BendixKing KLN 89B User Manual

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Pilot’s Guide

ORS 01/02

KLN 89 KLN 89B

Bendix/King

GPS Navigation Systems

WARNING

Prior to export of this document, review for export license requirement is needed.

Reproduction of this publication or any portion thereof by any means without the express written permission of Honeywell International Inc. is prohibited. For further information contact the Manager, Technical Publications; Honeywell; One Technology Center; 23500 West 105th Street; Olathe, Kansas 66061. Telephone: (913) 782-0400.

KLN 89/89B Pilot’ s Guide

006-08786-0000

for KLN 89 and KLN 89B

with

Operational Revision Status

ORS 01 and 02

IMPORTANT: Special installation procedures must be followed in order for the KLN 89B to be certified for IFR En route, Terminal and Non-precision Approach use. If these procedures are followed, the KLN 89B can be used for IFR use. Consult the KLN 89B Flight Manual Supplement for the operating limitations of this unit.

September 2002

IMPORTANT:

116.70

°# Leg| N 25°42.10' °VOR 1 | W 79°17.10'

This Pilot’s Guide covers both the KLN 89 (VFR only) and KLN 89B (IFR approved for Enroute, Terminal, and Non-precision Approach phases of flight). There are numerous places throughout this guide which discuss features and operational characteristics which specifically apply to KLN 89B, and not to KLN 89. These parts of the Pilot’s Guide refer specifically to KLN 89B, and often are marked with a double dagger symbol (‡). Likewise, chapter 5, “Approaches and SID/STARs” applies only to KLN 89B. For features that apply to both KLN 89 and KLN 89B, a generic reference to “KLN 89(B)” is used.

NOTE: A “whiskers” border is used around data on some of the figures in this Pilot's Guide to indicate that the data inside the border is flashing.

åå.ånm| ZBV ееееее|BIMINI # Leg| N 25 VOR 1 | W 79

WARNING: The KLN 89 and KLN 89B display GPS-derived altitude on the OTH 1 page. Do not use the GPS-derived altitude for navigation. Due to Selective Availability position degradation and other factors, the GPS altitude is normally 300 feet or more in error, which is unacceptable for vertical navigation.

Revision History and Instructions Manual KLN 89/KLN 89B Pilot’s Guide Revision 5, September 2002 Part Number 006-08786-0000 This revision contains the following changes:

Changed AlliedSignal to Honeywell throughout. Editorial Corrections: Inside Front Cover, Title Page, R-1

through R-4, 3-26, 3-56, 4-11, 4-37

Back Cover Database Change: Database Card, 2-0, 2-1, 2-6, 3-6 SET 2 Corrections: 3-9, 3-60, 3-61, 4-47 Misc. Corrections: 4-29, 5-20, 5-22, B-5, B-6, C-1, D-2

R-1

Revision History and Instructions Manual KLN 89/KLN 89B Pilot’s Guide Revision 4, May 1998 Part Number 006-08786-0000 This revision contains the following changes:

Text corrections to pages 3-64, 3-66, 4-47, and B-5. Figure 3-196 changed to show new software numbering display

and the addition of the database number.

Added statements explaining the double dagger (‡) symbol to

pages B-1 and C-1.

Added more description to APT, CAL, NAV, OTH and SET page

listings in the index.

R-2

Revision History and Instructions Manual KLN 89/KLN 89B Pilot’s Guide Revision 3, March 1997 Part Number 006-08786-0000 This revision corrects a typographic error on page 4-47.

R-3

R-4

This page intentionally left blank.

KLN89/KLN 89B Pilot’s Guide Table of Contents

INTRODUCTION .........................................................................i

KLN 89(B) SNEAK PREVIEW .......................................................ii

HOW-TO INDEX .......................................................................iv

1. KLN 89(B) SYSTEM COMPONENTS ....................................1-1

2. DATA BASE .....................................................................2-1

2.1. Data Basics ....................................................................2-1

2.2. Data Base Contents and Coverage Areas .....................2-1

2.3. ICAO Identifiers .............................................................2-4

2.4. Updating the Data Base .................................................2-4

2.4.1. Computer Updating of the Data Base ..................2-5

2.4.2 Card Exchange Updating of the Data Base .........2-8

2.5. User Defined Data Base ................................................2-8

2.6. Data Base Update Service Options ...............................2-9

3. BASIC GPS OPERATION ......................................................3-1

3.1. Coverage Area ...............................................................3-1

3.2. Turn-on and Self Test ....................................................3-1

3.3. Display Format ...............................................................3-8

3.4. Basic Operation of Panel Controls ...............................3-11

3.4.1. Page Selection ...................................................3-12

3.4.2. Data Entry ..........................................................3-13

3.4.3. The Duplicate Waypoint Page ............................3-15

3.4.4. Cyclic Fields .......................................................3-17

3.5. Message Page .............................................................3-17

3.6. Initialization and Time to First Fix ................................3-18

3.7. Selecting and Scanning Waypoints .............................3-21

3.7.1. Selecting Waypoints by Identifier .......................3-21

3.7.3. Selecting Waypoints by Scanning ......................3-23

3.7.4. Selecting Waypoints by Name or City ................3-24

3.8. “Nearest” Functions .....................................................3-26

3.8.1. Viewing the Nearest Waypoints .........................3-27

3.8.1.1. Nearest Airport Criteria..............................3-28

3.8.1.2. Continuous Display of Nearest Airport.......3-29

3.8.2. Viewing the Nearest Special Use Airspaces ......3-29

3.8.3. Viewing the Nearest Flight Service Station

Frequencies ....................................................3-31

3.8.4. Viewing the Nearest Center Frequencies ..........3-32

TOC-1

Table of Contents

3.9. Direct to Operation .......................................................3-32

3.9.1. Initiating a Direct To ...........................................3-33

3.9.2. Cancelling a Direct To ........................................3-35

3.9.3. Waypoint Alerting for Direct To Operation .........3-35

3.10. Navigation Pages .......................................................3-36

3.10.1. The Navigation 1 (NAV 1) Page .......................3-36

3.10.2. The Navigation 2 (NAV 2) Page .......................3-39

3.10.3. The Navigation 3 (NAV 3) Page .......................3-40

3.10.4. The Navigation 4 (NAV 4) Page .......................3-40

3.11. Waypoint Pages .........................................................3-45

3.11.1. Airport Pages ...................................................3-45

3.11.1.1. The Airport 1 (APT 1) Page.....................3-45

3.11.1.2. The Airport 2 (APT 2) Page.....................3-46

3.11.1.3. The Airport 3 (APT 3) Page.....................3-47

3.11.1.4. The Airport 4 (APT 4) Page.....................3-48

3.11.1.5. The Airport 5 (APT 5) Page.....................3-49

3.11.1.6. The Airport 6 (APT 6) Page.....................3-50

3.11.1.7. The Airport 7 (APT 7) Page.....................3-51

3.11.1.8. The Airport 8 (APT 8) Page.....................3-52

3.11.2. VOR Pages ......................................................3-53

3.11.2.1. The VOR 1 Page .....................................3-53

3.11.2.2. The VOR 2 Page .....................................3-53

3.11.3. NDB Pages ......................................................3-54

3.11.3.1. The NDB 1 Page......................................3-54

3.11.3.2. The NDB 2 Page......................................3-54

3.11.4. Intersection Pages ...........................................3-55

3.11.4.1. The Intersection 1 (INT 1) Page ..............3-55

3.11.4.2. The Intersection 2 (INT 2) Page ..............3-55

3.11.5. USER Waypoint Pages ...................................3-56

3.11.5.1. The User 0 (USR 0) Page........................3-56

3.11.5.2. The User 1 (USR 1) Page........................3-56

3.11.5.3. The User 2 (USR 2) Page........................3-56

3.11.5.4. The User 3 (USR 3) Page........................3-57

3.12. Altitude pages ............................................................3-58

3.13. Viewing and Setting the Date and Time ....................3-60

3.14. The Other (OTH) Pages ............................................3-62

3.14.1. Determining the Status of the GPS Signals .....3-62

TOC-2

KLN89/KLN 89B Pilot’s Guide Table of Contents

3.14.2. Viewing and Deleting User Waypoints and

Waypoint Remarks ..........................................3-64

3.14.2.1. The OTH 4 Page......................................3-65

3.14.2.2. The OTH 5 Page......................................3-65

3.14.3. Viewing the KLN 89(B) Software Status

(the OTH 6 page) ............................................3-66

3.15. Remote Mounted Annunciators .................................3-66

3.16. Avionics Bus Voltage Alerting.....................................3-67

3.17. Special Use Airspace Alerting ...................................3-68

3.18. Sample Trip ..............................................................3-71

3.18.1 Pre-departure ..................................................3-71

3.18.2 Enroute ............................................................3-72

3.18.3 Terminal Area ..................................................3-73

4. ADVANCED GPS OPERATION .............................................4-1

4.1. Creating and Modifying Flight Plans ..............................4-1

4.1.1. Creating a Flight Plan ...........................................4-1

4.1.2. Viewing Distance and Desired Track Between

Stored Flight Plan Waypoints ............................4-4

4.1.3. Activating a Numbered Flight Plan .......................4-4

4.1.4. Adding a Waypoint to a Flight Plan ......................4-5

4.1.5. Deleting a Waypoint from a Flight Plan ................4-6

4.1.6. Deleting Flight Plans ............................................4-7

4.1.7. Storing FPL 0 as a Numbered Flight Plan ............4-7

4.2. Operating from the Active Flight Plan ............................4-8

4.2.1. General Procedures .............................................4-8

4.2.2. Turn Anticipation and Waypoint Alerting ..............4-9

4.2.3. Viewing the Waypoint Pages for the Active

Flight Plan Waypoints .....................................4-11

4.2.4. Combining Direct To and Flight Plan Operation .4-11

4.2.5. Viewing Distance, ETE, ETA, or Desired Track

to Flight Plan Waypoints .................................4-13

4.3. Altitude Alerting ............................................................4-14

4.4. Advisory VNAV Operation ...........................................4-17

4.4.1. VNAV for Direct To Operation ............................4-17

4.4.2. VNAV for Flight Plan Operation .........................4-20

4.4.3. VNAV from NAV 1 Page ....................................4-20

4.5. Calculator Pages .........................................................4-21

4.5.1. The Calculator 1 (CAL 1) Page ..........................4-21

TOC-3

Table of Contents

4.5.2. The Calculator 2 (CAL 2) Page ..........................4-23

4.5.3. The Calculator 3 (CAL 3) Page ..........................4-25

4.5.4. The Calculator 4 (CAL 4) Page ..........................4-26

4.5.3. The Calculator 5 (CAL 5) Page ..........................4-27

4.5.6. The Calculator 6 (CAL 6) Page ..........................4-27

4.5.7. The Calculator 7 (CAL 7) Page ..........................4-28

4.5.8. The Calculator 8 (CAL 8) Page...........................4-29

4.6. Creating User-defined Waypoints ...............................4-30

4.6.1. Creating a Waypoint at Your Present Position ...4-31

4.6.2. Creating a Waypoint at a Certain Latitude/

Longitude ........................................................4-32

4.6.3. Creating a Waypoint Referenced from Another

Waypoint .........................................................4-33

4.7. Navigation Modes ........................................................4-35

4.7.1. Selecting the Leg Mode or the OBS mode .........4-35

4.7.2. The Leg Mode ....................................................4-35

4.7.3. The OBS Mode ..................................................4-36

4.7.4. Switching From the Leg Mode to the OBS Mode 4-38

4.7.5. Effects of Switching From OBS Mode to

Leg Mode ........................................................4-38

4.7.6. Going Direct to a Waypoint While in the

OBS Mode .......................................................4-39

4.7.7. Activating a Waypoint While in the OBS Mode ..4-39

4.7.8. Changing the CDI scale factor ...........................4-40

4.8. The Fuel Management Pages .....................................4-41

4.8.1. The Other 7 (OTH 7) page .................................4-42

4.8.2. The Other 8 (OTH 8) page .................................4-43

4.8.3. The Other 9 (OTH 9) page .................................4-44

4.8.4. The Other 10 (OTH 10) page .............................4-44

4.9. The Air Data Pages .....................................................4-44

4.9.1. The Other 11 (OTH 11) page .............................4-45

4.9.2. The Other 12 (OTH 12) page .............................4-46

4.10. Magnetic Variation .....................................................4-46

4.11. Using the Take-home Mode ......................................4-48

5. APPROACHES AND SID/STARS (KLN 89B ONLY) ...........5-1

5.1. Non-Precision Approach Operations ............................5-1

5.1.1. Selecting An Approach .........................................5-5

5.1.2. Interpreting What You See ...................................5-7

TOC-4

KLN89/KLN 89B Pilot’s Guide Table of Contents

5.1.3. Changing Or Deleting An Approach Once

Loaded Into The Flight Plan ..............................5-9

5.1.4. Example Approach: No Procedure Turn ...........5-10

5.1.5. Example Approach: Off-Airport Navaid .............5-14

5.1.6. Example Approach: Radar Vectors ...................5-18

5.1.7. Example Approach: On-Airport Navaid .............5-19

5.1.8. Example Approach: DME Arc ...........................5-22

5.1.9. Approach Problems ...........................................5-27

5.2 SID/STAR Procedures .................................................5-29

5.2.1. Selecting A SID ..................................................5-30

5.2.2. Selecting A STAR ..............................................5-31

5.2.3. Editing a SID or STAR .......................................5-32

5.2.4. Example of a SID Procedure ..............................5-34

5.2.5. Example of a STAR Procedure ..........................5-36

APPENDIX A - NAVIGATION TERMS ......................................A-1

APPENDIX B - MESSAGE PAGE MESSAGES ........................B-1

APPENDIX C - SCRATCHPAD MESSAGES ............................C-1

APPENDIX D - ABBREVIATIONS .............................................D-1

STATE ABBREVIATIONS ....................................................D-1

CANADIAN PROVINCE ABBREVIATIONS .........................D-2

COUNTRY ABBREVIATIONS .............................................D-2

ARTCC ABBREVIATIONS ...................................................D-8

OTHER ABBREVIATIONS USED ON KLN 89 PAGES .... D-17

APPENDIX E - LAT/LON CONVERSIONS ................................E-1

APPENDIX F - GPS PRIMER .....................................................F-1

TOC-5

Table of Contents

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TOC-6

KLN 89/KLN 89B Pilot’s Guide Introduction

INTRODUCTION

Congratulations for choosing the Bendix/King KLN 89 or KLN 89B GPS! Celestial navigation will now be a way of life for you. The phenomenal accuracy of GPS, along with the KLN 89(B)’s user-friendly operation and graphics display will make flying a delight. Not only will the KLN 89(B) help you to navigate more easily and more accurately, its trip planning features, air data calculations, and other useful features will make you feel like you’re flying with a true flight management system.

In addition, KLN 89B may be IFR approved for En route, Terminal, and Non-precision Approach operations. We think you’ll find that having an abundance of navigational data (not to mention a moving map!) available to you will make non-precision approaches more precise and more enjoyable.

This Pilot's Guide will be of great help to you. It is written in plain, simple English and it assumes you are not an experienced user of GPS or other type of long range navigation equipment. If you are experienced, so much the better. This Pilot's Guide also includes hundreds of sample screen figures and other illustrations to make your learning easier. It is designed so that you can start at the front and progress in the order presented; however, you may want to skip around and learn things in your own order. Also, on page iv, there is an index of frequently used procedures which will help you find the page that describes how to do exactly what you want to do. There are also several appendices in the back of the manual that you may find useful from time to time.

Be sure to keep this Pilot's Guide handy with you in the airplane. It is designed to fit easily in the glove box, or in the seat pocket. The KLN 89(B) is very simple to operate, but the Pilot's Guide can sure be of help to you.

One last thing. Don't get so involved in learning to use the KLN 89(B) that you forget to fly the airplane. Be careful, and remember to keep a close eye out for other aircraft.

Introduction

KLN 89(B) SNEAK PREVIEW

If you absolutely can’t wait to use your KLN 89(B) until you’ve read this Pilot’s Guide, this section is for you. This page will teach you just enough to get going and then learn by doing. This operational preview assumes the KLN 89(B) has been properly installed, the unit was previously operational in the same general geographical location, and that no peripheral equipment interfaced with the KLN 89(B) (such as external HSIs, CDIs, autopilots, moving map display, etc.) is to be used at this time. If you are using this operational preview in flight, do so only in good VFR conditions and only with an alternate means of navigation (including pilotage) available to cross-check position.

1. Turn the unit on with the On/Off knob (the small knob in lower left hand corner).

2. For a few seconds, the Power On Page is displayed while the unit runs a self-test. Afterwards, the Self-test Page is displayed. If the KLN 89(B) is receiving an altitude from an encoding altimeter, the present indicated altitude will be displayed on line 2. The bottom line should display Pass and a flashing Ok?. Press the F button to approve the Self-test Page.

3. The Initialization Page will now be displayed. If the date and time are incorrect by more than 10 minutes, refer to section 3.2 of this Pilot’s Guide. The right side of the screen should show the identifier of the nearest airport to the initial position, along with a radial and distance from that airport waypoint. Press F with the cursor flashing over Ok? to approve the Initialization Page.

4. If you are using a KLN 89, or your KLN 89B has been configured for VFR use only, the VFR page will now be displayed to notify you of the VFR limitation. Press F to approve this page.

5. The Data Base Page is now displayed showing the date the data base expires or the date it expired. Press F to acknowledge the information displayed on this page.

KLN 89/KLN 89B Pilot’s Guide Introduction

6. The next page displayed will probably be a page showing the VHF communication frequencies for the airport you are at. For now, use the right outer knob to turn to the NAV page type (watch the lower left corner of the screen and the small bar at the bottom to know when you are there). Then use the right inner knob to select the NAV 2 page if not already there. The NAV 2 page shows your present position relative to a nearby VOR. Verify that this position is correct before proceeding.

7. Press the D button. A page with the words DIRECT TO is now displayed on the screen.

In step 8 you will enter the ICAO identifier of the airport. The identifier will have a “K” prefix for a Continental U.S. airport, a “C” prefix for a Canadian airport, or a “P” prefix (in some cases) for an Alaskan airport if the identifier is all letters. For example, LAX becomes KLAX. For these countries if the identifier contains any numbers, there is no prefix. For example, TX04 is entered TX04. For other areas of the world the airport identifier should be entered identically to how it is charted.

8. Rotate the right inner knob until the first character of the airport identifier is displayed. Turn the right outer knob one step clockwise to move the flashing segment to the second character position. Rotate the right inner knob to select the second character of the identifier. Use this procedure to enter the complete airport identifier.

9. Press F. The display will change to a page showing the identifier, name, city, and state/country of the airport just entered. Confirm that the correct airport is displayed. Press F a second time to approve the airport data.

10. A Navigation page (specifically the NAV 1 page) is now on the screen. It displays the desired ground track, actual ground track, bearing, and ETE to the destination airport. In addition, it displays a course deviation indicator (CDI).

See—wasn’t that easy?

iii

Introduction

HOW-TO INDEX

This index will help you quickly find important procedures at a glance. The list is alphabetized by action words.

