Esoteric X-01, D2 User Manual

D00942621B

X-01 D2

Super Audio CD/CD Player

Owner’s Manual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Manuel du Propriétaire . . . . . . . . . . . 27

Bedienungsanleitung. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

CAUTION: TO REDUCE THE RISK OF ELECTRIC SHOCK, DO NOT REMOVE COVER (OR BACK). NO USERSERVICEABLE PARTS INSIDE. REFER SERVICING TO QUALIFIED SERVICE PERSONNEL.

The lightning flash with arrowhead symbol, within an equilateral triangle, is intended to alert the user to the presence of uninsulated “dangerous voltage” within the product’s enclosure that may be of sufficient magnitude to constitute a risk of electric shock to persons.

The exclamation point within an equilateral triangle is intended to alert the user to the presence of important operating and maintenance (servicing) instructions in the literature accompanying the appliance.

IMPORTANT SAFETY INSTRUCTIONS

1)Read these instructions.

2)Keep these instructions.

3)Heed all warnings.

4)Follow all instructions.

5)Do not use this apparatus near water.

6)Clean only with dry cloth.

7)Do not block any ventilation openings. Install in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions.

8)Do not install near any heat sources such as radiators, heat registers, stoves, or other apparatus (including amplifiers) that produce heat.

9)Do not defeat the safety purpose of the polarized or grounding-type plug. A polarized plug has two blades with one wider than the other. A grounding type plug has two blades and a third grounding prong. The wide blade or the third prong are provided for your safety. If the provided plug does not fit into your outlet, consult an electrician for

replacement of the obsolete outlet.

10)Protect the power cord from being walked on or pinched particularly at plugs, convenience receptacles, and the point where they exit from the apparatus.

11)Only use attachments/accessories specified by the

manufacturer.

12) Use only with the cart, stand, tripod, bracket, or table specified by the manufacturer, or sold with the apparatus. When a cart is used, use caution when moving the cart/apparatus combination to avoid injury from tip-over.

13)Unplug this apparatus during lightning storms or when unused for long periods of time.

14)Refer all servicing to qualified service personnel. Servicing is required when the apparatus has been damaged in any way, such as power-supply cord or plug is damaged, liquid has been spilled or objects have fallen into the apparatus, the apparatus has been exposed to rain or moisture, does not operate normally, or has been dropped.

<Do not expose this apparatus to drips or splashes.

<Do not place any objects filled with liquids, such as vases, on the apparatus.

<Do not install this apparatus in a confined space such as a book case or similar unit.

<The apparatus draws nominal non-operating power from the AC outlet with its POWER switch in the off position.

<The apparatus should be located close enough to the AC outlet so that you can easily grasp the power cord plug at any time.

<An apparatus with Class ! construction shall be connected to an AC outlet with a protective grounding connection.

<Batteries (battery pack or batteries installed) shall not be exposed to excessive heat such as sunshine, fire or the like.

<Excessive sound pressure from earphones and headphones can cause hearing loss.

WARNING: TO PREVENT FIRE OR SHOCK HAZARD, DO NOT EXPOSE THIS APPLIANCE TO RAIN OR MOISTURE.

CAUTION

<DO NOT REMOVE THE EXTERNAL CASES OR CABINETS TO EXPOSE THE ELECTRONICS. NO USER SERVICEABLE PARTS ARE WITHIN!

<IF YOU ARE EXPERIENCING PROBLEMS WITH THIS PRODUCT, CONTACT TEAC FOR A SERVICE REFERRAL. DO NOT USE THE PRODUCT UNTIL IT HAS BEEN REPAIRED.

<USE OF CONTROLS OR ADJUSTMENTS OR PERFORMANCE OF PROCEDURES OTHER THAN THOSE SPECIFIED HEREIN MAY RESULT IN HAZARDOUS RADIATION EXPOSURE.

For U.S.A.

