Apple Developer Note iBook Service Manual

Developer Note

iBook Computer

November 2002



Apple Computer, Inc.

© 2001, 2002 Apple Computer, Inc.
All rights reserved.

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Contents

Figures and Tables 7

Preface

Chapter 1

Chapter 2

About This Developer Note

Introduction

New Features 11
All Features 11
Peripheral Devices 13
System Software 14

Machine Identification 15
Power Stepping 15
Target Disk Mode 16

Architecture

Block Diagram and Buses 17

Block Diagram 17
Main ICs and Buses 19

Microprocessor and Cache 19

Power PC G3 Microprocessor 19
L2 Cache 20

Memory and I/O Device Controller 20

System RAM 21
Boot ROM 21
Ethernet Controller 21
FireWire Controller 22
Graphics IC 22
Ultra DMA IDE Bus 23
USB Interface 23

11

17

9

 Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002

3

CONTENTS

Modem Support 23
Sound Circuitry 24
Power Control IC 24
AirPort Card 25

Chapter 3

Devices and Ports

27

USB Ports 27

USB Connector 27
USB Technology 28

Wake on Connect and Resume 29
USB Storage Devices 29
USB Controller 29

FireWire Port 29

FireWire Connector 30

FireWire Device Programming 31
Ethernet Port 32
Internal Modem 33
AirPort Card 33

Data Security 34

AirPort Hardware 34

AirPort Software 35
Bluetooth Technology 35
Hard Disk Drive 36

Hard Disk Dimensions 36

Hard Disk Connector 38

Signal Assignments 39

ATA Signal Descriptions 40
DVD-ROM/CD-RW Combo Drive 42
CD-ROM Drive 42
Trackpad 43
Keyboard 43

Removing the Keyboard 43
Keyboard Illustrations 45
Changing the Operation of the Keyboard 49

Using the Fn Key 49

Using the Num Lock Key 49

4

 Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002

CONTENTS

The Function-Keys Checkbox 50

Operations of the Function Keys 51

The Embedded Keypad 51

Other Control Keys 53
Flat Panel Display 53
External Display Port 54

Video Display Connector 55
Older Monitors Not Supported 57

Sound System 57

Audio Minijack 58
Internal Microphone 58
Internal Speakers 58
Internal Modem 59
CD Audio 59

Chapter 4

Appendix A

RAM Expansion

The RAM Expansion Slot 61
The RAM Expansion Module 63

Mechanical Design of the RAM SO-DIMM 64
Electrical Design of the RAM SO-DIMM 64

SDRAM Devices 65

Configuration of RAM SO-DIMMs 65

Address Multiplexing 66

RAM SO-DIMM Electrical Limits 66

61

Supplemental Reference Documents

Apple Technical Notes 67
3D Graphics 67
PowerPC G3 Microprocessor 68
Mac OS X 68
Mac OS 9.2.2 69
Open Firmware 69
RAM Expansion Modules 70
ATA Devices 70

67

 Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002

5

CONTENTS

USB Interface 71
FireWire Interface 71
Target Disk Mode 72
Wireless Networks 72
Bluetooth 72

Appendix B

Conventions and Abbreviations

Typographical Conventions 75
Abbreviations 75

Index

81

75

6

 Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002

Figures and Tables

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Architecture

Figure 2-1 Block diagram 18
Table 2-1 Buses supported by the Pangea IC 20

Devices and Ports

Figure 3-1 USB Type A connector 28
Figure 3-2 FireWire connector 30
Figure 3-3 Maximum dimensions of the internal hard disk 37
Figure 3-4 Hard disk connector and location 38
Figure 3-5 Unlocking the keyboard 44
Figure 3-6 Replacing the keyboard 45
Figure 3-7 Keyboard layout 46
Figure 3-8 Alternate operations of function and control keys 47
Figure 3-9 Embedded numeric keypad operation 48
Figure 3-10 Video display connector 55
Table 3-1 Pin assignments on the USB port 28
Table 3-2 Pin assignments on the FireWire connector 30
Table 3-3 Signals on the Ethernet connector 32
Table 3-4 Pin assignments on the ATA hard disk connector 39
Table 3-5 Signals on the ATA hard disk connector 40
Table 3-6 Types of media read and written by the DVD-ROM/CD-RW

drive 42

Table 3-7 Setting the default behavior of the function keys 50
Table 3-8 The function keys as control buttons 51
Table 3-9 Embedded keypad keys 51
Table 3-10 Control keys that change 53
Table 3-11 Display adapters 54
Table 3-12 Video signals for a VGA display 56
Table 3-13 Video signals for a TV display 56

17

27

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7

FIGURES AND TABLES

Chapter 4

RAM Expansion

61

Figure 4-1 The AirPort Card and antenna cable 62
Figure 4-2 The RAM shield plate 63
Table 4-1 Sizes of RAM expansion DIMMs and devices 65
Table 4-2 Types of DRAM devices 66

8

 Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002

PREFACE

About This Developer Note

This developer note gives a technical description of the iBook computer. The note
provides information about the computer’s internal design, input-output features,
and expansion capabilities.

Note:

This developer note has been updated to include information about the

latest product features and configurations.

This developer note is intended to help hardware and software developers design
products that are compatible with the Macintosh products described here. For
additional technical information on Macintosh computers, refer to “Supplemental
Reference Documents” (page 67).

The information in this note is arranged in four chapters and two appendixes.

Chapter 1, “Introduction” (page 11), introduces the iBook computer and

■

describes its features, with emphasis on the changes since the previous model.

Chapter 2, “Architecture” (page 17), describes the internal logic of the iBook

■

computer, including the main ICs that appear in the block diagram.

Chapter 3, “Devices and Ports” (page 27), describes the standard I/O ports and

■

the built-in I/O devices.

Chapter 4, “RAM Expansion” (page 61), describes the RAM expansion module.

■

■

Appendix A, “Supplemental Reference Documents” (page 67), tells where to

find more information about specific technologies used in the iBook computer.

■

Appendix B, “Conventions and Abbreviations” (page 75), lists the standard

units and abbreviations used in this developer note.

 Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002

9

PREFACE

About This Developer Note

10

 Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002

CHAPTER 1

1 Introduction

The iBook computer is a portable computer for the consumer and education
markets. This chapter lists the computer’s features, with emphasis on the changes
from the previous models.

New Features

The features that have changed are listed here along with references to the sections
that describe them.

■

Processor speed:

800 MHz. See “Power PC G3 Microprocessor” (page 19).

■

Graphics IC:

includes 16 or 32 MB of graphics DDR SDRAM. See “Graphics IC” (page 22).

All Features

Here is a list of the features of the iBook computer. Each feature is described in a
later chapter, as indicated in the list.

■

Processor speed:

800 MHz. See “Power PC G3 Microprocessor” (page 19).

Processor L2 cache:

■

New Features

 Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002

The clock speed of the Power PC G3 microprocessor is 700 or

The display controller is an ATI Mobility Radeon 7500 and

The clock speed of the Power PC G3 microprocessor is 700 or

The L2 cache size is 512 KB. See “L2 Cache” (page 20).

11

CHAPTER 1

Introduction

■

Power Stepping:

This feature slows down the processor to conserve battery
power when the computer is idle. For more information, see “Power Stepping”
(page 15).

■

Cache:

The microprocessor has a built-in L2 cache consisting of 512 KB of fast
static RAM. The clock speed for the backside cache is the same as the clock speed
of the microprocessor. See “L2 Cache” (page 20).

■

System RAM:

The computer comes with 128 or 256 MB of RAM. The second
128 MB occupies the expansion slot. For more information, see “RAM
Expansion” (page 61).

■

Hard disk storage:

The computer has a hard disk drive with a storage capacity
of 20 or 30 GB (and CTO 40 GB). For more information and developer guidelines
for alternative hard drives, see “Hard Disk Drive” (page 36).

CD-ROM drive:

■

One configuration of the 12.1-inch model has a built-in

24x-speed CD-ROM drive. See “CD-ROM Drive” (page 42).

Combination DVD-ROM/CD-RW drive:

■

Two configurations have a
combination DVD-ROM/CD-RW drive. For more information, see
“DVD-ROM/CD-RW Combo Drive” (page 42).

Display:

■

Two TFT display sizes are available: a 12.1-inch and a 14.1-inch. Both

displays have XGA (1024 by 768) resolution. See “Flat Panel Display” (page 53).

External display connector:

■

The external display connector supports VGA,
composite, and S-video monitors and projectors. See “External Display Port”
(page 54).

Graphics IC:

■

The display controller is an ATI Mobility Radeon 7500 and

includes 16 or 32 MB of graphics DDR SDRAM. See “Graphics IC” (page 22).

■

Microphone:

The computer has a built-in microphone. See “Sound System”

(page 57).

■

Battery:

The computer has one battery bay. The battery in the 12.1-inch display
models uses six lithium ion cells and provides over 5 hours of operation under
normal use. The battery in the 14.1-inch display model uses eight lithium ion
cells and provides up to 6 hours of operation under normal use.

■

USB ports:

The computer has two external USB ports. See “USB Ports”

(page 27).

■

FireWire port:

The computer has an IEEE-1394 FireWire high-speed serial port.

See “FireWire Port” (page 29).

12

All Features

 Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002

CHAPTER 1

Introduction

■

Target disk mode:

The computer can act like a FireWire storage device

connected to another computer. See “Target Disk Mode” (page 16).

■

Modem:

The computer has a built-in modem that supports 56 Kbps data rate

with V.92 modem standards. See “Internal Modem” (page 33).

■

Ethernet:

The computer has a built in Ethernet port for 10Base-T and 100Base-T

operation. See “Ethernet Port” (page 32).

■

AirPort Card:

An AirPort Card is available as a build-to-order option or as a

user-installable upgrade. See “AirPort Card” (page 33).

■

Sound:

The computer has a built-in microphone and stereo speakers; it
provides stereo output signals on the audio minijack. See “Sound System”
(page 57).

■

Keyboard:

The keyboard has function keys and inverted-T arrow keys. Some of
the function keys are used to control the brightness and sound and to eject a
disk. The keyboard also includes an embedded numeric keypad. See
“Keyboard” (page 43).

■

Trackpad:

The integrated trackpad includes tap/double tap and drag features.

See “Trackpad” (page 43).