TO: SEE PAGE:

Activate a waypoint in OBS mode without changing the

selected course...............................................................................4-40

Activate one of the previously created numbered flight plans..........4-4

Add a waypoint to a flight plan..........................................................4-5

‡Add an individual waypoint in the SID or STAR procedure..........5-33

Adjust the minimum display brightness ............................................3-9

Calculate distance, time, and ESA for a flight plan........................4-23

Calculate distance, bearing, and time from waypoint to waypoint .4-22

Calculate fuel requirements for a flight plan ...................................4-25

Calculate fuel requirements from waypoint to waypoint.................4-23

Calculate sunrise/sunset times.......................................................4-29

Calculate the density altitude..........................................................4-27

Calculate the pressure altitude .......................................................4-26

Calculate the true airspeed (TAS) ..................................................4-27

Calculate the winds aloft.................................................................4-28

Cancel Direct To operation.............................................................3-35

Change a cyclic field.......................................................................3-17

Change course modes....................................................................4-35

‡Change or delete an entire SID or STAR procedure from

the active flight plan ........................................................................5-33

Change the baro setting..................................................................3-58

Change the CDI scale factor...........................................................4-40

Change the default first waypoint character...................................3-15

Change the NAV 2 page present position reference waypoint......3-39

Change the present fuel on board..................................................4-43

Change the selected course in OBS mode....................................4-37

KLN 89/KLN 89B Pilot’s Guide Introduction

TO: SEE PAGE:

Create a flight plan............................................................................4-2

Create a user-defined waypoint at your present position...............4-31

Create a user-defined waypoint using the radial/distance method4-33

Create a user-defined waypoint with latitude/longitude..................4-32

Cycle between distance and desired track display on a

numbered flight plan page ................................................................4-4

Cycle between distance, ETE, ETA, and desired track on the

FPL 0 page......................................................................................4-13

Delete a flight plan which is no longer required................................4-7

Delete a user-defined waypoint from the OTH 4 page...................3-65

Delete a waypoint from a flight plan..................................................4-6

Delete a waypoint remark from the OTH 5 page............................3-66

‡Delete an individual waypoint in a SID or STAR procedure.........5-33

Display the nearest airport continuously.........................................3-29

Enable the voltage alert feature......................................................3-67

Enter a user-defined waypoint remark on the USR 3 page............3-57

Enter a waypoint identifier...............................................................3-13

Enter an airport remark on the APT 6 page....................................3-51

Enter the local magnetic variation manually on the SET 2 page ...4-47

Fly direct to a waypoint ...................................................................3-33

Fly direct to a waypoint in the active flight plan (FPL 0).................4-12

Initialize the position from the SET 1 page.....................................3-19

‡Perform a manual RAIM calculation.............................................5-28

Recenter the D-Bar by going direct to the active waypoint............3-35

‡Replace an existing approach, or delete an approach...................5-9

‡Select a SID ..................................................................................5-30

‡Select a STAR...............................................................................5-31

Select a VOR or NDB by navaid name...........................................3-24

Select a waypoint by identifier from a waypoint page ....................3-21

Introduction

TO: SEE PAGE:

Select a waypoint by scanning with the cursor off..........................3-23

Select a waypoint by scanning with the cursor on..........................3-23

Select an airport by scanning the airport name..............................3-25

‡Select and load an approach into the active flight plan (FPL 0).....5-5

Set the alarm...................................................................................4-26

Set the date on the SET 2 page .....................................................3-60

Set the time on the SET 2 page......................................................3-61

Specify the nearest airport criteria..................................................3-28

Store the active flight plan as a numbered flight plan.......................4-7

Turn on and initialize the KLN 89(B).................................................3-2

Update the KLN 89(B) data base by computer ................................2-6

Use altitude alerting ........................................................................4-14

Use the NAV 1 page to view the VNAV status...............................4-20

Use VNAV on a Direct To...............................................................4-17

View a message..............................................................................3-18

View the waypoints in the flight plan that are not the

active waypoint................................................................................4-11

KLN 89/KLN 89B Pilot’s Guide Introduction

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vii

System Components

ëî.ïnm|∞VOR 25R KLAX

ELMOOi|≥ 3 ELMOOi 15

>Leg| 4 LAX18 22

FPL 0 | 9:KLAX 66

Chapter 1

System Components

HEADING

RS-232

INPUT

OUTPUT

RS-232

MANAGEMENT

COMPATIBLE

SYSTEM

FUEL

RS-232

INPUT

COMPATIBLE

COMPUTER

DATA

AIR

RS-232

INPUT

OFF ON

ELMOOi|≥ 3 ELMOOi 15

>Leg| 4 LAX18 22

FPL 0 | 9:KLAX 66

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

OBSNRSTALTMSG

> CLRD

ENT

PULL SCAN

CRSR

ALTITUDE

GRAY CODE

ëî.ïnm|∞VOR 25R KLAX

KLN 89 TSO

GPS

AIRCRAFT

POWER

11-33V

LEFT/RIGHT

D-BAR

KLN 89(B) SYSTEM

REQUIRED FOR ALL INSTALLATIONS

OPTIONAL

REQUIRED FOR IFR APPROACH INSTALLATIONS (OF KLN 89B)

KA 92 GPS ANTENNA

MOVING MAP

APR

DISPLAYS

GPS

REMOTE SWITCH/

ANNUNCIATOR

WPT ALERT

KI 229

MESSAGE

ANNUNCIATORS

KNI 582

REMOTE

SELECTED

COURSE

AUTOPILOT

RMI

RN RC PC

ALT HDG NAV APR BC

ENG

2 1

NAV NAV

KI 525A KI 206

KC 193

ALT HDG NA V APR APGS

TEST

1 2

5 1

HSI

3 3

HDGNAV

OBS

CDI

1-0

KLN 89/KLN 89B Pilot’s Guide System Components

1. KLN 89(B) SYSTEM COMPONENTS

A basic KLN 89(B) system consists of a panel mounted KLN 89(B) GPS and a KA 92 GPS antenna. An altitude input is required to obtain full navigation and operational capabilities. Additional system components may be added or interfaced to the KLN 89(B) which increase its features and capabilities. Some of these optional components include an external course deviation indicator (CDI) or horizontal situation indicator (HSI), autopilot, and external annunciators. Typically, an altitude input, an external indicator, and external annunciators are required for IFR approach certification.

The KLN 89(B) panel mounted unit contains the GPS sensor, the navigation computer, a Gas Plasma Discharge Display, and all controls required to operate the unit. It also includes the data base card which slides into the left side of the front panel.

The KA 92 GPS “patch” antenna is available for use with the KLN 89(B). It is designed to always be mounted on the top of the aircraft.

The KLN 89(B) has analog outputs to drive the left-right deviation bar of most mechanical CDIs and HSIs. In addition, the NAV mode of the Bendix/King KFC 150, KAP 150, KAP 150H, KAP 100, KFC 200, KAP 200, KFC 250, KFC 275, KFC 300, and KFC 325 flight control systems may be coupled to the KLN 89(B). Many other autopilots may also be coupled to the KLN 89(B). Actual autopilot performance and capability when coupled to the KLN 89(B) may vary significantly from one autopilot model to another.

System Components

Chapter 1

Altitude may be provided to the KLN 89(B) from an encoding altimeter or blind encoder. Altitude is used as an aid in position determination when not enough satellites are in view.

All IFR installations require remote annunciators to be mounted in the aircraft panel in order to select and indicate the status of certain KLN 89(B) functions. En route and terminal IFR certifications require annunciators for message (MSG) and waypoint alert (WPT). Nonprecision approach certifications also require a switch/annunciator to select and display when the approach mode is armed or active.

1-1

System Components

Each KLN 89(B) system includes a configuration module which is attached to the KLN 89(B) mounting rack. The module allows the KLN 89(B) to be configured for the unique characteristics of your equipment installation. Parameters that are set by the configuration

Chapter 1

module include:

System Components

• ‡ Whether the KLN 89B may be used for IFR operations or not, and if it may be used for non-precision approach IFR operations. KLN 89 may only be used for VFR navigation.

• Whether or not the altitude alert function in enabled. See section 4.3.

• Whether or not an external fuel management system is interfaced to the KLN 89(B). See section 4.8.

• Whether or not an external air data computer is interfaced to the KLN 89(B). See section 4.9.

• The conditions for the aircraft bus voltage alert to activate. See section 3.16.

The configuration information is stored both in the module and in the KLN 89(B) internal memory. If the KLN 89(B) detects a difference between the configuration stored in the module and the configuration stored in the internal memory (which should only occur following the exchange of KLN 89 or KLN 89B units), the configuration information will automatically be updated to the configuration specified in the configuration module.

If an error is detected in the configuration data, a warning page stating Configuration Mem Error will be displayed during the KLN 89(B) start-up sequence, and the configuration memory will be set to arbitrary default values. See an authorized Honeywell Service center to correct the configuration memory error.

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KLN 89/KLN 89B Pilot’s Guide System Components

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System Components

Chapter 1

1-3

Data Base

165°150°135°120°105° 90° 75° 60° 45° 30° 15° 0° 15° 30° 45° 60° 75° 90° 105°120°135°150°165°180°

Americas North Data Base

coverage area

Overlap in Americas North & Americas

South Data Base coverage areas

Chapter 2

Data Base

Americas South Data Base

coverage area

Atlantic Data Base

coverage area

Overlap in Pacific & Atlantic

Data Base coverage areas

0°

AFRICA

15°

PACIFIC

LATIN AM

MID EAST

CANADA

USA

EUROPE

EAST EUR

15°

30°

45°

60°

SOUTH PAC

SOUTH AM

SOUTH PAC

60°

45°

30°

75°

Pacific Data Base

coverage area

15°

30°

45°

60°

PACIFIC

45°

30°

15°

0°

Figure 2-1 KLN 89(B) Data Base Geographical Region

2-0

60°

75°

KLN 89/KLN 89B Pilot’s Guide Data Base

2. DATA BASE

2.1. DATA BASICS

The data base provides two primary functions. First, it makes pilot interface with the GPS sensor much easier. Rather than having to manually look up and then enter the latitude and longitude for a specific waypoint, it allows you to merely enter a simple waypoint identifier. The data base automatically looks up and displays the latitude and longitude associated with the identifier. It should be obvious that the data base saves a lot of tedious latitude/longitude entry and also greatly reduces the potential for data input mistakes.

The second function of the data base is that it serves as a very convenient means to store and easily access aeronautical information. Want to know the name of the airport, the nearest city, or the airport elevation? Just unleash the power of the KLN 89(B) and display the information right on the screen.

‡Thirdly, the KLN 89B data base stores non-precision approaches in their proper sequence. This allows you to select an approach as a whole, rather than entering the approach waypoint by waypoint.

2.2. DATA BASE CONTENTS AND COVERAGE AREAS

Data Base

Chapter 2

There are four data base coverage areas available for the KLN 89(B). They are referred to as the “Americas North” data base, the “Americas South” data base, the “Atlantic” data base, and the “Pacific” data base.

The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) and Aeronautical Radio, Inc. (ARINC) break the world into the ten geographic regions shown in figure 2-1. The KLN 89(B) Americas North data base contains aeronautical information for the group of ICAO regions consisting of Canada, USA and Latin America. The KLN 89(B) Americas South data base contains aeronautical information for the group of ICAO regions consisting of USA, Latin America and South America. The KLN 89(B) Atlantic data base provides information for the ICAO regions Europe, Africa, East Europe, and Mid East. Likewise, the Pacific data base contains information for East Europe, Mid East, Pacific, and South Pacific.

2-1

Data Base

The following is a listing of the KLN 89(B) data base contents:

AIRPORTS

Identifier Name City, State or Country Use type (if heliports, military, or private) Latitude and Longitude Elevation Runway numbers, lengths, surfaces, and lighting Fuel availability Approach types available (precision, non-precision, or none) Radar approach/departure environment

Chapter 2

Data Base

Time difference relative to UTC. Communication frequencies:

ATIS Clearance delivery Tower Ground control Unicom Multicom Approach (IFR) Departure (IFR) Class B, Class C, TRSA, CTA, TMA (VFR) Center (when used for approach) Arrival Radar Director AWOS (automatic weather observing station) ASOS (automatic surface observation system) AAS (aeronautical advisory service) AFIS (aerodrome flight information service) ATF (aerodrome traffic frequency) CTAF (common traffic advisory frequency) RDO (radio frequency) MF (mandatory frequency) Ramp control PCL (pilot-controlled lighting)

2-2

KLN 89/KLN 89B Pilot’s Guide Data Base

VORs

Identifier Name Frequency Latitude and Longitude Magnetic variation

NDBs

Identifier Name Frequency Latitude and Longitude (Note - Outer Compass Locators are stored as Intersections)

Intersections (low altitude, high altitude, SID/STAR, approach, and outer markers)

Identifier Latitude and Longitude

‡SID/STAR/Approach Procedures (KLN 89B only)

All compatible pilot-nav SID/STAR procedures

Data Base

Chapter 2

Non-precision approaches (except localizer, LDA (Localizer Directional Aid), SDF (Simplified Directional Facility)) approved for GPS overlay use. Includes all public GPS-only approaches.

Miscellaneous

Air Route Traffic Control Center (ARTCC and FIR) frequencies Flight Service Stations (location of points of communication and

associated frequencies) Minimum Safe Altitudes Special Use Airspace (SUA) boundaries (Prohibited, Restricted, Alert,

Class B, Class C, CTA, TMA, TRSA, Caution, Danger, MOA, Training, Warning)

500 USER DEFINED WAYPOINTS

Identifier Latitude and Longitude

2-3

Data Base

2.3. ICAO IDENTIFIERS

Waypoints are stored in the KLN 89(B) database almost exclusively by their ICAO identifiers. ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organization) is an internationally accepted reference for the data. In almost all cases the proper ICAO identifiers may be taken directly from Jeppesen-Sanderson or NOS aeronautical charts.

Airport identifiers in the contiguous United States, Alaska, and Canada are special cases in the ICAO system. Many airport identifiers for these areas have four letters beginning with a prefix letter that corresponds to the geographic area in which it is located. The prefix letter for the contiguous U.S. is “K”. Thus, the identifier for Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport is KDFW, not DFW (which

Chapter 2

Data Base

would be identical to the VOR identifier). Likewise, the identifier for Orlando Executive Airport is KORL while the VOR identifier is ORL. The prefix letter for Canada is “C” and for Alaska is “P”.

NOTE: There are several exceptions in Alaska. In many cases, airports with three letter identifiers receive the prefix “P”, but there are many that don’t. The most reliable method of determining an Alaska airport identifier is to look it up from the airport name or city. See section 3.7.4, “Selecting Waypoints by Name or City”.

Incidentally, you can program the KLN 89(B) to default to a certain letter (such as “K”) when you are entering a waypoint identifier. See section 3.4.2, “Data Entry” to learn about this handy feature.

Not all airport identifiers receive the prefix letter. Airport identifiers which are combinations of letters and numbers do not apply to the prefix rule. Examples of airport identifiers not using the prefix are 3C2, 7TX6, and M33.

So remember, if you are entering or looking for an airport identifier that is all letters (no numbers) then it will begin with a “K” prefix in the contiguous U.S., a “P” in Alaska (in some cases), or a “C” in Canada. If there are numbers in the identifier then a prefix is not used. For other areas of the world the airport identifier stored in the KLN 89(B) data base is identical to how it is charted.

2.4. UPDATING THE DATA BASE

The information stored in the data base would eventually become obsolete if there wasn’t some means to update it. For example, new airports open, navaids can move or change frequency, communication frequencies can change, and on and on.

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KLN 89/KLN 89B Pilot’s Guide Data Base

‡Additionally, by FAA regulation, you are required to have a current data base in order to use the KLN 89B for a non-precision approach.

The data base is contained in a small card which plugs into the left side of the KLN 89(B) front panel. It is designed so that there are two ways for the user to easily keep the data base current. The first is to electronically update the data base by means of a 3.5-inch diskette supplied by Honeywell and an IBM-compatible personal computer. This method does not have to involve removing the KLN 89(B) from the aircraft’s instrument panel. A jack, usually mounted in the aircraft’s instrument panel, provides a means of interfacing the KLN 89(B) with the computer via an interface cable. The diskettes are not returned to Honeywell.

The second method of data base update is to remove the old card and insert a current card. This method involves returning the old card to Honeywell.

Every 28 days, Honeywell receives new NavData™ information from Jeppesen Sanderson. This information is processed and downloaded onto both diskettes and data base cards. Honeywell makes these two types of update services available to you in a choice of several subscription or random update programs. See section 2.6 for details on these programs.

NOTE: Honeywell sends the update so that it arrives prior to the next effective date. The new update may be installed any time prior to the effective date and the KLN 89(B) will use the previous data up to the effective date and automatically begin using the new data on the effective date.

Data Base

Chapter 2

WARNING: The accuracy of the data base information is only assured if it is used before the end of the effectivity period. Use of out of date data base information is done entirely at the user’s own risk.

2.4.1. COMPUTER UPDATING OF THE DATA BASE

Update information is sent to you on 3.5” disks. In order to use the update program you must have access to a computer having a disk drive capable utilizing 3.5-inch 1.44 megabyte high density diskettes. This computer also needs to have an available COM 1 or COM 2 serial port. If you wish to perform updates in the cockpit, an optional PC Interface kit must be used. Included in the kit is an interface cable that plugs into both the computer and into the data loader jack. The data loader jack is included with the KLN 89(B) installation kit and is typically installed in the aircraft’s instrument panel.

2-5

Data Base

CAUTION: The data base must be updated only while the aircraft is on the ground. The KLN 89(B) does not perform any navigation function while the data base is being updated. Since a data base update takes approximately 5 minutes it is a good idea to turn off all electrical equipment on the aircraft except for the KLN 89(B) to avoid running down the aircraft battery.

NOTE: The diskettes sent to you can only be used to update one

KLN 89(B), although they can update that specific unit numerous times. The first time the diskettes are used in an update operation, a unique identification code from the KLN 89(B) being used is uploaded to the diskettes. These diskettes may be used in this specific KLN 89(B) an unlimited number of times which could be required if you switch back and forth between the Americas North, Americas

Chapter 2

Data Base

South, Atlantic, and Pacific data bases during one update cycle. These diskettes may not, however, be used to update other KLN 89(B)s. This update protection ensures that Jeppesen Sanderson is properly compensated for the use of their NavData™.

To update the KLN 89(B) data base by computer:

1. Plug the 9 pin female connector end of the interface cable into a COM serial port of the computer. If the computer has COM 1 and COM 2 serial ports, either may be used. Some computers use a 9 pin COM serial port connector while other computers use a 25 pin connector. If the computer being used has a 9 pin connector, the interface cable connector will plug directly into the computer’s 9 pin connector. If the computer’s COM serial port uses a 25 pin connector, use the 25 pin to 9 pin adapter included in the PC interface kit to adapt the interface cable’s connector to the computer’s connector.

2. If you are using the PC interface kit in the cockpit, plug the other end of the interface cable (4 conductor male connector) into the data loader jack that is mounted in the aircraft panel.

3. Insert the diskette into the computer’s disk drive. Turn on the computer being used for the data base update. The program on the disk will automatically “boot” (load) and the computer screen will display “Ready” when the computer is ready to continue with the data base update operation.

4. Turn on the KLN 89(B). Press F as required to approve the Self Test, Initialization, and Data Base pages. Use the right outer knob to select the Setup (SET) type pages and the right inner

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KLN 89/KLN 89B Pilot’s Guide Data Base

knob to select the SET 3 page (figure 2-2).

NOTE: The database key is shown on the SET 3 page for ORS 02 software only.

5. Press B. Update Pub DB? will now be flashing as in figure 2-3.

6. Press F. The estimated load time in minutes is now displayed (figure 2-4).

NOTE: In step 6, repeatedly pressing

will terminate the update process and bring the display back to the original SET 3 page shown in figure 2-2.

7. Press F to acknowledge the

estimated load time and begin the erasing of the existing data base. The unit will now display Erasing data base. After the data base has been erased, the loading of the new data automatically begins. As the new data is being loaded, the percentage of transfer is displayed (figure 2-5).

8. The KLN 89(B) will indicate when

the data base update is complete as shown in figure 2-6. You may either turn the KLN 89(B) off at this point or press F to restart the KLN 89(B).

ее.еnm| Update DB on ееееее| ground only: Leg|Key E507FB92 SET 3 |Update pub DB?

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 2-2

ее.еnm| Update DB on ееееее| ground only: # Leg|Key E507FB92 *CRSR*|Update pub DB?

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 2-3

ее.еnm|Estimated load ееееее|time: 5 min # Leg| *CRSR*| Approve?

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 2-4

ее.еnm| Programming ееееее| data base Leg| 95% complete *CRSR*|

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 2-5

ее.еnm|Published data ееееее| base update # Leg| complete *CRSR*| Acknowledge?

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 2-6

Data Base

Chapter 2

9. Remove the interface cable. Remove the disk from the computer.

Turn off the computer.

The chances are small of having difficulty updating the data base but—

If you have a problem:

• First check that the interface cable is properly connected and that

the computer is turned on. If there is a problem with the connec-

2-7

Data Base

tion or the computer, the KLN 89(B) will display Data Loader Not Ready. When the problem is corrected this prompt is removed

and the update operation can continue from where it left off.

• If an internal test fails after the data has been loaded, the KLN 89(B) will display Checksum Error, Data Base Invalid. Press F to acknowledge. The KLN 89(B) will then display Data Base Update Failed, Retry? Use the right outer knob to position the cursor over the desired choice and press F.

• There are other error messages that may be displayed. If you have a problem that you can’t resolve, write down any error messages to aid your Honeywell Service Center in identifying the problem.

Chapter 2

Data Base

2.4.2 CARD EXCHANGE UPDATING OF THE DATA BASE

Having the front-loading data card makes KLN 89(B) very easy to update the data base by exchanging cards.

Enclose the expired data base card in the mailer that the new card was sent to you in. A return shipping label is included in the mailer. Please affix this label to the outside of the mailer. Also, peel off the protective backing from the adhesive on the end flap of the mailer. Press the flap against the adhesive to seal the container.

Please return the expired card promptly by mailing immediately at any mailbox. No postage is required if mailed from within the U.S. Users will be billed for cards not returned and no additional cards will be sent until either the expired card or payment for the expired card is received.

2.5. USER DEFINED DATA BASE

In addition to the published data base of airports, VORs, NDBs, and Intersections stored in the Jeppesen data base, you may create up to 500 other user-defined waypoints. Section 4.6, “Creating Userdefined waypoints” describes this further.