This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class B digital device, pursuant to Part 15 of the FCC Rules. These limits are designed to provide reasonable protection against harmful interference in a residential installation. This equipment generates, uses, and can radiate radio frequency energy and, if not installed and used in accordance with the instructions, may cause harmful interference to radio communications. However, there is no guarantee that interference will not occur in a particular installation. If this equipment does cause harmful interference to radio or television reception, which can be determined by turning the equipment off and on, the user is encouraged to try to correct the interference by one or more of the following measures:

•Reorient or relocate the equipment and/or the receiving antenna.

•Increase the separation between the equipment and receiver.

•Connect the equipment into an outlet on a circuit different from that to which the receiver is connected.

•Consult the dealer or an experienced radio/TV technician for help.

CAUTION

Changes or modifications to this equipments not expressly approved by TEAC CORPORATION for compliance will void the user’s warranty.

2

This product has been designed and manufactured according to FDA regulations “title 21, CFR, chapter 1, subchapter J, based on the Radiation Control for Health and Safety Act of 1968”, and is classified as class 1 laser product. There is not hazardous invisible laser radiation during operation because invisible laser radiation emitted inside of this product is completely confined in the protective housings.

The label required in this regulation is shown .

For U.S.A.

Optical pickup :
Type	: SLD6163RL-G
Manufacturer	: SONY CORPORATION
Laser output	: Less than 1mW on the objective lens
Wavelength	: 785±15 nm (CD)

655±10 nm (Super Audio CD)

For European customers

Disposal of your old appliance

1.When this crossed-out wheeled bin symbol is attached to a product it means the product is covered by the European Directive 2002/96/EC.

2.All electrical and electronic products should be disposed of separately from the municipal waste stream via designated collection facilities appointed by the government or the local authorities.

3.The correct disposal of your old appliance will help prevent potential negative consequences for the environment and human health.

4.For more detailed information about disposal of your old appliance, please contact your city office, waste disposal service or the shop where you purchased the product.

Contents

Thank you for choosing Esoteric. Read this manual carefully to get the best performance from this unit.

Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Before Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Discs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Restoring factory settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Remote Control Unit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Connection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Front panel features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Understanding the remote control unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

	Playback . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .	12
	Skipping playback . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .	13	ENGLISH
	Selecting a track	13
	Fast scanning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .	13
	Selecting the playback area. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .	13
	Programmed playback . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .	14
	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Display dimming	15
	Repeat mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .	15
	Changing the display mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .	16

Setting the Word sync, DAC, priority playback area,

and i.LINK output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

Settings (introduction). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Setup Menu Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Analog output (Analog Out) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Digital output (DigitalOut) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 CD Direct . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Speaker Size (SP Size) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Speaker distance (Distance) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Speaker levels (SP Level) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Test tone length (Test tone) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

i.LINK (IEEE 1394) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Troubleshooting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

3

Features

The latest VRDS mechanism for Super Audio CD (Specially developed ball bearings for the optimum VRDS mechanism.)

The VRDS mechanism securely clamps the disc to the turntable whose diameter is exactly the same as that of the disc. This system completely eliminates vibration inherent to removable media and unwanted vibrations generated by the mechanical systems. Also, this mechanism clamps the disc at a slight inclination so as to compensate for warping or deformation improving the accuracy of the optical axes of both the laser pickup and the pit surface of the disc. This is effective in reducing errors in reading the disc data as well as in preventing timing errors from erratic data acquisition timing.

To achieve the high-speed rotation with superior stability that is required of a Super Audio CD player, the X-01 D2 is equipped with a duralumin turntable. A specially developed processing technology was used to enable high-precision forming of this lightweight material normally used in building aircraft.

In a joint development project with NSK Ltd., we developed proprietary, highly precise ball bearings for the VRDS mechanism. Rolling elements made from precisely machined ceramic balls provide ultra smooth rotation. The application of a pre-load to the ball bearing pair ensures a high rigidity and precise rotation not present in conventional bearings but necessary for handling the wide rotational range from normal CD to Super Audio CD playback.

A massive 20mm-thick, SS400 steel bridge supports the mechanism to control vibrations produced by turntable rotation.

