll to see the missing intermediate waypoints.
11.Turn off the cursor (B). Additional flight plans may now be
created in the same manner.
Basic GPS Operation
Chapter 4
4-33
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Page 65
Basic GPS Operation
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
118.00 Use? Inverted?
136.97 1:KORL >Dis
#>Leg 2:KATL 344
CRSR 4:KIXD 977
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
118.00 Use? Inverted?
136.97 1:KORL >Dis
>Leg 2:KATL 344
FPL 4 4:KIXD 977
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
118.00 Use? Inverted?
136.97 1:KNEW >Dtk
>Leg 2:GPT 66°
CRSR 8:KPIE 169°
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
118.00 Use? Inverted?
136.97 1:KNEW >Dis
>Leg 2:GPT 54
CRSR 8:KPIE 497
4.9.2. VIEWING DISTANCE AND DESIRED TRACK BETWEEN STORED FLIGHT PLAN WAYPOINTS
The stored flight plan (FPL 1-9) pages have a field to the right of each
waypoint in the flight plan. This field may be used to display the
cumulative distance (Dis) to each waypoint or the magnetic desired
track (Dtk) from the previous waypoint.
If you have more than three waypoints in the stored flight plan, you
may wish to view flight data for waypoints which are not displayed on
the screen. If this is the case, turn on the cursor (B) and use the
right outer knob to scroll down the flight plan until the waypoint of
interest is on the screen.
This display will default to the distance presentation at power-on.
The area in the upper right hand corner of the screen is a cyclic field.
To cycle between distance and desired track display on a numbered flight plan page:
1. Turn on the cursor (B); it will
come up over the cyclic field,
which in this case is displaying
distance (Dis) in nautical miles
(figure 4-102).
Figure 4-102
2. Press E. The cyclic field will
change to magnetic desired track
(Dtk) (figure 4-103). An additional
E press cycles back to Dis.
Figure 4-103
4.9.3. ACTIVATING A NUMBERED FLIGHT PLAN
To activate one of the previously
Chapter 4
created numbered flight plans:
Basic GPS Operation
1. Use the right outer and inner
knobs to select the desired flight
plan page (figure 4-104).
Figure 4-104
2. Press B to turn on the cursor.
It will appear over Use?
(figure 4-105). If you haven’t left
the numbered flight plan since
creating this flight plan, rotate the
Figure 4-105
outer knob counterclockwise to position the cursor over Use?
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4-34
Page 66
KLX 135 Pilot’s Guide Basic GPS Operation
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
118.00 Use? Inverted?
136.97 1:KNEW >Dis
>Leg 2:SJI 96
CRSR 7:KPIE 497
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
118.00 Use? Inverted?
136.97 1:KNEW >Dis
#>Leg 2:G --- CRSR 8:KPIE ----
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
118.00 ≤ 1:KIXD >Dis
136.97 ≥ 2:KSTL 213
>Leg 3:KATL 633
FPL 0 4:KORL 977
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
118.00 ≤ 1:KORL >Dis
136.97 ≥ 2:KATL 344
>Leg 3:KSTL 764
FPL 0 4:KIXD 977
3. Press F to activate the flight
plan in the order shown
(figure 4-106). To activate the
flight plan in inverse order (first
waypoint becomes last and last
waypoint becomes first), rotate
the outer knob one step clockwise to position the cursor over
Use? Inverted? before pressing
F (figure 4-107).
Figure 4-106
4. The selected flight plan is now
displayed as FPL 0, the active
Figure 4-107
flight plan. Any changes made to FPL 0 will not affect how this
flight plan is stored as the numbered flight plan.
4.9.4. ADDING A WAYPOINT TO A FLIGHT PLAN
A waypoint may be added to any flight plan containing fewer than 20
waypoints
To add a waypoint to a flight plan:
1. Turn on the cursor with the B button.
2. With the outer knob, position the cursor over the waypoint identifier which you desire to follow the waypoint being added.
Another way to think of this is to position the cursor over the
location in the flight plan you wish
the new waypoint to be added.
For example, if SJI is presently
the second waypoint in the flight
plan and you wish to insert GPT
in the number 2 position in front
of SJI, move the cursor over SJI
Figure 4-108
(figure 4-108).
3. Use the inner knob to enter the first character of the waypoint
being inserted. As you begin to turn the knob, the existing
waypoint in this position
automatically jumps down to the
next position. In this case, SJI
automatically moves to waypoint
3 and KPIE changes to waypoint
8 (figure 4-109).
Figure 4-109
Basic GPS Operation
Chapter 4
4-35
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Page 67
Basic GPS Operation
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
118.00 Use? Inverted?
136.97 1:KNEW >Dis
#>Leg 2:GPT --- CRSR 8:KPIE ----
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
118.00 Use? Inverted?
136.97 3:SJI >Dis
>Leg 4:CEW 183
CRSR 8:KPIE 497
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
118.00 Use? Inverted?
136.97 3:SJI >Dis
#>Leg Del CEW 183
CRSR 8:KPIE 497
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
118.00 Use? Inverted?
136.97 3:SJI >Dis
>Leg 4:MAI 263
CRSR 8:KPIE 497
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
118.00 GPT 109.00
136.97 GULFPORT
#>Leg N 30°24.41'
VOR 1 W 89°04.61'
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
118.00 Use? Inverted?
136.97 2:GPT >Dis
>Leg 3:SJI 96
CRSR 8:KPIE 497
4. Complete the waypoint entry
operation (figure 4-110).
5. Press F to display the waypoint
Figure 4-110
page on the right side for the
identifier just entered
(figure 4-111).
6. Press F again to approve the
waypoint page (figure 4-112).
Figure 4-111
7. Turn off the cursor (B).
Figure 4-112
4.9.5. DELETING A WAYPOINT FROM A FLIGHT PLAN
To delete a waypoint from a flight plan:
1. Press B to enable the cursor if
it is not on already.
2. Move the cursor over the
waypoint you wish to delete
(figure 4-113).
3. Press E. The letters Del
Figure 4-113
(delete) will appear to the left of
the identifier and a question mark
will appear to the right of the
Chapter 4
Basic GPS Operation
identifier (figure 4-114). If a mistake was made and you do not
wish to delete this waypoint,
press E.
Figure 4-114
4. Press F and the waypoint will
be deleted from the flight plan.
The other waypoints in the flight
plan will be correctly repositioned
(figure 4-115).
Figure 4-115
5. Turn off the cursor (B).
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4-36
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KLX 135 Pilot’s Guide Basic GPS Operation
4.9.6. DELETING FLIGHT PLANS
To delete a flight plan which is no longer required:
1.Display the flight plan (FPL 0,
FPL 1, . . ., or FPL 9) which is to
be cleared (figure 4-116).
2.Make sure that the cursor is
turned off, and use the B
118.00 Use? Inverted?
136.97 1:KNEW >Dis
>Leg 2:GPT 54
FPL 7 7:KPIE 497
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
Figure 4-116
button if it is not.
3.Press E. The words Delete
FPL?will appear at the top of the
page (figure 4-117). If a mistake
was made and you do not wish to
clear this flight plan, press E
again.
4.Press Fto clear the flight plan
(figure 4-118).
118.00 Delete FPL?
136.97 1:KNEW >Dis
#>Leg 2:GPT 54
CRSR 7:KPIE 497
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
Figure 4-117
118.00 Copy FPL 0?
136.97 1: >Dis
>Leg
FPL 7
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
Figure 4-118
4.9.7. STORING FPL 0 AS A NUMBERED FLIGHT PLAN
The active flight plan may be loaded into a numbered flight plan so
that it can be recalled for later use. This may be desirable, for
example, if the active flight plan was originally created on the FPL 0
page and not as a numbered flight plan.
To store the active flight plan as a numbered flight plan:
Basic GPS Operation
1.Select a numbered flight plan page which does not contain any
waypoints (figure 4-118). If none exist, use the procedure
described in section 4.9.6, “Deleting Flight Plans,” to clear a flight
plan which is no longer required.
118.00 Copy FPL 0?
2.Turn on the cursor (B). It will
appear over the blank first
waypoint position (figure 4-119).
136.97 1: >Dis
>Leg
CRSR
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
Figure 4-119
3.Rotate the right outer knob counterclockwise to position the
cursor over Copy FPL 0?
(figure 4-120).
118.00 Copy FPL 0?
136.97 1: >Dis
#>Leg
CRSR
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
Figure 4-120
4-37
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Chapter 4
Page 69
Basic GPS Operation
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
118.00 Use? Inverted?
136.97 1:KORL >Dis
>Leg 2:KATL 344
FPL 7 4:KIXD 977
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
118.00 ≤ 1:KPVU >Dis
136.97 ≥ 2:SLC 40
>Leg 3:OGD 63
FPL 0 6:KPIH 168
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
118.00 ∂∆ SLC
136.97 > ««««∑∏∫««««
>Leg 26.1nm 109kt
NAV 1 >338°To 0:14
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
118.00 KPVU ∆ SLC
136.97 > ««««∑∏∫««««
>Leg 26.1nm 109kt
NAV 1 >338°To 0:14
4. Press F to load the active flight
plan into this numbered flight plan
(figure 4-121).