The KLN 89(B) contains an internal lithium battery that is used to “keep-alive” the user-defined data base as well as flight plans. This battery has a typical life of three to five years. It is highly recommended that the battery be replaced every three years at an authorized Honeywell Service Center.

2-8

KLN 89/KLN 89B Pilot’s Guide Data Base

2.6. DATA BASE UPDATE SERVICE OPTIONS

The following tear-out page can be used for ordering Americas, Atlantic, and Pacific data base update services from Honeywell. The forms may be mailed or FAXed for your convenience.

2-9

ëî.ïnm|∞VOR 25R KLAX ELMOOi|≥ 3 ELMOOi 15 Leg| 4 LAX18 22 FPL 0 | 9:KLAX 66

DATA

CARD

CURSOR

BUTTON

ëî.ïnm|∞VOR 25R KLAX ELMOOi|≥ 3 ELMOOi 15 Leg| 4 LAX18 22 FPL 0 | 9:KLAX 66

OFF

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

NRSTALTOBSMSG

ON/OFF

KNOB

MESSAGE

BUTTON

OBS

ALTITUDE

BUTTON

NEAREST

BUTTON

Figure 3-1 KLN 89(B) Controls

DIRECT-TO

BUTTON

CLRD

CLEAR

ENT

ENTER

BUTTON

KLN 89B TSO

CRSR

PULL SCAN

RIGHT

OUTER

KNOB

GPS

RIGHT INNER

KNOB

Basic GPS Operation

3-0

KLN 89/KLN 89B Pilot’s Guide Basic GPS Operation

3. BASIC GPS OPERATION

3.1. COVERAGE AREA

The KLN 89(B) was designed to provide worldwide navigation coverage from North 74° latitude to South 60° Latitude (figure 3-2). Outside this area, magnetic variation must be manually entered as discussed in section 4.10, “Operation Outside the Primary Coverage Area”. See section 2.2 for the data base geographical regions.

74°

60°

45°

30°

15°

0° 15°

30°

45°

60°

74°

60°

45°

30°

15°

0° 15°

30°

45°

60°

Figure 3-2 KLN 89 Navigation Coverage Area

3.2. TURN-ON AND SELF TEST

Well, it’s time to get down to business and actually use the KLN 89(B)! Figure 3-1 can be folded out and used as a reference during the following procedures. This is especially handy if you’re learning while away from your GPS. The steps below take a lot of words to explain, but before you know it, you will be “flying” through them.

Basic GPS Operation

Chapter 3

NOTE: When power is applied to the KLN 89(B) it always “wakes up” in the Leg mode. Only the Leg mode is described in this chapter. In this mode the KLN 89(B) performs great circle navigation (the shortest distance between two points located on the earth’s surface). The course deviation output displayed on the unit’s internal course deviation indicator (CDI) and provided to an external horizontal situation indicator (HSI) or CDI is five nautical miles (full scale sensitivity) left and right in Leg mode. The other modes are described in section

4.7 and chapter 5.

3-1

Basic GPS Operation

To turn on and initialize the KLN 89(B):

1. Turn on the KLN 89(B) by turning the small power knob clockwise.

The Power-On page (figure 3-3) will be displayed for a few seconds. During this time, the KLN 89(B) performs an extensive internal test. The operational revision status (ORS) level number in the upper right corner of the display should match the ORS level indicated on the cover of this Pilot’s Guide .

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-3

When the internal test is complete, the Power-On page will automatically be replaced by the Self Test page (figure 3-4).

NOTE: If the KLN 89(B) is operating

34.5nm ªªªª“‘”ªªªª Baro:30.12" Alt 1560ft RMI 130° OBS 210° ANNUN ON Pass Ok?

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-4 in the Take-Home Mode, the TakeHome Warning Page (figure 3-5) is displayed first and must be acknowledged by pressing F. See

Chapter 3

section 4.11 for more information on the Take-Home mode.

Basic GPS Operation

WARNING System in Take-Home Mode: DO NOT USE FOR NAVIGATION Ok?

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-5 NOTE: If the data base card is not

installed in the KLN89(B), a page will be displayed as in figure 3-6. Turn the KLN 89(B) unit power back off, and replace the data base card in the left side of the front panel. Once the card

WARNING! No Data Base Card Present. Turn Off Power And Install Card.

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-6 is in place, you may apply power once again and the unit will operate properly.

2. Verify that the data displayed on the Self Test page is the same

as is being displayed on the appropriate equipment in the aircraft which is interfaced to the KLN 89(B). If the KLN 89(B) is not connected to any other equipment in the aircraft, you may skip to step 3.

∫

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KLN 89/KLN 89B Pilot’s Guide Basic GPS Operation

The distance field in the upper left corner always displays

34.5 nm (or 63.9 km). If the KLN 89(B) is interfaced to a compatible indicator that displays DME distance, the indicator should be displaying 34.5 nautical miles.

If the KLN 89(B) is interfaced with a NAV indicator such as an HSI or a course deviation indicator (CDI), the deviation bar (Dbar) should be indicating a half scale deviation to the right. The TO/FROM indicator should be showing FROM.

If the KLN 89(B) is interfaced with a NAV indicator such that the KLN 89(B) can “read” the selected course from the NAV indicator, then the OBS field should display the same selected course as on the NAV indicator.

The RMI field always displays 130 degrees. If the KLN 89(B) is connected to a compatible RMI in the aircraft, the RMI should indicate a bearing to the station of 130 degrees.

If any of the above checks fail, do not use the associated indicator with the KLN 89(B).

3. If the KLN 89(B) has passed the internal self test, the bottom of the Self Test page will display Pass and all external annunciators should be illuminated. If instead, Fail is displayed, recycle power to the KLN 89(B). If the Self Test page still displays Fail, the KLN 89(B) requires repair and should not be used for navigation.

4. When you are ready to approve the Self-test page, press the F button while the Ok? is flashing. If it happens not to be flashing, press the B button and use the right outer knob to move the cursor there.

5. The next page displayed will be the Initialization page (figure 3-8). Verify that the date displayed in the top left corner of the Initialization page is correct. The KLN 89(B) has an internal battery

20 DEC 95 1415 UTC WPT: Ref KIXD N 38°49.91' 330°Fr W 94°53.38' Ok? 0.8nm

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-8

powered calendar/clock, so the date and time normally don’t require setting. The battery has a life of approximately 3 years. In addition, the KLN 89(B)’s system date and time are automati-

Basic GPS Operation

Chapter 3

3-3

Basic GPS Operation

cally updated very precisely when at least one satellite is being received. However, if for some reason the date or time are incorrect, it is necessary to enter the correct date or time so that the KLN 89(B) can reach the navigation mode quickly. The date should be correct and the time should be correct within ten minutes so that the KLN 89(B) will start looking for the correct satellites.

If the date is incorrect, rotate the right outer knob counterclockwise until the cursor is over the entire date field (figure 3-9). Rotate the right inner knob until the correct day of the month is displayed (figure 3-10). Then, move the cursor to the month field by rotating the outer knob one click clockwise and change the month as necessary. Use the same methods to select the correct year (figure 3-11). When the date is correct, press F.

6. Verify that the time displayed in

Chapter 3

the upper right corner of the Initialization page is correct to

Basic GPS Operation

within ten minutes of the actual time. Remember, once the KLN 89(B) receives the first satellite, it will automatically be very accurately updated by the satellite to the correct time. However, you are responsible for assuring the desired time zone is selected on the KLN 89(B). If it is necessary to reset the time, position the cursor over the time zone field (figure 3-12) and select the desired time zone (figure 3-13).

20 DEC 95 1415 UTC WPT: Ref KIXD N 38°49.91' 330°Fr W 94°53.38' Ok? 0.8nm

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-9

07 --- -- 1415 UTC WPT: Ref KIXD N 38°49.91' 330°Fr W 94°53.38' Ok? 0.8nm

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-10

07 JAN 96 1415 UTC WPT: Ref KIXD N 38°49.91' 330°Fr W 94°53.38' Ok? 0.8nm

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-11

07 JAN 96 1415 UTC WPT: REF KIXD N 38°49.91' 330°Fr W 94°53.38' Ok? 0.8nm

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-12

07 JAN 96 0615 EST WPT: REF KIXD N 38°49.91' 330°Fr W 94°53.38' Ok? 0.8nm

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-13

3-4

KLN 89/KLN 89B Pilot’s Guide

Basic GPS Operation

The KLN 89(B) is capable of displaying the following time zones:

UTC Coordinated Universal Time (Zulu) GST Greenland Standard Time (UTC - 3) GDT Greenland Daylight Time (UTC - 2) ATS Atlantic Standard Time (UTC - 4) ATD Atlantic Daylight Time (UTC - 3) EST Eastern Standard Time (UTC - 5) EDT Eastern Daylight Time (UTC - 4) CST Central Standard Time (UTC - 6) CDT Central Daylight Time (UTC - 5) MST Mountain Standard Time (UTC - 7) MDT Mountain Daylight Time (UTC - 6) PST Pacific Standard Time (UTC - 8) PDT Pacific Daylight Time (UTC - 7) AKS Alaska Standard Time (UTC - 9) AKD Alaska Daylight Time (UTC - 8) HAS Hawaii Standard Time (UTC - 10) HAD Hawaii Daylight Time (UTC - 9) SST Samoa Standard Time (UTC - 11) SDT Samoa Daylight Time (UTC - 10) LCL Local Time Zone (user-defined)

You will be able to change the time zone any time you desire on several other pages, so don’t worry if you’re not sure which time zone to choose. UTC—Coordinated Universal Time (also called “Zulu”) is always a safe choice.

Basic GPS Operation

Chapter 3

The local time zone (LCL) is selected on the SET 2 page, and is defined to be a certain time offset from Zulu (UTC).

Once you have selected the desired time zone, position the cursor over the entire time field and select the correct hour with the right inner knob (figure 3-14). Since 24 hour time is used, be sure to add 12 if the time is after 1:00 P.M. (2:30 P.M. becomes

07 JAN 96 14-- EST WPT: Ref KIXD N 38°49.91' 330°Fr W 94°53.38' Ok? 0.8nm

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-14

1430). Now move the cursor to the tens of minutes position and select the desired value, and repeat this process for the last digit of the time field. When the correct time has been entered (figure 3-15), press F to start the clock running. Don’t worry that you can’t update the seconds. The KLN 89(B) system time will automatically be corrected very precisely once a satellite is received.

07 JAN 96 1430 EST WPT: Ref KIXD N 38°49.91' 330°Fr W 94°53.38' Ok? 0.8nm

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-15

3-5

Basic GPS Operation

AMERICAS N Data Base

7. To aid the GPS receiver in acquiring your position, it helps to have a reasonable idea of where you are, and the Initialization page is where you have the chance to set this initial position. Check to see if the displayed initial position is where you actually are. This latitude/longitude is the last known position before the power was shut down the last time. Unless the unit has been moved since its last use, this position should be correct. On the right side of the screen will be the identifier of the nearest airport in the data base, with a radial and distance from that airport. If you need to change the initial position to—let’s say—John F. Kennedy International (KJFK), move the cursor to the WPT: field and use the right inner knob to select a K as the first character of the identifier (figure 3-16). Move the cursor to the right one character and select a J and then right again to select an F. The final K should be filled in by the data base (figure 3-17). When you press F, the latitude and

Chapter 3

Basic GPS Operation

longitude fields will change to those of KJFK (figure 3-18). If necessary, the latitude and longitude may be entered manually.

8. When all information on the Initialization page is correct, move the cursor to Ok? and press F to move on.

07 JAN 96 1430 EST WPT: K Ref KIXD N 38°49.91' 330°Fr W 94°53.38' Ok? 0.8nm

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-16

07 JAN 96 1430 EST WPT: KJFK Ref KIXD N 38°49.91' 330°Fr W 94°53.38' Ok? 0.8nm

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-17

07 JAN 96 1430 EST WPT: Ref KJFK N 40°38.41' ---°Fr W 73°46.67' Ok? 0.0nm

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-18

9. If the GPS is for VFR use only, the VFR page will be displayed to notify you of this.

10. The Data Base page will now be displayed with the cursor over Acknowledge?. Line 1 indicates whether an Americas North (Americas N), Americas South (Americas S), Atlantic, or Pacific data base is being used. If the data base is current, line 2 will show the date when the data base expires (figure 3-19). If, on the other hand, the data base is out of date, line 2 shows the date that it expired (figure 3-20). The

AMERICAS N Data Base Expires 12 OCT 1995

Acknowledge?

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-19

ATLANTIC INTL Data Base Expired 12 OCT 1995

Acknowledge?

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-20

3-6

KLN 89/KLN 89B Pilot’s Guide Basic GPS Operation

KLN 89(B) will still function with an out of date data base; however, you must exercise extreme caution and always verify that the data base information is correct before using information from an out-of-date data base. Press F to acknowledge the information on the Data Base page.

‡NOTE: In some installations, KLN 89B is configured for use in IFR En route and Terminal operations, but not for non-precision approaches. If this is the case, line 3 will read GPS Approaches Disabled and you will not have access to approaches in the data base.

WARNING: The accuracy of the data base information is assured only if the data base is current. Operators using an outof-date data base do so entirely at their own risk.

NOTE: If your KLN 89(B) is interfaced with a remote Shadin fuel/air data computer but no fuel flow indicator, the Fuel on Board page will be displayed following the Data Base page (figure 3-21). This page allows you to set the amount of fuel on board (FOB) and initializes the Other (OTH) 7 and 8 fuel planning pages. Possible units are gallons (GAL), pounds (LB), imperial gallons (IMP), liters (L), or kilograms (KG). If you wish to manually set the FOB, use the right outer knob to move the cursor to line 2 and use the right inner knob to select the desired value. Another option is to move the cursor to Full? and press F, which will update the FOB to the tanks-full value set at the time of installation. To go on, move the cursor to Ok? and press F.

Enter Total FOB 0068 GAL Full? Ok?

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-21

Basic GPS Operation

Chapter 3

A waypoint page for the waypoint which was active when the KLN 89(B) was last turned off will be displayed on the screen. If the last active waypoint was an airport, the APT 5 page showing the airport’s communications frequencies will be displayed (figure 3-22). We thought you’d like that! Almost always, the waypoint which was active when you last turned the KLN 89(B) off is the airport where you landed. Therefore,

ее.еnm| KORL ееееее|ATIS* 127.25 Leg|CLR * 128.45 APT+5 |GRND* 121.40

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-22

when you get ready to depart, the airport communication frequencies for that airport will automatically be displayed for you!

3-7

Basic GPS Operation

Next, you’ll probably want to check the NAV 2 page to see your present position. Use the right outer knob to select the NAV page type and then the right inner knob, if necessary, to select the NAV 2 page. It is quite likely that the present position will be dashed at first (figure 3-23). It takes the KLN 89(B) a couple of minutes to acquire the GPS satellites and to make its initial calculation of your position. When the KLN 89(B) reaches a NAV ready status and is able to navigate, the NAV 2 page will display your present position relative to the nearest VOR (figure 3-24). Verify that the present position shown on the NAV 2 page is correct.

NOTE: In order to reach a Nav ready status, the aircraft must be away from obstructions blocking the GPS antenna’s view of required satellites. If the KLN 89(B) fails to reach a Nav ready status within five minutes refer to section 3.6, “Initialization And Time To First Fix”.

3.3. DISPLAY FORMAT

Chapter 3

The KLN 89(B) uses a Dot Matrix Gas Plasma Display. In normal operation, the display screen is divided into two segments by a vertical

Basic GPS Operation

line, called the page divider. In some cases, such as the display of system messages or the turn-on and self test sequence, the page divider disappears and you have a “full-screen” page.

--.-nm| >PRESENT POSN

------| Leg| Ref: ----NAV 2 | ---°Fr ----nm

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-23

ê.ônm| >PRESENT POSN KORL | Leg| Ref: ORL NAV 2 | 030°Fr 0.4nm

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-24

Aeronautical information is presented on the screen in the form of “pages”. A page is a presentation of specific data in an organized format. Various page “types” are used to display related kinds of data. For example, one page type is NAV (navigation). NAV pages show information such as distance, groundspeed, bearing, course, and other data relating to navigation. Another page type is APT (airport). APT pages contain information pertinent to a specific airport such as name, city, state, elevation, and direction and distance relative to the aircraft’s present position.

The units of measure for displayed information can be changed using the SET 8 page. (Refer to section 2-12 for details on this page.) The altimeter barometric setting can be set to inches of Mercury (“), millibars (mB), or hectopascals (hP). Altitude, airport elevation, and runway lengths can be set to feet (ft) or meters (m). Finally, distances and velocities can be set to nautical miles (nm) and knots (kt) or kilo-

3-8

KLN 89/KLN 89B Pilot’s Guide Basic GPS Operation

meters (km) and kilometers/hour (k/h). Changing any of the units of measure only affects the information displayed on the unit. It does not affect any of the data output by the unit.

The brightness of the display is controlled by a photocell on the KLN 89(B) front panel. The brighter the light level, the brighter the display will be. The minimum (nighttime) brightness is set at the factory to a level that is appropriate for most installation. In some cases, however, it may be desired to change the minimum brightness level (e.g. an unusually dark cockpit environment). The SET 11 page controls the minimum brightness.

To adjust the minimum display brightness:

1. Select the SET 11 page (figure 3-25) and turn on the cursor (B). The display brightness has a range of zero (0) to 9 with zero being the dimmest, 9 being the brightest, and 4 being the

ее.еnm| MIN DISPLAY ееееее| BRIGHTNESS ADJ Leg| SET 11| 4 Default

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-25

normal default level.

2. Turn the right inner knob to select the desired brightness (figure 3-26). To test the brightness level, you will probably want to be in a dark-cockpit condition.

ее.еnm| MIN DISPLAY ееееее| BRIGHTNESS ADJ Leg| *CRSR*| 3

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-26

If desired, you can also test it out by placing your finger over the photocell in the upper left corner of the KLN 89(B)

3. Turn off the cursor (B).

ó.ñnm|DATE 12 DEC 95

The top left corner of the screen always displays distance to the active waypoint, in nice large numbers (figure 3-27). The identifier of the

KIXD |TIME 1941:18 CST Leg| Central Std SET 2 |Mag Var: >Auto

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-27

active waypoint is usually displayed on the second line. This area of the display will be particularly useful to you if you are shooting non-precision approaches using the KLN 89B, since it lets you know where you’re going and how far until you get there.

NOTE: In cases when the active waypoint identifier is displayed on the right side of the page divider, line 2 will display the current groundspeed (figure 3-28).

íí.ïnm| ∂∆ KTOP 110kt|> ªªªª∑ºπªªªª Leg|DTK 121° TK 126° NAV 1 |>121°To 0:12

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-28

Basic GPS Operation

Chapter 3

3-9

Basic GPS Operation

NOTE: For purposes of this Pilot’s Guide, many of the screen illustrations do not show actual navigation data in this area as in figure 3-29. In these cases, the displayed data is not relevant to the discussion of the KLN 89(B)’s operation.

The third line of the left side has three purposes: (1) If the KLN 89(B) is ready for you to approve something, such as a selected waypoint, the “Ent” prompt will flash (figure 3-30), indicating you should press the F button to continue. (2) If the KLN 89(B) has a new message for you which must be viewed on a message page, a large “M” will flash in the same area (figure 3-31) telling you to press the C button and view the new message. (3) Immediately to the right of the “message/enter” display area, the navigation mode (see section 4.7 for details) is displayed. If the KLN 89(B) is in the Leg mode (the normal mode of

Chapter 3

operation), “Leg” will be displayed here.

Basic GPS Operation

The bottom line on the left side of the page divider indicates the page type that is being displayed on the right side of the screen. In figure 3-31, the NAV 1 (Navigation 1) page is being displayed.

ее.еnm| KISM ееееее|KISSIMMEE MUN Leg|ORLANDO APT 1 |FL

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-29

åå.ånm| ZBV 116.70 ееееее|BIMINI # Leg| N 25°42.10' VOR 1 | W 79°17.10'

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-30

ñí.ënm| ∂∆ KSEA 120kt|> ªªªª∑∏πªªªª { Leg|DTK 260° TK 264° NAV 1 |>262°To 0:33

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-31

∫

You might think of the page types as the chapters in a book and the page numbers as the pages within a chapter. Just as a chapter in a book may have from one to many pages, a KLN 89(B) page type may have from three to 25 pages associated with it. There are, for example, 25 flight plan pages (FPL 0, FPL 1, FPL 2, … FPL 25) in the flight plan page type and up to eight airport pages (APT 1, APT 2, … APT 8) in the airport page type.