■

Weight:

With the battery installed, the 12.1-inch display models weigh
approximately 2.2 kg (4.9 pounds) and the 14-1-inch display model weighs
approximately 2.6 kg (5.9 pounds). The exact weight depends on the
configuration.

■

Size:

The 12.1-inch display models are 28.50 cm (11.2 inches) wide,
depth 23.03 cm (9.06 inches) deep, and 3.42 cm (1.35 inches) thick. The 14.1-inch
display model is 32.3 cm (12.7 inches) wide, 25.8 cm (10.2 inches) deep, and

3.42 cm (1.35 inches) thick.

Security slot:

■

The iBook computer has a slot for attaching a Kensington security

cable.

Peripheral Devices

In addition to the devices that are included with the computer, several peripheral
devices are available separately:

Peripheral Devices

 Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002

13

CHAPTER 1

Introduction

■

The AirPort Card wireless LAN module is available separately as a
user-installable option.

■

The battery is available separately as an additional or replacement battery.

■

The power adapter, which comes with the computer, is also available separately.
The adapter can recharge the internal battery in less than six hours while the
computer is running or in three and a half hours while the computer is shut
down or in sleep mode.

■

A power cable for use on airliners is also available. The airline power cable
should have a sense resistor of 24.3K ohms connected between the power plug's
shell and ground. See also “Power Control IC” (page 24).

■

A video adapter with composite and S-video connectors is available separately.

■

A video adapter with a 15-pin VGA connector, included with the computer, is
also available separately.

■

Additional Apple Memory Module SO-DIMM SDRAM memory cards are
available.

System Software

The iBook computer comes with both Mac OS X v. 10.2 and Mac OS 9.2.2 installed.
Mac OS X is the default system. The Mac OS 9.2.2 software contains additional
drivers for the graphics controller and CD-RW/Combo optical drives.

For more information about Mac OS X, see the reference listed in “Mac OS X”
(page 68). For the latest information about Mac OS 9.2, see the references listed in
“Mac OS 9.2.2” (page 69).

Here are a few items of interest about the system software on the iBook computer.

14

System Software

 Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002

CHAPTER 1

Introduction

Machine Identification

Current and recent Macintosh ROMs share the same BoxFlag. The intent is for
applications to use properties in the Open Firmware device tree rather than
checking BoxFlag to find out the features of the machine. On all these machines, a
call to

gestaltMachineType

Asset management software that reports the kind of machine it is run on can obtain
the value of the property at
The model string is the first program-usable string in the array of C strings in the

compatible field. For the iBook computer, the model property value is PowerBook4,3.

The string obtained from the compatible property cannot be displayed to the
computer user. If available, use the result from calling Gestalt ('mnam', &result),
where result is a string pointer. This call returns a Pascal style string that can be
displayed to the user.

Applications should not use either of these results to infer the presence of certain
features; instead, applications should use Gestalt calls to test for the features they
require.

returns the value 406 ($196).

Devices:device-tree:compatible

in the name registry.

Power Stepping

To conserve power when operating on battery power, the iBook computer supports
two methods of power stepping to slow down the processor clock. One method is
an inherent feature of the PowerPC G3 chip, called Dynamic Power Stepping (DPS)
and cannot be adjusted by the user. DPS is controlled automatically by the system,
stepping up the processor speed for performance-intensive applications and
stepping down the processor speed for energy-efficient applications.

Under Mac OS X, users can manually step down the processor by adjusting the
Energy Saving Settings, which are located under the Energy Saver panel of System
Preferences. Users can select from preconfigured profiles including Automatic,
Highest Performance, Longest Battery Life, DVD Playback, and Presentations, or
customize their own energy settings. Highest Performance and Longest Battery Life
profiles override the DPS feature. Highest Performance maintains the highest
processor speed while Longest Battery Life caps the processor speed at 400MHz.

System Software

 Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002

15

CHAPTER 1

Introduction

Under Mac OS 9, the user can manually step down the processor in the Energy
Saver control panel, which is also accessible via the control strip. In the Energy
Saver control panel, the user can check a check box labeled Reduce Processor Speed
in the Advanced Settings panel. In the Energy Saver control strip, the user can select
Faster Processor Speed or Slower Processor Speed.

Target Disk Mode

The user has the option at boot time to put the iBook computer into a mode of
operation called target disk mode (TDM). When the iBook computer is in target disk
mode and connected to another Macintosh computer by a FireWire cable, the iBook
computer operates like a FireWire mass storage device with the SBP-2 (Serial Bus
Protocol) standard. Target disk mode has two primary uses:

■ data transfer between computers

■ diagnosis and repair of a corrupted internal hard drive

The iBook computer can operate in target disk mode as long as the other computer
has a FireWire port and either Mac OS X (any version) or Mac OS 9 with FireWire
software version 2.3.3 or later.

To put the iBook computer into target disk mode, restart the computer and hold
down the T key until the FireWire icon appears on the display. Then connect a
FireWire cable from the iBook computer to the other computer. When the other
computer completes the FireWire connection, a hard disk icon appears on its
desktop.

If the iBook computer is turned off or the FireWire cable is disconnected while in
target disk mode, an alert appears on the other computer. Disconnecting while the
disk is in use can cause loss of data on the disk.

To take the iBook computer out of target disk mode, drag the hard disk icon on the
other computer to the trash, then press the power button on the computer.

For more information about target disk mode, see the section “Target Mode” in
Technical Note TN1189, The Monster Disk Driver. For information about obtaining
the technical note, see “Apple Technical Notes” (page 67).

16 System Software

 Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002

CHAPTER 2

2 Architecture

This chapter describes the architecture of the iBook computer.

Block Diagram and Buses

This section is an overview of the major ICs and buses on the computer’s main logic
board.

Block Diagram

Figure 2-1 is a simplified block diagram of the main logic board. The diagram shows
the input and output connectors, the main ICs, and the buses that connect them
together.

Block Diagram and Buses 17

 Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002

CHAPTER 2

k

Architecture

Figure 2-1 Block diagram

128 MB SDRAM

SO-DIMM

(on 14.1" model)

Memory bus

128 MB

SDRAM

Boot ROM

Airport card

(optional)

Hard disk

drive

Optical drive

PMU99

power controller

PowerPC G3

microprocessor

(L2 cache: 512K 1:1)

60x bus

I/O bus

Pangea
memory

controller

and I/O

device

Ultra

ATA bus

controller

AGP 2X

bus

Flat-panel

display

ATI Mobility

Radeon 7500

graphics IC

FireWire

PHY

Ethernet

PHY

Tumbler

audio

system

Modem

External
display
connector

FireWire port

Ethernet port

Audio minijac

Internal
microphone

Internal
speakers

Modem
connector

USB port A

USB port B

Trackpad

Keyboard

18 Block Diagram and Buses

 Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002

Power supply

and charger

CHAPTER 2

Architecture

Main ICs and Buses

The architecture of the iBook computer is designed around the PowerPC G3
microprocessor and the custom Pangea memory and I/O controller. The Pangea IC
occupies the center of the block diagram.

Note: The Pangea IC combines the functions of the Uni-N and KeyLargo ICs used
in earlier models.

The microprocessor is connected to the Pangea IC by a 60x bus with 64 data lines
and a bus clock speed of 100 MHz. The Pangea IC has other buses that connect with
the Boot ROM, the main system RAM, the graphics IC, and the Ethernet and
FireWire PHY ICs. Each of the components listed here is described in one of the
following sections. The buses implemented by the Pangea IC are summarized in
Table 2-1, which is in the section “Memory and I/O Device Controller”.

Microprocessor and Cache

The microprocessor communicates with the rest of the system by way of a 100-MHz,
64-bit 60x bus to the Pangea IC. The backside cache is built into the microprocessor.

Power PC G3 Microprocessor

The microprocessor used in the iBook computer is a PowerPC G3. It has several
features that contribute to superior performance, including:

■ on-chip level 1 (L1) caches, 32 KB each for instruction cache and data cache

■ an on-chip second level (L2) cache consisting of 512 KB with a clock speed ratio

of 1:1

■ a microprocessor core optimized for Mac OS applications

The G3 microprocessor in the iBook computer normally runs at a clock speed of 700
or 800 MHz. The Power Stepping feature slows the clock speed to save power when
the computer is idle. See “Power Stepping” (page 15).

Microprocessor and Cache 19

 Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002

CHAPTER 2

Architecture

L2 Cache

The data storage for the L2 cache consists of 512 KB of fast static RAM that is built
into the microprocessor chip along with the cache controller. The built-in L2 cache
runs at the same clock speed as the microprocessor.

Memory and I/O Device Controller

The Pangea memory controller and I/O device controller IC provides cost and
performance benefits by combining many functions into a single IC. It contains the
memory controller, the PCI bus bridge, the Ethernet and FireWire interfaces, and
the AGP port.

In addition to the buses listed in Table 2-1, the Pangea IC also has separate interfaces
to the physical layer (PHY) ICs for Ethernet and FireWire and an I2C interface that
is used for configuring the memory subsystem.

Table 2-1 Buses supported by the Pangea IC

Name of bus Destinations Width of data path Bus clock speed

60x bus Microprocessor 64 bits 100 MHz

Memory bus System RAM 64 bits 100 MHz

AGP 2X bus Graphics IC 32 bits 66 MHz

Ultra DMA
IDE bus

The Pangea IC provides DB-DMA (descriptor-based direct memory access) support
for the I/O channels. The DB-DMA system provides a scatter-gather process based
on memory resident data structures that describe the data transfers. The DMA
engine is enhanced to allow bursting of data files for improved performance.

20 Memory and I/O Device Controller

 Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002

Hard drive and
CD or DVD drive

16 bits 33 MHz

CHAPTER 2

Architecture

The microprocessor is described in its own section. The following sections describe
the other subsystems that are connected to the Pangea IC.

System RAM

The memory subsystem in the iBook computer consists of 128 MB of SDRAM
soldered on the main logic board and one expansion slot for an SO-DIMM. In some
models, the expansion slot is occupied by a 128-MB SO-DIMM for a total of 256 MB
of system RAM.

The data bus to the RAM and DIMM is 64 bits wide, and the memory interface is
synchronized to the 60x bus interface at 100 MHz. See also “RAM Expansion”
(page 61).

Boot ROM

The boot ROM includes the hardware-specific code and tables needed to start up
the computer, to load an operating system, and to provide common hardware
access services.

