________________
NOTICE
Periodically wash the Trans- ducer Face with soapand water
to remove any oil film that may collect. Oil and dirton the face
willreduce sensitivity or may even preventsounding.
GOTA PROBLEM?LET US
HELP!
Ifyou have a problem with your
sonar unit, please give us a chance to help before sending it in
for repair.
Assistance can often be ex-
tended by telephone or letter. Write or call one of our Authorized
Service Centers or the Lowrance Electronics, Inc., Customer Ser- vice Department in Tulsa, OK. (Toll-free 1-800-331-3889).
'••
Please detailthe problem you
are experiencing. Our ServiceDe- partmentmay be able to save you
the inconvenience of returning
your unit.
If it is determined that your unit mustbe returned, full shipping in- structions will be provided.
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM AND
PARTS LIST
Should you desire a Schematic
Diagram and Parts list for ypur Lowrance TRUELINE RECORD-
ER, send $1.00 to PARTS LIST,
Lowrance Electronics, Inc., 12000
East SkellyDrive, Tulsa, Oklahoma 74128. Be sure and give us
the Model Numberand Serial
Numberofyour SONAR INSTRUMENT
'I
INSTALLATION ANID OPERATION MANUAL
X-16
OWNER'SMANUAL
• LOWRANCE ELECTRONICS, INC.
.12000 E. SKELLY DR.,TULSA, OKLA. 74128
Litho in U.S.A. |
988-0096-09 |
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Specifications
Introduction
Howit Works
Installation
Power Connections
Transducer Selection
Basic Operation
Sensitivity Control
ClearEntry
Discrimination
Paper Speed
GRAYLINE
Range
Lower Limit
Upper Limit
Lines
Marker
Scale
Memory/Reset
Feet, Fathoms, Meters
End Of Paper
Zero Adjust
HowTo Read Graphs
Paper Loading
Stylus Replacement
Stylus Belt Replacement
Maintenance
Troubleshooting
ADVANCED OPERATION
Surface ClarityControl (SCC)
Suppressor
1
2
2
2
3
4
5
5
6
6
7
7
8
8
9
9
-10
10
10
11
1-1
ii
12
13
16
17
17
18
18
18
19
SURFACE CLUTTER Algae,
plankton, air bubbles, boat wakes, and schools of bait fish nearthe
surface of the water can create
on the paper. Theseechoes can extend far
downthe paper and interfere with fish or othertarget echoes. Lowrance has a special feature
called "Surface Clarity Control" or "5CC" that combats surface clutter
effectively.
THERMOCLINE Junction of dif-
ferent temperature layers. When the warm and cool temperature
layers meet, a discontinuity in the water is formed that reflects sonar
signals. This is called a thermodine.
TRANSDUCER The "antenna" of a sonar unit. This contains a small. crystal that converts the electrical energy fromthe transducer into
sound energyand sends it into the water. It then converts any
sound in its frequency range back into electrical pulses for the
receiver. Transducers have a van-
ety of stylesincluding "Thru-Hull" which bolt thru a hole drilled in the
hull, "Shoot-Thru-Hull" — epoxied directly tothe inside of a solid
fiberglass hull with no holes
required, and "Transom Mount" —
bolts directly to the transomof the hull, either below or flushwith the
bottom of the boat.
TRANSPORT ASSEMBLY The
mechanism that holds and pulls the chart paper from the full paper
roll, pastthe stylus, and rolls it up on the takeup side. It also con- tains the paperdrive motor and
geartrain. -
ACCESSORIES
LDT-3000
DIGITAL SURFACE TEMP
Allows instant visualwadingof surface watertemperatures horn 32.0Ia 99.9degrees F Includes
heavy 28 footsensor cable.
DUST COVER
Extra protection lromthe elements.
LSB-200ASWITCH BOX
Allows usecitwodifferent transducers with
onesonar unit. Weetharpreofswitch activates transducer #1 or #2.
LSB-201A SWITCH BOX
Allowsuseci Iwosoners withonlyone
transducer. Weetherprool switch activates sonar#1 or #2.
LXT-11OATRANSDUCER EXTENSION CABLE
Ten-fool extension cable far usewhere a transducer must be locatedbeyond the reach oh thestandard transducer cable.
Sonar unitdoes not nead returningwhen onlyoneextension is used.
LKB-2000 TRANSDUCER KICK-UP BRACKET
Allows THS 1192-20 iobe mounted belowthe hull on aluminum beetsto avoid hull turbulence.