Figure 4-121
4.10. OPERATING FROM THE ACTIVE FLIGHT PLAN
4.10.1. GENERAL PROCEDURES
Everything you have learned in this Pilot’s Guide thus far is
applicable to using the KLX 135 for flight plan operation. The
following rules and considerations apply for flight plan operation while
the KLX 135 is in the En route-Leg mode:
• Always verify that you are viewing the active flight plan page
(FPL 0) and not one of the other numbered flight plan pages.
• The active leg of the flight plan is designated with a symbol.
A leg is defined as the course line between a pair of waypoint (a
“from” waypoint and a “to” waypoint). The head of the arrow is
positioned to the left of and points to the active “to” waypoint. In
figure 4-122, SLC (Salt Lake City
VOR) is the “to” waypoint. The
tail of the symbol is positioned
to the left of the “from” waypoint.
KPVU (Provo Municipal) is the
“from” waypoint in figure 4-122.
The symbol is not displayed
unless the KLX 135 is actually receiving GPS signals suitable for
navigation.
been “tricked” into thinking it is receiving signals and therefore
Chapter 4
Basic GPS Operation
the symbol can be displayed).
will not be displayed if Direct To
navigation is occurring and the
Direct To waypoint is not in FPL
0. If in doubt as to whether or not
Direct To operation is occurring,
view the NAV 1 or NAV 4 page.
If the top line shows the D➙
symbol (figure 4-123) instead of a
“from” waypoint (figure 4-124),
then Direct To navigation is
Effective Date 3/94 006-08751-0000 Rev 0
≤
≥
≤
≥
(Note: If the unit is in the take-home mode, it has
≤
≥
Also, the symbol
Figure 4-122
≤
≥
Figure 4-123
Figure 4-124
4-38
≤
≥
Page 70
KLX 135 Pilot’s Guide Basic GPS Operation
WPT 1
WPT 2
WPT 3
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
118.00 2:SLC >Dis
136.97 ≤ 3:OGD
>Leg ≥ 4:MLD 59
FPL 0 6:KPIH 104
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
118.00 ≥ 4:MLD >Dis
136.97 5:PIH 94
>Leg 6:KPIH 97
CRSR 7:
occurring. If it is desired to cancel the Direct To operation and
operate from the active flight plan, press D, E, and then F.
• As flight plan waypoints are reached, the active leg symbol automatically shifts to the next leg.
• If the flight plan contains more
waypoints than can be displayed
on the screen at one time, the
page will automatically scroll as
progress is made along the flight
plan so that the active leg is
always displayed (figure 4-125).
• The last waypoint in the flight plan is always displayed at the bottom of the FPL 0 page, even if all of the waypoints in the flight
plan can’t be displayed on the page at one time. To view intermediate waypoints, turn the cursor on and use the right outer
knob to manually scroll through all of the waypoints, as desired.
If scrolling is performed all the
way to the end of the flight plan, a
blank waypoint position will exist
so that a waypoint may be added
to the end of the flight plan
(figure 4-126).
Figure 4-125
Figure 4-126
4.10.2. TURN ANTICIPATION AND WAYPOINT ALERTING
Prior to reaching a waypoint in the active flight
plan, the KLX 135 will provide navigation along a
curved path segment to ensure a smooth transition between two adjacent legs in the flight plan.
That is, the CDI or HSI left/right deviation will be
referenced to the dashed line in figure 4-127.
This feature is called turn anticipation. The transition course is based upon the aircraft’s actual
groundspeed and the amount of course angle
change between the two legs. The KLX 135
automatically sequences to the next leg after
passing the midpoint in the transition segment.
4-39
Basic GPS Operation
Chapter 4
Figure 4-127
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Page 71
Basic GPS Operation
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
118.00 1:SLC >Dis
136.97 ≤ 2:OGD
>Leg ≥ 3:MLD 2
FPL 0 7:KPIH 47
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
118.00 PIH ∆ KPIH
136.97 > ««««∑∏∫««««
>Leg 1.6nm 109kt
NAV 1 >338°To 0:01
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
118.00 TURN
136.97 ANTICIPATION
>Leg >ENABLED
SET 4
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
118.00 TURN
136.97 ANTICIPATION
>Leg >DISABLED
CRSR
Approximately 20 seconds prior to the
beginning of turn anticipation, the
arrow preceding the active waypoint
identifier will begin flashing on the
FPL 0 page and on any Navigation
page or waypoint page displaying the
active waypoint identifier (figures
4-128 and 4-129). This is called
“waypoint alerting”. If an external
waypoint alert annunciator is mounted
in the aircraft, this annunciator will
begin flashing at the same time.
To utilize the turn anticipation feature, start the turn transition to the
next leg in the flight plan at the very beginning of turn anticipation.
This occurs when the external waypoint alert annunciator stops
flashing and goes on steady. At this time, the KLX 135 will notify you
with a message on the Message page of the new desired track to
select on your HSI or CDI.
Adj Nav Ind Crs to 123°
A message will not be given if the change in desired track (course
change) is less than 5°.
Figure 4-128
Figure 4-129
The desired track (Dtk) displayed on the NAV 4 page also changes
to the value for the next leg at the beginning of turn anticipation. Turn
anticipation becomes inactive when transition to the next leg has
been made.
If desired, turn anticipation may be
disabled (or enabled) on the Setup
(SET) 4 page by pressing the B
button and then the E button to
toggle back and forth between
Chapter 4
ENABLE (figure 4-130) and
Figure 4-130
DISABLE (figure 4-131). If turn antic-
Basic GPS Operation
ipation is disabled, navigation is
provided all the way to the waypoint,
and waypoint alerting occurs
approximately 36 seconds prior to
actually reaching the waypoint.
Effective Date 3/94 006-08751-0000 Rev 0
4-40
Figure 4-131
Page 72
KLX 135 Pilot’s Guide Basic GPS Operation
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
118.00 ∆ 6 KPIH A
136.97 POCATELLO REGL
>Leg POCATELLO
ACT 1 ID
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
118.00 ∆ 5 PIH 112.60
136.97 POCATELLO
>Leg N 42°52.22'
ACT 1 W112°39.13'
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
118.00 1 KPVU A
136.97 PROVO MUN
>Leg PROVO
ACT 1 UT
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
118.00 1 KPVU A
136.97 UNIC 123.05
>Leg UNIC 122.80
ACT+4 CTAF 122.80
4.10.3. VIEWING THE WAYPOINT PAGES FOR THE ACTIVE FLIGHT PLAN WAYPOINTS
The waypoint pages for each of the waypoints in the active flight plan
may be easily displayed by selecting the Active (ACT) Waypoint page
type. When the ACT page type is
first selected, the waypoint page for
the active waypoint will be displayed
(figure 4-132). The location of the
waypoint in the flight plan (waypoint
1, waypoint 2, etc.) is annunciated
with a number to the left of the
identifier. In addition, an arrow to the left of the waypoint number
designates the active waypoint. If there is a letter to the far right of
the identifier, it designates the type of
waypoint: A = airport, U = userdefined waypoint. If the waypoint is a
VOR or an NDB, the navaid
frequency is displayed in this area
(figure 4-133).
To view the waypoints in the flight plan that are not the active
waypoint:
1. Pull the right inner knob to the
“out” position and turn it to view
each of the waypoints in the
order they are contained in the
flight plan (figure 4-134).
2. Once the desired waypoint is
found, the right inner knob may
be pushed back to the “in”
position and rotated to display
any of the other waypoint pages
(figure 4-135).
Figure 4-132
Figure 4-133
Figure 4-134
Figure 4-135
Basic GPS Operation
Chapter 4
3. Pulling the knob back out will allow further scanning of the
waypoint pages in the active flight plan.
4.10.4. COMBINING DIRECT TO AND FLIGHT PLAN OPERATION
It is very common when using flight plan operation to use the Direct
To function to proceed directly to a waypoint which exists in the
active flight plan. For example, after takeoff on an IFR flight plan, it is
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Basic GPS Operation
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
118.00 2:APE >Dis
136.97 ∆ 3:DQN 115
>Leg 4:VHP 207
FPL 0 5:KIND 214
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
118.00 ∂∆ DQN
136.97 > ««««∑∏π««««
>Leg 115nm 128kt
NAV 1 >273°To 0:54
∫
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
118.00 DIRECT TO:
136.97
#>Leg DQN
CRSR
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
118.00 ≤ 1:KZZV >Dis
136.97 ≥ 2:APE 34
>Leg 3:DQN 118
CRSR 5:KIND 217
common to receive vectors in the terminal area and then be given a
clearance direct to the first point in the flight plan that was filed. The
KLX 135, as an advisory navigation source, makes this kind of
operation very easy to accomplish. Whenever you do a Direct To
operation to a waypoint which is in the active flight plan (FPL 0), the
system will provide navigation to the waypoint and then automatically
resume navigation along the flight plan when the Direct To waypoint
is reached. Waypoints which exist prior to the Direct To waypoint in
the active flight plan are bypassed. Of course, the active flight plan
will never be resumed if the Direct To operation is to a waypoint
which is not in the active flight plan.