The boot ROM is connected to the card slot interface of the Pangea IC. The boot
ROM is a 1 M by 8 bit flash device and can be updated in the field.

Ethernet Controller

The Pangea IC includes an Ethernet media access controller (MAC) that implements
the link layer. As a separate channel connected directly to the Pangea logic, it can
operate at its full capacity without degrading the performance of other peripheral
devices. The Pangea IC provides DB-DMA support for the Ethernet interface.

The controller is connected to a PHY interface IC that is capable of operating in
either 10-BaseT or 100-BaseT mode. The actual speed of the link is automatically
negotiated by the PHY and the bridge or router to which it is connected. For
information about the connector and the operation of the port, see “Ethernet Port”
(page 32).

Memory and I/O Device Controller 21

 Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002

CHAPTER 2

Architecture

FireWire Controller

The Pangea IC includes an IEEE 1394 FireWire controller with a maximum data rate
of 400 Mbits (50MBytes) per second. The Pangea IC provides DMA (direct memory
access) support for the FireWire interface. The FireWire controller complies with the
Open Host Controller Interface (OHCI) specification.

The controller IC implements the FireWire link layer. A physical layer IC, called a
PHY, implements the electrical signalling protocol of the FireWire interface. The
PHY is the interface to the external connector. For information about the connector
and the operation of the port, see “FireWire Port” (page 29).

Graphics IC

The graphics IC is an ATI Mobility Radeon 7500. It provides video for both the
internal flat panel display and an external video display. The signals to the external
display can be either VGA, composite video, or S-video; for more information,
see“External Display Port” (page 54).

The Mobility Radeon IC includes either 16 MB of DDR SDRAM on the CD-ROM
model or 32 MB of DDR SDRAM on the Combo drive models. The graphics IC
supports a display size of 1024 by 768 pixels and also has a scaling mode that
displays a 640-by-480 or 800-by-600 pixel image on the full screen.

The Mobility Radeon 7500 IC also has a 3D graphics engine for fast rendering of 3D
objects.

The signal generated for the flat panel display is simultaneously available for an
external display. The external display mirrors the built-in display. For more
information, see “External Display Port” (page 54).

Because the graphics IC uses the AGP bus, it can use part of main memory as
additional graphics storage. The computer’s virtual memory system organizes main
memory as randomly-distributed 4 KB pages, so DMA transactions for more than
4 KB of data would have to perform scatter-gather operations. To avoid this
necessity for graphics storage, the AGP logic in the Pangea IC uses a graphics
address remapping table (GART) to translate a linear address space for AGP
transactions into physical addresses in main memory.

22 Memory and I/O Device Controller

 Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002

CHAPTER 2

Architecture

Ultra DMA IDE Bus

The Pangea IC provides an Ultra DMA IDE (integrated drive electronics) channel
that is connected to the internal hard disk drive and the CD or DVD drive. The Ultra
DMA IDE interface, also called Ultra-DMA/33 and ATA-5, is an improved version
of the EIDE interface. The Pangea IC provides DB-DMA (descriptor-based direct
memory access) support for the Ultra DMA interface.

The internal hard disk drive is connected as device 0 (master) in an ATA Device 0/
1 configuration. The CD or DVD drive is connected as device 1 (slave). Digital audio
data from the CD or DVD drive is processed by the Sound Manager and then sent
out through the Pangea IC to the sound IC.

USB Interface

The Pangea IC implements two independent USB controllers (root hubs), each of
which is connected to one of the ports on the side panel of the computer. The use of
two independent controllers allows both USB ports to support high data rate
devices at the same time with no degradation of their performance. If a user
connects a high-speed (12 Mbps) device to one port and another high-speed device
to the other, both devices can operate at their full data rates.

The external USB connectors support USB devices with data transfer rates of

1.5 Mbps and 12 Mbps. For more information, see “USB Ports” (page 27).

USB devices connected to the iBook computer are required to support USB-suspend
mode as defined in the USB specification. Information about the operation of
USB-suspend mode on Macintosh computers is included in the Mac OS USB DDK
API Reference. To obtain that document, please see the references at “USB
Interface” (page 71).

The USB ports on the iBook computer comply with the Universal Serial Bus
Specification 1.1 Final Draft Revision. The USB controllers comply with the Open
Host Controller Interface (OHCI) specification.

Modem Support

The internal modem is connected to an internal USB port. The Pangea IC provides
DB-DMA support for the modem interface. The modem provides digital call
progress signals to the Tumbler sound circuitry.

Memory and I/O Device Controller 23

 Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002

CHAPTER 2

Architecture

The internal modem is a separate module that contains the datapump IC and the
interface to the telephone line (DAA). The controller functions are performed by the
main processor. See “Internal Modem” (page 33)

Sound Circuitry

The iBook computer has sound circuitry, called Tumbler, that is connected to the
Pangea IC by a standard I2S bus. The Pangea IC provides DB-DMA
(descriptor-based direct memory access) support for the I2S port.

The sound circuitry includes a signal processing IC that handles the equalization
and volume control functions and a codec IC that performs A-to-D and D-to-A
conversion.

All audio is handled digitally inside the computer. The Tumbler circuitry performs
digital-to-analog conversion for the audio signals to the internal speakers and the
headphone mini-jack. The Tumbler circuitry also provides parametric equalization
for the internal speakers.

Modem progress audio is connected as a digital input to the sound circuitry so that
it can be mixed into the sound output stream. The modem progress audio is
processed as play-through only, not as a digital sound source.

The iBook computer has no dedicated sound input jack. The sound system supports
the built-in microphone and other sound input by way of a USB microphone or
other USB audio device. For information about sound system operation, see “Sound
System” (page 57).

Power Control IC

The power manager IC in the iBook computer is a Mitsubishi M16C/62F
microprocessor, also called the PMU99. It operates with its own RAM and ROM.
The functions of the PMU99 include:

■ controlling the sleep and power on and off sequences

■ controlling power to the other ICs

■ monitoring the battery charge level

■ controlling battery charging

■ supporting the interface to the built-in keyboard and trackpad

24 Memory and I/O Device Controller

 Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002

CHAPTER 2

Architecture

The iBook computer can operate from a 15-volt power outlet on an airliner, however
for safety reasons the computer will not allow battery charging. In order for the
computer to detect the connection to airline power, the airline power cable should
have a sense resistor of 24.3K ohms connected between the power plug's shell and
ground.

The PMU99 also provides the hardware interface to the keyboard and trackpad.
Software in the PMU99 IC scans the keyboard and receives data from the trackpad,
then sends the data to the system in packets like those from the ADB. To the system,
the keyboard and trackpad behave as if they were ADB devices.

AirPort Card

The AirPort Card shares the card slot interface to the Pangea IC with the boot ROM.

The AirPort Card contains a media access controller (MAC), a digital signal
processor (DSP), and a radio-frequency (RF) section. The card has a connector for
the cable to the antennas, which are built into the computer’s case.

The AirPort Card is based on the IEEE 802.11b standard. The card transmits and
receives data at up to 11 Mbps and is compatible with older 802.11-standard
systems that operate at 2 or 1 Mbps. For information about its operation, see
“AirPort Card” (page 33).

Memory and I/O Device Controller 25

 Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002

CHAPTER 2

Architecture

26 Memory and I/O Device Controller

 Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002

CHAPTER 3

3 Devices and Ports

This chapter describes both the built-in I/O devices and the ports for connecting
external I/O devices. Each of the following sections describes an I/O port or device.

USB Ports

The iBook computer has two Universal Serial Bus (USB) ports that can be used to
connect additional I/O devices such as a USB mouse, printers, scanners, and
low-speed storage devices. The USB ports are located on the left side of the
computer.

For more information about USB on Macintosh computers, please refer to Apple
Computer’s Mac OS USB DDK API Reference and the other sources listed in “USB
Interface” (page 71).

USB Connector

The USB port uses a USB Type A connector, which has four pins. Two of the pins
are used for power and two for data. Figure 3-1 is an illustration of a Type A USB
port. Table 3-1 shows the pin assignments.

USB Ports 27

 Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002

CHAPTER 3

Devices and Ports

Figure 3-1 USB Type A connector

1324

Table 3-1 Pin assignments on the USB port

Pin Signal name Description

1 VCC +5 VDC

2 D– Data –

3 D+ Data +

4 GND Ground

The iBook computer provides power for the USB ports at 5 V and up to 500 mA
each.

Each USB port supports both low-speed and high-speed data transfers, at up to

1.5 Mbps and 12 Mbps, respectively. High-speed operation requires the use of
shielded cables.

The Macintosh USB system software that comes with the iBook computer supports
all four data transfer types defined in the USB specification.

USB Technology

The USB ports include power saving modes, support of USB mass-storage devices,
and an OHCI controller.

28 USB Ports

 Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002

CHAPTER 3

Devices and Ports

Wake on Connect and Resume

The Pangea IC contains special circuitry that allows the computer to wake from
Sleep mode on connect, disconnect, and resume events. Compatible USB devices
should support the USB-suspend mode defined in the USB specification.
Information about the operation of USB-suspend mode on Macintosh computers is
included in the Mac OS USB DDK API Reference.

USB Storage Devices

Class drivers are software components that are able to communicate with many
USB devices of a particular kind. If the appropriate class driver is present, any
number of compliant devices can be plugged in and start working immediately
without the need to install additional software. The Mac OS for the iBook computer
includes USB Mass Storage Support 1.3, a class driver that supports devices that
meet the USB Mass Storage Class specification. For information about USB support
on the Macintosh, see the references in “USB Interface” (page 71).

USB Controller

The iBook computer uses an Open Host Controller Interface (OHCI) controller for
USB communication. Some early USB devices (most notably keyboards) can’t
interoperate with an OHCI controller. Those devices are not supported by the
Macintosh USB system software.

FireWire Port

The iBook computer has one external FireWire IEEE 1394 port. The FireWire port

■ supports serial I/O at 100, 200, and 400 Mbps (megabits per second)

■ provides up to 7 watts of peak power when the computer system is on or the

power adapter is connected.

■ supports booting the system from a mass storage device

■ supports target disk mode (TDM)

FireWire Port 29

 Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002

CHAPTER 3

Devices and Ports

The FireWire hardware and software provided with the iBook computer are
capable of all asynchronous and isochronous transfers defined by IEEE standard

1394.