LTB-1000 TRANSOM MOUNTING BRACKET
Transommounting brscketend
spet specifically designed for use with V-bottomed boats. Usesany
Lowrance plasticbolt-thru-huil transducer.
LFF-102 FISH-N-FLOAT
Two highlyvjaibie floatswith100-fool nylon cord,wraparound lead sinkers.
LTP-100 FISH-N-TEMP
Portable temperature anddepthindicator
faraccuratereadings from30-90 degrees F end depths to 00 teal.
LPG-605 CHART PAPER
Straight line chart paper, 50 tootroll, brall Computer Sonar graphrecorders.
LTC-60 TRANSDUCER CONNECTOR KIT
Replacas oldslyletransducer connecter with new plasticstyle. Orto repair a
damaged transducer cable.
LPB-192 POWER BOOSTER
outpulpower of the X-150 to extend thedepthrange, better noise
rejection, and diaptey small detail.
LDT-4000 DIGITAL SURFACETEMP
Newsensor probe allows transom, thru-hut, orrawwaterintakemounting Water
temperature readings trorn 32.0 099.9 degrees F
29
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the sonar can separate two tar- gets that are 11/2 inches apart. This is considered good resolution.
However, if a sonar'pulselength was 500 micro-seconds, then the
sonar could only separate targets
that are at least 12 inches apart.
Thatis why it is so important to pick a sonar unit thatgives you
the capability to change to narrow pulse lengths for good resolution. The X-16 allows pulse lengths down to 30 micro-seconds or one
inch!
SECOND ECHO A second echo
can appear on the display at
roughly twice the depth of the actual bottom signal. This is
caused by the transmitted signal
travellingthru thewater, reflecting off of the bottom, returning to the
surface, reflecting off the surface, hitting the bottofti once again, and
finally striking the surface and the transducer.Actually, the sonar sig- nal can do this many timesas you
can see if you are in shallow water
and turn up the sensitivity. Some- timesthree, four, or more echoes
can be displayed.
SENSITIVITY The ability of a
sonar unitto display targets. If a unit can display small targets deep in the water or very small detail,
to have high
sensitivity.A sensitivity control adjusts the level ofthe receiver for different conditions. Also called
gain.
SCALE Depth markings printed on or nearthe chart paperThese
can be shown in feet, fathoms, or meters. Often confused with
Range.
SIGNAL-TO-NOISERATIO The noise level divided by the signal level in a circuit is expressed by
the term signal to noiseratio. In sonar, a high signal to noiseratio is desirable because less noise
suppression is required and it is
easier for the unit to display only the truesignals returning fromthe
targets, rather than a mixture of signals and noise.
STYLUS This is the fine wire that does the actual marking on a
graph |
recorder's |
A |
high |
paper. |
|
voltage is applied to the stylus which causesit to burn through
the white outer coating ofthe paper, exposing the black carbon underneath. Use care when han-
dlinga stylus. Never touch it when the unit is operating.
STYLUS SKIP This is a condition
that occurs when the stylus doesn'tcontact the entire surface
ofthe chart paper. Itthen leaves gaps in the record where the
stylus "skip'over spots. Usually, the problem can be rectified by
removing and bending the stylus
into the proper shape, although sometimes it is caused by aworn-
out stylus which must then be replaced.
SUPPRESSOR A Lowrance
exclusive, patented probess to eliminate noise from a sonar unit's
display. It works on the principal that noise pulses are typically short in duration. By increasing the transmitters pulse length, and tracking it with the receiver, the short noise pulses are cancelled out.
STYLUS BELT A belt that travels
over two motor driven pulleys. It typicallyhas a holderthat retains the stylus and a magnet on the
opposite side thattriggersthd transmitter.
Pulse
Alternate Transmit and Print
Paper Save
Print Intensity
Loran Interface
Power Booster
Summary of Commands
Glossary
Accessories
SPECIFICATIONS
Dimensions (with gimbal mount) Dimensions (instrument only)
Weight
ChartPaper
Transmitter
Frequency
Pulse Width (Adjustable)
Output Power
Receiver Sensitivity
Chart Speed
Voltage Range
Current Drain
Fuse
23
24
24
25
26
26
26
29
10¼"W x 8¼"H x 65/s"D
12¼"W x 9"H x 65/ct 8.5 pounds
LPG-606
(2) 4" x 50'roll
192 kHz
30 s - 2000 p.s
1600 watts p-p
200 watts RMS —85 db
.10 -3.0 in/mm
10 - 15 vdc
4 ampamps, approximately
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INTRODUCTION
The Lowrance X-16 is a highly
sophisticated recording depth sounder Thanks to a micro-com-
puter, the X-16can do more than any other sonar unit in its price
range plus many that cost much
more. Using the waterproof keyboard, full control ofthe systemis
at your fingertips to meet the changing demandsof varying bot-
tom conditions, water depth, and boat speed. You can select the
unit's discrimination sensitivity,
level, upper and lower depth range, paperspeed, GRAYLINE, and many morefeatures. The
patented Lowrance variable suppression system combined with the new Discrimination feature not
only filters out falsesignalswithout distorting the real ones, but is syncronized with the GRAYLINE
function to provide clearsignals underall conditions.