Coreless motor with neodymium magnets

A newly-developed three-phase brushless spindle motor provides the fast and accurate turntable rotation required for Super Audio CD playback. This, and the fixing of the turntable together with the use of precision ball bearings, eliminate irregular rotation and vibration.

Research has shown that neodymium is the optimum magnetic material for this application. Neodymium absorbs changes to the motor’s electric power supply, and exerts minimal influence on the audio sections of the unit.

Constant-angle optical pickup mounted on a sled with feedback-monitored speed control

By mounting the pickup on a sled whose axis is rigid, the pickup lens is maintained at a constant angle and the laser beam, and hence the optical axis, is maintained in an accurate vertical orientation. An Esoteric original three-phase brushless motor with Hall element detection drives the sled, and the speed of the sled is monitored and used to control the sled itself in a servo feedback operation, meaning the sled is highly responsive and smooth in its operation.

Sturdy, rigid chassis with triple-point pinpoint foot support

The unit is constructed with a 5mm thick robust steel base plate, and is divided into three logical sections, thereby reducing interference between components of the unit. Highly rigid mounts are used for the VDRS disc mechanism.

To eliminate vibration, three solid (tool steel) feet support the unit and isolate it mechanically.

Unsurpassed features

Full functionality and performance suitable for the latest Super Audio CD player have been realized.

•A power transformer that incorporates a high-efficiency R- Core digital transformer and another transformer for analog. Also, the power circuits are separated for digital and analog circuits for each.

•The front 2-channel audio board is mounted with the right channel in one board and the left channel in another board.

•Super Audio CD 5.1 channel sound output is possible.

•i.LINK connection is possible. (Flow rate control compatible.)

Audio DACs

The DSD DAC for Super Audio CD playback and the multi-bit DAC for CD playback are each mounted in the front 2- channel.

A bi-directional converter circuit, capable of handling both DSD and PCM data, is also mounted so the user can fully enjoy the characteristics of both, regardless of the type of disc.

The conversion of CD PCM data to DSD, or Super Audio CD DSD data to PCM, allows the best possible playback of the DAC characteristics of both types of data.

DSD DAC and multi-bit DAC each employ one pair of + (positive) Output and - (negative) Output for 1-channel (Total output: 4), and use addition and subtraction of them to achieve high capacity D/A conversion.

Word synchronization

A master word clock from a high-quality DA converter or master clock generator can be used for clock synchronization, resulting in the almost complete elimination of jitter.

Using a high-quality clock signal provided by an external DA converter such as the Esoteric G-0/G-0s provides optimum audio quality.

Shutter isolates the mechanism from external influences

The tray opening and closing mechanism is equipped with a shutter for greater precision and to eliminate adverse effects from external sound pressure and vibrations on mechanical units. When closed, the shutter mechanism is mechanically secured to the front panel to prevent it from moving.

Brushed aluminum finish exemplifies the quality of construction

The front, side and top panels are constructed of thick brushed aluminum. The high-quality luxurious finish matches the overall attention to the finest possible quality, shown in such details as the illuminated surrounds to the control buttons and the milled aluminum disc tray.

4

Before Use

What’s in the box

Please confirm that the following accessories are in the box when you open it.

Remote control unit x 1

Batteries (AA, R6, SUM-3) x 2

Felt sheet x 3

Power cord x 1

Owner’s manual x 1

Warranty card x 1

Conventions about This Manual

<Instructions in this manual describe the controls on the remote control. You can also use the buttons on the front panel if they have the same or similar names as those on the remote.

<The types of functions and operations that can be used for a particular disc vary depending on the features of that disc. In some cases, these functions and operations may differ from the descriptions given in this Owner’s Manual.

<The drawings used in this Owner’s Manual are purely for the purposes of explanation.

Read this before operation

<As the unit may become warm during operation, always leave sufficient space around the unit for ventilation.

<The voltage supplied to the unit should match the voltage as printed on the rear panel. If you are in any doubt regarding this matter, consult an electrician.

<Choose the installation location of your unit carefully. Avoid placing it in direct sunlight or close to a source of heat. Also avoid locations subject to vibrations and excessive dust, heat, cold or moisture.