FireWire Connector

The FireWire connector has six contacts, as shown in Figure 3-2. The connector pin
assignments are shown in Table 3-2.

Figure 3-2 FireWire connector

246

Table 3-2 Pin assignments on the FireWire connector

Pin

Signal
name Description

1 Power Unregulated DC; 12.0–16.8 V no load when

2 Ground Ground return for power and inner cable shield

3 TPB- Twisted-pair B, differential signals

4 TPB+ Twisted-pair B, differential signals

30 FireWire Port

 Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002

135

operating with battery or power adapter

CHAPTER 3

Devices and Ports

Table 3-2 Pin assignments on the FireWire connector (continued)

Pin

Signal
name Description

5 TPA- Twisted-pair A, differential signals

6 TPA+ Twisted-pair A, differential signals

Shell — Outer cable shield

When the computer is on or the power adapter is connected, the power pin provides
a maximum voltage of 16.8 V (no load) and up to 7 W peak power.

Pin 2 of the 6-pin FireWire connector is ground for both power and the inner cable
shield. If a 4-pin connector is used on the other end of the FireWire cable, its shell
should be connected to the wire from pin 2.

The signal pairs are crossed in the cable itself so that pins 5 and 6 at one end of the
cable connect with pins 3 and 4 at the other end. When transmitting, pins 3 and 4
carry data and pins 5 and 6 carry clock; when receiving, the reverse is true.

FireWire Device Programming

A generic driver for mass storage devices is included in the system software. This
driver is used only when a vendor-specific driver cannot be found. Apple
recommends that users install vendor-provided drivers for maximum performance
and functionality.

A driver for DV (digital video) is included in QuickTime 4.0 and later versions.

The iBook computer can boot from a FireWire storage device that implements SBP-2
(Serial Bus Protocol) with the RBC (reduced block commands) command set.
Detailed information is available only under non-disclosure agreement; contact
Developer Technical Support at [e-mail].

When connected to another computer by a FireWire bus, the iBook computer can
operate as a mass storage device. See “Target Disk Mode” (page 16).

FireWire Port 31

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CHAPTER 3

Devices and Ports

For additional information about the FireWire interface and the Apple APIs for
FireWire device control, refer to the resources listed in “FireWire Interface”
(page 71).

Ethernet Port

The iBook computer has a built-in 10/100 Mbps Ethernet port. The user can connect
it to either a 10Base-T or a 100Base-T hub; the port will automatically sense which
type of hub is connected.

The connector for the Ethernet port is a shielded RJ-45 connector near the left rear
corner of the computer. Table 3-3 shows the signals and pins on the connector.

Table 3-3 Signals on the Ethernet connector

Pin

1 TXP Transmit (positive lead)

2 TXN Transmit (negative lead)

3 RXP Receive (positive lead)

4 – Not used

5 – Not used

6 RXN Receive (negative lead)

7 – Not used

8 – Not used

When connecting two computers using Ethernet, a crossover cable is not required;
circuits in the PHY detect the type of connection and switch the signal configuration
as required.

32 Ethernet Port

 Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002

Signal
name Signal definition

CHAPTER 3

Devices and Ports

The Ethernet interface in the iBook computer conforms to the ISO/IEC 802.3
specification, where applicable.

Internal Modem

The iBook computer comes with a built-in modem.The connector for the modem is
an RJ-11 connector on the left rear corner of the computer.

The modem has the following features:

■ modem bit rates up to 56 Kbps (V.92 modem standards)

■ fax modem bit rates up to 14.4 Kbps

The modem appears to the system as a serial port that responds to the typical AT
commands. The modem provides digital sound output data to the Pangea IC for
monitoring the progress of the modem connection.

Note: Apple’s implementation of V.92 does not support outgoing Modem On
Hold. By default, PCM stream is turned off.

AirPort Card

The iBook computer supports the AirPort Card, an internal wireless LAN module.
The AirPort Card is available as a build-to-order option or as a user-installable
upgrade through The Apple Store.

By communicating wirelessly with a base station, the AirPort Card can be used for
internet access, email access, and file exchange. A base station provides the
connection to the internet or the bridge between the wireless signals and a wired
LAN or both. The AirPort Base Station has connectors for a wired LAN, a DSL or
cable modem, and a standard telephone line using its built-in 56k modem.

Internal Modem 33

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CHAPTER 3

Devices and Ports

AirPort transmits and receives data at speeds up to 11 Mbps, comparable to wired
networking speeds. Airport is Wi-Fi Certified, which means it is fully compatible
with other devices that follow the IEEE 802.11b standard, including PC's. For more
information about Wi-Fi and compatibility, see the reference at “Wireless

Networks” (page 72).

Data Security

AirPort has several features designed to maintain the security of the user’s data.

■ The system uses direct-sequence spread-spectrum (DSSS) technology that uses

a multi-bit spreading code that effectively scrambles the data for any receiver
that lacks the corresponding code.

■ The system can use an Access Control List of authentic network client ID values

(wireless and MAC Addresses) to verify each client’s identity before granting
access to the network.

■ When communicating with a base station, AirPort uses up to 128-bit encryption

to encode data while it is in transit.

■ The AirPort Base Station can be configured to use NAT (Network Address

Translation), protecting data from would-be Internet hackers.

■ The AirPort Base Station can authenticate users by their unique Ethernet IDs,

preventing unauthorized machines from logging into the network. Network
administrators can take advantage of RADIUS compatibility, used for
authenticating users over a remote server. Smaller networks can offer the same
security using a local look-up table located within the base station.

AirPort Hardware

The AirPort Card is a wireless LAN module based on the IEEE 802.11 standard and
using direct-sequence spread-spectrum (DSSS) technology. It is interoperable with
PC-compatible wireless LANs that conform to the 802.11b standard and use DSSS.

Two AirPort antennas are built into the computer’s cover, on either side of the
flat-panel display. One antenna is always used for transmitting. Either of the two
antennas may be used for receiving. Using a diversity technique, the AirPort Card
selects the antenna that gives the best reception.

34 AirPort Card

 Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002

CHAPTER 3

Devices and Ports

AirPort Software

Software that is provided with the AirPort Card includes

■ AirPort Setup Assistant, an easy-to-use program that guides through the steps

necessary to set up the AirPort Card or set up an AirPort Base Station.

■ Users can switch between wireless networks and can create and join

peer-to-peer networks. In Mac OS X, these functions are accessed via System
Preferences or the AirPort status menu (which first must be activated in System
Preferences). In Mac OS 9, these functions are available through the AirPort
application and the menu bar.

■ AirPort Admin Utility, a utility for advanced users and system administrators.

With it the user can edit the administrative and advanced settings needed for
some advanced configurations.

Bluetooth Technology

Bluetooth is an open specification that enables short-range wireless connections
between desktop and laptop computers and a host of other peripheral devices.
Bluetooth support is built into Mac OS X and compliant with Bluetooth specification
v1.1. It operates on a globally available 2.4 GHz frequency band (ISM band) for
worldwide compatibility and has a maximum throughput of 1Mbps.

The Bluetooth technology supports the following profiles:

■ synchronization —enables synchronization of devices over Bluetooth

■ serial —provides a wireless serial connection to other Bluetooth devices

■ dial-up networking (DUN) — enables a mobile phone to act as a modem

■ object push —enables the transfer of files between Bluetooth devices

For more information on Bluetooth technology, refer to “Bluetooth” (page 72).

Bluetooth Technology 35

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CHAPTER 3

Devices and Ports

Hard Disk Drive

The storage capacity of the internal hard disk drive is 20 GB on the CD-ROM model
and 30 GB on models with Combo drive. A 40 GB drive is available as an option.
The drive uses the Ultra DMA IDE (integrated drive electronics) interface and is
ATA-5 compatible. Current Data Transfer Mode for the drive is UDMA-33.

The software that supports the internal hard disk is similar to that in previous
models with internal IDE drives and includes DMA support. For the information
about that software, see the references in “ATA Devices” (page 70).

Hard Disk Dimensions

Figure 3-3 shows the maximum dimensions of the hard disk and the location of the
mounting holes. The minimum clearance between any conductive components on
the drive and the bottom of the mounting envelope is 0.5 mm.

36 Hard Disk Drive

 Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002

3.00

X

[0.118]

CHAPTER 3

Devices and Ports

Figure 3-3 Maximum dimensions of the internal hard disk

9.50 maximum

[0.404 maximum]

14.00 [0.551]

90.60

[3.567]

4.06
[0.160]

M3, 3.0 mm thread
depth minimum, 4X

61.72

[2.430]

69.85
[2.75]

Note: Dimensions are in millimeters [inches].

101.85 maximum
[4.01 maximum]

M3, 2.5 mm thread
depth minimum, 4

Hard Disk Drive 37

 Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002

CHAPTER 3

Devices and Ports

Hard Disk Connector

The internal hard disk has a 48-pin connector that carries both the ATA signals and
the power for the drive. The connector has the dimensions of a 50-pin connector, but
with one row of pins removed, as shown in Figure 3-4. The remaining pins are in
two groups: pins 1–44, which carry the signals and power, and pins 45–48, which
are reserved. Pin 20 has been removed, and pin 1 is located nearest the gap, rather
than at the end of the connector.

Figure 3-4 Hard disk connector and location

Key: vacant
position at pin 20

3.99
[0.157]

Pin 1

9.50 maximum
[0.404 maximum]

10.24
[0.403]

10.14 ± 0.375
[0.399 ± 0.014]
Center line of pin 44

Note: Dimensions are in millimeters [inches].

Vacant row in
50-pin connector

14.00

[0.551]

38 Hard Disk Drive

 Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002

CHAPTER 3

Devices and Ports

Signal Assignments

Table 3-4 shows the signal assignments on the 44-pin portion of the hard disk
connector. A slash (/) at the beginning of a signal name indicates an active-low
signal.