Figure 3-32 shows an example of an APT 5 page. Notice the “+” sign in the page identification. Whenever a “+” sign is part of a page identifier there will be two or more pages, all having the same page number, used to present all of the required information. That is, all of the infor-

ее.еnm| KICT ееееее|ATIS 125.15 Leg|CLR 125.70 APT+5 |GND 121.90

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-32

3-10

KLN 89/KLN 89B Pilot’s Guide Basic GPS Operation

mation associated with a particular page number doesn’t fit on the page being viewed. In this case the “+” sign indicates that there are two or more APT 5 pages. Figure 3-33 shows the second APT 5 page for KICT (Wichita Mid-Continent Airport).

ее.еnm| KICT ееееее|TWR 118.20 Leg|UNIC 122.95 APT+5 |CL C 126.70

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-33

The lower left corner of the display, where the page type and number are usually displayed, can also display short operational messages to the user called “scratchpad messages”.

åå.ånm| H 276 ееееее|HOTEL

Dup | N 55°49.90' Ident | W 55°45.70'

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-34

These messages are displayed for approximately five seconds, then this area returns to a display of the page type and number. Figure 3-34 shows an example of a scratchpad message indicating a duplicate identifier. A complete listing of scratchpad messages is available in Appendix C of this Pilot’s Guide.

3.4. BASIC OPERATION OF PANEL CONTROLS

The KLN 89(B) controls are very easy to use. Most of the page selection and data entry is done with the knobs on the right side of the front panel and the cursor (B) button immediately above them. There are seven buttons across the bottom: C (Message), H, A (Altitude), G (Nearest), D (Direct To), E (Clear), and F (Enter).

The cursor position is indicated by flashing, underlined text on the screen. Many pages allow you to add, delete, or change data on the screen by first pressing the B button to turn the cursor function on and bring the cursor on the screen. The right knobs are then used to enter or change data. When the cursor is on the screen, the lower left corner of the screen will show *CRSR* rather than the page name for that particular page (figure 3-35). The cursor is over PRESENT POSN.

åå.ånm| >PRESENT POSN ееееее| >Leg| N 39°43.20' *CRSR*| W 86°17.21'

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-35

Basic GPS Operation

Chapter 3

In addition, this Pilot’s Guide uses white “whiskers” to depict flashing characters on the screen.

3-11

Basic GPS Operation

3.4.1. PAGE SELECTION

It is now time to learn to select a desired page.

NOTE: The cursor function is not used in selecting pages and the

B button should not be pressed at this time. If CRSR is annunciat- ed in the lower left corner of the display, press the B button to turn the cursor function off.

The right outer knob is rotated to select one of eleven page types for the display. These eleven page types are the following:

Chapter Name/ Page # Range Page Type Page Functions

APT 1-6* Airport Directory of published airports VOR 1-2 VOR Directory of published VOR stations NDB 1-2 NDB Directory of published non-directional beacons (NDB) INT 1-2 Intersections Directory of published named intersections USR 0-3 User Waypoint Directory of user-defined waypoints ACT ** Active Waypoint Information about the active waypoint NAV 1-4 Navigation Navigation data FPL 0-25 Flight Plan Active and stored flight plans

Chapter 3

CAL 1-8 Calculator Distance, bearing, time and fuel calculator; air data

Basic GPS Operation

SET 1-11 Setup Setting initial position and date/time, updating the

OTH 1-6*** Other Status reports, and deleting user wpts and remarks * KLN 89B's which are approved for non-precision approaches have 8 airport pages.

** Varies with the type of waypoints in the active flight plan. *** Up to 12 with fuel management system and air data interfaces.

calculations based on pilot-entered inputs

data base, and selecting certain features

Remember that the page type is displayed at the lower left corner of the screen. The first three letters of the page type are often used for annunciation on the screen, for example, CAL represents Calculator page. The page type is also annunciated by means of a bar at the bottom of the display, which moves as you turn the right outer knob. All the page types are listed across the front panel directly under the display, and the bar will always be over one of them. For example, let’s say you were on a NAV page (figure 3-36) and you wanted to turn to a SET page. You would look at the list and see that the SET pages are three places to the right of the NAV pages.

ê.ônm| >PRESENT POSN KORL | Leg| Ref: ORL NAV 2 | 030°Fr 0.4nm

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-36

3-12

KLN 89/KLN 89B Pilot’s Guide Basic GPS Operation

Therefore, turning the right outer knob three clicks clockwise will get you to the SET pages (figure 3-37). The annunciator bar and the page labels work kind of like a map to get you from one page type to another. The page type selection wraps around from Other (OTH) to Airport (APT); that is, the knob has no mechanical stops.

Once you have selected the desired page type using the right outer knob, you may select the page number by rotating the right inner knob. Let’s use an example to make sure you understand. You are presently viewing the APT 2 page and you wish to view the NAV 3 page. Rotating the right outer knob 6 (six) clicks clockwise will display the NAV page that you last viewed—we’ll say the NAV 2 page. Turning the right inner knob one click clockwise or three clicks counterclockwise will bring you to the NAV 3 page. Got it?

ее.еnm| TURN ееееее| ANTICIPATION Leg| ENABLED SET 4 |

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-37

NOTE: In this Pilot’s Guide the right smaller knob is assumed to be in the “in” position unless it specifically states that the knob should be in the “out” position. Therefore, the words “rotate the right inner knob” mean to turn the right inner knob while the knob is in the “in” position.

3.4.2. DATA ENTRY

Now that you’ve learned how to select the desired page, you’re ready to learn the means of entering data. It is necessary to enter data, for example, in order to specify a waypoint of your choice to go Direct To. The general procedure for entering a waypoint identifier is described below and is shown in figures 3-38 through 3-46 for entering a waypoint (in this case, First Flight airport in North Carolina, identifier KFFA) on the Calculator (CAL) 1 page.

To enter a waypoint identifier:

1. If the cursor is not on the screen (figure 3-38), press B to turn on the cursor function (figure 3-39).

ее.еnm|>Wpt Fr>KRDU ееееее| 217° To>KSAV Leg|255nm ESA 3800' CAL 1 |121kt ETE 2:06

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-38

åå.ånm|>Wpt Fr>KRDU ееееее| 217° To>KSAV Leg|255nm ESA 3800' *CRSR*|121kt ETE 2:06

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-39

Basic GPS Operation

Chapter 3

3-13

Basic GPS Operation

2. If required, rotate the right outer knob to position the cursor (figure 3-40).

3. Rotate the right inner knob to select the first character of the waypoint identifier (figure 3-41).

åå.ånm|>Wpt Fr>KRDU ееееее| 217° To>KSAV Leg|255nm ESA 3800' *CRSR*|121kt ETE 2:06

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-40

4. Turn the right outer knob one click clockwise to move the cursor to the second character position (figure 3-42).

5. Rotate the right inner knob to select the second character (figure 3-43).

6. Use the right outer and inner knobs in this manner until the complete waypoint identifier is displayed (figure 3-44). Note that you may not have to enter the last characters of the identifier because each time you enter a character, the KLN 89(B) offers

Chapter 3

Basic GPS Operation

you the first identifier in the data base beginning with the characters you have entered.

7. If Ent is flashing on the left side of the screen, then press F. This will prompt the KLN 89(B) to display a waypoint page for the waypoint identifier you just entered (figure 3-45).

8. Verify the waypoint information displayed, and then press F again to approve the waypoint page. The display will return to the page previously displayed (figure 3-46).

Often, you will find yourself entering airports that begin with the same character over and over again. In section 2.3, you learned how the KLN

åå.ånm|>Wpt Fr>K « ееееее| 217° To>KSAV Leg|255nm ESA 3800' *CRSR*|121kt ETE 2:06

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-41

åå.ånm|>Wpt Fr>K « ееееее| 217° To>KSAV Leg|255nm ESA 3800' *CRSR*|121kt ETE 2:06

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-42

åå.ånm|>Wpt Fr>KF2 « ееееее| 217° To>KSAV Leg|255nm ESA 3800' *CRSR*|121kt ETE 2:06

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-43

åå.ånm|>Wpt Fr>KFFA ееееее| 217° To>KSAV # Leg|255nm ESA 3800' *CRSR*|121kt ETE 2:06

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-44

åå.ånm| KFFA 10ft ееееее|FIRST FLIGHT # Leg|KILL DEVIL HIL APT 1 |NC

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-45

ее.еnm|>Wpt Fr>KFFA ееееее| 231° To>KSAV Leg| 351nm ESA 3200' CAL 1 | 121kt ETE 2:59

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-46

3-14

KLN 89/KLN 89B Pilot’s Guide Basic GPS Operation

89(B) uses ICAO identifiers, which means that many U.S. airport identifiers begin with the letter K. Also, many airport identifiers in Europe begin with the letter E or the letter L. Especially when flying VFR, you will mostly want to enter Direct To or Flight Plan waypoints which are airports. The KLN 89(B) has a great feature that will save you turns of the knob when you know that the first character will probably be a K, E, L, or other letter that is commonly used in your part of the world. You can set the default first waypoint identifier character on the SET 5 page.

To change the default first waypoint identifier character:

1. Select the SET 5 page (figure 3-

47) and turn on the cursor (B) (figure 3-48).

2. Use the right inner knob to select the desired character (figure 3-49), such as a K in the U.S., a C in Canada, a P in Alaska, an E or an L in Europe, etc.

3. Turn off the cursor. To try it out, proceed to the SET 1 page (initial position). Turn the cursor (B) on (it will come on over the waypoint field). Try turning the right

ее.еnm|Default First ееееее| Character of Leg|Wpt Identifier SET 5 | Entry: A

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-47

ее.еnm|Default First ееееее| Character of Leg|Wpt Identifier *CRSR*| Entry: A

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-48

ее.еnm|Default First ееееее| Character of Leg|Wpt Identifier *CRSR*| Entry: K

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-49

inner knob one click clockwise (figure 3-50). There’s the character you just selected on the SET 5 page!

3.4.3. THE DUPLICATE WAYPOINT PAGE

åå.ånm|INIT POS:K « ееееее| N 39°36.91' # Leg| W 78°45.71' *CRSR*|

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-50

There are some waypoints in the data base whose identifiers are not unique. That is, more than one waypoint has the same identifier. When a waypoint identifier has been entered which is not unique to a single waypoint, a Duplicate Waypoint page appears on the screen. The Duplicate Waypoint page is used to select which of the waypoints having the same identifier is actually desired. The waypoint identifier is displayed on the top left of the page. To the right of the identifier is the number of waypoints in the data base having the identifier. Below the identifier is a list of the waypoint

Basic GPS Operation

Chapter 3

3-15

Basic GPS Operation

types (APT, VOR, NDB, INT, USR) and the associated countries which use the identifier.

To see an example of a Duplicate Waypoint page, try entering the identifier “D” as a Direct To waypoint or a Flight Plan Waypoint:

1. Press D.

2. Select the letter “D” as the waypoint identifier (figure 3-51). D is the full identifier of several waypoints in the KLN 89(B) data base.

3. Press F. The Duplicate Waypoint page will be displayed on the screen (figure 3-52). At the time of this writing, there were three waypoints in the Americas data base having the identifier D. If there are more than four waypoints having the same identifier, only the first three are initially shown. The list includes an NDB in Canada, an NDB in Cuba, and an NDB in the U.S. The cursor will be over the first waypoint listed. They are listed with the waypoint closest to the aircraft’s present position displayed first and

Chapter 3

Basic GPS Operation

the waypoint farthest from the aircraft displayed last. To view the rest of the choices, rotate the right outer knob clockwise. Doing so will move the flashing cursor over waypoints two, three and then will cause the waypoint list to “scroll” so that the other waypoints in the list may be seen.

4. To select the desired waypoint, move the cursor over the appropriate choice (figure 3-53).

5. Press F and the display will change to the waypoint page for the selected waypoint (figure 3-

54).

6. Press F again to approve the waypoint page.

åå.ånm| DIRECT TO: ееееее| # Leg| D *CRSR*|

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-51

ее.еnm|D Typ Area ееееее| 3 1 NDB CAN? # Leg| 2 NDB CUB? *CRSR*| 3 NDB USA?

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-52

ее.еnm|D Typ Area ееееее| 3 1 NDB CAN? # Leg| 2 NDB CUB? *CRSR*| 3 NDB USA?

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-53

åå.ånm| D 295 ееееее|FIVE FINGER # Leg| N 57°16.28' NDB 1 | W133°37.80'

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-54

3-16

KLN 89/KLN 89B Pilot’s Guide Basic GPS Operation

3.4.4. CYCLIC FIELDS

On many of the KLN 89(B) pages, there are cyclic fields, which are pre- ceded by a carat (>). A cyclic field is one that you as the pilot can select from two or more options. For example, in figure 3-55, the field >135°To

ее.еnm| AUS ееееее|Mag Var E 7° Leg| VOR 2 |>135°To 13.3nm

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-55

(magnetic bearing to Austin VOR) is a cyclic field. In this case, the second option is the magnetic radial from Austin VOR to present position.

To change a cyclic field:

1. Turn on the cursor by pressing the B button (figure 3-56).

2. Using the right outer knob, move the cursor over the cyclic field you wish to change (figure 3-57).

3. Press the E button to change the cyclic field (figure 3-58). Notice that repeated E presses

åå.ånm| AUS ееееее|Mag Var E 7° Leg| *CRSR*|>135°To 13.3nm

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-56

ее.еnm| AUS ееееее|Mag Var E 7° Leg| *CRSR*|>135°To 12.8nm

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-57

“cycle” you through the choices. In this case there are only two, so E works like a toggle switch.

3.5. MESSAGE PAGE

ее.еnm| AUS ееееее|Mag Var E 7° Leg| *CRSR*|>315°Fr 12.5nm

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-58

Basic GPS Operation

Chapter 3

Whenever the KLN 89(B) wants to get your attention, the message prompt (a large “M” on the left side of the screen) begins flashing (figure 3-

60). If you have a remote message

annunciator in your aircraft, it will also

îë.ñnm|Time CST 1537 KSTJ |Depart 1301 { Leg|ETA KSTJ 1557 NAV 3 |Flight 2:36

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-60

begin flashing at that time. You should view the message at your earliest opportunity because the unit may be alerting you to some situation of immediate concern to its condition or to your flight. A description of each possible message is included in Appendix B of this Pilot’s Guide.

3-17

Basic GPS Operation

To view a message:

*Data Base Outdated

1. Press the C button. The MSG page will appear and show the new message (figure 3-61).

NOTE: It is possible that several messages are displayed at one time on the Message page. The newest message appears first and the rest in reverse chronological order.

2. After reading the message, press C again to return to the page previously in view. If all of the messages cannot be displayed on one Message page, repeated presses of C will show the other messages before returning to normal operation. If a message condition exists which requires a specific action by you, the message prompt will remain on but will not flash.

3.6. INITIALIZATION AND TIME TO FIRST FIX

Since the KLN 89(B) stores its position and other required parameters in memory when power to the unit is removed, it is seldom necessary to aid the unit in reaching a NAV ready condition. The time required from power on until the KLN 89(B) determines its present position and

Chapter 3

is therefore ready to navigate is called “time to first fix.” The time to first fix is normally a few minutes or less. In order for the KLN 89(B) to

Basic GPS Operation

reach a NAV ready condition, it is necessary to meet the following conditions:

All Data Must be Confirmed Before Use

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-61

1. The KLN 89(B)’s “almanac” data should be current. Almanac data is orbital information for all the satellites and is used for initial acquisition when the KLN 89(B) is first turned on. This data is stored in the KLN 89(B)’s non-volatile memory and is considered current for up to six months. Each satellite sends almanac data for all satellites. Since the KLN 89(B) routinely updates the almanac data during normal operation, the almanac data will become out of date only if the KLN 89(B) hasn’t been used for the previous six months or longer. Collecting new almanac data takes place automatically if the data is more than six months old. If the almanac data is out of date and needs to be collected, the KLN 89(B) will take a few minutes to acquire your present position (usually about six (6) minutes, but not more than 12 minutes). The Self Test, Initialization, and Data Base pages should be approved.

2. The aircraft must be located such that the GPS antenna has an unobstructed view of the sky so that required satellite signals are

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KLN 89/KLN 89B Pilot’s Guide Basic GPS Operation

not being blocked. If possible, position the aircraft away from hangars or other obstructions.

3. It is very helpful for the KLN 89(B) to have the correct time, date and position to be able to determine which satellites should be in view. This information is stored in the battery backed memory of the KLN 89(B) so it is not normally required to update it. If the KLN 89(B) has the correct time, date and position, then the time to first fix will usually be less than two (2) minutes. If this information is not correct, then the KLN 89(B) will start to look for any satellites. Eventually, the KLN 89(B) will find enough satellites to determine the position of the aircraft. This process can take as long as 12 minutes. It is possible for you to update this information manually, which will allow the KLN 89(B) to reach a NAV ready status much faster. To set the time and date follow steps 5 and 6 in section 3.2, “Turn-On and Self-Test.” The initial position is usually set during turn-on and self-test, but if for some reason it is necessary to update the position after the power-on sequence, then use the following steps. Remember, if acquisition time is not important then it is not necessary to update the time, date or position.

Basic GPS Operation

To initialize the position from the SET 1 page:

1. If the cursor is not on the screen (figure 3-62), press the B button to bring it on the page over the INIT POS field (figure 3-63).

2. Using the right inner and outer

ее.еnm|INIT POS: ееееее| N 51°12.00' Leg| W115°51.11' SET 1 |

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-62

knobs, enter the identifier for the airport where you are presently located or the identifier of a navaid or other airport which is close to your present position (figure 3-64). Any waypoint in the data base which is within 60 miles is accept-

ее.еnm|INIT POS: « ееееее| N 51°12.00' Leg| W115°51.11' *CRSR*|

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-63

able, but the closer the better. Remember, if you are entering an airport identifier that is all letters (no numbers), then it will begin with a “K” prefix in the contiguous U.S., a “P” in Alaska (in some

åå.ånm|INIT POS:CYYC ееееее| N 51°12.00' # Leg| W115°51.11' *CRSR*|

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-64

cases; in others, the prefix is not added), or a “C” in Canada. If there are numbers in the identifier then a prefix is not used. Outside the contiguous U.S., Alaska, and Canada, use the airport identifiers as they are charted.

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Basic GPS Operation

3. Once you have entered the complete identifier, press F. The display will change to the waypoint page for the waypoint you entered (figure 3-65).

4. If this is the waypoint you intended to enter, press F again. The display will change back to the SET 1 page.

NOTE: As an alternative, you can also enter the approximate latitude and longitude of your present position directly on the SET 1 page instead of entering a waypoint.

åå.ånm| CYYC 3560ft ееееее|CALGARY INTL # Leg|CALGARY APT 1 |AB

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-65

5. With the right inner knob, position the cursor over Ok?, if it is not already there (figure 3-66).

6. Press F to approve the initial position. The cursor will

ее.еnm|INIT POS:CYYC ееееее| N 51°06.83' # Leg| W114°01.22' *CRSR*| Ok?

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-66

automatically be removed from the screen.

NOTE: If the KLN 89(B) is in the Take-Home mode, you are allowed to

Chapter 3

enter the groundspeed (kt) and heading (°) fields in order to simulate flight

Basic GPS Operation

(figure 3-67). They are not used for actual initialization in an aircraft.

ее.еnm|INIT POS:CYYC ееееее| N 51°06.83' Leg| W114°01.22' SET 1 |200kt 43°

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-67

However, entering a ground speed will allow the KLN 89(B) to “fly” along the active flight plan (or to a direct to waypoint) starting from the initialization waypoint. A heading may be entered in the initial heading field while in the Take-Home mode if the one offered is not desired. See section 4.11 for more details on the Take-Home mode.

7. Select the NAV 2 page. When the KLN 89(B) reaches the NAV ready status and is therefore able to navigate, the NAV 2 page will display the present position. Verify that the latitude and longitude or the waypoint, radial, and distance display of present position are correct.

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KLN 89/KLN 89B Pilot’s Guide Basic GPS Operation

3.7. SELECTING AND SCANNING WAYPOINTS

There are five types of waypoints: airports, VORs, NDBs, intersections, and user waypoints. Waypoints in the published data base fall into one of the first four types. You can create up to 500 user waypoints to supplement the waypoints in the data base (see section 4.2.1 to create a user waypoint).

There are three methods you may use to select a specific waypoint for viewing. You may enter the waypoint’s identifier directly, you may scan through the waypoint identifiers in alphabetical order, or you may enter the waypoint’s name. If the waypoint is an airport, you may also select it by entering the city where the airport is located.

3.7.1. SELECTING WAYPOINTS BY IDENTIFIER

The most direct way of selecting a specific waypoint is to simply enter the waypoint’s identifier directly on the appropriate waypoint page type (APT, for example). Let’s use Chicago O’Hare International Airport whose identifier is KORD as an example.

Basic GPS Operation

To select a waypoint by identifier from a waypoint page:

1. Use the right outer and inner knobs to select the Airport 1 (APT

1) page (figure 3-68). (Actually, the airport identifier can be entered on any of the Airport pages but we’ll use the APT 1

ее.еnm| Y78 690ft ееееее|RAINBOW Leg|MILWAUKEE APT 1 |WI

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-68

since it displays the airport name and city).