HOW IT WORKS
When the unit is turned on, an electronically regulated motor drivesa lightweight belt located at
the right edge ofthe recording
paper Thestylus is attached to this belt. When the stylus is at the top of the paper a small mark is
made. This is called the zero
mark, and represents the surface of the water. The styluscontinues
FIGURE 1
GRAPH
PAPER
to move down the edge of the paper while the sound pulse is
traveling through the water, and when an echois detected, the
stylusmakes another mark on the
paper. Thedepth of the object which reflected the echocan be
read in feet, fathoms, or meters by
comparing its location on the
paperto the depth scale printed on the paper.
Thepaper speed
by a variable speed motor During
one revolution of the stylusbelt, a very narrow mark will be made by
the flexible stylus, but the paper will move a small amount before
the next revolution.Each mark will blend into the one before so that a
composite picture" of the target will be made, one tiny mark at a
time.
INSTALLATION
Mounting —
Thedepth sounder may be installed in any convenient area,
providedthe unit can be tilted for
the best viewing angle. Holes in the bracket base allowwood
screw or bolt
stiffener may be required on the
back ofthin fiberglass panelsto support the unit.
Make certain there is enough room on the back side of the unit
to attach the power and trans-
PULLEY
DRIVE
-STYLUS
DRIVE
BELT
• STYLUS
PULLEY
on the X-16. Because the
transmitted power is greater, stronger signals are transmitted into the water. This will increase
the depth range ofthe unit and the signal to noise ratio, plus the ability to see small detail is
enhanced. For installation instructions on the LPB-192, read the owner'smanual included with the power booster.
To turnthe powerboosteron, press12-2nd -5.
Toturnthe powerboosteroff, press2nd - 8.
FREQUENCY CONVERTER
The Model LXC-16 frequency converter allows the X-16to use
either a 50 kHz or 192 kHz
operating frequency at the discretion ofthe operator. It can be switched from 192 to 50 kHzat
any time by usingthe keyboard. For installation instructions, see the owner'smanual included with
the LXC-16.
To turnthe frequency converter
on, press 2nd - 5.
To turnthe frequency converter off, press 2nd - 8.
GLOSSARY OF TERMS
CAVITATION Air bubbles trapped against the transducer. This is
typicallycaused by an improper transducer installation. Aluminum
boats in particular have problems with cavitation. The problem is most evident whentravelling at high speed. Air bubbles are cre-
ated by rivets, strakes, ribs, or otherobjects whichthen passover
the face of the transducer. Forthe
proper operation ofthe transducer, it must have solid contact with the
water at all times.
MICRO-SECOND Unit of mea-
sure. One micro-second is equal to 0.001 second. Used in sonar to
measure the amount of time the unit is transmitting. Abbreviation:
W5.
NOISE Any undesired signal. Noise can show up on a graph recorder as small dots or lines
randomly scattered across the
paper. It can be caused by electri- cal sources such as alternators,
spark plugs, improper wiring, or by mechanical sources, air bubbles
passing over the face of the transducer,vibration of the engine,
or a loose transducer mounting. OUTPUT POWER The amount
of electrical energy applied to the transducer by the transmitter.
Expressed in wafts, typicallythe
higher the output power a sonar unit has, the deeper it can read,
and smaller detail can be shown.
POWER BOOSTER A device which connects to the transducer
jack of the sonar unit and increases its output power.
PULSE LENGTH The length of time that the sonar unit transmits
a pulse of sound into the water This period of time is very short
and is usually referredto in micro- seconds. Also called PulseWidth.
RANGE Maximum depth that a sonar unit is set to display. For
example, a range setting of 0-60 feet on a graph means that the
maximum depth that can be displayed before the bottom echo drops off the chart paper is 60 feet.
RESOLUTION Theability of a sonar unit to separate targets.