Table 3-4 Pin assignments on the ATA hard disk connector

Pin
number Signal name

Pin
number Signal name

1 /RESET 2 GROUND

3 DD7 4 DD8

5 DD6 6 DD9

7 DD5 8 DD10

9 DD4 10 DD11

11 DD3 12 DD12

13 DD2 14 DD13

15 DD1 16 DD14

17 DD0 18 DD15

19 GROUND 20 KEY

21 DMARQ 22 GROUND

23 /DIOW, /STOP 24 GROUND

25 /DIOR, /HDMARDY, HSTROBE 26 GROUND

27 IORDY, /DDMARDY, DSTROBE 28 CSEL

29 /DMACK 30 GROUND

31 INTRQ 32 /IOCS16

33 /DA1 34 /PDIAG, /CBLID

35 /DA0 36 /DA2

37 /CS0 38 /CS1

Hard Disk Drive 39

 Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002

CHAPTER 3

Devices and Ports

Table 3-4 Pin assignments on the ATA hard disk connector (continued)

Pin
number Signal name

Pin
number Signal name

39 /DASP 40 GROUND

41 +5V LOGIC 42 +5V MOTOR

43 GROUND 44 Reserved

/IOCS16 is not used; see Table 3-5

ATA Signal Descriptions

Table 3-5 describes the signals on the ATA hard disk connector.

Table 3-5 Signals on the ATA hard disk connector

Signal name Signal description

/DA(0–2) Device address; used by the computer to select one of the

registers in the ATA drive. For more information, see the
descriptions of the CS0 and CS1 signals.

DD(0–15) Data bus; buffered from IOD(16–31) of the computer’s I/O

bus. DD(0–15) are used to transfer 16-bit data to and from the
drive buffer. DD(8–15) are used to transfer data to and from
the internal registers of the drive, with DD(0–7) driven high
when writing.

/CBLID The host checks this signal after Power On or hardware reset

/CS0 Register select signal. It is asserted low to select the main task

/CS1 Register select signal. It is asserted low to select the additional

CSEL Cable select; not available on this computer (n.c.).

40 Hard Disk Drive

 Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002

to detect whether an 80-conductor cable is present.

file registers. The task file registers indicate the command, the
sector address, and the sector count.

control and status registers on the ATA drive.

CHAPTER 3

Devices and Ports

Table 3-5 Signals on the ATA hard disk connector (continued)

Signal name Signal description

/DASP Device active or slave present; not available on this computer

(n.c.).

/DDMARDY Drive ready to receive Ultra DMA data.

/DIOR I/O data read strobe.

/DIOW I/O data write strobe.

/DMACK Used by the host to initiate a DMA transfer in response to

DMARQ.

DSTROBE Strobe for Ultra DMA data transfers to host.

/HDMARDY Ultra DMA data ready.

HSTROBE Strobe for Ultra DMA data transfers from host.

IORDY I/O ready; when driven low by the drive, signals the CPU to

insert wait states into the I/O read or write cycles.

/IOCS16 I/O channel select; not used on this computer (pulled low by a

1 kilohm resistor).

DMARQ Asserted by the device when it is ready to transfer data to or

from the host.

INTRQ Interrupt request. This active high signal is used to inform the

computer that a data transfer is requested or that a command
has terminated.

/PDIAG Asserted by device 1 to indicate to device 0 that it has

completed the power-on diagnostics; not available on this
computer (n.c.).

/RESET Hardware reset to the drive; an active low signal.

/STOP Stop request; an active low signal.

Key This pin is the key for the connector.

The built-in ATA devices are connected to the I/O bus through bidirectional bus
buffers.

Hard Disk Drive 41

 Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002

CHAPTER 3

Devices and Ports

DVD-ROM/CD-RW Combo Drive

The computer has a combination DVD-ROM and CD-RW drive. The drive has a tray
for loading the disc.

The drive can read DVD media and read and write CD media, as shown in Table
3-6. The DVD-ROM/CD-RW Combo drive also provides DVD-Video playback
with DVD MPEG2 decode.

Table 3-6 Types of media read and written by the DVD-ROM/CD-RW drive

Media type Reading speed Writing speed

DVD-ROM 8x (CAV) –

CD-R 24x (CAV) 16x (CLV) Zone

CD-RW 24x (PCAV) 8x (CLV)

CD or CD-ROM 24x (CAV) –

Digital audio signals from the DVD-ROM/CD-RW Combo drive can be played
through the sound outputs under the control of the Sound Manager.

CD-ROM Drive

One configuration of the iBook computer has an internal CD-ROM drive. The drive
has a tray for loading the disc. The drive supports 24X data transfer rates using
constant angular velocity (CAV) and a data buffer.

42 DVD-ROM/CD-RW Combo Drive

 Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002

CHAPTER 3

Devices and Ports

The CD-ROM drive supports the worldwide standards and specifications for
CD-ROM and CD-digital audio discs described in the Sony/Philips Yellow Book
and Red Book. The drive can read CD-ROM, CD-ROM XA, CD-I, PhotoCD, and
Video CD discs as well as play standard audio discs.

Digital audio signals from the CD-ROM can be played through the sound outputs
under the control of the Sound Manager.

Trackpad

The pointing device in iBook computer is a trackpad. The trackpad is a solid-state
device that emulates a mouse by sensing the motions of the user’s finger over its
surface and translating those motions into digital signals.

A single button below the trackpad is used to make selections. Alternatively, the
user can tap and double tap on the pad itself. As described in the user’s manual, the
trackpad responds to one or two taps on the pad itself as one or two clicks of the
button. The user can tap and drag on the trackpad in much the same manner as
clicking and dragging with the mouse.

Keyboard

The keyboard is a compact, low-profile design with a row of function keys and
inverted-T cursor motion keys.

Removing the Keyboard

The keyboard is removable to allow access to the internal components and
expansion connectors inside the computer. The keyboard is held in place by a
locking screw and two latches.

Trackpad 43

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CHAPTER 3

Devices and Ports

To unlock the keyboard, the user turns a slotted screw that is part of the Num Lock
LED, which is between the F5 and F6 function keys. Turning the screw 180° locks or
unlocks the keyboard.

Note: The iBook computer leaves the factory with keyboard locking screw in the
unlocked position.

The two latches are between the ESC key and the F1 key and between the F11 and
F12 keys. The user can release the latches by pulling them toward the front of the
computer; see Figure 3-5 (page 44).

Figure 3-5 Unlocking the keyboard

Important

When replacing the keyboard, make sure the latches at the
top line up with the corresponding slots in the case and that
the bottom tabs are aligned correctly and completely seated
before tilting the keyboard into place. See Figure 3-6
(page 45).

44 Keyboard

 Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002

CHAPTER 3

Devices and Ports

Figure 3-6 Replacing the keyboard

Getting access to the AirPort Card and memory card in the RAM expansion slot
takes further steps. For a full description, see “The RAM Expansion Slot” (page 61).

Keyboard Illustrations

Figure 3-7 shows the actual appearance of the keyboard. Figure 3-8 shows the
alternate modes of operation of the function and control keys. Figure 3-9 shows the
embedded numeric keypad.

Keyboard 45

 Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002

CHAPTER 3

Devices and Ports

Figure 3-7 Keyboard layout

?

Figure 3-8 and Figure 3-9 include duplicate versions of some keys in order to show
their alternate modes of operation. In some cases, the alternate key captions shown
in the figures do not appear on the keyboard. For the actual appearance of the
keyboard, refer to Figure 3-7.

46 Keyboard

 Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002

CHAPTER 3

Devices and Ports

Figure 3-8 Alternate operations of function and control keys

fn key is down and checkbox is unchecked,
or fn key is up and checkbox is checked.

fn key is up and checkbox is unchecked,
or fn key is down and checkbox is checked.

fn key is up.

fn key is down.

fn key is up.

fn key is down.

Keyboard 47

 Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002

CHAPTER 3

Devices and Ports

Figure 3-9 Embedded numeric keypad operation

num lock is off and fn key is down.

48 Keyboard

 Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002

?

num lock is off and fn key is up.

num lock is on.

CHAPTER 3

Devices and Ports

Changing the Operation of the Keyboard

Several of the keys on the keyboard have more than one mode of operation.

■ Function keys F1–F6 can also control the display brightness, speaker volume,

and the Num Lock function; function key F12 is also the media eject key.

■ Certain control keys can be used as page-control keys.

■ The keys on the right side of the keyboard can be used as a numeric keypad.

The next sections describe these groups of keys and the way their alternate modes
of operation are selected by using the Fn key, the Num Lock key, and the Function
Keys checkbox in the Keyboard control panel.

Using the Fn Key

Pressing the Fn key affects three sets of keys: the function keys F1–F12, the
embedded numeric keypad, and certain modifier keys.

■ It toggles the function keys between their control-button operation and their

F1–F12 functions, as shown in Table 3-8 and Figure 3-8. In Mac OS 9, the user
selects the default modes of operation of those keys as described in the section
“The Function-Keys Checkbox”.

■ It selects the embedded numeric keypad on the right portion of the

alphanumeric keys, as shown in Table 3-9 and Figure 3-9.

■ It changes certain control keys, including the cursor control keys, to page control

keys, as shown in Table 3-10 and Figure 3-9.

Note: User-programmable function key assignments are supported in Mac OS 9.
In Mac OS X, the user must provide a third-party utility to enable the feature.

Using the Num Lock Key

Pressing the Num Lock key affects two sets of keys: the embedded keypad and the
rest of the alphanumeric keys.

■ It selects the embedded numeric keypad, as shown in Table 3-9 and Figure 3-9.

■ It makes the rest of the alphanumeric keys functionless (NOPs), as shown in

Figure 3-9.

Keyboard 49

 Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002

CHAPTER 3

Devices and Ports

The Function-Keys Checkbox

The Function-keys checkbox is supported in Mac OS 9. The Fn key lets the user
switch the mode of operation of the function keys at any time. The user selects the
default mode of the function keys by means of the Function-keys checkbox in the
Keyboard Control Panel.

The Function-keys checkbox lets the user choose whether the function key
operations are primary or secondary. “Function keys primary” means the function
keys are normally in their F1–F12 mode of operation and pressing the Fn key selects
their control-button mode. “Function keys secondary” means the function keys are
normally in their control-button mode and pressing the Fn key selects their
function-key mode.

In other words, pressing the Fn key reverses the mode of operation of the function
keys from the default mode set by the checkbox. Table 3-7 summarizes the checkbox
settings and the operation of the Fn key. The operations of the individual function
keys are shown in Table 3-8 and Figure 3-8.

Note: The F12 key will remain the primary function even when the secondary
function is enabled.