2. Turn on the cursor (B) and make sure the right inner knob is pushed in. The cursor will appear over the first character of the airport identifier (figure 3-69).

3. Turn the right inner knob to select a “K” as the first character (figure 3-70). You may turn the knob either clockwise or counterclockwise, and the letters and numbers wrap around with a

åå.ånm| Y78 690ft ееееее|RAINBOW Leg|MILWAUKEE *CRSR*|WI

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-69

åå.ånm| K00 440ft ееееее|HALL Leg|KAUFMAN *CRSR*|TX

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-70

blank character separating the “9” and the “A”. Notice that as you turn through letters, the KLN 89(B) automatically fills in the identifier of the first waypoint in alphanumeric order in the data-

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Basic GPS Operation

base which matches what you’ve entered so far (in this case, Hall Airport in Kaufman, Texas). Go ahead and experiment a little bit.

4. Use the right outer knob to move the cursor to the second character and select an “O” (figure 3-71).

5. Use the same process to select an “R” and then a “D” (figure 3-72). You are now viewing the APT 1 page for KORD.

The KLN 89(B) feature of filling in characters of the identifier can be a time saver! For a second example, let’s select Bloomington VOR whose identifier is BMI.

More selecting a waypoint by identifier:

åå.ånm| KOHJ 90ft ееееее|ELLIS Leg|JACKSONVILLE *CRSR*|NC

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-71

åå.ånm| KORD 670ft ееееее|CHICAGO-O HARE Leg|CHICAGO *CRSR*|IL

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-72

1. Make sure you have turned the cursor off from the previous

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Basic GPS Operation

example. With the right knobs, select the VOR 1 page (figure 3-73).

2. Turn the cursor (B) on.

3. Change the first character to a “B” (figure 3-74).

4. Move the cursor to the second character and select “M” (figure 3-75). Eureka! When you entered the “M”, the KLN 89(B) searched its data base for the first VOR identifier beginning with the letters “BM” and found BMI. Many times you will only have to enter two or three characters of the waypoint identifier and the KLN 89(B) will furnish the rest.

5. Turn off the cursor (B).

3-22

ее.еnm| ABA 112.50 ееееее|ARUBA Leg| N 12°30.53' VOR 1 | W 69°56.47'

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-73

åå.ånm| BAE 116.40 ееееее|BADGER Leg| N 43°07.01' *CRSR*| W 88°17.06'

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-74

åå.ånm| BMI 108.20 ееееее|BLOOMINGTON Leg| N 40°28.85' *CRSR*| W 88°55.87'

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-75

KLN 89/KLN 89B Pilot’s Guide Basic GPS Operation

3.7.3. SELECTING WAYPOINTS BY SCANNING

You may also select waypoints by scanning through them. This may be done with the cursor either on or off.

To select a waypoint by scanning with the cursor off:

1. Select the page type for the waypoint you are looking for (APT, VOR, NDB, INT or USR).

2. Pull the right inner knob to the “out” position.

3. Turn the right inner knob clockwise to scan through the waypoints in alphabetical order, or counterclockwise to scan in reverse alphabetical order. Remember that numbers are considered lower in order than letters. Thus, the airport identifier KA2 comes before KAAF.

NOTE: The faster you turn the knob while scanning, the larger the step through the waypoints. This variable rate scanning allows you to get from one end of the list to the other very quickly. When the knob is turned slowly, you will go through the waypoints one at a time.

You may also want to scan waypoints with the cursor on. This is especially useful if you remember the first part of the identifier, or if you wanted to scan all airports that start with a KL, for example. Let’s give it a try.

Basic GPS Operation

Chapter 3

To select a waypoint by scanning with the cursor on:

1. Select the page type for the waypoint you are looking for (APT, VOR, NDB, INT or USR). In this case, we want the APT 1 page.

2. Turn on the cursor (B). It will appear over the first character of the waypoint identifier. Select a K with the right inner knob.

3. Move the cursor one place to the right and select an L (figure 3-

åå.ånm| KL3 850ft ееееее|WUNNUMMIN LAKE Leg|WUNNIMMIN LAKE *CRSR*|ON

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-76

76).

4. Move the cursor one place to the right and pull the right inner knob out. The last two characters of the waypoint identifier will be flashing (figure 3-77).

åå.ånm| KL3 850ft ееееее|WUNNUMMIN LAKE Leg|WUNNIMMIN LAKE *CRSR*|ON

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-77

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Basic GPS Operation

5. Use the right inner knob to leaf through all the data base airports whose identifiers begin with KL. You will see KL6, Little Bear Lake Airport in Saskatchewan (figure 3-

78), and KLAS, McCarran

åå.ånm| KL6 2100ft ееееее|LITTLE BEAR LK Leg|LITTLE BEAR LK *CRSR*|SK

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-78

International in Las Vegas, Nevada among others.

3.7.4. SELECTING WAYPOINTS BY NAME OR CITY

When you know the identifier of the desired waypoint you will use one of the two methods just described to select it. However, what if you know the name but you don’t know the identifier of your desired waypoint? You’re in luck because the KLN 89(B) will allow you to enter the first few characters of the name to help you find it in the data base. We will use a couple of examples to illustrate how this is done. For VORs and NDBs, you may use the navaid name. For airports, you may use the airport name or the city name (where the airport is located).

In this first example we want to view the information in the KLN 89(B) data base for Napoleon VOR (located just east of Kansas City) but we don’t remember the identifier for it.

Chapter 3

To select a VOR or NDB by navaid name:

Basic GPS Operation

1. With the cursor off, use the right knobs to select the VOR 1 page (figure 3-79). The VOR waypoint in view is not important.

2. Press B and then make sure

ее.еnm| CJS 116.70 ееееее|JUAREZ CIUDAD Leg| N 31°38.16' VOR 1 | W106°25.58'

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-79

the right inner knob is pushed to the “in” position.

3. With the right outer knob, move the cursor over the first character in the VOR name which is being displayed (figure 3-80).

ее.еnm| CJS 116.70 ееееее|JUAREZ CIUDAD Leg| N 31°38.16' *CRSR*| W106°25.58'

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-80

4. Change this first character to an “N” in this case (figure 3-81).

3-24

ее.еnm| PNE 112.00 ееееее|N PHILADELPHIA Leg| N 40°04.92' *CRSR*| W 75°00.57'

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-81

KLN 89/KLN 89B Pilot’s Guide Basic GPS Operation

5. Move the cursor one space to the right and select the second character, “A” (figure 3-82).

6. Select the third character, “P” (figure 3-83). Up pops Napoleon and its identifier, ANX!

ее.еnm| ABB 112.40 ееееее|NABB Leg| N 38°35.33' *CRSR*| W 85°38.16'

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-82

7. Turn off the cursor (B) so you can view other pages.

We will now use another example to show how we may enter a few characters and then scan through all the

ее.еnm| ANX 114.00 ееееее|NAPOLEON Leg| N 39°05.73' *CRSR*| W 94°07.73'

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-83

waypoints in the data base beginning with those characters. Let’s use this method to find La Guardia Airport in New York City.

To select an airport by scanning the airport name:

1. With the cursor off and the right inner knob in the “in” position, select the APT (Airport) 1 page. The airport displayed at this time is not important.

2. Turn on the cursor (B).

3. Move the cursor over the first character in the airport name (figure 3-84).

ее.еnm| KPAE 610ft ееееее|SHOHOMISH CO Leg|EVERETT *CRSR*|WA

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-84

4. Change the first character to an “L”.

5. Move the cursor one place to the right, and select an “A” (figure 3-85).

ее.еnm| MGGT 4950ft ееееее|LA AURORA INTL Leg|GUATEMALA CITY *CRSR*|GTM

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-85

6. Now, move the cursor one place to the right and pull the right inner knob out. The rest of the airport name field will flash (figure 3-86).

7. Turn the right inner knob clockwise, scanning through La Crosse Municipal, La Grande/Union airport, and several others. Eventually, you will arrive at “LA GUARDIA” (figure 3-87). By turning off the cursor (B), pushing the right

ее.еnm| MGGT 4950ft ееееее|LA AURORA INTL Leg|GUATEMALA CITY *CRSR*|GTM

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-86

ее.еnm| KLGA 20ft ееееее|LAGUARDIA « Leg|NEW YORK *CRSR*|NY

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-87

Basic GPS Operation

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Basic GPS Operation

inner knob in and turning it, you can leaf through the remainder of the pages for La Guardia.

NOTE: This same method may be used with the name of the city where the airport is located.

There are a few changes made to names in order to accommodate the KLN 89(B) display and to make the names easier to find.

1. Names which are too long to fit on the display are abbreviated. The first six characters are usually exactly correct, but the following are exceptions:

North, Northern, East, Eastern, etc.—uses N, E Southeast, Northwest, etc.—uses SE, NW Point—uses PT Port—uses PT Fort—uses FT Saint—uses ST General—Deleted, or uses GEN Person’s name—uses initials for other than last name unless

very well known (Will Rogers World airport) Delete “City of” (City of Colorado Springs Municipal) Delete “Greater” (Greater Buffalo Int’l) Delete “The” (The Hartsfield Atlanta Int’l)

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2. Unless the first word is greater than eight characters, it is usually

Basic GPS Operation

not abbreviated.

3. Delete most punctuation such as periods and apostrophes.

4. Abbreviations for International are INTL, INT, and IN.

5. Abbreviations for Regional are REGL and REG.

3.8. “NEAREST” FUNCTIONS

At any time, you can have access to the nearest airports, waypoints, Special Use Airspace (SUA), Flight Service Station (FSS) frequencies, and Center frequencies to your position. Your ticket to do this is the handy G button.

When you first press the G button, a page is displayed asking which nearest function you would like to select (figure 3-88). The choices are:

ее.еnm| NEAREST ееееее| APT? VOR? NDB? # Leg| INT? USR? SUA? *CRSR*| FSS? CTR?

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-88

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KLN 89/KLN 89B Pilot’s Guide Basic GPS Operation

APT Airports VOR VORs NDB NDBs INT Intersections USR User-defined waypoints SUA Special Use Airspaces FSS Flight Service Station Frequencies CTR Center Frequencies

To select the desired nearest function, use the right inner knob to move the cursor to the desired selection and press F. Notice that the cursor is initially over the APT field, so you may press G then press F immediately to access the nearest airports.

Selecting any of the waypoint types (APT, VOR, NDB, INT, or USR) takes you immediately to the waypoint page for the first nearest waypoint of that type, for example, the nearest airport (figure 3-89).

ее.еnm| KPAO 1 10ft ееееее|PALO ALTO-S CL Leg| 2500ft HRD L APT 1 |>126°To 1.2nm

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-89

3.8.1. VIEWING THE NEAREST WAYPOINTS

There are actually two waypoint scan lists for airports, VORs, NDBs, intersections and user-defined waypoints. These two lists are the “complete” list and the “nearest” list. The complete list contains all of the waypoints in the data base for a waypoint type (all the airports, for example). The nearest list consists of the nine nearest waypoints (of that type) to your present position. Therefore, if you are in the nearest airport list, it will contain the nine nearest airports relative to your location.

The nearest list is positioned in front of the complete list. That is, instead of using the G button, you may scan backwards (turn the right inner knob counterclockwise while in the “pulled out” position) through the complete list to reach the nearest list. You will know when you have reached the nearest list because the top middle portion of the waypoint page will flash the relative position of the waypoint to your position. “1” indicates nearest (figure 3-89) while “9” indicates the ninth nearest (figure 3-

90). As you scan clockwise with the right inner knob “1, 2, 3, ..., 9”, the next scan position is the beginning of the complete list. The nearest list can

ее.еnm| KOAK 9 10ft ееееее|METRO OAKLAND Leg|10000ft HRD L APT 1 |>327°To 16.4nm

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-90

Basic GPS Operation

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Basic GPS Operation

only be reached by scanning backwards. It does not wrap around after the last waypoint in the complete list.

Waypoint pages displayed in the nearest list do not contain a latitude and longitude position as they do in the complete list. Instead, the bearing and distance to the waypoint (or the radial and distance from the waypoint) are displayed. In addition, nearest airport pages display the length, surface, and lighting of the longest runway. Once the nearest waypoint is being displayed, the other waypoint pages (for example, APT 2 and APT 3) for that airport are available for display by making sure the right inner knob is pushed in and then turning it to select the desired airport page.

3.8.1.1 Nearest Airport Criteria

The nine airports in the nearest list are the nine airports which meet the criteria selected on the Setup 6 (SET 6) page. For example, you probably wouldn’t want to take a turboprop into a 1500 foot grass strip! The SET 6 page allows you to specify what criteria you want an airport to meet before it is considered for the nearest airport list.

To specify the nearest airport criteria:

1. Select the SET 6 page and turn on the cursor (B).

2. Use the right inner knob to select

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Basic GPS Operation

the minimum length runway desired for the airport to qualify for the nearest airport list (figure 3-91). Values between 1000 feet and 5000 feet or between 300m and 1500m in 100 foot or meter increments may be selected.

ее.еnm| NEAREST APT ееееее| CRITERIA Leg|Length: 2200ft SET 6 |Surface: HRD

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-91

3. Rotate the right outer knob clockwise to move the cursor over the runway surface criteria.

4. Turn the right inner knob to select either HRD or ANY. If ANY is chosen, then both hard and soft surface runways meeting the required runway length will be included in the nearest airport list. If HRD is chosen, then only hard surface runways will be includ- ed. Hard surface runways include concrete, asphalt, pavement, tarmac, brick, bitumen, and sealed. Soft surface runways include turf, gravel, clay, sand, dirt, ice, steel matting, shale, and snow.

For example, if the minimum runway criteria selected is 2200 feet in length and HRD surface, then only airport having a hard surface runway at least 2200 feet in length will be displayed in the nearest airport list.

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KLN 89/KLN 89B Pilot’s Guide Basic GPS Operation

3.8.1.2 Continuous Display of Nearest Airport

When the nearest airport page is initially displayed, “1” is displayed in the upper right hand corner of the page to designate this airport as the nearest airport. However, if you continue to fly along your flight plan with this page selected, the same airport will be displayed and its position in the nearest airport list will change from 1 to 2, 3, 4 ... 9 until finally it won’t be in the nearest airport list at all. The reason for this is that in the event of an actual emergency once you have determined which airport you are heading for, you don’t want the nearest airport list to update while you are maneuvering or looking up data on the other airport pages for that airport.

There may be times, however, when you’re flying over “unfriendly” terrain when you wish to always have the nearest airport displayed on the screen.

To display the nearest airport continuously:

1. Display the nearest airport page by pressing G followed by pressing F.

2. Turn on the cursor (B).

3. Rotate the right outer knob clockwise to position the cursor over “1” (figure 3-92). As long as the cursor is left in this position,

åå.ånm| KPAO 1 10ft ееееее|PALO ALTO-S CL Leg| 2500ft HRD L *CRSR*|>127°To 3.2nm

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-92

this page will update so that the nearest airport is always shown as the flight progresses.

3.8.2. VIEWING THE NEAREST SPECIAL USE AIRSPACES

The KLN 89(B) data base stores the locations of areas of special use airspace (SUA). The types of SUA areas stored in the data base and the abbreviations used to denote these areas are the following:

Class B CL B Class C CL C Control Area (used outside USA) CTA Terminal Area (used outside USA) TMA Alert Area ALRT Caution Area CAUT Danger Area DNGR Military Operations Area MOA Prohibited Area PROH Restricted Area REST

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Basic GPS Operation

Training Area TRNG Warning Area WARN Terminal Radar Service Area TRSA

The nearest special use airspace feature is constantly keeping track of the five nearest areas of SUA. Pressing the G button and selecting the SUA option will display the SUA 1 page for the nearest SUA to your location, including those which you are inside (figure 3-93). Turn to section 3.17 to learn more about how an altitude input affects special use airspace sensing and how the KLN 89(B) determines if you are inside special use airspace or not.

The SUA 1 page displays the following information:

Line 1: The name of the special use airspace area. Line 2: The SUA type (see the list of abbreviations above, this

particular SUA is Class B airspace), and the sequence number (1st nearest, 2nd nearest, etc.).

Line 3: The altitude limits of the SUA. Line 4: The proximity of the nearest point on the border of the SUA,

Chapter 3

in the form of the absolute bearing, relative bearing, and distance to the SUA border. The absolute bearing is the approximate heading

Basic GPS Operation

you would fly to most quickly get into the SUA. The relative bearing arrow in the middle of this line points to the SUA border, telling you if it is directly ahead of you (ÇÇ), straight off your left wing (ÖÖ), etc. Finally, the distance to the SUA is displayed on the right side of line 4.

ее.еnm|KANSAS CITY ееееее|CL B 1 Leg| Below 8000ft SUA 1 | 012° З 9.3nm

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-93

If the aircraft is inside the SUA, line 4 will read *A/C INSIDE SUA*, if you are above or below the SUA, as indicated by the encoding altimeter, line 4 will indicate this (*A/C ABOVE SUA* or *A/C BELOW SUA*).

A single clockwise turn of the right inner knob selects the SUA 2 page,

ее.еnm|TRUMAN A ееееее|MOA 1 Leg| KC Center SUA 2 |

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-94

which displays either the controlling ATC facility (figure 3-94), or if the special use airspace is a Class B, Class C, CTA, or TMA, the page will be displayed as in figure 3-95, instructing you to press E to see the APT 5

ее.еnm|KANSAS CITY ееееее|CL B 1 Leg| Press CLR for SUA 2 | KMCI Freq Use

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-95

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KLN 89/KLN 89B Pilot’s Guide Basic GPS Operation

page (airport communications) for the primary airport so that the correct communications frequency may be determined.

To scan through the remainder of the nearest SUA areas, pull the right inner knob to the “out” position and turn it clockwise to view the SUA pages for the second nearest through fifth nearest SUAs.

NOTE: The KLN 89(B) displays the five nearest SUAs regardless of your present altitude and the altitude limits of the SUA. For instance, it will include SUAs specified as “Below 6000ft” even if you are cruising at 10,000 feet.

3.8.3. Viewing the Nearest Flight Service Station Frequencies

The KLN 89(B) stores in its data base the locations of Flight Service Stations (FSS) and their remote communications sites. In addition, the KLN 89(B) determines which two of these FSS points of communication are closest to your present location. What a convenience for you! Next time you want to file a flight plan from the air or contact an FSS for some other reason, you can easily use the KLN 89(B) to determine a suitable FSS and the appropriate frequency.

NOTE: In some areas of the world the KLN 89(B) provides the location of the nearest point of communication with a facility providing information (INF) or radio (RDO) services.

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Chapter 3

Pressing the G button and selecting the FSS option will display two of the nearest points of communication with Flight Service Stations. There will normally be two FSS 1 pages, one for each of the two points of contact. The name of the FSS is at the top of the page. There can be from one to three frequencies included for a point of contact (figure 3-96). Remember that in the U.S. the frequency 122.00 MHz is used for “Flight Watch” and the frequency 123.60 MHz is used for Aeronautical Advisory Service. As you know, it is often possible to communicate with an FSS by transmitting

ее.еnm|AUSTIN FSS ееееее| Leg| 122.20 FSS+1 | 122.55

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-96

on 122.10 MHz and listening on the VOR frequency. In cases like this, the FSS 1 page displays the frequencies to use for transmit and receive and also the name of the VOR through which you are communicating (figure 3-97).

ее.еnm|FT DODGE FSS ееееее|OMA VOR Leg| Tx 122.10 FSS+1 | Rec 116.30

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-97

3-31

Basic GPS Operation

3.8.4. Viewing the Nearest Center Frequencies

The KLN 89(B) also stores in its data base the low altitude boundaries of each of the ARTCC “Centers”. The KLN 89(B) determines the proper Center to contact and the appropriate frequencies to use for the aircraft’s present position. Pressing the G button and selecting the CTR option will display this information to you (figure 3-98). Next time you wish to obtain VFR flight following or communicate with Center for any reason, you have a quick way to get a frequency for establishing contact! Appendix D contains a listing of Center abbreviations used on the CTR page.

NOTE: Frequencies for Area Control Centers are displayed on the CTR page for some areas of the world.

3.9. DIRECT TO OPERATION

ее.еnm|LOS ANGELES CTR ееееее| 118.55 Leg| 132.85 CTR |

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-98

The D button is used to initiate Direct To operation (navigation from your present position direct to your destination). When D is pressed, the Direct To

Chapter 3

page will be displayed with a flashing

Basic GPS Operation

cursor over a waypoint identifier (figure

ее.еnm| DIRECT TO: ееееее|« # Leg| KPWA « *CRSR*|

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-99

3-99). The waypoint identifier which appears on the Direct To page is chosen by the KLN 89(B) according to the following rules:

1. If the Flight Plan 0 (FPL 0) page is displayed on the screen and the cursor is over one of the waypoint identifiers in FPL 0 when D is pressed, then that waypoint identifier will appear on the DIR page. You will appreciate this feature when you learn to use flight plans in section 4.2.