Any of the several methods previously described for initiating Direct
To operation may be used, although the one below is the easiest for
this application.
To fly direct to a waypoint in the active flight plan (FPL 0):
1. Select the FPL 0 page.
2. Turn on the cursor (B) and use
the left outer knob to position the
cursor over the desired waypoint
(figure 4-136).
3. Press D. The display will
change to the Direct To Page
(figure 4-137), with the identifier
of the selected waypoint.
Figure 4-136
4. Press F to approve the Direct
Figure 4-137
To. The NAV 1 page will be
displayed (figure 4-138) reflecting
the new active waypoint.
5. If you now turn back to the FPL 0
Chapter 4
Basic GPS Operation
page, you will see that the active
waypoint is now preceded by an
arrow only, instead of the
≤
≥
Figure 4-138
symbol (figure 4-139). This is
because there is no “from”
waypoint in the flight plan.
If it is desired to cancel the Direct To
operation prior to reaching the Direct
Figure 4-139
To waypoint in order to proceed along the flight plan leg, press D,
then press E, then F.
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4.10.5. VIEWING DISTANCE, ETE, ETA, OR DESIRED TRACK TO FLIGHT PLAN WAYPOINTS
The active flight plan (FPL 0) page has a data field to the right of
each waypoint in the flight plan. This field may be used to display the
cumulative distance (Dis) from the present position to each waypoint,
the estimated time en route (ETE), the estimated time of arrival (ETA,
for which the time zone abbreviation is displayed), or the magnetic
desired track (Dtk) between each waypoint.
If you have more than four waypoints in FPL 0, you may wish to view
flight data for waypoints which are not displayed on the screen. If this
is the case, turn on the cursor (B) and use the right outer knob to
scroll down the flight plan until the waypoint of interest is on the
screen.
This display will default to the distance presentation at power-on
(figure 4-139). The area in the upper right hand corner of the screen
is a cyclic field, which means that . . .
To cycle between distance, ETE, ETA, and desired track on the
FPL 0 page:
1.Turn on the cursor (B); it will
come up over the cyclic field,
which in this case is displaying
distance (Dis) in nautical miles
(figure 4-140).
118.00 ≤ 1:KZZV >Dis
136.97 ≥ 2:APE 22
>Leg 3:DQN 106
CRSR 5:KIND 204
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
Figure 4-140
2.Press E. Subsequent presses
of the Ebutton will cycle
through ETEin hours:minutes
(figure 4-141), ETA in terms of
the system time zone
(figure 4-142), magnetic Dtk
(figure 4-143), then back to Dis.
4-43
118.00 ≤ 1:KZZV >ETE
136.97 ≥ 2:APE 0:08
>Leg 3:DQN 0:44
CRSR 5:KIND 1:27
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
Figure 4-141
118.00 ≤ 1:KZZV >UTC
136.97 ≥ 2:APE 1535
>Leg 3:DQN 1612
CRSR 5:KIND 1654
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
Figure 4-142
118.00 ≤ 1:KZZV >Dtk
136.97 ≥ 2:APE 291°
>Leg 3:DQN 265°
CRSR 5:KIND 147°
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
Figure 4-143
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Basic GPS Operation
Chapter 4
Page 75
Basic GPS Operation
NOTE: When the cursor is over the
cylic field and it is displaying the ETA
time zone, turning the right inner knob
changes the system time zone
(figure 4-144).
118.00 ≤ 1:KZZV >EST
136.97 ≥ 2:APE 1035
>Leg 3:DQN 1112
CRSR 5:KIND 1154
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
Figure 4-144
NOTE: When the KLX 135 is in OBS
mode, the FPL 0 page will present
OBS selected course (OBS) as an
option instead of magnetic desired
track (Dtk). The selected course will
be displayed to the right of the active
118.00 1:KZZV >OBS
136.97 ∆ 2:APE 270°
>270 3:DQN --- CRSR 5:KIND ----
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
Figure 4-145
waypoint, and the OBS fields for all
other waypoints will be dashed (figure 4-145).
4.11. NAVIGATION PAGES
As you would expect, the NAV (navigation) pages contain information
relating specifically to the KLX 135’s navigation capabilities. The
KLX135 has four NAV pages. The procedure for selecting specific
pages, including the NAV pages, was described in section 4.4.1,
“Page Selection”.
4.11.1. THE NAVIGATION 1 (NAV 1) PAGE
The NAV 1 page is the primary
navigation display, and is shown in
figure 4-146. In normal flight, you will
probably want to view this page more
often than any other. A NAV 1 page
displays the following information:
118.00 ∂∆ KAUG
136.97 > ««««∑∏π««««
>Leg 66.1nm 132kt
NAV 1 >047°To 0:30
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
∫
Figure 4-146
Line 1:The active navigation leg. For Direct To operation this con-
Chapter 4
sists of the Direct To symbol, D➙, followed by the active Direct To
waypoint identifier (figure 4-146). For
Basic GPS Operation
the leg of a flight plan this consists of
the “from” waypoint identifier and the
active “to” waypoint identifier
(figure 4-147). An arrow ➙precedes
the active waypoint identifier.
118.00 KBGR ∆ KAUG
136.97 > ««««∑∏π««««
>Leg 49.8nm 132kt
NAV 1 >234°To 0:22
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
∫
Figure 4-147
Line 2:A cyclic field which can either be (1) a course deviation
indicator (CDI) that graphically displays left and right deviation from
desired track (figure 4-147), or (2) The direction to fly to intercept the
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KLX 135 Pilot’s Guide Basic GPS Operation
desired track and the crosstrack
distance (figure 4-148). In either
case, the same information is
displayed. This is a cyclic field, so
you can change back and forth from
the two options by turning on the cur-
118.00 KBGR ∆ KAUG
136.97 >Fly L 0.4nm
>Leg 49.8nm 132kt
NAV 1 >234°To 0:22
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
Figure 4-148
sor (B) over the second line and pressing the E button.
The CDI’s vertical bar operates like a navigation deviation needle on
a conventional CDI or HSI using VOR/Localizer navigation. An oncourse indication is displayed when the vertical deviation bar is
centered on the triangle in the middle of the CDI. In both modes (en
route and OBS, see section 5.3), each dot represents one nautical
mile deviation from the desired track. Therefore, the CDI shows
course deviation five nautical miles left and right of course. A vertical
deviation bar positioned two dots to the right of the center triangle
indicates the aircraft is two nautical miles to the left of course
(figure 4-149). The center triangle also serves as the CDI’s
KAUG
KBGR ∆ KAUG
> ««««∑∏π∫«««
5.1nm 132kt
>234°To 0:02
2 NM
KBGR
Figure 4-149
TO/FROM indicator and operates in the same manner as a
conventional CDI TO/FROM indicator; a triangle pointing up indicates
“to” the active waypoint while a
“down” triangle (figure 4-150)
indicates “from” the active waypoint.
The word FLAGis displayed over the
CDI when the KLX135 is not usable
for navigation (figure 4-151).
118.00 KBGR ∆ KAUG
136.97 > ««««“‘∫««««
>Leg 5.1nm 132kt
NAV 1 >234°To 0:02
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
Figure 4-150
The numerical crosstrack distance
display is especially handy when
more than five nautical miles off of
course (naturally, you yourself would
never deviate more than five nm off
course, but not everyone is as good a
118.00
136.97 > ««F«L A«G««
>Leg --.-nm ---kt
NAV 1 >---°To --:--
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
Figure 4-151
pilot as you are!) If your crosstrack
4-45
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Basic GPS Operation
Chapter 4
Page 77
Basic GPS Operation
N
N
KPHX
72°
269°
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
118.00
136.97 >Fly - --.-nm
>Leg --.-nm ---kt
NAV 1 >---°To --:--
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
118.00 KBGR ∆ KAUG
136.97 >Fly R 13.1nm
>Leg 49.8nm 132kt
NAV 1 >234°To 0:22
distance was 13.1 nautical miles left
of course, the graphic CDI needle will
be pegged on the right side (which
doesn’t tell you much). But this
presentation will show you exactly
how far off course you are
(figure 4-152). When the KLX 135 is
not usable for navigation, the
crosstrack distance will be dashed out
(figure 4-153).
Line 3: Distance from present
position to the active waypoint and the calculated groundspeed.
Line 4: A cyclic field which can display either bearing to the active
waypoint (To) or radial from the active waypoint (Fr) relative to the
present position. By placing the cursor over this field and pressing
the E button, you may toggle between the two options.