Table 3-7 Setting the default behavior of the function keys

Make function keys primary
checkbox

Checked F1–F12

Not checked Control

50 Keyboard

 Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002

Operations of function keys

Fn key up Fn key down

Control

functions

buttons

F1–F12

buttons

functions

CHAPTER 3

Devices and Ports

Table 3-8 The function keys as control buttons

Key name Control button

F1 Decrease display brightness

F2 Increase display brightness

F3 Mute the speaker

F4 Decrease speaker volume

F5 Increase speaker volume

F6 Num Lock

F12 Media Eject

Operations of the Function Keys

Function keys F1 through F6 are used as control buttons for the display and sound
and F12 is used for media eject. The operations of the function keys are controlled
by the Function keys checkbox and the Fn key. Table 3-8 is a list of the function keys
and their operations as control buttons.

The Embedded Keypad

A certain group of alphanumeric keys can also function as an embedded keypad.
The user selects this mode by using the Fn key or the Num Lock key. Figure 3-9
shows the keys making up the embedded keypad and Table 3-9 lists them.

Table 3-9 Embedded keypad keys

Key
name Keypad function

6 Clear

77

88

99

Keyboard 51

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CHAPTER 3

Devices and Ports

Table 3-9 Embedded keypad keys (continued)

Key
name Keypad function

0 / (divide)

- = (equals)

U4

I5

O6

P * (multiply)

J1

K2

L3

; – (subtract)

M0

, NOP

. . (decimal)

/ + (add)

When the embedded keypad is made active by the Num Lock key, the other
alphanumeric keys have no operation (NOP), as shown in Figure 3-9. The affected
keys include certain special character keys: plus and equal sign, right and left
brackets, vertical bar and backslash, and straight apostrophe.

52 Keyboard

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CHAPTER 3

Devices and Ports

Other Control Keys

The cursor control keys can also be used as page control keys. Other control keys
can take on the functions of certain keys on a PC keyboard, for use with PC
emulation software. The Fn key controls the modes of operation of this group of
keys. Table 3-10 is a list of these keys and their alternate functions. These control
keys are also show in Figure 3-9.

Table 3-10 Control keys that change

Key name Alternate function

Shift Right shift key

Control Right control key

Option Alt gr (right Alt key)

Command Windows® key

Enter Menu key (for contextual menus)

Left arrow Home

Up arrow Page up

Down arrow Page down

Right arrow End

Flat Panel Display

The iBook computer has a built-in color flat panel display. The display is backlit by
a cold cathode fluorescent lamp (CCFL). The display uses TFT (thin-film transistor)
technology for high contrast and fast response.

Depending on the model, the display is either 12.1 or 14.1 inches in size, measured
diagonally. The display contains 1024 by 768 pixels (XGA) and can show up to
millions of colors.

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CHAPTER 3

Devices and Ports

The graphics controller IC is an ATI Mobility Radeon 7500. The graphics IC has
either 16 or 32 MB of video DDR SDRAM on the chip. It supports 3D acceleration
and display depths up to 24 bits per pixel. When more graphics storage is needed,
the graphics IC can also use part of main memory. For more information, see
“Graphics IC” (page 22).

The graphics IC includes a scaling function that expands smaller-sized images to fill
the screen. By means of the scaling function, the computer can show full-screen
images at 1024 by 768, 800 by 600, or 640 by 480 pixels.

External Display Port

The iBook computer has a video output port for connecting an external video
monitor or projector. The port supports both VGA and TV signals by means of
adapters. The port detects the type of adapter connected to it and programs the
graphics IC to provide the appropriate type of video signals, as shown in the table
below.

Table 3-11 Display adapters

Adapter type Video signals Connector type(s)

VGA RGB VGA 15-pin miniature D-type

Video Composite and S-video

TV signals

Resolutions supported are 640 by 480, 800 by 600, and 1024 by 768 pixels. When
either type of display adapter is connected, the settings for the resolutions are
selectable in the Monitor control panel or control strip.

54 External Display Port

 Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002

RCA and S-video

CHAPTER 3

Devices and Ports

Composite video and S-video signals can be displayed on either an NTSC display
or a PAL display. When a display is connected by way of the video adapter, the
computer detects the type of adapter and enables the composite and S-video
outputs. The settings for the resolutions and standards (NTSC or PAL) are then
selectable in the Monitor control panel or control strip.

The video output mirrors the flat panel display: internal and external video share
the same buffer, and the hardware sends the image to both displays.

Video Display Connector

The video display connector is a 14-pin rectangular connector, Hosiden TCX3143.
The connector pins are identified in Figure 3-10.

Figure 3-10 Video display connector

10

12

14

2

4

6

8

1

3

5

7

9

11

13

External Display Port 55

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CHAPTER 3

Devices and Ports

The iBook computer detects the type of display adapter that is plugged in and
programs the graphics IC to route the appropriate video signals to the connector.
The signal assignments on the video connector are shown in Table 3-12. The signal
assignments for the video adapter are shown in Table 3-13.

Table 3-12 Video signals for a VGA display

Pin Signal name Pin Signal name

1 Ground 8 +5 volts

2 VSync 9 Blue video

3 Hsync 10 DDC data

4 Red return 11 DDC clock

5 Red video 12 Ground

6 Green return 13 /Cable detect

7 Green video 14 Blue return

Table 3-13 Video signals for a TV display

Pin Signal name Pin Signal name

1 Ground 8 +5 volts

2 n.c. 9 Composite video

3 n.c. 10 DDC data

4 Ground 11 DDC clock

5 S-video C 12 Ground

6 Ground 13 Ground (for /Cable Detect)

7 S-video Y 14 Ground

56 External Display Port

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Devices and Ports

The cable detect function on pin 13 is implemented by connecting pin 13 to ground
in the display cable. The computer detects the video adapter by reading its EDID
(Extended Display Identification Data) via DDC.

The video display connector is compliant with the VESA specification (DDC
version 3).

Older Monitors Not Supported

The computer supports current video monitors. Some older monitors are not
supported, including the following Apple monitors:

■ Multiple Scan 17

■ Multiple Scan 20

■ AudioVision 14

■ Apple Hi-Res RGB

■ Apple 16" Color

■ Apple Hi-Res Monochrome

■ Macintosh 12" RGB

Sound System

The 16-bit stereo audio circuitry provides sound input through the built-in
microphone and the USB port and sound output through the built-in stereo
speakers and the audio minijack.

All audio is handled digitally inside the computer, including audio data from the
DVD-ROM/CD-RW Combo drive or CD-ROM drive, the modem, and devices
connected to the USB and FireWire ports. Sound data is converted to analog form
only for output to the internal speakers and the audio minijack.

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Devices and Ports

The sound circuitry handles audio data as 44.1 kHz 16-bit samples. If audio data
sampled at a lower rate on another computer is played as output, the Sound
Manager transparently upsamples the data to 44.1 kHz prior to sending the audio
data to the Tumbler sound circuitry.

Audio Minijack

The audio minijack is located on the left side of the computer at the left palm rest.
The jack accepts a standard stereo mini-plug.

The stereo audio signals at the jack are configured to drive a pair of low-impedance
stereo headphones. External powered speakers may also be connected to the audio
minijack.

The audio signals on the audio minijack have the following electrical characteristics:

■ output impedance: 16 ohms each channel

■ minimum recommended load impedance: 32 ohms each channel

■ maximum level: 1.0 V rms (2.8 V P-P)

Internal Microphone

The computer has a built-in microphone located at the upper right hand corner of
the display.

Internal Speakers

The computer has a stereo pair of speakers located between the keyboard and the
display. The Tumbler sound system provides parametric equalization for the
speakers. The computer turns off the sound signal to the speakers when
headphones are connected to the audio mini-jack and when USB speakers are
active.

58 Sound System

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CHAPTER 3

Devices and Ports

Sound effects and output from other audio sources can be specified in the System
Preferences Sound panel. An output device is displayed on the Sound panel when
the computer detects that it is plugged in. The system default setting is the internal
audio controller. Once the default is changed to a different device, it will remain the
default as long as the device is plugged in.

Note: Unlike Mac OS 9, Mac OS X does not automatically switch to USB audio
when the device is attached.

Internal Modem

The Pangea IC receives call progress audio from the internal modem as digital data
and sends it to the sound system so the user can hear the status of a dial-up modem
connection. The level of the call progress audio is fixed.

CD Audio

Digital audio data from the CD or Combo drive is read using the ATA interface,
processed by the audio software, and then transferred by DMA through the I2S
interface of the Pangea IC to the Tumbler sound system or sent to USB speakers.

Sound System 59

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CHAPTER 3

Devices and Ports

60 Sound System

 Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002

CHAPTER 4

4 RAM Expansion

This chapter tells how to gain access to the RAM expansion slot in the iBook
computer and then describes the RAM expansion module.

The RAM Expansion Slot

The iBook computer has one RAM expansion slot. To get access to the RAM
expansion slot, the user must open up the computer by performing the following
operations.

Important

The user should be reminded to observe the usual
precautions to avoid damage to the electronic components
due to static electricity.

1. Shut down the computer.

2. Unplug the AC adapter from the computer.

3. Remove the battery from the computer.

4. Unlock the keyboard by turning the slotted screw that is part of the Num Lock
LED, which is between the F5 and F6 function keys. Turning the screw 180° locks
or unlocks the keyboard. (The locking screw may already be in the unlocked
position.)

5. Release the two latches located at the top of the keyboard. One latch is between
the ESC key and the F1 key; the other is between the F11 and F12 keys. Release
the latches by sliding them toward the front of the computer. See Figure 3-5
(page 44).

The RAM Expansion Slot 61

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CHAPTER 4

RAM Expansion

6. Pulling only on the latches (not on the keys), lift the keyboard up and turn it
over, without disconnecting the keyboard’s membrane cable.

7. Remove the AirPort Card, if present, by unlatching the formed wire holder on
the card, then pulling the flex tab to remove the module. The antenna cable
should remain attached to the card. See Figure 4-1 (page 62)

8. Using a Phillips head screwdriver, remove the two screws that secure the metal
RAM shield plate. The screws are to the right of the AirPort Card. See Figure 4-2
(page 63).

9. Slide the metal RAM shield plate toward the rear of the computer, then lift it up
and out of the computer.

10. If this is a 256-MB configuration, remove the 128-MB SO-DIMM currently
occupying the memory expansion slot.

Figure 4-1 The AirPort Card and antenna cable

62 The RAM Expansion Slot

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CHAPTER 4

RAM Expansion

Figure 4-2 The RAM shield plate

Once the RAM expansion module has been installed in the slot, the user must close
up the computer by performing these steps in reverse order. Be careful to replace
the shield plate properly so that the AirPort Card will fit.