2. If the KLN 89(B) is displaying the NAV 4 page and the right inner knob is in the “out” position, then the waypoint highlighted in the lower right hand corner of the NAV 4 map display will be the default waypoint. You will also find this feature useful when operating from the active flight plan especially during approaches with the KLN 89B.

OR . . .

3. If there is any waypoint page (APT, VOR, NDB, INT, USR, or ACT page) in view when D is pressed, then the DIR page will contain the identifier for the waypoint just viewed.

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KLN 89/KLN 89B Pilot’s Guide Basic GPS Operation

If none of the conditions above are occurring, then:

4. When D is pressed, the waypoint identifier for the current active waypoint will be displayed. ‡However, if the KLN 89B’s active waypoint is the Missed Approach Point and the aircraft has flown past the MAP, then the KLN 89B will display the first waypoint of the missed approach procedure on the Direct To page.

If there is no active waypoint when D is pressed, then:

5. The Direct To page displays blanks in the waypoint identifier field. In order for there not to be an active waypoint, there is no Direct To waypoint and there are no waypoints in Flight Plan 0.

3.9.1. INITIATING A DIRECT TO

Now that you know the ground rules, let’s go ahead and try some practical examples. First, let’s say we wanted to fly directly to Wexford County Airport in Cadillac, Michigan. Its ICAO identifier is KCAD.

To fly Direct To a waypoint (procedure 1):

1. Press D. The Direct To page is displayed (figure 3-100). The cursor will already be on. A waypoint identifier may or may not be displayed, it doesn’t matter at this point.

ее.еnm| DIRECT TO: ееееее|« # Leg| KDTW « *CRSR*|

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-100

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Chapter 3

2. Rotate the right inner knob to select the first character of the desired waypoint’s identifier, in this case, a “K” (figure 3-101). Remember to enter the “K”, “C”, or “P” prefix for certain airports in North America, if required (see section 2.3, “ICAO Identifiers”).

3. Turn the right outer knob one click clockwise to move the flashing portion of the cursor over the second character position (figure 3-102).

4. Rotate the right inner knob to select the second character of the identifier (figure 3-103).

3-33

ее.еnm| DIRECT TO: ееееее|« # Leg| K « *CRSR*|

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-101

ее.еnm| DIRECT TO: ееееее|« # Leg| K « *CRSR*|

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-102

ее.еnm| DIRECT TO: ееееее|« # Leg| KC2 « *CRSR*|

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-103

Basic GPS Operation

5. Use right outer and inner knobs as in the previous steps until the desired identifier is completely displayed (figure 3-104).

6. Press F to display the waypoint page for the selected waypoint (figure 3-105).

7. Press F again to approve the displayed waypoint page. The screen will change to the NAV 1 page, and the selected waypoint will now be the active Direct To waypoint (figure 3-106).

‡NOTE: In some cases during approach operations, the KLN 89B presents a page asking how a waypoint is used when the waypoint identifier is entered character by character. When this page is presented, simply choose the desired use of the waypoint (e.g. FAF or MAHP) by moving the cursor with the right outer knob and pressing F. Choosing the correct use of the waypoint is required to ensure proper waypoint sequencing once the

Chapter 3

aircraft reaches the waypoint.

Basic GPS Operation

To fly Direct To a waypoint (procedure 2):

ее.еnm| DIRECT TO: ееееее|« # Leg| KCAD « *CRSR*|

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-104

åå.ånm|KCAD 1310ft ееееее|WEXFORD CO« # Leg|CADILLAC« APT 1 |MI

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-105

óñ.ònm| ∂∆ KCAD 121kt|> ªªªª∑ºπªªªª Leg|DTK 167° TK 168° NAV 1 |>167°To 0:41

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-106

1. Select the desired waypoint page (APT, VOR, NDB, INT, or SUP) on the screen (figure 3-107) using one of the three procedures explained in section 3.7.

2. Press D. The Direct To page is displayed and it contains the desired waypoint identifier (figure 3-108).

3. Press F. The display will revert to the NAV 1 page with the selected waypoint as the Direct To waypoint.

3-34

ее.еnm| JJC 396 ееееее|MOUNTAIN CITY« Leg| N 36°24.99'« *CRSR*| W 81°49.46'

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-107

ее.еnm| DIRECT TO: ееееее|« # Leg| JJC «« *CRSR*|

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-108

KLN 89/KLN 89B Pilot’s Guide Basic GPS Operation

If you get off course and wish to recenter the left/right deviation bar (D-Bar) to proceed to the same waypoint, use the following procedure.

To recenter the D-Bar by going direct to the active waypoint:

1. Select a non-waypoint page (NAV, FPL, CAL, SET, or OTH) on the screen.

2. Press D. The Direct To page is displayed on the left, containing the active waypoint identifier.

3. Press F.

‡NOTE: If the KLN 89B is in the approach mode and this method is used to center the D-bar when the missed approach point is the active waypoint, then the approach mode will be cancelled and the KLN89B will revert to the approach arm mode.

3.9.2. CANCELLING A DIRECT TO

The primary reason for wanting to cancel Direct To operation is to return to flight plan operation which is described later in section 4.2.4 “Combining Direct To and Flight Plan Operation”.

To cancel Direct To operation:

1. Press D.

2. Press E to blank out the waypoint identifier field (figure 3-109).

3. Press F.

ее.еnm| DIRECT TO: ееееее|« Leg| _____«« *CRSR*|

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-109

3.9.3. WAYPOINT ALERTING FOR DIRECT TO OPERATION

Approximately 36 seconds prior to reaching a Direct To waypoint, the arrow preceding the waypoint identifier on the waypoint page for the active waypoint will begin flashing. This arrow will also be flashing on any NAV or FPL page displaying the active waypoint identifier. This is called “waypoint alerting”. If an external waypoint alert (WPT) annunciator is mounted in the aircraft, this annunciator will begin flashing at the same time.

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Basic GPS Operation

3.10. NAVIGATION PAGES

As you would expect, the NAV (navigation) pages contain information relating specifically to the KLN 89(B)’s navigation capabilities. The KLN 89(B) has four NAV pages. The procedure for selecting specific pages, including the NAV pages, was described in section 3.4.1, “Page Selection”.

3.10.1. THE NAVIGATION 1 (NAV 1) PAGE

The NAV 1 page is the primary navigation display, and is shown in figure 3-110. In normal flight, you will probably rely on this page quite a lot. A NAV 1 page displays the following information:

ññ.ënm| ∂∆ KAUG 132kt|> ªªªª∑ºπªªªª Leg|DTK 048° TK 046° NAV 1 |>047°To 0:30

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-110

Line 1: The active navigation leg. For Direct To operation this consists of the Direct To symbol,

∂∂∆∆

, followed by the active Direct To waypoint identifier (figure 3-110). For the leg of a flight plan this consists of the “from” waypoint identifier and the active “to” waypoint identifier (figure 3-111). An arrow ∆∆precedes the

Chapter 3

active waypoint identifier.

Basic GPS Operation

Line 2: A cyclic field which can either be (1) a course deviation

ее.еnm| KBGR ∆ KAUG ееееее|> ªªªª∑ºπªªªª Leg|DTK 237° TK 233° NAV 1 |>234°To 0:22

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-111

indicator (CDI) that graphically displays left and right deviation from desired course (figure 3-111), (2) The direction to fly to intercept the desired track and the crosstrack distance (figure 3-112), or (3) the current CDI scale in use. This is a cyclic field, so you can change back and forth between the three options by turning on the cursor (B) over the second line and pressing the E

ее.еnm| KBGR ∆ KAUG ееееее|> Fly L 0.4nm Leg|DTK 237° TK 233° NAV 1 |>234°To 0:22

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-112

button. The CDI’s vertical bar operates like a navigation deviation needle on

a conventional CDI or HSI using VOR/Localizer navigation. An oncourse indication is displayed when the vertical deviation bar is centered on the triangle in the middle of the CDI. In en route use, each dot represents one nautical mile deviation from the desired track. Different CDI scales are used during terminal and non-precision approach flight with KLN 89B. For now, let’s talk only about en route operations. A vertical deviation bar positioned two dots to the

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KLN 89/KLN 89B Pilot’s Guide Basic GPS Operation

right of the center triangle indicates the aircraft is two nautical miles to the left of course (figure 3-113). The center triangle also serves as

KAUG

ее.еnm| KBGR ∆ KAUG ееееее|> ªªªª∑∏π∫ªªª >Leg|DTK 232° TK 233° NAV 1 |>234°To 0:10

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

2 NM

KBGR

the CDI’s TO/FROM indicator and operates in the same manner as a conventional CDI TO/FROM indicator; a triangle pointing up indicates “to” the active waypoint while a “down” triangle (figure 3-114) indicates “from” the active waypoint. The word FLAG is displayed over the CDI when the KLN 89(B) is not usable for navigation (figure 3-115).

The numerical crosstrack distance display is especially handy when more than five nautical miles off of course (naturally, you yourself would never deviate more than five nm off course, but not everyone is as good a pilot as you are!) If your crosstrack distance was 13.1 nautical miles left of course, the graphic CDI needle will be pegged on the right side (which doesn’t tell you much). But this presentation will show you exactly how far off course you are (figure 3-116). When the KLN 89(B) is not usable for navigation, the crosstrack distance will be dashed out (figure 3-117).

Figure 3-113

ее.еnm| KBGR ∆ KAUG ееееее|> ªªªª“’”ªªªª Leg|DTK 232° TK 233° NAV 1 |>234°To 0:02

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-114

ее.еnm| ееееее|> ªªFªL AªGªª Leg|DTK ---° TK ---° NAV 1 |>---°To --:--

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-115

ее.еnm| KBGR ∆ KAUG ееееее|> Fly R 13.1nm Leg|DTK 232° TK 233° NAV 1 |>234°To 0:22

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-116

ее.еnm| ееееее|> Fly - --.-nm Leg|DTK ---° TK ---° NAV 1 |>---°To --:--

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-117

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Basic GPS Operation

Line 3: Magnetic desired track, and magnetic actual track (see Appendix A for navigation terms). In normal on-course flight, it is desirable to steer the aircraft to keep these two numbers equal.

Line 4: A cyclic field which can display either bearing to the active waypoint (To), radial from the active waypoint (Fr), or the VNAV status, which will either by Off, Armed, time until VNAV begins, or the suggested VNAV altitude (see section 4.4). By placing the cursor over this field and pressing the E button, you may toggle between the three options.

NOTE: Due to “great circle” courses and magnetic variation differences between present position and the active waypoint, the To bearing and From radial may not be exactly 180° different from each other when the system is in the Leg mode. This condition is most likely to occur when long distances are involved, and/or you are operating in very northerly or southerly latitudes. See figure 3-118 for an example depicting a case like this. The aircraft is somewhere over Georgia, and the active waypoint is KPHX. The bearing to steer is 269°, and radial is 72°. Generally, you will want to use bearing (not radial) when long distances are involved.

Chapter 3

Basic GPS Operation

72°

KPHX

269°

Figure 3-118

Line 4 also displays the estimated time en route (ETE) from present position to active waypoint.

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KLN 89/KLN 89B Pilot’s Guide Basic GPS Operation

3.10.2. THE NAVIGATION 2 (NAV 2) PAGE

The NAV 2 pages in figures 3-119 and 3-120 display the aircraft’s present position in one of two formats. The first line is a cyclic field which allows you to toggle between formats. When the NAV 2 page is

ее.еnm| >PRESENT POSN ееееее| Leg| N 38°53.74' NAV 2 | W 94°53.39'

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-119

first displayed, it defaults to present position in terms of the radial and distance from a nearby VOR. You can change the reference waypoint from the nearby VOR to any waypoint.

ее.еnm| >PRESENT POSN ееееее| Leg| Ref: OJC NAV 2 | 310°FR 9.5nm

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-120

To change the NAV 2 page present position reference waypoint:

1. With the NAV 2 page on the radial and distance from a reference waypoint format, turn on the cursor (B) and move it to the Ref: field (figure 3-121).

ее.еnm| >PRESENT POSN ееееее| Leg| Ref: OJC « NAV 2 | 346°FR 28.6nm

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-121

2. Use the right inner and outer knobs to enter the waypoint you wish to use as a reference.

3. Press F. The waypoint page for the identifier just entered will be displayed.

4. If this is the waypoint you intended, press F again. The display will return to the NAV 2 page (figure 3-122).

ее.еnm| >PRESENT POSN ееееее| Leg| Ref: KMKC « NAV 2 | 219°FR 22.2nm

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-122

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Chapter 3

NOTE: If you change the reference waypoint, change to a page other than the NAV 2 page, then turn back to the NAV 2 page, the reference waypoint will revert back to a nearby VOR.

By turning on the cursor (B) over the first line and pressing E, you can change to the latitude and longitude format.

NOTE: Your present position may be stored as a user-defined waypoint by pressing

while viewing the NAV 2 page. See section

4.6.1, “Creating a waypoint at your present position.”

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Basic GPS Operation

3.10.3. THE NAVIGATION 3 (NAV 3) PAGE

The Navigation (NAV) 3 page shows you several important times pertaining to your flight (figure 3-123).

Line 1: The current system time zone and time. The time zone may be

ее.еnm|Time CDT 1605 ееееее|Depart 1343 Leg|ETA KIXD 1710 NAV 2 |Flight 2:22

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-123

changed by turning the cursor (B) on over it and turning the right inner knob. All times shown on the NAV 3 page are in terms of the system time zone (except for the flight time, which is an elapsed time).

Line 2: The time of departure. This is the time when a valid groundspeed was first greater than 30 knots (typically during takeoff).

Line 3: Estimated time of arrival at your destination. If the active waypoint is not part of the active flight plan, the active waypoint will be the destination. Otherwise, the last waypoint in your active flight plan will be the destination.

Line 4: The elapsed flight time, which will be the hours and minutes since the departure time.

3.10.4. THE NAVIGATION 4 (NAV 4) PAGE

Chapter 3

The NAV 4 page is a graphical moving map which offers excellent

Basic GPS Operation

“bird’s-eye-view” situational awareness to you as the pilot in command. This page can show you where you are and where you’re headed relative to your active flight plan or leg, your destination waypoint(s), the nearby airports and VORs, and even the boundaries of nearby special use airspace!

The NAV 4 page (figure 3-124) is a little bit different than some of the other KLN 89(B) pages. Instead of displaying the page type and number (i.e. NAV 4) in the lower left corner of the screen, an additional piece of navigation data is displayed here. We’re

íï.ònm| SGJ | { Leg| >117kt|

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

100

Figure 3-124

willing to bet you’ll know this is the NAV 4 page anyway, because of its unique graphics.

3-40

OMN

KJAX

% "

SGJ

KCVN

KLN 89/KLN 89B Pilot’s Guide Basic GPS Operation

The left side of the screen displays the distance to go, active waypoint identifier, and mode annunciation (either Leg, or the OBS selected course), just like it usually would, but the fourth line is a cyclic field for which you may select:

Magnetic Desired Track (degrees) DTK123 Groundspeed (knots or kilometers/hour) 123kt Estimated Time Enroute (hours:minutes) 1:23 Crosstrack Correction 1.21

NOTE: Magnetic desired track may only be selected when KLN 89(B) is in the Leg navigation mode. When the KLN 89(B) is in the OBS mode, the “desired track” is the same as the OBS selected course displayed on line 3.

∆∆

To change the data displayed in this cyclic field, simply turn on the cursor (B ), rotate the right inner knob counterclockwise to position the cursor over this field (figure 4-125), and press the E button to choose the

íï.ònm| SGJ | { Leg| >117kt|

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

100

Figure 3-125

OMN

KJAX

KCVN

SGJ

desired information. Now we move on to the map display area on the right side of the

screen. In all KLN 89(B) installations there are three common map orientation formats that may be selected on the NAV 4 page: a True North up display, a desired track up display, or an actual track up display. In addition, if the KLN 89(B) is interfaced with a source of heading in a compatible format then a heading up presentation may also be selected. When the North up display is selected, viewing the NAV 4 page is like looking at a navigation chart with North at the top. When the desired track up display is selected the NAV 4 page is like looking at a chart that is turned so that your course line is always pointing up. When the actual track up display is selected, viewing the NAV 4 page is like looking at a chart that is turned so that the direction the aircraft is tracking over the ground is pointing up. In a no-wind condition, actual track is identical to the aircraft’s heading.

CAUTION: When using the actual track up format it is typical for there to be a slight delay from the time a heading change is made until the correct map orientation is displayed. Be careful when using either the desired track up display or the actual track up display to not think that a heading up display is being used.

Basic GPS Operation

Chapter 3

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Basic GPS Operation

When you are navigating with a flight plan (see section 4.2), the NAV 4 page displays the waypoints of the active flight plan (FPL 0) with their waypoint identifiers (figure 3-125). Course lines connect the flight plan waypoints.

When operating Direct To a waypoint which is not in the active flight plan, the direct to waypoint is shown on the

íò.ênm| 2CB | { Leg| >117kt|

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

map, and although the waypoints of the active flight plan are still shown on the screen, they are not connected by course lines (figure 3-126).

In the lower left corner of the map display area is the map range scale in nautical miles. The range scale indicates the distance from the aircraft’s position to the top of the screen. You

íî.ínm| 2CB | { Leg| >117kt|

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

may select a range scale of 1 NM to 500 NM (2 km to 925 km) with several choices in between by turning on the cursor (B), and using the right inner knob to select the desired range scale. For example, figure 3127 illustrates the results of changing the range scale of the map in figure 3-126 from 60 nautical miles to 30 nautical miles.

Additionally, there is a choice called AUTO, for automatic range scal-

Chapter 3

ing. This choice is sandwiched between the 1 NM (2 km) scale and the 500 NM (925 km) scale, such that it is “below” 1 NM (2 km) and

Basic GPS Operation

“above” 500 NM (925 km). The AUTO scale factor feature “zooms” the map in and out in a useful way so that you don’t have to. Specifically, AUTO chooses the smallest map scale that will display the active waypoint and, if there is one, the waypoint after the active waypoint. Choosing the AUTO scale factor means there is one less item for you to worry about. This is especially helpful when conducting non-precision approaches using the

ëó.ñnm| SGJ | { Leg| >117kt|

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

KLN 89B. Aside from changing the map range scale, all other customization of

the map display is done from the menu. Notice that when you turn on the cursor (B), the Menu? field appears above the range scale. Turn the right outer knob one step counterclockwise to move the cursor over the Menu? field (figure 3-128) and press

ëó.ñnm| SGJ | { Leg| >117kt|

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

F. The menu now “pops-up” on the screen (figure 3-129).

ORL

2CB

OMN

Figure 3-126

2CB

SGJ

Figure 3-127

OMN

Menu?

SGJ

KJAX

Figure 3-128

SUA:off VOR:off APT:off 112°

KJAX

Figure 3-129

% "

SGJ

OMN

% "

KJAX

ORL

KORL

ORL

KORL

3-42

KLN 89/KLN 89B Pilot’s Guide Basic GPS Operation

To select the desired NAV 4 orientation, you must first select the menu, then use the right outer knob to position the cursor over the map orientation field (figure 3-130). Rotate the right inner knob to display N↑↑for

ëó.ñnm| SGJ | { Leg| >117kt|

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

SUA:off VOR:off APT:off

∆

TK «

KJAX

OMN

ORL

KORL

Figure 3-130

North up, DTK↑↑for desired track up (figure 3-131), TK↑↑for actual track up, or HDG↑↑for heading up. The heading up selection is not presented as a choice if heading is not provided to the KLN 89(B). If the cursor is located on a field other than the map orientation field, then the DTK↑↑, TK↑↑, or HDG↑↑annunciation is replaced with the actual value. The 123° dis- played in figure 3-132 shows how the actual track is displayed when the cursor is not over the map orientation

ëó.ñnm| SGJ | { Leg| >117kt|

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

SUA:off VOR:off APT:off

∆

DTK «

KJAX

OMN

ORL

KORL

Figure 3-131

ëó.ñnm| SGJ | { Leg| >117kt|

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

SUA:off VOR:off APT:off 123°

KJAX

OMN

ORL

KORL

Figure 3-132

field. If a heading input is available to the KLN 89(B) then heading up is

usually the best map orientation to select. Otherwise, actual track up display is usually preferred for use in flight. However, the track up display is only usable when the aircraft is moving 2 knots or more so the North up display may be a good choice if you are stationary.

Notice that in both the North up format and the desired track up format, the aircraft’s position is depicted by a diamond. In the actual track up format and the heading up format, the aircraft’s position is depicted by an aircraft symbol.