This ability is determined by the of the unit. Ifthe
pulse length is very short, 50 micro-secondsfor example, then
2 27
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SUMMARY OF COMMANDS |
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COMMAND |
FUNCTION |
PRESS KEY: |
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CLEAR ENTRY |
CLEAR |
CLEAR ENTRY |
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ALTERNATE TRANSMIT |
ON/OFF |
UPPER & LOWER |
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LIMIT |
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DISCRIMINATION |
0-4 |
- |
DISC |
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PAPER SAVE |
0-7 |
- |
2nd - 6 |
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PAPERSPEED |
0-7 |
- PAPER SPEED |
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POWER BOOSTER |
ON/OFF |
2nd - 5, ON/2nd |
- 7, |
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0-2 |
OFF |
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PRINT INTENSITY |
- |
2nd - |
LINES |
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SUPPRESSOR |
0-7 |
- |
2nd - |
9 |
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SURFACE CLARITY (SCC) |
0-7 |
- SCC |
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FEET |
ON |
2nd - 1 |
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FATHOMS |
ON |
2nd - 2 |
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METERS |
ON |
2nd - 3 |
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|
be used to help alleviate this condition.
LORAN-CINTERFACE
A remarkable advantage ofthe X-16is itsabilityto printLoran-C
coordinates in eitherTime Differen-
ces (ID's)or Latitude and Longi- TheX-16 hasbeen
designed to use only the Lowrance Loran-Creceiver.)To connectthe
Loran tothe X-16, simply splicethe whiteand blackwire on the X-16's
powercabletothewhite and black wireon the Loran-Cspowercable.
(SeeFigure 2 on page 3.) Afterthe proper connections have been
made, turnon boththeLoranand |
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the X-16. Afterthe Loran has |
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the |
signals, press |
2nd - |
0. |
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acquired |
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The Loran coordinates will imme- |
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diately be printed verticallydown |
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the paper. Either Latitude and |
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Longitude or Time Differences |
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will be |
printed |
on the |
paper |
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(TD's) |
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depending |
on themode the Loran |
|||||
is in. If2nd |
- 0 is pressed and no |
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Loran is connected, the unit will
stop pulling paperand printing for approximately fourseconds.
POWER BOOSTER
A power booster, Model LPB-192, is available that will
increase the transmitter's output
power of the X-16. It can be turned on or off by the keyboard
ducer cables. There should also
be enough room to allow the front panel doorto open.
Ifthe desired location is closer
than 18" to a magnetic compass, a trial run should be made with the
unit in operation to be sure that the compass readings are not affected.
POWER CONNECTIONS
Twelve volt DC power forthe depth sounder should be supplied by the boat's12 volt electrical
system. The power cablemay be attached to an accessory or power buss, but if you have problems with electrical interference, the
cableshould be attached directly to the battery.
If a longercableis required, use ordinary #18 lamp cord available at any hardware or electrical sup-
ply store. Splices should be soldered, however, if this isn't
done, then use crimp-type splices. Tape all splices with electrical
tape.
There are two typesof noise that can be introduced into the
sonar system if an improper installation is made, electrical
noise picked up by the transducer or power cable, and acoustic noise
picked up by the transducer. Acoustic noise is caused by
water turbulence, air bubbles
passing over the transducer, and
cavitation where a partial vacuum is formed by the flow of water. This
by following carefully the transducer installation
instructions concerning location of the transducer.
Electrical noiseis caused mainly by the boat engine'signition system. Keep the transducer cable
and power cable away from possi- ble sources of electrical inter-
ference. Again, connect the power cable directly to the battery if
not the boat's possible, wiring
harness.
Cavitation and electrically induced noisecan be generated if
a careless installation has been
made, but the Suppressor circuit and Discrimination is effective in
combatting both. Before initial use or after prolonged storage, better water-to-transducer contactwill be
made if the face of the transducer
is washed with mild detergent and warm water. Positive contactwith
the water is essential to reduce cavitation noisecaused by bubbles on the transducer face.
An in-line fuse holderwith a 4
amp fuse is supplied with the X-16. Be certainto install this as
close to the power source (such as the boat battery or power buss)
as possible. protect both the sonar unit and the power
.i.:: |
I— I1iI |
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24.0——I |
|
—— |
— 26.0 |
OFE |
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||
p6.0 |
|
|
B.0— |
48.0— |
(Negative) |
4 |
|
|
|
60.Ofl— |
Figure 46 |
FIGURE 2 |
|
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