Important

When replacing the keyboard, make sure the latches at the
top line up with the corresponding slots in the case.

If AC and battery power are removed for longer than ten minutes, the user may
need to reset the computer’s clock (using the Data and Time control panel) when the
computer is turned back on.

The RAM Expansion Module

The RAM expansion slot accommodates a standard SO-DIMM (small outline, dual
inline memory module) that uses SDRAM devices.

The RAM Expansion Module 63

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CHAPTER 4

RAM Expansion

Important

A RAM expansion SO-DIMM for the iBook computer must
use SDRAM devices. If the user installs an SO-DIMM that
uses EDO or SGRAM devices, the computer will beep twice
when the user attempts to restart the computer.

An SO-DIMM for the iBook computer can contain either 128, 256, or 512 MB of
memory. Maximum total RAM capacity using devices currently available is 640 MB
and is limited by the space available for the SO-DIMM.

Mechanical Design of the RAM SO-DIMM

The mechanical characteristics of the RAM expansion module are given in the
JEDEC specification for the 144-pin 8-byte DRAM SO-DIMM. The specification
number is JEDEC MO-190-C. To find out how to obtain the specification, see “RAM
Expansion Modules” (page 70).

The specification defines SO-DIMMs with nominal heights of 1.0, 1.25, 1.5, or 2.0
inches. The iBook can accommodate standard SO-DIMMs with a height of 1.0 or

1.25 inches.

The JEDEC specification defines the maximum depth or thickness of an SO-DIMM
as 3.8 mm. That specification is also a maximum: Modules that exceed the specified
thickness can cause reliability problems.

Electrical Design of the RAM SO-DIMM

The electrical characteristics of the RAM SO-DIMM are given in section 4.5.6 of the
JEDEC Standard 21-C, release 7. To find out how to obtain the specification, see
“RAM Expansion Modules” (page 70).

The specification defines several attributes of the DIMM, including storage capacity
and configuration, connector pin assignments, and electrical loading. The
specification supports SO-DIMMs with either one or two banks of memory.

The JEDEC specification for the SO-DIMM defines a Serial Presence Detect (SPD)
feature that contains the attributes of the module. SO-DIMMs for use in the iBook
are required to have the SPD feature. Information about the required values to be
stored in the presence detect EEPROM is in section 4.1.2.5 and Figure 4.5.6–C (144
Pin SDRAM SO–DIMM, PD INFORMATION) of the JEDEC standard 21-C
specification, release 7.

64 The RAM Expansion Module

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CHAPTER 4

RAM Expansion

SDRAM Devices

The SDRAM devices used in the RAM expansion modules must be self-refresh type
devices for operation from a 3.3-V power supply. The speed of the SDRAM devices
must be 100 MHz or greater, corresponding to a cycle time of 10 ns or less.

The devices are programmed to operate with a CAS latency of 2. At that CAS
latency, the access time from the clock transition must be 7 ns or less. The burst
length must be at least 4 and the minimum clock delay for back-to-back random
column access cycles must be a latency of 1 clock cycle.

Configuration of RAM SO-DIMMs

Table 4-1 shows information about the different sizes of SO-DIMMs used in the
iBook computer. The first three columns show the memory size, configuration, and
number of banks in the SO-DIMMs. The other three columns show the number,
density, and configuration of the SDRAM devices making up the memory modules.

Table 4-1 Sizes of RAM expansion DIMMs and devices

Size of
SO-DIMM

Configuration
of SO-DIMM

Number
of banks

Number
of devices

Device
density

Device
configuration

128 MB 16 M x 64 1 8 128 Mbit 16 M x 8

128 MB 16 M x 64 2 8 128 Mbit 8 M x 16

256 MB 16 M x 64 2 16 128 Mbit 16 M x 8

256 MB 16 M x 64 2 8 256 Mbit 16 M x 16

256 MB 32 M x 64 1 8 256 Mbit 32 M x 8

256 MB 32 M x 64 2 8 256 Mbit 16 M x 16

512 MB 64 M x 64 2 16 256 Mbit 32 M x 8

The RAM Expansion Module 65

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CHAPTER 4

RAM Expansion

Address Multiplexing

Signals A[0] – A[12] and BA[0] – BA[1] on each RAM SO-DIMM make up a 15-bit
multiplexed address bus that can support several different types of SDRAM
devices. Table 4-2 lists the types of devices that can be used in the iBook by size,
configuration, and sizes of row, column, and bank addresses.

Important

The iBook computer supports only the types of SDRAM
devices specified in Table 4-2. Other types of DRAM devices
should not be used with this computer.

Table 4-2 Types of DRAM devices

Device
size

Device
configuration

Row
address
bits

Column
address
bits

128 Mbits 4 M x 8 x 4 12 10

128 Mbits 2 M x 16 x 4 12 9

128 Mbits 1 M x 32 x 4 12 8

256 Mbits 8 M x 8 x 4 13 10

256 Mbits 4 M x 16 x 4 13 9

RAM SO-DIMM Electrical Limits

Each RAM SO-DIMM must not exceed the following maximum current limits on
the +3 V supply:

Active: 1.2 A (maximum of 8 devices per bank, 150 mA per device)

Sleep: 12 mA (total for all banks)

The maximum current specified for active operation generally rules out the use of
4-bit-wide SDRAM devices in a RAM expansion module. Such a module would
have 16 such devices per bank, and the 1.2 A maximum current would allow only
about 75 mA per device. To stay within the current limits, RAM expansion modules
should use only 8-bit or 16-bit SDRAM devices.

66 The RAM Expansion Module

 Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002

APPENDIX A

A Supplemental Reference

Documents

This section contains additional information about the technologies mentioned in
this developer note by providing references to helpful websites.

For information about older models of Macintosh computers, refer to the developer
notes archive at:

http://developer.apple.com/techpubs/hardware/hardware2.html

Apple Technical Notes

Apple Technical Notes answer many specific questions about the operation of
Macintosh computers and the Mac OS. The technical notes are available on the
website at

http://developer.apple.com/technotes/

3D Graphics

Developers of 3D graphics for games should know about OpenGL for Macintosh®,
a new version of SGI’s application programming interface (API) and software
library for 3D graphics.

General information on OpenGL is available on the World Wide Web at

Apple Technical Notes 67

 Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002

APPENDIX A

Supplemental Reference Documents

http://www.opengl.org

Developer support and documentation is available at

http://developer.apple.com/opengl/

PowerPC G3 Microprocessor

For more information about the PowerPC 750CX microprocessor used in the iBook
computer, developers may wish to refer to the standard reference, PowerPC 740/750
Microprocessor Implementation Definition Book IV. Information about the PowerPC
750CX microprocessor is available on the World Wide Web at

http://www.chips.ibm.com/products/powerpc/

Mac OS X

Mac OS X version 10.2 is installed by default on the iBook computer. For access to
Apple’s developer documentation for Mac OS X, see the Apple Developer
Connection (ADC) website at

http://developer.apple.com/techpubs/macosx/macosx.html

O'Reilly & Associates publishes a series of books about Mac OS X development. The
books in this series have been technically reviewed by Apple engineers and are
recommended by the Apple Developer Connection.

68 PowerPC G3 Microprocessor

 Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002

APPENDIX A

Supplemental Reference Documents

Mac OS 9.2.2

Mac OS 9.2.2 is also included with the iBook computer. Programming information
about Mac OS 9 is available in technical bookstores and (for free download) on the
World Wide Web at

http://developer.apple.com/techpubs/macosx/Carbon/carbon.html

You can find additional information in Apple Technical Notes at

http://developer.apple.com/technotes/

Open Firmware

Three technical notes provide an introduction to Open Firmware on the Macintosh
platform. They are:

TN1061: Open Firmware, Part I, available on the technical note web site at

http://developer.apple.com/technotes/tn/tn1061.html

TN1062: Open Firmware, Part II, available on the technical note web site at

http://developer.apple.com/technotes/tn/tn1062.html

TN1044: Open Firmware, Part III, available on the technical note web site at

http://developer.apple.com/technotes/tn/tn1044.html

TN2001: Running Files from a Hard Drive in Open Firmware, at

http://developer.apple.com/technotes/tn/tn2001.html

Mac OS 9.2.2 69

 Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002

APPENDIX A

Supplemental Reference Documents

Another technical note tells how to debug open firmware code. Please refer to
TN2004: Debugging Open Firmware Using Telnet, available on the technical note web
site at

http://developer.apple.com/technotes/tn/tn2004.html

RAM Expansion Modules

The mechanical characteristics of the RAM SO-DIMM are given in JEDEC
specification number JEDEC MO190-C. The specification can be found by using the
search string MO190-C on the Electronics Industry Association’s website at

http://www.jedec.org/DOWNLOAD/default.cfm

The electrical characteristics of the RAM SO-DIMM are given in JEDEC Standard
21-C. The specification can be found by using the search string JESD21-C on the
Electronics Industry Association’s website at

http://www.jedec.org/DOWNLOAD/default.cfm

ATA Devices

ATA (AT Attachment), also referred to as integrated drive electronics (IDE), is a
standard interface used with storage devices such as hard disk drives. For more
information on ATA, refer to the following Apple website at

http://developer.apple.com/techpubs/hardware/DeviceManagers/ata/ata.html

ATA Manager 4.0 supports driver software for internal IDE drives and includes
DMA support. For the latest information about ATA Manager 4.0, see Technical
Note TN1098, ATA Device Software Guide Additions and Corrections, available on the
World Wide Web at

http://developer.apple.com/technotes/tn/tn1098.html

70 RAM Expansion Modules

 Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002

APPENDIX A

Supplemental Reference Documents

The web page for Technical Note TN1098 includes a link to a downloadable copy of
ATA Device Software Guide.