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Chapter 3

You may choose to have nearby airports, VORs, and special use airspace (SUA) displayed on the moving map! To do so, use the pop-up menu by turning on the cursor and selecting Menu?.

When the menu is first displayed the cursor will be on the SUA selection field. Rotate the right inner knob to select on or off. When SUAs are selected, the five nearest SUAs are displayed. However, they will not be displayed on map range scales larger than 160 NM (300 km). Special use airspace areas are displayed regardless of your altitude relative to the airspace. The nearest SUA feature (section 3.8.2) and the SUA alerting feature (section 3.17) will indicate the altitude limits of the airspace to you. Section 3.17 will also help you understand more about the KLN 89(B) special use airspace features as well as the types of SUA that are included in the KLN 89(B) data base.

3-43

Basic GPS Operation

NOTE: Only the outer lateral boundaries are displayed for Class B, Class C, CTA, and TMA airspace. The actual SUA may have different lateral limits (i.e. smaller) depending on your present altitude.

In the same manner, the nearest VORs and/or airports may be selected by first using the right outer knob to move the cursor over the VOR or APT selection field and then using the right inner knob to select on or off. The example in figure 3-133 shows SUAs and airports having been selected.

ëó.ñnm| SGJ | { Leg| >117kt|

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

SUA:on VOR:off APT:on 123°

KJAX

OMN

ORL

KORL

Figure 3-133

When the desired selections have been made, press the B button to remove the menu from the screen (figure 3-134). Notice that the nearest airports are depicted with a small + symbol, while the VORs are shown as

ëó.ñnm| SGJ | { Leg| >117kt|

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-134

a small box ($$). One last item of interest on this page: you may change the active

waypoint to any of the flight plan waypoints without having to leave the map display. This is done by pulling the right inner knob to the

Chapter 3

“out” or “scan” position. This will cause the identifier for the active waypoint to be displayed in the bottom right corner of the screen

Basic GPS Operation

(figure 3-135). The waypoint displayed in this area will be the default waypoint when D is pressed. By turning the right inner knob it is possible to scan through the waypoints of the active flight plan (FPL 0). Turning the knob clockwise

ëó.ñnm| SGJ | { Leg| >117kt|

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

SUA:on VOR:off APT:on 123° SGJ «

KJAX

OMN

Figure 3-135

will scan through the waypoints in sequence until the end of the flight plan is reached. Turning the knob counter-clockwise will scan through the active flight plan in reverse order until the beginning of the flight plan is reached. Pushing the right inner knob back to the “in” position will remove this text from the map display area.

The following hints will make using the NAV 4 page more enjoyable.

SGJ

KNIP

ORL

KORL

2CB

• It is easy to clutter the display with so much data that it is unusable. Select a range scale that allows an uncluttered presentation of the chosen SUAs, VORs, and airports. Or, select another combination of these from the menu. Experiment and continue to make new selections for different phases of your trip.

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KLN 89/KLN 89B Pilot’s Guide Basic GPS Operation

• Press E to instantly declutter the SUA, VOR, and airport selections from the graphics display. Flight plan and Direct To waypoints will still be displayed. Press E again to restore the selections.

CAUTION: The NAV 4 page does not display weather, terrain, or other data.

3.11. WAYPOINT PAGES

NOTE: Each of the waypoint page types includes a cyclic field which displays present magnetic bearing to or magnetic heading from the waypoint. Due to “great circle” courses and magnetic variation differences between present position and the active waypoint, the To bearing and From radial may not be exactly 180° different from each other. This condition is most likely to occur when long distances are involved, and/or you are operating in very northerly or southerly latitudes. See section 3.10.1 and figure 3-118 for more details.

Basic GPS Operation

3.11.1. AIRPORT PAGES

3.11.1.1. The Airport 1 (APT 1) Page

See figure 3-136. Line 1: The ICAO identifier (see

section 2.3) of the airport; an arrow precedes the identifier if it is the active waypoint. The airport elevation above MSL in feet or meters, which is rounded to the nearest 10 feet or

ее.еnm| KLIT 260ft ееееее|ADAMS Leg|LITTLE ROCK APT 1 |AR

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-136

nearest meter.

Line 2: The name of the airport. Line 3: The city where the airport is located. Line 4: The State if the airport is located in the U.S., the Province if

located in Canada, or the country if outside the U.S. and Canada. A listing of the abbreviations used for States, Provinces, and countries is contained in Appendix D. The right side of line 4 will read HELIPORT if applicable, MILITARY if it is a military airport (Figure 3-137), and

ее.еnm| KZSL 870ft ееееее|WHITEMAN AFB Leg|KNOB NOSTER APT 1 |MO MILITARY

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-137

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3-45

Basic GPS Operation

PRIVATE if it is a private use airport.

åå.ånm| KLIT 3 260ft

If the airport is being viewed as part of the nearest airports list (see section

3.8.1, “Viewing the Nearest Waypoints”), the APT 1 page format will differ as follows (see figure 3-138):

Line 1: After the airport identifier, the number designating the airport’s position in the nearest airport list is displayed. In figure 3-138, KLIT is the third nearest airport.

Line 2: Same as a normal APT 1 page. Line 3: The length, surface and lighting of the longest runway. Line 4: The magnetic bearing to or the magnetic radial from the

airport and the distance. Placing the cursor over the radial/bearing field and pressing E toggles between radial from and bearing to the airport.

ееееее|ADAMS Leg| 7200ft HRD L APT 1 |>103°To 14.5nm

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-138

3.11.1.2. The Airport 2 (APT 2) Page

See figure 3-139.

Chapter 3

Line 1: The ICAO identifier (see

Basic GPS Operation

section 2.3) of the airport; an arrow

ее.еnm| KLIT ееееее| N 34°43.74' Leg| W 92°13.47' APT 2 |>103°To 14.5nm

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-139

precedes the identifier if it is the active waypoint. Lines 2-3: The latitude and longitude of the airport reference point

(the “official” location of the airport). Line 4: The magnetic bearing to or the magnetic radial from the air-

port and the distance. Placing the cursor over the radial/bearing field and pressing E toggles between radial from and bearing to the airport.

If the airport is being viewed as part of the nearest airports list (see section

3.8.1, the APT 2 page format will

differ as follows (see figure 3-140):

åå.ånm| KLIT 3 ееееее|LITTLE ROCK Leg|AR APT 2 |>103°To 14.5nm

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-140

Line 1: After the airport identifier, the number designating the airport’s position in the nearest airport list is displayed.

Line 2: The city where the airport is located.

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KLN 89/KLN 89B Pilot’s Guide Basic GPS Operation

Line 3: The State if the airport is located in the U.S., the Province if located in Canada, or the country if outside the U.S. and Canada. A listing of the abbreviations used for States, Provinces, and countries is contained in Appendix D. The right side of line 3 displays

HELIPORT, MILITARY, or PRIVATE as appropriate. Line 4: The magnetic bearing to or the magnetic radial from the air-

port and the distance. Placing the cursor over the radial/bearing field and pressing E toggles between radial from and bearing to the airport.

3.11.1.3. The Airport 3 (APT 3) Page

See figure 3-141. Line 1: The ICAO identifier (see sec-

tion 2.3) of the airport; an arrow precedes the identifier if it is the active waypoint. Also on line 1 is the

ее.еnm| KLIT CL C ееееее|UTC-06(-05DT) Leg|JET 100L APT 3 |ILS GPS (R)

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-141

environment. For example, the airport in figure 3-141 has overlying Class C airspace. The possible environments are:

CL B Class B airspace CL C Class C airspace CTA Control area TMA Terminal area TRSA Terminal radar service area

Line 2: The airport’s time difference from UTC during standard time

and during daylight time (in parentheses). Line 3: Fuel types available at the airport. This line will be blank if

there is no fuel available at the airport.

80 80 octane 100 100 octane 100L 100 octane, low-lead JET Jet fuel (of any type) AUTO Automotive fuel (also known as MOGAS)

Line 4: Approach type(s) available at the airport. If an airport has an

ILS approach and/or an MLS approach, no indication of non-precision approach availability will be given.

NO APR No IFR approach NP APR Non-precision approach(es) only ILS ILS approach MLS MLS approach ILS/MLS ILS and MLS approaches

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Basic GPS Operation

If the airport has a GPS non-precision approach included in the KLN 89B data base, GPS will also be displayed on line 4. The lower right corner will display (R) if the airport has an approach/departure radar environment.

3.11.1.4. The Airport 4 (APT 4) Page

See figure 3-142 The APT 4 page displays the runway

designation, length, surface, and lighting for up to five runways in order of length, beginning with the longest run-

ее.еnm| KLIT 04R/22L ееееее| 7200ft HRD L Leg| 04L/22R APT+4 | 7173ft HRD L

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-142

way. Since there are many times when all of an airport’s runway information does not fit on one page, additional APT 4 pages are used to display the data. Remember that a “+” inserted between the page type and the number (APT+4 in this case) is used to indicate that there is more than one Airport 4 page.

Line 1: The ICAO identifier (see section 2.3) of the airport; an arrow precedes the identifier if it is the active waypoint. To the right is the runway designation for the first runway on the page.

NOTE: In some parts of the world, runway numbers are based on true runway heading rather than magnetic. These runways are

Chapter 3

prevalent in northern Canada, where there is a large magnetic variation gradient. For these runways, a ¶¶symbol separates the two

Basic GPS Operation

runway numbers (example

1144¶¶3322

Line 2: The runway length for the first runway listed on the page, the runway surface type and the type of lighting (blank if none).

Runway surface abbreviations:

HRD Hard surface TRF Turf GRV Gravel CLY Clay SND Sand DRT Dirt SNW Snow ICE Ice SHL Shale MAT Steel mat

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KLN 89/KLN 89B Pilot’s Guide Basic GPS Operation

Runway lighting Abbreviations:

L Sunset to sunrise LPC Pilot controlled lighting LPT Part-time or on-request lighting

Lines 3-4: Runway information for the next shortest runway (if any),

in the same format as lines 1 and 2. In the event that there is no runway information for an airport, the fol-

lowing message is displayed on the APT 4 page:

*No Runway Data

3.11.1.5. The Airport 5 (APT 5) Page

See figure 3-143. Line 1: The ICAO identifier (see

section 2.3) of the airport; an arrow precedes the identifier if it is the active waypoint.

Lines 2-4: The VHF communication frequencies associated with the

ее.еnm| KLIT ееееее|ATIS 125.65 Leg|PTAX 118.95 APT+5 |GRND 121.90

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 143

Chapter 3

airport. The type and frequency is listed. The abbreviations are:

AAS aeronautical advisory service AFIS aerodrome flight information service ARVL arrival APR approach ASOS automated surface observation system ATF aerodrome traffic frequency ATIS automatic terminal information service AWOS automatic weather observing station CL B class B airspace (formerly terminal control area)(VFR frequency) CL C class C airspace (formerly airport radar service area) (VFR frequency) CLR clearance delivery CTA control area (VFR frequency used outside the U.S.) CTAF common traffic advisory frequency CTR center (when center is used for approach/departure control) DEP departure DIR director (approach control/radar) GRND ground control MCOM multicom MF mandatory frequency PCL pilot-controlled lighting PTAX pre-taxi clearance RAMP ramp/taxi control

Basic GPS Operation

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Basic GPS Operation

RDO radio RDR radar-only frequency TMA terminal area (VFR frequency used outside the U.S.) TWR control tower UNIC unicom

Part-time operation, such as for a control tower, is indicated with an asterisk (*) to the right of an airport frequency.

The frequencies associated with class B or C airspace, CTA or TMA are VFR frequencies. Airports which have one of these categories of frequencies also have APR and DEP which are IFR frequencies.

Where required, APR, DEP, CL B, CL C, CTA, and TMA frequencies are sectorized. That is, a frequency may be used only within a certain range of radials from a designated reference location. The format for displaying the sectorization is to show the frequency first, followed by the identifier of the associated reference point, followed next by the associated altitude restrictions. For example, figure 3144 shows that the Orlando approach control frequency 121.10 MHz is used between the 311° radial and the 60° radial from KMCO (Orlando International Airport) for altitudes at and below 5500 feet.

Chapter 3

In a few cases, APR, DEP, CL B, CL C, CTA, and TMA frequencies

Basic GPS Operation

are sectorized such that the restrictions cannot be displayed on a single page. When this occurs the following message is displayed on the APT 5 page:

Text Of Freq Use Not Displayed

ее.еnm| KORL ееееее|APR 121.10 Leg| KMCO 311°-060° APT+5 | Below 5500ft

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-144

3.11.1.6. The Airport 6 (APT 6) Page

See figure 4-145. Line 1: The ICAO identifier (see sec-

tion 2.3) of the airport; an arrow precedes the identifier if it is the active waypoint.

ее.еnm| KLIT ееееее| [Remarks] Leg| APT 6 |

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-145

Lines 2-4: The pilot-entered remarks for the airport. Three lines of 14 characters each are available for the remarks. These remarks might include information on lodging, dining, airport services, etc. Up to 100 waypoints may include remarks. Letters, numbers, hyphens, and spaces may be used in the remark. If no remarks have been entered for the airport, line 2 will display “[Remarks]”.

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KLN 89/KLN 89B Pilot’s Guide Basic GPS Operation

To enter an airport remark on the APT 6 page:

1. Turn on the cursor and move it until the cursor fills line 2 of the screen (figure 3-146).

2. With the right inner knob, select the desired character, if any, and move the cursor to the next character on the line (figure 3-147).

3. Repeat step 2 as necessary.

4. Press F to approve each line of remarks. The cursor will automatically move to the next line (see figure 3-148).

5. Turn the cursor off when you are finished creating the remark (figure 3-149).

The Other 5 (OTH 5) page is a list of waypoints with associated remarks. Sometimes these are deleted if there are more than 100 waypoints with remarks, or if the remarks are no longer relevant. If you wish to delete a waypoint remark for an airport, see section 3.14.2.

ее.еnm| KLIT ееееее| [Remarks] « Leg| *CRSR*|

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-146

ее.еnm| KLIT ееееее|G « # Leg| *CRSR*|

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-147

ее.еnm| KLIT ееееее|GREEN CAB CO Leg| « *CRSR*|

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-148

ее.еnm| KLIT ееееее|GREEN CAB CO Leg| 555-9999 APT 6 |

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-149

Basic GPS Operation

Chapter 3

‡3.11.1.7. The Airport 7 (APT 7) Page (KLN 89B only)

The APT 7 page shows the SID and STAR procedures that are available for the selected airport. If both SID and STAR procedures are available then there will be two APT 7 pages indicated by APT+7 (figure 3-150). If

ее.еnm| KLAX STAR ееееее| 1 CIVET4 Leg| 2 DOWNE4 APT+7 |12 VISTA1

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-150

there are no SID or STAR procedures in the data base then this page will be as shown in figure 3-151.

The details of this page are presented in section 5.2.

ее.еnm| KFNL ееееее| No SID/STAR Leg| In Data Base APT 7 |For This Airport

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-151

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Basic GPS Operation

‡3.11.1.8. The Airport 8 (APT 8) Page (KLN 89B only)

See figure 3-152. The APT 8 page specifies the non-

precision IAPs (Instrument Approach Procedures) available for the airport. Remember that the desired approach must be in the published data base in order to be used by KLN 89B. If there are no approaches for this airport in the data base then this page will be as shown in figure 3-153. To read more about selecting a non-precision approach, see section 5.1.1.

Line 1: The ICAO identifier (see section 2.3) of the airport; an arrow precedes the identifier if it is the active waypoint.

Lines 2-4: Listing of the instrument approach procedures for the airport. The IAPs are listed in alphabetical order. If there are more than three IAPs, the final one in the list is on line 4 of the screen. To scan through the IAPs that are not in view, turn on the cursor B and turn

Chapter 3

the right outer knob clockwise.

ее.еnm| KFNL IAP ееееее| 1 NDB 33 Leg| 2 RNAV 15 APT 8 | 4 VOR-A

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-152

ее.еnm| KLCG IAP ееееее| No Approach Leg| In Data Base APT 8 |For this Airport

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-153

Basic GPS Operation

The different types of IAPs, with examples, are:

GPS 27 GPS approach LORAN 4 LORAN approach RNAV 2L RNAV approach TACAN 24 TACAN approach VOR 15 Straight-in VOR approach VOR-B Circling VOR approach VOR/D 31 VOR/DME approach NDB 26 Straight-in NDB approach NDB-D Circling NDB approach NDB/D 35 NDB/DME approach

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KLN 89/KLN 89B Pilot’s Guide Basic GPS Operation

3.11.2. VOR PAGES

Two pages of information may be displayed for each VOR in the KLN 89(B). Sample VOR pages are shown in figures 3-154 through 3-156.

3.11.2.1. The VOR 1 Page

See figure 3-154. Line 1: The VOR identifier, preceded

by an arrow if it is the active waypoint. To the right of the identifier is the frequency of the VOR in megahertz.

Line 2: The name of the VOR. Lines 3-4: The latitude and longitude of the VOR

ее.еnm| MEX 117.00 ееееее|MEXICO CITY Leg| N 19°26.22' VOR 1 | W 99°04.17'

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-154

If the VOR is being viewed as part of the nearest VORs list (see section

3.8.1), the VOR 1 page format will

differ as follows (see figure 3-155): Line 1: After the VOR identifier, the

åå.ånm| MEX 2 117.00 ееееее|MEXICO CITY Leg| VOR 1 |>359°To 97.7nm

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-155

number designating the VOR’s position in the nearest VOR list is displayed. In figure 3-155, MEX is the second nearest VOR.

Lines 3-4: In place of the latitude/longitude, line 3 is blank and line 4 displays the magnetic bearing to or the magnetic radial from the VOR and the distance. Placing the cursor over the radial/bearing field and pressing E toggles between radial from and bearing to station.

3.11.2.2. The VOR 2 Page

See figure 3-156. Line 1: The VOR identifier, preceded

by an arrow if it is the active waypoint.

ее.еnm| MEX ееееее|Mag Var E 8° Leg| VOR 2 |>359°To 97.7nm

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-156

Line 2: The published magnetic station declination of the VOR. Magnetic station declination is another way to say the published magnetic variation for the VOR.

Line 4: The magnetic bearing to or the magnetic radial from the VOR and the distance. Placing the cursor over the radial/bearing field and pressing E toggles between radial from and bearing to station.

Basic GPS Operation

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Basic GPS Operation

3.11.3. NDB PAGES

Two pages of information may be displayed for each NDB in the KLN 89(B). Sample NDB pages are shown in figures 3-157 through 3-159.

3.11.3.1. The NDB 1 Page

See figure 3-157. Line 1: The NDB identifier, preceded

by an arrow if it is the active waypoint. To the right of the identifier is the frequency of the NDB in kilohertz.

Line 2: The name of the NDB.

ее.еnm| DFI 246 ееееее|DEFIANCE Leg| N 41°20.07' NDB 1 | W 84°25.62'

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-157

Lines 3-4: The latitude and longitude of the NDB If the NDB is being viewed as part of

the nearest NDBs list (see section

3.8.1), the NDB 1 page format will differ as follows (see figure 3-158):

Line 1: After the NDB identifier, the number designating the NDB’s position in the nearest NDB list is displayed. In figure 3-158, DFI is

Chapter 3

the nearest NDB.

Basic GPS Operation

Lines 3-4: In place of the latitude/longitude, line 3 is blank and line 4

åå.ånm| DFI 1 246 ееееее|DEFIANCE Leg| NDB 1 |>021°To 2.3nm

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-158

displays the magnetic bearing to or the magnetic radial from the NDB and the distance. Placing the cursor over the radial/bearing field and pressing E toggles between radial from and bearing to station.

3.11.3.2. The NDB 2 Page

See figure 3-159. Line 1: The NDB identifier, preceded

by an arrow if it is the active waypoint. Line 4: The magnetic bearing to or

the magnetic radial from the NDB and

ее.еnm| DFI ееееее| Leg| NDB 2 |>021°To 2.3nm

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-159

the distance. Placing the cursor over the radial/bearing field and pressing E toggles between radial from and bearing to station.

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KLN 89/KLN 89B Pilot’s Guide Basic GPS Operation

3.11.4. INTERSECTION PAGES

The Intersection pages contain low altitude, high altitude, approach, and SID/STAR intersections as well as outer markers and outer compass locators. The Intersection pages for waypoint ELVIS (figures 3-160 and 3-161) are used as an example of what is displayed for Intersection pages

3.11.4.1. The Intersection 1 (INT 1) Page

See figure 3-160.

ее.еnm| ELVIS ееееее| N 34°57.21' Leg| W 89°58.43'

Line 1: The intersection identifier, preceded by an arrow if it is the active waypoint.

Lines 2-3: The latitude and longitude of the intersection.

INT 1 |> 98°To 128nm

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-160

Line 4: The magnetic bearing to or the magnetic radial from the user-defined waypoint and the distance. Placing the cursor over the radial/bearing field and pressing E toggles between radial from and bearing to station.