NOTE: Due to “great circle” courses and magnetic variation differences between present position and the active waypoint, the To
bearing and From radial may not be exactly 180° different from each
other when the system is in the Leg mode. This condition is most
likely to occur when long distances are involved, and/or you are
operating in very northerly or southerly latitudes. See figure 4-154 for
an example depicting a case like this. The aircraft is somewhere over
Georgia, and the active waypoint is KPHX. The bearing to steer is
269°, and radial is 72°. Generally, you will want to use bearing (not
radial) when long distances are involved.
Figure 4-152
Figure 4-153
Chapter 4
Basic GPS Operation
Figure 4-154
Line 4 also displays the estimated time en route (ETE) from present
position to active waypoint.
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KLX 135 Pilot’s Guide Basic GPS Operation
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
118.00 >Present Posn
136.97
>Leg Ref: KMKC
NAV 2 219°Fr 22.2nm
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
118.00 >Present Posn
136.97
>Leg N 38°53.74'
NAV 2 W 94°53.39'
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
118.00 >Present Posn
136.97
>Leg Ref: OJC
NAV 2 310°Fr 9.5nm
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
118.00 >Present Posn
136.97
>Leg Ref: OJC
NAV 2 346°Fr 28.6nm
4.11.2. THE NAVIGATION 2 (NAV 2) PAGE
The NAV 2 pages in figures 4-155
and 4-156 display the aircraft’s
present position in one of two
formats. The first line is a cyclic field
which allows you to toggle between
formats. When the KLX 135 is first
powered up, it defaults to present
position in terms of the radial and
distance from a nearby VOR. You
can change the reference waypoint
from the nearby VOR to any
waypoint.
To change the NAV 2 page present position reference waypoint:
1. With the NAV 2 page on the
radial and distance from a
reference waypoint format, turn
on the cursor (B) and move it
to the Ref: field (figure 4-157).
2. Use the right inner and outer knobs to enter the waypoint you
wish to use as a reference.
Figure 4-155
Figure 4-156
Figure 4-157
3. Press F. The waypoint page for the identifier just entered will
be displayed.
4. If this is the waypoint you intended, press F again. The display
will return to the NAV 2 page
(figure 4-158).
NOTE: If you change the reference waypoint, change to a page
other than the NAV 2 page, then turn back to the NAV 2 page, the
reference waypoint will revert back to a nearby VOR.
By turning on the cursor (B) over the first line and pressing E,
you can change to the latitude and longitude format.
4-47
Basic GPS Operation
Chapter 4
Figure 4-158
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Basic GPS Operation
4.11.3. THE NAVIGATION 3 (NAV 3) PAGE
The Navigation (NAV) 3 page shows
you several important times pertaining
to your flight (figure 4-159).
Line 1:The current system time zone
and time. The time zone may be
118.00 Time CDT 1605
136.97 Depart 1343
>Leg ETA KIXD 1710
NAV 3 Flight 2:22
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
Figure 4-159
changed by turning the cursor (B) on over it and turning the right
inner knob. All times shown on the NAV 3 page are in terms of the
system time zone (except for the flight time, which is an elapsed
time).
Line 2:The time of departure. This is the time when a valid groundspeed was first greater than 30 knots (typically during takeoff).
Line 3:Estimated time of arrival at your destination. If the active
waypoint is not part of the active flight plan, the active waypoint will
be the destination. Otherwise, the last waypoint in your active flight
plan will be the destination.
Line 4:The elapsed flight time, which will be the hours and minutes
since the departure time.
4.11.4. THE NAVIGATION 4 (NAV 4) PAGE
The NAV 4 page (figure 4-160) shows
some supplemental navigation data.
Line 1:The active waypoint or leg,
just like the NAV 1 page.
118.00 KICT ∆ KMCI
136.97 Dtk 051°
>Leg Track 046°
NAV 4 Brg 050°
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
Figure 4-160
Line 2:The present desired track (Dtk). This is the great circle
course between two waypoints. Any CDI or HSI driven by the
KLX135, including the CDI displayed on the NAV 1 page, is
referenced to this desired track. You may wish to look at the
Chapter 4
navigation terminology diagram in Appendix A at this time if you are
unfamiliar with terms like desired track and actual track.
Basic GPS Operation
NOTE: If the KLX 135 is in the OBS
mode, the selected course (Obs) is
displayed instead of the desired track
on the NAV 4 page (figure 4-161).
118.00 KICT ∆ KMCI
136.97 Obs 045°
>045 Track 046°
NAV 4 Brg 050°
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
Figure 4-161
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KLX 135 Pilot’s Guide Basic GPS Operation
Line 3:Actual track (Track) — the aircraft’s present track over the
ground. If you are trying to establish a heading on a new leg of your
flight, it is very helpful to look at the difference between the actual
track and the desired track, and adjust your heading accordingly to
allow for crosswind.
Line 4:Bearing (Brg) — the magnetic bearing from present position
to the active waypoint.
4.12. WAYPOINT PAGES
NOTE: Each of the waypoint page types includes a cyclic field which
displays present magnetic bearing to or magnetic heading from the
waypoint. Due to “great circle” courses and magnetic variation
differences between present position and the active waypoint, the To
bearing and From radial may not be exactly 180° different from each
other. This condition is most likely to occur when long distances are
involved, and/or you are operating in very northerly or southerly
latitudes. See section 4.11.1 and figure 4-154 for more details.
4.12.1. AIRPORT PAGES
4.12.1.1. The Airport 1 (APT 1) Page
See figure 4-162A.
Line 1:The ICAO identifier (see
section 2.3) of the airport; an arrow
precedes the identifier if it is the
118.00 KLIT 260ft
136.97 ADAMS
>Leg LITTLE ROCK
APT 1 AR
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
active waypoint. The airport elevation
above MSL in feet, which is rounded
to the nearest 10 feet.
Line 2:The name of the airport.
Line 3:The city where the airport is located.
Line 4:The State if the airport is
located in the US., the Province if
located in Canada, or the country if
outside the US. and Canada. A listing of the abbreviations used for
States, Provinces, and countries is
118.00 KSZL 870ft
136.97 WHITEMAN AFB
>Leg KNOB NOSTER
APT 1 MO MILITARY
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
contained in Appendix D. The right
side of line 4 will read MILITARYif it
is a military airport (Figure 4-162B).
4-49
Figure 4-162A
Basic GPS Operation
Chapter 4
Figure 4-162B
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Basic GPS Operation
If the airport is being viewed as part of
the
nearest airports list
(see section
4.7.3, “Nearest and Complete
Waypoint Scan Lists”), the APT 1
page format will differ as follows (see
figure 4-163):
118.00 KLIT 3 260ft
136.97 ADAMS
>Leg
APT 1 >103°To 14.5nm
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
Figure 4-163
Line 1:After the airport identifier, the number designating the airport’s position in the nearest airport list is displayed. In figure 4-163,
KSZL is the third nearest airport.
Line 2:Same as a normal APT 1 page.
Line 3:Blank
Line 4:The magnetic bearing to or the magnetic radial from the
airport and the distance in nautical miles. Placing the cursor over the
radial/bearing field and pressing Etoggles between radial from and
bearing to the airport.
4.12.1.2. THE AIRPORT 2 (APT 2) PAGE
See figure 4-164.
Line 1:The ICAO identifier (see
section 2.3) of the airport; an arrow
precedes the identifier if it is the active
waypoint.
118.00 KLIT
136.97 N 34°43.74'
>Leg W 92°13.47'
APT 2 >103°To 14.5nm
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
Figure 4-164
Lines 2-3:The latitude and longitude of the airport reference point
(the “official” location of the airport).
Line 4:The magnetic bearing to or the magnetic radial from the airport and the distance in nautical miles. Placing the cursor over the
radial/bearing field and pressing Etoggles between radial from and
bearing to the airport.
Chapter 4
If the airport is being viewed as part of
Basic GPS Operation
the
nearest airports list
(see section
4.7.4, “‘Nearest’ and ‘Complete’
Waypoint Scan Lists”), the APT 2
page format will differ as follows (see
figure 4-165):
118.00 KLIT 3
136.97 LITTLE ROCK
>Leg AR
APT 2 >103°To 14.5nm
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
Figure 4-165
Line 1:After the airport identifier, the number designating the airport’s position in the nearest airport list is displayed.
Line 2:The city where the airport is located.
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Line 3:The State if the airport is located in the US., the Province if
located in Canada, or the country if outside the US. and Canada. A
listing of the abbreviations used for States, Provinces, and countries
is contained in Appendix D. The right side of line 4 displays
MILITARYif it is a military airport.
Line 4:The magnetic bearing to or the magnetic radial from the air-
port and the distance in nautical miles. Placing the cursor over the
radial/bearing field and pressing Etoggles between radial from and
bearing to the airport.