Information about the ATA standards is available at the Technical Committee T13
AT Attachment website, at

http://www.t13.org/

USB Interface

For more information about USB on Macintosh computers, refer to Apple
Computer’s Mac OS USB DDK API Reference. Information is also available at

http://developer.apple.com/techpubs/hardware/DeviceManagers/usb/
usb.html

USB game controllers are supported by the InputSprocket component of the Apple
Games Sprockets software architecture. InputSprocket software and information
about the InputSprocket APIs can be found at

http://developer.apple.com/games/

For full specifications of the Universal Serial Bus, refer to the USB Implementation
Forum on the World Wide Web, at:

http://www.usb.org/developers/home.php3

FireWire Interface

For additional information about the FireWire IEEE 1394 interface and the Apple
APIs for FireWire software, refer to the resources available on the Apple FireWire
web site at:

http://developer.apple.com/hardware/FireWire/index.html

USB Interface 71

 Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002

APPENDIX A

Supplemental Reference Documents

The IEEE 1394 standard is available from the IEEE. Ordering information can be
found on the World Wide Web at

http://standards.ieee.org/catalog/

Useful information is also available at the 1394 Trade Association’s web site:

http://www.1394ta.org/

Target Disk Mode

For more information about target disk mode, see the section “Target Mode” in
TN1189: The Monster Disk Driver Technote. The technical note is available on the
website at

http://developer.apple.com/technotes/tn/tn1189.html

Wireless Networks

More information about Wi-Fi and wireless networks using the IEEE 802.11
standard is available on the web site of the Wireless Ethernet Compatibility
Alliance, at

http://www.wirelessethernet.org/OpenSection/index.asp

Bluetooth

For more information regarding Bluetooth technology, refer to the following
locations on the World Wide Web.

72 Target Disk Mode

 Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002

APPENDIX A

Supplemental Reference Documents

Bluetooth specification:

http://www.bluetooth.com/dev/specifications.asp

Bluetooth SIG:

http://www.bluetooth.org

Bluetooth developer tools on the Apple web site at:

http://developer.apple.com/hardware/bluetooth

Bluetooth 73

 Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002

APPENDIX A

Supplemental Reference Documents

74 Bluetooth

 Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002

APPENDIX B

B Conventions and Abbreviations

This developer note uses the following typographical conventions and
abbreviations.

Typographical Conventions

Note: A note like this contains information that is of interest but is not essential
for an understanding of the text.

Important

A note like this contains important information that you
should read before proceeding.

Abbreviations

When unusual abbreviations appear in this developer note, the corresponding
terms are also spelled out. Standard units of measure and other widely used
abbreviations are not spelled out.

Typographical Conventions 75

 Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002

APPENDIX B

Conventions and Abbreviations

Here are the standard units of measure used in developer notes:

A amperes MB megabytes

dB decibels Mbps megabits per second

GB gigabytes Mbit megabits

Hz hertz MHz megahertz

KB kilobytes mm millimeters

kg kilograms ns nanoseconds

kHz kilohertz V volts

mA milliamperes VDC volts direct current

mAh milliampere-hours

Other abbreviations used in developer notes include these:

10Base-T an Ethernet standard for data transmission at

10 Mbits per second

100Base-T an Ethernet standard for data transmission at

ADB Apple Desktop Bus

ADC Apple Display Connector

AGP accelerated graphics port

AIM ATA Interface Module

AP access point, for a wireless LAN

API application programming interface

ASIC application-specific integrated circuit

ATA AT attachment

ATAPI AT Attachment Packet Interface

CAS column address strobe, a memory control signal

CAV constant angular velocity

CD compact disc

76 Abbreviations

 Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002

100 Mbits per second

APPENDIX B

Conventions and Abbreviations

CD-ROM compact disc read-only memory

CLV constant linear velocity

CPU central processing unit

DAA data access adapter (a telephone line interface)

DAC digital-to-analog converter

DDC display data channel

DDR double data rate, a type of SDRAM where data is clocked on

rising and falling clock edges

DIMM Dual Inline Memory Module

DMA direct memory access

DSP digital signal processor

DSSS direct-sequence spread-spectrum

EDID Extended Display Identification Data

EDO extended data out

G3 Generation 3, the third generation of PowerPC

microprocessors

GND ground

HFS hierarchical file system

HID human interface device, a class of USB devices

I2C inter IC control bus

I2S inter IC sound bus

IC integrated circuit

IDE integrated device electronics

IIC inter IC control bus (same as I2C)

IIS inter IC sound bus (same as I2S)

I/O input and output

ISO International Organization for Standardization

JEDEC Joint Electron Device Engineering Council

Abbreviations 77

 Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002

APPENDIX B

Conventions and Abbreviations

L1 level 1 or first level, a type of CPU cache

L2 level 2 or second level, a type of CPU cache

LAN local area network

LED light emitting diode

MAC media access controller

Mac OS Macintosh Operating System

modem modulator-demodulator, a data communications interface

for use with analog telephone lines

NMI nonmaskable interrupt

NOP no operation

NTSC National Television System Committee; the standard system

used for broadcast TV in North America and Japan

NV-RAM nonvolatile random-access memory

OHCI Open Host Controller Interface

OS operating system

PAL Phase Alternate Lines; the standard for broadcast TV in

PCAV partial constant angular velocity (CLV at small radius, CAV at

PCI Peripheral Component Interconnect

PHY physical layer

PLL phase-locked loop

POST power-on self test

RADIUS Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service

RAM random-access memory

RF radio frequency

rms root mean square

ROM read-only memory

SCC Serial Communications Controller

78 Abbreviations

 Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002

most of Europe, Africa, South America, and southern Asia

large radius)

APPENDIX B

Conventions and Abbreviations

SCSI Small Computer System Interface

SDRAM synchronous dynamic RAM

SNR signal to noise ratio

SO-DIMM small outline dual inline memory module

SPD Serial Presence Detect, a feature of the SO-DIMM

USB Universal Serial Bus

TDM target disk mode

VCC positive supply voltage (voltage for collectors)

VESA Video Electronics Standards Association

VGA video graphics adapter

WEP Wired Equivalent Privacy

Wi-Fi Logo used by the Wireless Ethernet Compatibility Alliance for

certification of interoperability of 802.11 products

WLAN wireless LAN

Abbreviations 79

 Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002

APPENDIX B

Conventions and Abbreviations

80 Abbreviations

 Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002

Index

Numerals

3D graphics, reference information for 67

A

abbreviations 76–79
access to internal components 43, 63
airliner power outlet 14, 25
AirPort Admin Utility 35
AirPort Application 35
AirPort Base Station 33, 34
AirPort Card 25, 33–35

hardware components 34
security features 34

software components 35
AirPort Setup Assistant 35
ATA bus 23
ATA device configuration 23
ATA Device Software Guide 70
ATA disk interface 36
ATA hard disk 36
audio minijack 58

B

backside cache 20
block diagram 17, 18
Bluetooth 72
boot ROM 21
booting from a FireWire device 31
box flag 15
buses 17, 19, 20

C

cache. See L2 cache
CD audio 59
CD-ROM drive 42

ATA deviceconfiguration 23
clock speeds 19
Combo drive 42
composite video 55
connectors

audio minijack 58

Ethernet 32

external video display 55

FireWire 30

hard disk drive 39

headphone jack 58

modem 33

USB 27
custom ICs

Pangea memory and I/O controller IC 20

D

displays

flat panel 53
DMA support 20
drive configuration 23
DVD-ROM drive 42
DVD-ROM/CD-RW drive 42

ATA deviceconfiguration 23

E

Ethernet controller 21
Ethernet port 32

© Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002

81

INDEX

external display port

monitors not supported 57
resolutions supported 55

external monitor port 54–57

F

features

all 11

new 11
FireWire connector 30
FireWire controller 22
FireWire device programming 31
FireWire ports 29–32

booting from 31

connectors 30

device drivers 31
FireWire, reference information for 71
flat panel display 53
function keys, alternate functions of 51
Function-keys checkbox, in Keyboard control

panel 50

G

pin assignments on 39

dimensions and mounting holes 36

I, J

IDE bus 23
IDE disk interface. See ATA disk interface
IDE hard disk 36

See also hard disk drive

identifying the machine 15
internal modem 23, 33

K

keyboard 43–53

control keys with alternate functions 53
effect of Function-keys checkbox 50
Fn key 49
keys with multiple functions 49
Num Lock key 49
PMU99 interface for 25
removing 43, 63

Keyboard control panel 50

G3 microprocessor 19

reference information for 68
gestaltMachineType call 15
graphics address remapping table (GART) 22
graphics IC 22, 54

H

hard disk connector 39

pin assignments on 39

signals on 40
hard disk drive 36–41

ATA deviceconfiguration 23

connector

ATA signals on 40

82

© Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002

L

L2 cache 20

M

Mac OS 9 14
Mac OS X 14
Max bus 19
memory. See RAM expansion module
microphone 58
microprocessor 19
modem 23
modem, internal 33
monitor adapters 54

INDEX

N

new features 11
NTSC display 55

O

OHCI controller for USB 29
Open Firmware, reference information for 69

P, Q

PAL display 55
Pangea memory and I/O controller IC 20
peripheral devices 13
PMU99 power controller IC 24
pointing device (trackpad) 43
power control IC 24
power outlet, airliner 14, 25
PowerPC G3 microprocessor. See G3

microprocessor

PowerStep 16

R

electrical design of 64
electrical limits for 66
mechanical design of 64
SDRAM device specifications 65

Serial Presence Detect mechanism on 64
sound circuitry 24
sound sample rate 57
sound system 57–59

CD audio 59

electrical characteristics 58

internal speakers 58

signals to and from the modem 59
speakers 58
S-video 55
system software 14–16

machine identification 15

PowerStep 16

Target Disk Mode 16

T

Target Disk Mode 16
trackpad 43

PMU99 interface for 25
Tumbler sound circuitry 24
TV display adapter 55

RAM expansion 61–66
RAM expansion module 63–66

capacities 64, 65

RAM expansion slot, getting access to 61
ROM. See boot ROM

S

SCSI Disk mode 16
SDRAM device specifications 65
Serial Presence Detect mechanism 64
SO-DIMMs 63

address multiplexing on 66
configurations 65

© Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002

U

ultra DMA IDE bus 23
Universal Serial Bus. See USB ports
USB connector 27
USB controller IC 23
USB ports 27–29

connectors 27

controller type 29

data transfer speeds 23, 28

features 28–29

storage devices 29

suspend mode 29
USB suspend mode 23
USB, reference information for 71

83

INDEX

V

VGA display 55
VGA display adapter 54
video adapters 14
video display connector 55
video port. See external monitor port

W, X, Y, Z

wireless LAN module 25
wireless LAN module. See AirPort Card

84

© Apple Computer, Inc. November 2002