3.11.4.2. The Intersection 2 (INT 2) Page

See figure 3-161.

ее.еnm| ELVIS ееееее| Ref: MEM Leg| Rad: 173.6°

Line 1: The intersection identifier, preceded by an arrow if it is the active waypoint.

INT 1 | Dis: 6.6nm

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-161

Line 2: The identifier of the intersection’s reference waypoint. When this page is first viewed, the reference waypoint is the nearest VOR to the intersection. The reference waypoint may be changed by the pilot. However, once you leave this page and come back, the reference waypoint reverts back to a nearby VOR.

Line 3: The magnetic radial from the reference waypoint to the intersection.

Line 4: The distance from the reference waypoint to the intersection.

Basic GPS Operation

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Basic GPS Operation

3.11.5. USER WAYPOINT PAGES

The User waypoint pages (USR 0, USR 1, USR 2, and USR 3) allow you to create “custom” waypoints for use in navigation. A crop sprayer might want to create a waypoint on a field that is sprayed regularly, for instance. Another candidate might be a small airport which is not included in the KLN 89(B) database. To learn how to create a user-defined waypoint, see section 4.6.

3.11.5.1. The User 0 (USR 0) Page

See figure 3-162.

NOTE: The USR 0 page is only displayed for waypoint identifiers that do not have a previously defined position.

ее.еnm| MYWPT USR at: ееееее| User Pos L/L? Leg| User Pos R/D? USR 0 | Present Pos?

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-162

Line 1: The identifier for the as-yet-undefined waypoint. Lines 2-4: Cursor fields for the three possible user-defined waypoint

creation methods. For information on creating user-defined waypoints, see section 4.6.

3.11.5.2. The User 1 (USR 1) Page

Chapter 3

See figure 3-163.

Basic GPS Operation

Line 1: The user-defined waypoint identifier, preceded by an arrow if it is the active waypoint.

ее.еnm| MYWPT ееееее| N 40°05.48' Leg| W102°57.95' USR 1 |>134°To 2.3nm

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-163

Lines 2-3: The latitude and longitude of the user-defined waypoint. Line 4: The magnetic bearing to or the magnetic radial from the

user-defined waypoint and the distance. Placing the cursor over the radial/bearing field and pressing E toggles between radial from and bearing to station.

3.11.5.3. The User 2 (USR 2) Page

See figure 3-164. Line 1: The user-defined waypoint

identifier, preceded by an arrow if it is the active waypoint.

ее.еnm| MYWPT ееееее| Ref: AKO Leg| Rad: 101° USR 2 | Dis: 10.6nm

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-164

Line 2: The identifier of the user-defined waypoint’s reference waypoint. When this page is first viewed, the reference waypoint is the

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KLN 89/KLN 89B Pilot’s Guide Basic GPS Operation

nearest VOR to the user waypoint. The reference waypoint may be changed by the pilot. However, once you leave this page and come back, the reference waypoint reverts back to a nearby VOR.

Line 3: The magnetic radial from the reference waypoint to the user waypoint.

Line 4: The distance from the reference waypoint to the user waypoint.

3.11.5.4. The User 3 (USR 3) Page

See figure 3-165. Line 1: The identifier of the user-

defined waypoint; an arrow precedes

ее.еnm| WPTX ееееее|GRASS STRIP Leg|SOFT NORTH END USR 3 |

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-165

the identifier if it is the active waypoint. Lines 2-4: The pilot-entered remarks for the user waypoint. Three

lines of 14 characters each are available for the remarks. Up to 100 waypoints may include remarks. Letters, numbers, hyphens, and spaces may be used in the remark. If no remarks have been entered for the user-defined waypoint, line 2 will display [Remarks].

To enter a user-defined waypoint remark on the USR 3 page:

åå.ånm| WPTX

1. Turn on the cursor and move it until the cursor fills line 2 of the screen (figure 3-166).

2. Select the desired character, if any, and move the cursor to the next character on the line (figure 3-167).

3. Repeat step 2 as necessary.

4. Press F to approve each line of remarks. The cursor will automatically move to the next line (see figure 3-168).

5. Turn the cursor off when you are finished creating the remark.

ееееее| [Remarks] « Leg| *CRSR*|

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-166

ее.еnm| WPTX ееееее|G « # Leg| *CRSR*|

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-167

ее.еnm| WPTX ееееее|GRASS STRIP Leg| « *CRSR*|

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-168

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Basic GPS Operation

3.12. ALTITUDE PAGES

The ALT (altitude) pages are used to control and display most of the altitude-related functions of the KLN 89(B), including minimum safe altitudes and vertical navigation (VNAV). The ALT pages are accessed by pressing the A button. The first time the A button is pressed, the ALT 1 page is displayed (figure 3-169). If the A button is pressed again while the ALT 1 page is displayed, the display changes to the ALT 2 page. Pressing A a third time goes back to the page which you were on before you changed to the ALT pages.

NOTE: For a detailed discussion of the ALT 2 page, see section 4.4, “Advisory VNAV Operation”.

The ALT 1 page is used to set the current barometric pressure or “baro setting”. Since all encoding altimeters and some air data computers output pressure altitude, it is often required that you manually input the proper baro setting in order to get accurate altitude functions. The KLN 89(B) functions which use the altitude input are special use airspace (SUA) alerting, altitude alerting, and vertical navigation (VNAV). It is a good idea to update the altimeter baro setting on the ALT 1 page each

Chapter 3

time you make a change to the aircraft’s altimeter setting.

Basic GPS Operation

To Change the Baro Setting:

åå.ånm| BARO: 29.95" ееееее| Leg| MSA 3200ft *CRSR*| ESA 5600ft

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-169

1. Press A. The ALT 1 page will be displayed with the cursor over the altimeter baro setting field (figure 3-169).

NOTE: The SET 8 page (figure 3-170) is used to set the unit of measure for various parameters. The altimeter barometric setting can be set to inches of Mercury (“), millibars (mB), or hectopascals (hP). Altitude, airport elevation, and runway lengths can be

ее.еnm|SET BARO UNITS: ееееее| Leg| " SET 8 | Inches

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-170 set to feet (ft) or meters (m). Finally, distances and velocities can be set to nautical miles (nm) and knots (kt) or kilometers (km) and kilometers/hour (k/h). To change a unit of measure: select the SET 8 page; turn on the cursor (CRSR) and move it over the desired unit of measure using the right outer knob; turn the right inner knob to select the desired unit of measure; and turn the cursor off again. This format for the SET 8 page applies to ORS 02 software. ORS 01 software only allows the selection of barometric setting units.

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KLN 89/KLN 89B Pilot’s Guide Basic GPS Operation

2. Use the right inner knob to update the altimeter baro setting (figure 3-

171).

Line 3 displays the Minimum Safe Altitude (MSA)

IMPORTANT: The minimum safe altitude displayed is the altitude defined by Jeppesen as “Grid Minimum Off-Route Altitude (Grid MORA)”. This altitude is derived by Jeppesen for sectors which are one degree of latitude by one degree of longitude in size. One degree of latitude is 60 nautical miles. One degree of longitude is 60 nautical miles at the equator and progressively less than 60 nautical miles as one travels away from the equator. One degree of longitude is approximately 50 nautical miles at the southern most parts of the U.S. and is approximately 40 nautical miles at the northern most parts of the U.S. The MSA altitude information is contained in the data base and is updateed when the data base cartridge is updated.

åå.ånm| BARO: 30.12" ееееее| Leg| MSA 3200ft *CRSR*| ESA 5600ft

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-171

The minimum safe altitude (MSA) provides “reference point” clearance within these one degree latitude by one degree longitude sectors. Jeppesen defines a reference point as “a natural (Peak, Knoll, Hill, etc.) or man-made (Tower, Stack, Tank, Building, etc.) object”. Jeppesen states the following about the Grid Minimum Off-Route altitude: “Grid MORA values clear all reference points by 1000 feet in areas where the highest reference points are 5000 feet MSL or lower. MORA values clear all reference points by 2000 feet in areas where the highest reference points are 5001 feet MSL or higher”. The KLN 89(B) displays dashes for areas outside the data base coverage area or for areas where the Grid MORA is not defined.

Line 4 displays the Minimum Enroute Safe Altitude (ESA). IMPORTANT: When the KLN 89(B) is in the Leg mode, the minimum

enroute safe altitude is the highest MSA sector altitude from the present position to the active waypoint, then to the destination waypoint along the active flight plan. See figure 3-172. When the KLN 89(B) is in

ESA (MSL)

MSA (MSL)

1°

LAT.

1° LONG.

Figure 3-172

Basic GPS Operation

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Basic GPS Operation

the OBS mode, the minimum enroute safe altitude is the highest MSA sector altitude from the present position to the active waypoint.

WARNING: The MSA and ESA altitudes displayed are advisory in nature only. They should not be relied upon as the sole source of obstacle and terrain avoidance information. Refer to current aeronautical charts for appropriate minimum clearance altitudes.

3.13. VIEWING AND SETTING THE DATE AND TIME

The KLN 89(B) system time and date should seldom, if ever, require updating because they are automatically updated when at least one satellite is received. In addition, the KLN 89(B) contains an internal battery powered calendar/clock to keep system time and date when the unit is not being used. You will normally check to make sure the KLN 89(B) is set to the correct time and date shortly after you turn the unit on while you verify the Self Test Page. You can, however, also check the time and date on the Setup (SET) 2 page anytime you desire. There are several pages as well as some internal functions of the KLN 89(B), such as magnetic variation and proper use of data base information, that depend on having the proper time and date.

NOTE: You will not be able to update the time or date if the KLN 89(B) is receiving a time and date from a satellite.

Chapter 3

To set the date on the SET 2 page:

Basic GPS Operation

1. Select the SET 2 page (figure 3-

173).

2. Turn on the cursor. The cursor will be over the entire date field (figure 3-174).

ее.еnm|DATE 18 NOV 02 ееееее|TIME 1536:03 MST Leg| Mountain Std SET 2 |Mag Var: >Auto

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-173

3. Select the correct day of the month with the right inner knob.

4. Move the flashing part of the cursor to the month field (middle three dashes) with the right outer knob, and select the proper month (figure 3-175).

5. Move the flashing part of the cursor to the tens digit of the year field, and select the proper number (figure 3-176).

3-60

åå.ånm|DATE 18 NOV 02 ееееее|TIME 1536:10 MST Leg| Mountain Std *CRSR*|Mag Var: >Auto

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-174

åå.ånm|DATE 08 DEC __ ееееее|TIME 1536:15 MST # Leg| Mountain Std *CRSR*|Mag Var: >Auto

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-175

KLN 89/KLN 89B Pilot’s Guide Basic GPS Operation

6. Repeat step 5 for the ones digit of the year field.

7. Press F to start the KLN 89(B) using the newly entered date

åå.ånm|DATE 08 DEC 0 ееееее|TIME 1536:22 MST # Leg| Mountain Std *CRSR*|Mag Var: >Auto

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

(figure 3-177).

To set the time on the SET 2 page:

åå.ånm|DATE 08 DEC 02

1. Select the SET 2 page if it is not already selected.

2. Turn on the cursor and move it to

ееееее|TIME 1536:26 MST Leg| Mountain Std *CRSR*|Mag Var: >Auto

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

the time zone field (figure 3-178).

3. Change the time zone with the right inner knob, if desired (figure 3-179). A listing of the time zones and their abbreviations is con-

ее.еnm|DATE 08 DEC 02 ееееее|TIME 1536:30 MST Leg| Mountain Std *CRSR*|Mag Var: >Auto

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

tained in section 3.2, “Turn-on and Self Test”.

4. Move the cursor to the time field. The hours and minutes will appear in inverse video.

ее.еnm|DATE 08 DEC 02 ееееее|TIME 1536:30 MDT Leg| Mountain Day *CRSR*|Mag Var: >Auto

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

5. Select the correct hour (figure 3-180). Remember, the KLN 89(B) uses 24 hour time. If it is 1:00 P.M. or later, add 12 hours (for example, 2:30 P.M. becomes 14:30).

ее.еnm|DATE 08 DEC 02 ееееее|TIME 14__:42 MDT # Leg| Mountain Day *CRSR*|Mag Var: >Auto

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

6. Move the flashing part of the cursor to the tens of minutes, select the proper number (figure 3-181), then move on to the last digit and set it.

7. Press F to start the clock

ее.еnm|DATE 08 DEC 02 ееееее|TIME 143_:42 MDT # Leg| Mountain Day *CRSR*|Mag Var: >Auto

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

running (figure 3-182). Note that the seconds reset to zero when you do this.

NOTE: The above format for the SET2 page applies to ORS 02 soft-

ее.еnm|DATE 08 DEC 02 ееееее|TIME 1430:00 MDT Leg| Mountain Day *CRSR*|Mag Var: >Auto

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

ware. ORS 01 software has a different page layout; however, the same steps are followed to set the date or time.

Figure 3-176

Figure 3-177

Figure 3-178

Figure 3-179

Figure 3-180

Figure 3-181

Figure 3-182

Basic GPS Operation

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Basic GPS Operation

3.14. THE OTHER (OTH) PAGES

3.14.1. DETERMINING THE STATUS OF THE GPS SIGNALS

The Other (OTH) 1 and OTH 2 pages may be viewed at any time to determine the status of the GPS receiver and the GPS satellites being received. This includes which satellites are being tracked, the satellites’ health, the signal strength for each of these satellites, the elevation of each satellite above the horizon, the azimuth of each satellite referenced to your present position, the estimated position error, and the present GPS-derived altitude.

The GPS receiver in the KLN 89(B) is capable of using signals from up to eight satellites to determine its position. A valid position may be determined using as few as four satellites alone or three satellites with a valid electronic altitude input. However, four satellites alone or three satellites with an altitude input do not necessarily ensure that navigation can take place. The satellites must be positioned relative to your location such that sufficient “geometry” exists to determine an accurate position. The satellite constellation geometry is continually changing as each satellite, “rises”, travels across the sky, and eventually “sets” relative to your position. The GPS satellites are not in geosynchronous orbits positioned over the same spot on earth at all times like some television communication satellites with which you

Chapter 3

may be familiar. Rather, the GPS satellites are in orbits that allow them to circle the earth about two times each day.

Basic GPS Operation

A representative OTH 1 page is shown in figure 3-183. The OTH 1 page displays the GPS receiver state and the system’s estimate of the position error expressed in nautical miles or kilometers.

ее.еnm|State NAV D ееееее|GPS Alt 1450ft Leg|Estimated Posn OTH 1 | Error 0.02nm

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-183

The GPS state is indicated on line 1. The possibilities are:

INIT initialization ACQ acquisition TRAN transition NAV navigation NAV A navigation with altitude aiding NAV D navigation with data collection DEGRD navigation with position degradation FAILR receiver failure

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KLN 89/KLN 89B Pilot’s Guide Basic GPS Operation

In the initialization state the GPS receiver is in the process of initializing itself, collecting information such as the date, time, and last present position. Next, the receiver collects data from its own memory to determine which satellites should be visible. After completing the initialization process the receiver begins the acquisition process. During this time, the visible satellites are being acquired and data is obtained from them.

The transition state indicates an adequate number of satellites for navigation has been acquired and is being tracked but no position data can yet be produced.

Normal navigation is indicated by a NAV, NAV A, or NAV D GPS state. NAV A indicates that the altitude input is being used in the position solution. NAV D indicates that besides calculation position, the receiver is collecting and storing in its memory additional data from the satellites (called ephemeris and almanac data).

Line 2 of the OTH 1 page displays the present GPS-derived altitude, that is, the altitude that is being indicated by the GPS position solution.

WARNING: Do not use the GPS-derived altitude for navigation. Due to Selective Availability position degradation and other factors, the GPS altitude is normally 300 feet or more in error, which is unacceptable for vertical navigation.

Basic GPS Operation

Chapter 3

Lines 3 and 4 of the OTH 1 page display the KLN 89(B)’s estimated position error. The KLN 89(B)’s position error depends upon such factors as the number of satellites being received, the strength of the GPS signals, and the geometry of the satellites presently being used for navigation.

Figures 3-184, 3-185 and 3-186 show a representative example of a set of OTH 2 pages. There will be three OTH 2 pages if more than six satellites are being received as in this example. The following information is displayed for each satellite on the OTH 2 pages:

3-63

ее.еnm|SV Hlt Sg El Az ееееее|01 Gd 7 70 6 Leg|05 Gd 6 17 62 OTH+2 |15 Gd 7 27 310

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-184

ее.еnm|SV Hlt Sg El Az ееееее|20 Gd 6 23 102 Leg|21* Bd 3 61 112 OTH+2 |23 Gd 6 21 118

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-185

ее.еnm|SV Hlt Sg El Az ееееее|25* Wk 2 50 198 Leg| OTH+2 |

APT VOR NDB INT USR ACT NAV FPL CAL SET OTH

Figure 3-186

BendixKing KLN 89B User Manual

Specifications and Main Features

Frequently Asked Questions

User Manual

INTRODUCTION

KLN 89(B) SNEAK PREVIEW

HOW-TO INDEX

1. KLN 89(B) SYSTEM COMPONENTS

2. DATA BASE

2.1. DATA BASICS

2.2. DATA BASE CONTENTS AND COVERAGE AREAS

2.3. ICAO IDENTIFIERS

2.4. UPDATING THE DATA BASE

2.4.1. COMPUTER UPDATING OF THE DATA BASE

2.4.2 CARD EXCHANGE UPDATING OF THE DATA BASE

2.5. USER DEFINED DATA BASE

2.6. DATA BASE UPDATE SERVICE OPTIONS

3. BASIC GPS OPERATION

3.1. COVERAGE AREA

3.2. TURN-ON AND SELF TEST

3.3. DISPLAY FORMAT

3.4. BASIC OPERATION OF PANEL CONTROLS

3.4.1. PAGE SELECTION

3.4.2. DATA ENTRY

3.4.3. THE DUPLICATE WAYPOINT PAGE

3.4.4. CYCLIC FIELDS

3.5. MESSAGE PAGE

3.6. INITIALIZATION AND TIME TO FIRST FIX

3.7. SELECTING AND SCANNING WAYPOINTS

3.7.1. SELECTING WAYPOINTS BY IDENTIFIER

3.7.3. SELECTING WAYPOINTS BY SCANNING

3.7.4. SELECTING WAYPOINTS BY NAME OR CITY

3.8. “NEAREST” FUNCTIONS

3.8.1. VIEWING THE NEAREST WAYPOINTS

3.8.1.1 Nearest Airport Criteria

3.8.1.2 Continuous Display of Nearest Airport

3.8.2. VIEWING THE NEAREST SPECIAL USE AIRSPACES

3.8.3. Viewing the Nearest Flight Service Station Frequencies

3.8.4. Viewing the Nearest Center Frequencies

3.9. DIRECT TO OPERATION

3.9.1. INITIATING A DIRECT TO

3.9.2. CANCELLING A DIRECT TO

3.9.3. WAYPOINT ALERTING FOR DIRECT TO OPERATION

3.10. NAVIGATION PAGES

3.10.1. THE NAVIGATION 1 (NAV 1) PAGE

3.10.2. THE NAVIGATION 2 (NAV 2) PAGE

3.10.4. THE NAVIGATION 4 (NAV 4) PAGE

3.11. WAYPOINT PAGES

3.11.1. AIRPORT PAGES

3.11.1.1. The Airport 1 (APT 1) Page

3.11.1.2. The Airport 2 (APT 2) Page

3.11.1.3. The Airport 3 (APT 3) Page

3.11.1.4. The Airport 4 (APT 4) Page

3.11.1.5. The Airport 5 (APT 5) Page

3.11.1.6. The Airport 6 (APT 6) Page

‡3.11.1.7. The Airport 7 (APT 7) Page (KLN 89B only)

‡3.11.1.8. The Airport 8 (APT 8) Page (KLN 89B only)

3.11.2. VOR PAGES

3.11.2.1. The VOR 1 Page

3.11.2.2. The VOR 2 Page

3.11.3. NDB PAGES

3.11.3.1. The NDB 1 Page

3.11.3.2. The NDB 2 Page

3.11.4. INTERSECTION PAGES

3.11.4.1. The Intersection 1 (INT 1) Page

3.11.4.2. The Intersection 2 (INT 2) Page

3.11.5. USER WAYPOINT PAGES

3.11.5.1. The User 0 (USR 0) Page

3.11.5.2. The User 1 (USR 1) Page

3.11.5.3. The User 2 (USR 2) Page

3.11.5.4. The User 3 (USR 3) Page

3.12. ALTITUDE PAGES

3.13. VIEWING AND SETTING THE DATE AND TIME

3.14. THE OTHER (OTH) PAGES

3.14.1. DETERMINING THE STATUS OF THE GPS SIGNALS