4.12.1.3. THE AIRPORT 3 (APT 3) PAGE
See figure 4-166.
Line 1:The ICAO identifier (see
section 2.3) of the airport; an arrow
precedes the identifier if it is the
active waypoint.
118.00 KLIT
136.97 [Remarks]
>Leg
APT 3
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
Figure 4-166
Lines 2-4:The pilot-entered remarks for the airport. Three lines of 14
characters each are available for the remarks. These remarks might
include information on lodging, dining, airport services, etc. Up to 100
waypoints may include remarks. Letters, numbers, hyphens, and
spaces may be used in the remark. If no remarks have been entered
for the airport, line 2 will display “[Remarks]”.
To enter an airport remark on the
APT 3 page:
1.Turn on the cursor and move it
until the cursor fills line 2 of the
screen (figure 4-167).
2.With the right inner knob, select
the desired character, if any, and
move the cursor to the next character on the line (figure 4-168).
3.Repeat step 2 as necessary.
4.Press Fto approve each line
of remarks. The cursor will automatically move to the next line
(see figure 4-169).
5.Turn the cursor off when you are
118.00 KLIT
136.97 [Remarks]
>Leg
CRSR
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
Figure 4-167
118.00 KLIT
136.97 G
#>Leg
CRSR
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
Figure 4-168
118.00 KLIT
136.97 GREEN CAB CO
>Leg
CRSR
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
Figure 4-169
Basic GPS Operation
Chapter 4
4-51
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Page 83
Basic GPS Operation
finished creating the remark
(figure 4-170).
The Other 4 (OTH 4) page is a list of
waypoints with associated remarks.
Sometimes these are deleted if there
118.00 KLIT
136.97 GREEN CAB CO
>Leg 555-9999
APT 3
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
Figure 4-170
are more than 100 waypoints with remarks, or if the remarks are no
longer relevant. If you wish to delete a waypoint remark for an airport, see section 4.14.2.
4.12.1.4. THE AIRPORT 4 (APT 4) PAGE
See figure 4-171.
Line 1:The ICAO identifier (see
section 2.3) of the airport; an arrow
precedes the identifier if it is the active
waypoint.
118.00 KLIT
136.97 ATIS 125.60
>Leg PTX 118.95
APT+4 TWR * 121.90
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
Figure 4-171
Lines 2-4:The VHF communication frequencies associated with the
airport. The type and frequency is listed. The abbreviations are:
AAS aeronautical advisory service
AFIS aerodrome flight information service
ARVL arrival
APR approach
ATF aerodrome traffic frequency
AWOS automatic weather observing station
ATIS automatic terminal information service
CL B class B airspace (formerly terminal control area)(VFR frequency)
CL C class C airspace (formerly airport radar service area) (VFR frequency)
CLR clearance delivery
CTA control area (VFR frequency used outside the U.S.)
CTAF common traffic advisory frequency
CTR center (when center is used for approach/departure control)
Chapter 4
DEP departure
DIR director (approach control/radar)
Basic GPS Operation
GRND ground control
MCOM multicom
MF mandatory frequency
PCL pilot-controlled lighting
PTAX pre-taxi clearance
RAMP ramp/taxi control
RDR radar-only frequency
TMA terminal area (VFR frequency used outside the U.S.)
TWR control tower
UNIC unicom
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KLX 135 Pilot’s Guide Basic GPS Operation
Part-time operation, such as for a control tower, is indicated with an
asterisk (*) to the right of an airport frequency.
The frequencies associated with class B or C airspace, CTA or TMA
are VFR frequencies. Airports which have one of these categories of
frequencies also have APR and DEP which are IFR frequencies.
If there are more than three frequencies of the same frequency type
for a given airport, only three will be listed. An example might be for
approach (APR) frequencies. There can be several approach
frequencies for different sectors and altitudes around the airport.
4.12.2. VOR PAGES
Two pages of information may be displayed for each VOR in the
KLX135. Sample VOR pages are shown in figures 4-172 through
4-174.
4.12.2.1. The VOR 1 Page
See figure 4-172.
Line 1:The VOR identifier, preceded
by an arrow if it is the active waypoint.
To the right of the identifier is the
frequency of the VOR in megahertz.
118.00 MEX 117.00
136.97 MEXICO CITY
>Leg N 19°26.22'
VOR 1 W 99°04.17'
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
Figure 4-172
Line 2:The name of the VOR.
Lines 3-4:The latitude and longitude of the VOR
If the VOR is being viewed as part of the
nearest VORs list
(see sec-
tion 4.7.3), the VOR 1 page format will differ as follows
(see figure 4-173):
118.00 MEX 2 117.00
Line 1:After the VOR identifier, the
number designating the VOR’s
position in the nearest VOR list is
displayed. In figure 4-173, MEX is
the second nearest VOR.
136.97 MEXICO CITY
>Leg
VOR 1 >359°To 97.7nm
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
Figure 4-173
Lines 3-4:In place of the latitude/longitude, line 3 is blank and line 4
displays the magnetic bearing to or the magnetic radial from the VOR
and the distance in nautical miles. Placing the cursor over the
radial/bearing field and pressing Etoggles between radial from and
bearing to station.
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Basic GPS Operation
Chapter 4
Page 85
Basic GPS Operation
4.12.2.2. The VOR 2 Page
See figure 4-174.
Line 1:The VOR identifier,
preceded by an arrow if it is the
active waypoint.
Line 2:The published magnetic station declination of the VOR.
Magnetic station declination is another way to say the published
magnetic variation for the VOR.
Line 4:The magnetic bearing to or the magnetic radial from the
VOR and the distance in nautical miles. Placing the cursor over the
radial/bearing field and pressing Etoggles between radial from
and bearing to station.
4.12.3. NDB PAGES
Two pages of information may be displayed for each NDB in the
KLX135. Sample NDB pages are shown in figures 4-175 through
4-177.
4.12.3.1. The NDB 1 Page
118.00 MEX
136.97 Mag Var E 8°
>Leg
VOR 2 >359°To 97.7nm
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
Figure 4-174
See figure 4-175.
Line 1:The NDB identifier,
preceded by an arrow if it is the
active waypoint. To the right of the
identifier is the frequency of the
118.00 DFI 246
136.97 DEFIANCE
>Leg N 41°20.07'
NDB 1 W 84°25.62'
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
Figure 4-175
NDB in kilohertz.
Line 2:The name of the NDB.
Lines 3-4:The latitude and longitude of the NDB
Chapter 4
Basic GPS Operation
If the NDB is being viewed as part of the
nearest NDBs list
section 4.7.3), the NDB 1 page format will differ as follows (see
figure 4-176):
118.00 DFI 1 246
Line 1:After the NDB identifier, the
number designating the NDB’s
position in the nearest NDB list is
displayed. In figure 4-176, DFI is
the nearest NDB.
Effective Date 3/94 006-08751-0000 Rev 0
4-54
136.97 DEFIANCE
>Leg
NDB 1 >021°To 2.3nm
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
Figure 4-176
(see
Page 86
KLX 135 Pilot’s Guide Basic GPS Operation
Lines 3-4:In place of the latitude/longitude, line 3 is blank and line 4
displays the magnetic bearing to or the magnetic radial from the NDB
and the distance in nautical miles. Placing the cursor over the
radial/bearing field and pressing Etoggles between radial from and
bearing to station.
4.12.3.2. The NDB 2 Page
See figure 4-177.
Line 1:The NDB identifier, preceded
by an arrow if it is the active waypoint.
118.00 DFI
136.97
>Leg
NDB 2 >021°To 2.3nm
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
Figure 4-177
Line 4:The magnetic bearing to or the magnetic radial from the NDB
and the distance in nautical miles. Placing the cursor over the
radial/bearing field and pressing Etoggles between radial from and
bearing to station.
4.12.4. SUPPLEMENTAL WAYPOINT PAGES
The Supplemental waypoint pages (SUP 0, SUP 1, SUP 2, and
SUP3) allow you to create “custom” waypoints for use in navigation.
A crop sprayer might want to create a waypoint on a field that is
sprayed regularly, for instance. Another candidate might be a small
airport which is not included in the KLX 135 database. To learn how
to create a user-defined waypoint, see section 5.2.1.
4.12.4.1. The Supplemental 0 (SUP 0) Page
See figure 4-178.
NOTE: The SUP 0 page is only displayed for waypoint identifiers that do
not have a previously defined
position.
118.00 MYWPT USR at:
136.97 User Pos L/L?
>Leg User Pos R/D?
SUP 0 Present Pos?
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
Figure 4-178
Basic GPS Operation
Chapter 4
Line 1:The identifier for the as-yet-undefined waypoint.
Lines 2-4:Cursor fields for the three possible user-defined waypoint
creation methods. For information on creating user-defined waypoints, see section 5.2.1.
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Basic GPS Operation
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
118.00 MYWPT USR
136.97 N 40°05.48'
>Leg W102°57.95'
SUP 1 >134°To 2.3nm
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
118.00 MYWPT USR
136.97 Ref: AKO
>Leg Rad: 101°
SUP 2 Dis: 10.6nm
4.12.4.2. The Supplemental 1 (SUP 1) Page
See figure 4-179.
Line 1: The user-defined waypoint
identifier, preceded by an arrow if it is
the active waypoint. To the right of
the identifier are the letters “USR” to
signify that this is a user-defined
waypoint.
Lines 2-3: The latitude and longitude of the user-defined waypoint.
Line 4: The magnetic bearing to or the magnetic radial from the
user-defined waypoint and the distance in nautical miles. Placing the
cursor over the radial/bearing field and pressing E toggles between
radial from and bearing to station.
4.12.4.3. The Supplemental 2 (SUP 2) Page
See figure 4-180.
Line 1: The user-defined waypoint
identifier, preceded by an arrow if it is
the active waypoint. To the right of
the identifier are the letters “USR” to
signify that this is a user-defined
waypoint.
Figure 4-179
Figure 4-180
Line 2: The identifier of the user-defined waypoint’s reference
waypoint. When this page is first viewed, the reference waypoint is
the nearest VOR to the user waypoint. The reference waypoint may
be changed by the pilot. However, once you leave this page and
come back, the reference waypoint reverts back to a nearby VOR.
Chapter 4
Line 3: The magnetic radial from the reference waypoint to the user
waypoint.
Basic GPS Operation
Line 4: The distance in nautical miles from the reference waypoint to
the user waypoint.
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KLX 135 Pilot’s Guide Basic GPS Operation
4.12.4.4. The Supplemental 3 (SUP 3) Page
See figure 4-181.
Line 1:The identifier of the user-
defined waypoint; an arrow precedes
the identifier if it is the active
waypoint.
118.00 WPTX USR
136.97 GRASS STRIP
>Leg SOFT NORTH END
SUP 3
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
Figure 4-181
Lines 2-4:The pilot-entered remarks for the user waypoint. Three
lines of 14 characters each are available for the remarks. Up to 100
waypoints may include remarks. Letters, numbers, hyphens, and
spaces may be used in the remark. If no remarks have been entered
for the user-defined waypoint, line 2 will display [Remarks].
To enter a user-defined waypoint remark on the SUP 3 page:
1.Turn on the cursor and move it
until the cursor fills line 2 of the
screen (figure 4-182).
118.00 WPTX USR
136.97 [Remarks]
>Leg
CRSR
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
Figure 4-182
2.Select the desired character, if
any, and move the cursor to the
next character on the line
(figure 4-183).
3.Repeat step 2 as necessary.
118.00 WPTX USR
136.97 G
#>Leg
CRSR
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
Figure 4-183
4.Press Fto approve each line
of remarks. The cursor will
automatically move to the next
line (see figure 4-184).
5.Turn the cursor off when you are
118.00 WPTX USR
136.97 GRASS STRIP
>Leg
CRSR
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
Figure 4-184
finished creating the remark.
Basic GPS Operation
Chapter 4
The Other 4 (OTH 4) page is a list of waypoints with associated
remarks. Sometimes these are deleted if there are more than 100
waypoints with remarks, or if the remarks are no longer relevant. If
you wish to delete a waypoint remark for a user-defined waypoint,
see section 4.14.2.
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Basic GPS Operation
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
118.00 DATE/TIME
136.97 18 NOV 94
>Leg 1536:03 MST
SET 2 Mountain Std
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
118.00 DATE/TIME
136.97 18 NOV 94
>Leg 1536:10 MST
CRSR Mountain Std
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
118.00 DATE/TIME
136.97 08 DEC __
#>Leg 1536:15 MST
CRSR Mountain Std
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
118.00 DATE/TIME
136.97 08 DEC 9_
#>Leg 1536:22 MST
CRSR Mountain Std
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
118.00 DATE/TIME
136.97 08 DEC 94
>Leg 1536:26 MST
CRSR Mountain Std
4.13. VIEWING AND SETTING THE DATE AND TIME
The KLX 135 system time and date should seldom, if ever, require
updating because they are automatically updated when at least one
satellite is received. In addition, the KLX 135 contains an internal
battery powered calendar/clock to keep system time and date when
the unit is not being used. You will normally check to make sure the
KLX 135 is set to the correct time and date shortly after you turn the
unit on while you verify the Self Test Page. You can, however, also
check the time and date on the Setup (SET) 2 page anytime you
desire. There are several pages as well as some internal functions of
the KLX 135, such as magnetic variation and proper use of data base
information, that depend on having the proper time and date.
NOTE: You will not be able to update
the time or date if the KLX 135 is
receiving a time and date from a
satellite.
To set the date on the SET 2 page:
1. Select the SET 2 page
(figure 4-185).
2. Turn on the cursor. The cursor
will be over the entire date field
(figure 4-186).
3. Select the correct day of the
month with the right inner knob.
4. Move the flashing part of the
cursor to the month field (middle
three dashes) with the right outer
knob, and select the proper
Chapter 4
Basic GPS Operation
month (figure 4-187).
5. Move the flashing part of the
cursor to the tens digit of the year
field, and select the proper number (figure 4-188).
6. Repeat step 5 for the ones digit of
the year field.
7. Press F to start the KLX 135
using the newly entered date
(figure 4-189).
Figure 4-185
Figure 4-186
Figure 4-187
Figure 4-188
Figure 4-189
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KLX 135 Pilot’s Guide Basic GPS Operation
To set the time on the SET 2 page:
1.Select the SET 2 page if it is not already selected.
2.Turn on the cursor and move it to
the time zone field (figure 4-190).
3.Change the time zone with the
right inner knob, if desired
(figure 4-191). A listing of the
time zones and their abbreviations is contained in section 4.2,
“Turn-on and Self Test”.
4.Move the cursor to the time field.
The hours and minutes will
appear in inverse video.
5.Select the correct hour
(figure 4-192). Remember, the
KLX135 uses 24 hour time. If it
is 1:00 P.M. or later, add 12
hours (for example, 2:30 P.M.
becomes 14:30).
6.Move the flashing part of the
cursor to the tens of minutes,
select the proper number
(figure 4-193), then move on to
the last digit and set it.
7.Press Fto start the clock
running (figure 4-194). Note that
the seconds will reset to zero
when you do this.
118.00 DATE/TIME
136.97 08 DEC 94
>Leg 1536:30 MST
CRSR Mountain Std
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
Figure 4-190
118.00 DATE/TIME
136.97 08 DEC 94
>Leg 1536:31 MDT
CRSR Mountain Day
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
Figure 4-191
118.00 DATE/TIME
136.97 08 DEC 94
#>Leg 14__:42 MDT
CRSR Mountain Day
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
Figure 4-192
118.00 DATE/TIME
136.97 08 DEC 94
#>Leg 143_:42 MDT
CRSR Mountain Day
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
Figure 4-193
118.00 DATE/TIME
136.97 08 DEC 94
>Leg 1430:00 MDT
CRSR Mountain Day
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
Figure 4-194
Basic GPS Operation
Chapter 4
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Basic GPS Operation
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
118.00 State NAV D
136.97
>Leg Estimated Posn
OTH 1 Error 0.02nm
4.14. THE OTHER (OTH) PAGES
4.14.1. DETERMINING THE STATUS OF THE GPS SIGNALS
The Other (OTH) 1 and OTH 2 pages may be viewed at any time to
determine the status of the GPS receiver and the GPS satellites
being received. This includes which satellites are being tracked, the
satellites’ health, the signal-to-noise ratio for each of these satellites,
the elevation of each satellite above the horizon, and the estimated
position error.
The GPS receiver in the KLX 135 is capable of using signals from up
to eight satellites to determine its position. A valid position may be
determined using as few as four satellites alone or three satellites
with a valid altitude input. However, four satellites alone or three
satellites with an altitude input do not necessarily ensure that
navigation can take place. The satellites must be positioned relative
to your location such that sufficient “geometry” exists to determine an
accurate position. the satellite constellation geometry is continually
changing as each satellite, “rises”, travels across the sky, and
eventualy “sets” relative to your position. The GPS satellites are not
in geosynchronous orbits positioned over the same spot on earth at
all times like some television communication satellites with which you
may be familiar. Rather, the GPS satellites are in orbits that allow
them to circle the earth about two times each day.
A representative OTH 1 page is
shown in figure 4-195. The OTH 1
page displays the GPS receiver state
and the system’s estimate of the position error expressed in nautical miles.
The GPS state is indicated on line 1.
Figure 4-195
The possibilities are:
Chapter 4
Basic GPS Operation
INIT initialization
SRCH search the sky
ACQ acquisition
TRAN transition
NAV navigation
NAV A navigation with altitude aiding
NAV D navigation with data collection
DEGRD navigation with position degradation
FAILR receiver failure
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APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
122.90 SV Hlt SNR Ele
123.12 02 Good 41 43°
>Leg 11 Good 32 07°
OTH+2 16*Weak 31 76°
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
122.90 SV Hlt SNR Ele
123.12 18 Good 39 21°
>Leg 20 Good 47 88°
OTH+2 23*Good 34 09°
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
122.90 SV Hlt SNR Ele
123.12 25 Good 41 52°
>Leg
OTH+2
In the initialization state the GPS receiver is in the process of
initializing itself, collecting information such as the date, time, and last
present position. Next, the receiver collects data from its own
memory to determine which satellites should be visible. After
completing the initialization process the receiver begins the
acquisition process. During this time, the visible satellites are being
acquired and data is obtained from them.
If the KLX 135 is not used for a period of six months or more, the
satellite orbital data stored in the GPS receiver’s memory is too old to
use. When this occurs, the receiver will enter the search the sky
state to acquire the required data. This data, called almanac data,
can be acquired by receiving just one satellite. A search the sky
operation takes 20 minutes to complete.
The transition state indicates an adequate number of satellites for
navigation has been acquired and is being tracked but no position
data can yet be produced.
Normal navigation is indicated by a NAV, NAV A, or NAV D GPS
state. NAV A indicates that the altitude input is being used in the
position solution. NAV D indicates that besides calculation position,
the receiver is collecting and storing in its memory additional data
from the satellites (called ephemeris and almanac data).
Lines 3 and 4 of the OTH 1 page display the KLX 135’s estimated
position error. The KLX 135’s position error depends upon such
factors as the number of satellites being received, the strength of the
GPS signals, and the geometry of the
satellites presently being used for
navigation.
Figures 4-196, 4-197 and 4-198 show
a representative example of a set of
OTH 2 pages. There will be three
OTH 2 pages if more than six
satellites are being received as in this
example. The following information is
displayed for each satellite on the
OTH 2 pages:
• The specific GPS satellites or
“space vehicles” (SV) being
received are displayed in the left
column. Each satellite has its
own identification number. A *
symbol to the left of the satellite
4-61
Basic GPS Operation
Chapter 4
Figure 4-196
Figure 4-197
Figure 4-198
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Basic GPS Operation
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
118.00 User Waypoints
136.97 LAKE
>Leg MYRWY 0
OTH+3 WPTX 5
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
118.00 User Waypoints
136.97 LAKE
>Leg MYRWY 0
CRSR WPTX 5
number indicates this particular satellite is not presently being
used in the navigation position solution.
• The satellite’s “health” (Hlt) is indicated to the right of the satellite
number. This health information is transmitted by the satellites.
• The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR in decibels) for each satellite is
displayed in the middle column and indicates the signal strength
for each satellite. The higher the SNR value the stronger the
signal. Values usable for navigation will be in the mid 30s to mid
50s; however, typical values are in the middle of this range.
• The elevation (Ele) above the horizon for each satellite is
provided in the right column and will range from 5° to 90°.
4.14.2. VIEWING AND DELETING USER WAYPOINTS AND WAYPOINT REMARKS
The OTH 3 and OTH 4 pages list the user-defined waypoints and
waypoint remarks, respectively, which are currently stored in the
KLX 135’s memory.
4.14.2.1.The OTH 3 Page
An example of an OTH 3 page is
shown in figure 4-199. All currently
stored user-defined waypoints are
listed in alphanumeric order. If the
user-defined waypoint is the active
waypoint, an arrow (∆) follows the
identifier. If the waypoint is used in one or more flight plans, then the
number of the first flight plan in which it is used is displayed on the
right side. If there are more than three user waypoints in storage,
you can see the rest of the list by turning on the cursor (B) and
turning the right outer knob to scroll through the list.
Chapter 4
To delete a user-defined waypoint from the OTH 3 page:
Basic GPS Operation
1. Turn on the cursor and position it
over the desired waypoint
(figure 4-200). If there are more
than three user-defined waypoint,
you will have to scroll the cursor
down the list.
Figure 4-199
Figure 4-200
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KLX 135 Pilot’s Guide Basic GPS Operation
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
118.00 User Waypoints
136.97 Del LAKE ?
#>Leg MYRWY 0
CRSR WPTX 5
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
118.00 User Waypoints
136.97 LAKE
Used MYRWY 0
In Fpl WPTX 5
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
118.00 User Waypoints
136.97 MYRWY 0
>Leg WPTX 5
OTH+3 ZIPPY
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
118.00 WPTS w/Remarks
136.97 FARM U
>Leg KISM A
OTH 4 K57 A
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
118.00 Wpts w/Remarks
136.97 FARM U
>Leg KISM A
CRSR K57 A
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
118.00 Wpts w/Remarks
136.97 FARM U
#>Leg Del KISM A?
CRSR K57 A
2. Press E. The KLX 135 will ask
if you wish to delete that userwaypoint (figure 4-201). If the
waypoint is active or used in a
flight plan, the deletion will not be
allowed and you will receive a
scratchpad message telling you
this (figure 4-202).
3. Press F to approve the
deletion (figure 4-203).
4.14.2.2. The OTH 4 Page
An example of an OTH 4 page is
shown in figure 4-204. All waypoints
with remarks are listed in
alphanumeric order. Remarks can be
stored for airports (on the APT 3
page) or user-defined waypoints (on
the SUP 3 page). If the waypoint is
an airport, then an “A” is displayed on
the right side; likewise, a “U”
represents a user-defined waypoint.
If there are more than three
waypoints, you can see the rest of the
list by turning on the cursor (B) and turning the right outer knob to
scroll through the list.
Figure 4-201
Figure 4-202
Figure 4-203
Figure 4-204
To delete a waypoint remark from the OTH 4 page:
1. Turn on the cursor and position it
over the desired waypoint
(figure 4-205). If there are more
than three airports with remarks,
you will have to scroll the cursor
down the list.
2. Press E. The KLX 135 will ask
if you wish to delete that remark
(figure 4-206).
3. Press F to approve the
deletion.
4-63
Basic GPS Operation
Chapter 4
Figure 4-205
Figure 4-206
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Page 95
Basic GPS Operation
4.14.3. VIEWING THE KLX 135 SOFTWARE STATUS AND TIME OF OPERATION
The OTH 5 page (figure 4-207) shows
the software revision status of the
KLX 135 host computer (line 1) and of
the GPS receiver (line 2). Line 3
displays the total number of hours of
operation and line 4 displays the
118.00 Host SW 01
136.97 Rcvr SW 01
>Leg Tot Hours 115
OTH 5 Pwr Cycls 67
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
Figure 4-207
number of times the unit has been
turned on. These values are reset to zero if the KLX 135’s nonvolatile memory is cleared.
4.15. REMOTE MOUNTED ANNUNCIATORS
The KLX 135 has outputs capable of driving two
remote annunciator lights: waypoint alert and
message. Although these annunciators are optional,
it is desirable to have them mounted in the pilot’s
normal scan area so that these annunciators are
easily seen. A typical annunciator is shown in figure
4-208; however, actual annunciation abbreviations
and configurations may be different.
The remote waypoint alert annunciator is on whenever waypoint
alerting is occurring. See sections 4.8.3, “Waypoint Alerting for Direct
To Operation” and 4.10.2, “Turn Anticipation and Waypoint Alerting”.
The remote message annunciator is on whenever the message
prompt is on. See section 4.5.
WPT
MSG
Figure 4-208
Chapter 4
Basic GPS Operation
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KLX 135 Pilot’s Guide Advanced GPS Operation
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
118.00 >Fpl: 0 KJFK
136.97 To KORD
>Leg 643nm
CAL 1 138kt ETE 4:40
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
118.00 >Wpt Fr>KJFK
136.97 To>KSAV
>Leg 624nm Brg 217°
CRSR 138kt ETE 4:31
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
118.00 >Wpt Fr>KJFK
136.97 To>KSAV
>Leg 624nm Brg 217°
CRSR 138kt ETE 4:31
5. ADVANCED GPS OPERATION
5.1. CALCULATOR PAGES
The Calculator (CAL) pages are used for trip planning. They are convenient both on the ground before you begin your flight, and in the
air. The CAL 1 page performs distance, bearing, and time calculations, and the CAL 2 page is for advisory fuel planning.
Data entered on any of the Calculator pages has ne effect on navigation data provided on any Navigation (NAV) or Flight Plan (FPL)
pages. You may perform trip calculations without disturbing ongoing
navigation.
NOTE: The Calculator pages rely on pilot enterable inputs for
groundspeed, fuel flow, and fuel reserve requirements. These pages
do not utilize inputs from fuel flow or air data sensors.
5.1.1. THE CALCULATOR (CAL) 1 PAGE
The CAL 1 page allows you to do distance, bearing, and time calculations that you might otherwise need a chart, ruler, and pocket
calculator for. The KLX 135 will perform these calculations either
from waypoint to waypoint (for in-flight calculations, your present
position can be one of the waypoints), or for one of your flight plans
(active or stored).
To calculate distance, bearing, and
time from waypoint to waypoint:
1. From the CAL 1 page
(figure 5-1), turn on the cursor
(B). It will appear over a cyclic
field that either displays Wpt
(waypoint to waypoint) or Fpl
(flight plan).
2. For this type of calculation, the
cyclic field should display Wpt.
Press E to toggle if this is not
the case (figure 5-2).
3. Turn the right outer knob
clockwise to move the cursor to
the "from" waypoint in the upper
right corner of the screen
(figure 5-3).
5-1
Figure 5-1
Advanced GPS Operation
Figure 5-2
Chapter 5
Figure 5-3
Effective Date 6/95006-08751-0000 Rev 1
Page 97
Advanced GPS Operation
4.Enter the desired identifier for the "from" waypoint and press
F. You will be shown the waypoint page for the waypoint you
entered. Press Fagain to approve.
NOTE: On either of the two waypoint fields on this page, you can
select your present position. To do this, press E while the cursor is
on the desired waypoint field. The results will only be displayed when
your KLX 135 is receiving a valid position, or if you happen to be in
the Take Home mode (see section 5.5).
5.With the cursor over the "to"
waypoint, enter the desired
identifier (figure 5-4) and press
Ftwice. The distance in
nautical miles and the bearing will
be displayed on line 3.
118.00 >Wpt Fr>KLGA
136.97 To>KCLE
#>Leg 628nm Brg 217°
CRSR 138kt ETE 4:33
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
Figure 5-4
6.Use the right outer knob to move the cursor over the
groundspeed field on line 4.
7.Select your estimated
groundspeed for the trip. As you
change it, the estimated time en
route (ETE) calculation will be
updated (figure 5-5).
118.00 >Wpt Fr>KLGA
136.97 To>KCLE
>Leg 364nm Brg 279°
CRSR 122kt ETE 2:59
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
Figure 5-5
To calculate distance and time for a flight plan:
1.From the CAL 1 page, turn on the cursor (B). It will appear
over a cyclic field that either displays Wpt(waypoint to waypoint)
or Fpl(flight plan).
2.For this type of calculation, the cyclic field should display Fpl.
Press Eto toggle if this is not the case.
3.Turn the right outer knob
clockwise to place the cursor over
the flight plan number. As you
cycle through the flight plans, the
first and last waypoints of each
flight plan will be displayed, along
with the total distance in nautical
118.00 >Fpl: 2 KDPA
136.97 To KSUS
>Leg 224nm
CRSR 152kt ETE 1:28
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
Figure 5-6
miles (figure 5-6).
4.Once you have selected the desired flight plan, move the cursor
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Advanced GPS Operation
to the groundspeed field on line 4.
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KLX 135 Pilot’s Guide Advanced GPS Operation
5.Select your estimated groundspeed for the trip. As you change
it, the estimated time en route
(ETE) calculation will be updated
(figure 5-7).
118.00 >Fpl: 2 KDPA
136.97 To KSUS
>Leg 224nm
CRSR 127kt ETE 1:46
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
Figure 5-7
5.1.2. THE CALCULATOR (CAL) 2 PAGE
The CAL 2 page is for calculating fuel requirements for a trip. To use
these pages, you need to have a good idea what the typical fuel flow
rate for your aircraft is. This information can often be found for given
cruise power settings in a "performance" section of the operational
handbook for the aircraft. The units for fuel are not specified on this
page, but the units of time are always hours. This means that you
can use gallons per hour, pounds per hour, kilograms per hour, etc.
Like with the CAL 1 page, the fuel calculations can be done from
waypoint to waypoint (including present position), or for one of your
flight plans.
To calculate fuel requirements from waypoint to waypoint:
1.From the CAL 2 page, turn on the cursor (B). It will appear
over a cyclic field that either displays Wpt(waypoint to waypoint)
or Fpl (flight plan).
2.For this type of calculation, the cyclic field should display Wpt.
Press Eto toggle if this is not the case.
3.Turn the right outer knob
clockwise to move the cursor to
the "from" waypoint in the upper
right corner of the screen
(figure 5-8).
118.00 >Wpt Fr>KDPA
136.97 127kt To>KSUS
>Leg FF:010 Res:005
CRSR Fuel Req 23
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
Figure 5-8
4.Enter the desired identifier for the "from" waypoint and press
F. The waypoint page for the identifier you just entered will be
displayed. If it is the correct one, press Fagain.
NOTE: On either of the two waypoint fields on this page, you can
select your present position. To do this, press E while the cursor is
on the desired waypoint field
(figure 5-9). The results will only be
displayed when your KLX 135 is
receiving a valid position, or if you
happen to be in the Take Home
mode (see section 5.5, "Using the
118.00 >Wpt Fr>P.Pos
136.97 127kt To>KSUS
>Leg FF:010 Res:005
CRSR Fuel Req 22
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
Figure 5-9
Take-home Mode").
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Advanced GPS Operation
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
118.00 >Wpt Fr>P.Pos
136.97 105kt To>KSPI
>Leg FF:007 Res:005
CRSR Fuel Req 14
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
118.00 >Wpt Fr>P.Pos
136.97 105kt To>KSPI
>Leg FF:007 Res:008
CRSR Fuel Req 17
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
118.00 >Fpl: 4 KIXD
136.97 105kt To KDAL
>Leg FF:007 Res:005
CRSR Fuel Req 32
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
118.00 >Wpt Fr>P.Pos
136.97 105kt To>KSPI
#>Leg FF:010 Res:005
CRSR Fuel Req 26
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
118.00 >Wpt Fr>P.Pos
136.97 105kt To>KSUS
>Leg FF:010 Res:005
CRSR Fuel Req 26
5. Move the cursor to the
groundspeed field on line 2.
6. Select your estimated groundspeed for the trip (figure 5-10).
7. With the cursor over the "to"
waypoint, enter the desired identifier (figure 5-11) and press F.
8. Move the cursor to the fuel flow
rate field and use the right inner
knob to select the desired value
(figure 5-12). Remember that this
can be in any units you desire (as
long as it's per hour), but the
same fuel units must carry
through the calculations.
9. Move the cursor to the fuel
reserve requirement field and
enter the desired value. As you
do, watch the calculation of fuel
required on line 4 change (figure
5-13).
Figure 5-10
Figure 5-11
Figure 5-12
Figure 5-13
To calculate fuel requirements for a flight plan:
1. From the CAL 2 page, turn on the cursor (B). It will appear
over a cyclic field that either displays Wpt (waypoint to waypoint)
or Fpl (flight plan).
2. For this type of calculation, the cyclic field should display Fpl.
Press E to toggle if this is not the case.
3. Turn the right outer knob
clockwise to place the cursor over
the flight plan number. As you
cycle through the flight plans, the
first and last waypoints of each
flight plan will be displayed
Figure 5-14
(figure 5-14).
4. Once you have selected the desired flight plan, move the cursor
Chapter 5
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to the groundspeed field on line 2.
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5.Select your estimated groundspeed for the trip.
6.Move the cursor to the fuel flow rate field and use the right inner
knob to select the desired value. Remember that this can be in
any units you desire (as long as it's per hour), but the same fuel
units must carry through the calculations.
7.Move the cursor to the fuel
reserve requirement field and
enter the desired value. As you
do, watch the calculation of fuel
required on line 4 change
(figure 5-15).
118.00 >Fpl: 4 KIXD
136.97 121kt To KDAL
>Leg FF:009 Res:006
CRSR Fuel Req 36
APT VOR NDB SUP ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH
Figure 5-15
5.2.CREATING USER-DEFINED WAYPOINTS
You may create and store up to 250 user-defined (also known as
supplemental) waypoints. These waypoints will be very helpful to
you. One major application is private airstrips, which are not included
in the Jeppesen data base. They are also handy for points which you
fly over frequently, and wish to navigate to. For example, a crop
sprayer would want to store the locations of the fields he or she dusts
often.
There are three ways to create a user-defined waypoint. If you
happen to know the latitude and longitude of the point, that is one
option. The waypoint can also be defined as a radial and distance
from another waypoint. A third choice is just to store your present
position under the identifier you have chosen.
NOTE: Whenever you are in a waypoint entry situation, such as a
Direct To waypoint or flight plan, and you enter an identifier which is
not in the data base, the KLX 135 will automatically start the userdefined waypoint creation process.
To delete a user-defined waypoint that is no longer needed, see
section 4.14.2, "Viewing and Deleting User Waypoints and Waypoint
Remarks".
5.2.1. CREATING A WAYPOINT AT YOUR PRESENT POSITION
Creating a waypoint at your present position is the simplest possible
way to create a user-defined waypoint. This is nice for
"remembering" a spot you are at. Let's suppose you're at a private
strip that you want to name "VALLY"
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Chapter 5
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