<Do not place the unit on the amplifier/receiver.

<Do not open the cabinet as this might result in damage to the circuitry or electrical shock. If a foreign object should get into the unit, contact your dealer or service company.

<When removing the power plug from the wall outlet, always pull directly on the plug, never yank the cord.

<To keep the laser pickup clean, do not touch it, and always close the disc tray.

<Do not attempt to clean the unit with chemical solvents as this might damage the finish. Use a clean, dry cloth.

<Keep this manual in a safe place for future reference.

DO NOT MOVE THE UNIT DURING PLAYBACK

During playback, the disc rotates at high speed. Do NOT lift or move the unit during playback. Doing so may damage the disc or the unit.

WHEN MOVING THIS UNIT

When changing places of installation or packing the unit for moving, be sure to remove the disc and return the disc tray to its closed position in the player. Then, press the power switch to turn the power off, and disconnect the power cord. Moving this unit with the disc loaded may result in damage to this unit.

Placement of the unit

High-quality hardened tool steel is used for the pin-point feet, securely attached to the bottom of the player. Although the cover feet may appear loose, the weight of the unit causes them to be firm and secure, and the design effectively damps and reduces vibration.

<Be careful to avoid injury when moving the unit, on account of its weight. Get someone to help you if necessary.

<To protect floors, etc. you may stick the felt supplied with the unit to the bottom of the cover feet.

Pin-point foot

	Bottom plate	ENGLISH
Steel foot	of the unit
Cover foot	Cover foot retaining screws

Beware of condensation

When the unit (or a disc) is moved from a cold to a warm place, or used after a sudden temperature change, there is a danger of condensation; vapor in the air could condense on the internal mechanism, making correct operation impossible. To prevent this, or if this occurs, leave the unit for one or two hours with the power turned on. Then the unit will stabilize at the temperature of its surroundings.

Maintenance

If the surface of the unit gets dirty, wipe with a soft cloth or use diluted neutral cleaning liquid. Be sure to remove any fluid completely. Do not use thinner, benzine or alcohol as they may damage the surface of the unit.

“Super Audio CD” is a registered trademark. “DSD” is a registered trademark.

The i.LINK logo is a trademark of Sony Corporation, registered in the U.S. and other countries.

5

Discs

Type of Discs That Can be Played on This System

This player can playback discs bearing any of the following logos:

Audio CD:

• 12cm or 8cm discs

• Linear PCM digital audio Audio CDs are divided into tracks.

Super Audio CD:

• Single layer, dual layer or Hybrid layer

• 12cm or 8cm discs

• Digital audio (DSD)

Super Audio CDs are divided into tracks.

About CD-R/CD-RW

CD-R/RW discs recorded in Audio CD format and finalized correctly are playable. But depending on the quality of the disc and/or the condition of the recording, some CD-R & CDRW discs may not be playable.

Caution:

<If you record a disc using a personal computer, even if it is recorded in a compatible format, there are cases in which it may not play because of the settings of the application software used to create the disc. (Check with the software publisher for more detailed information.)

<Unfinalized CD-R/CD-RW discs cannot be played.

Following discs cannot be played with this unit:

•DVD, CD-G, Data part of CD-EXTRA, PHOTO CD, CD-ROM and DVD-ROM discs

•discs recorded in a color system other than PAL or NTSC

•illegally produced discs

•scratched discs

•discs that are dusty, soiled or marked with fingerprints

Warning:

If you attempt to play back such discs, there is a risk that a sudden and loud noise may be heard over the speakers at full volume and cause damage to the speakers and to your hearing.

Copy-protected discs, DualDiscs and other discs that do not conform to the CD standard may not play back correctly in this player. If you use such discs in this unit, TEAC ESOTERIC COMPANY cannot be responsible for any consequences or guarantee the quality of reproduction. If you experience problems with such non-standard discs, you should contact the producer of the disc.

<Always place the disc on the disc tray with the label side up. (Compact discs can be played or recorded only on one side.)

<To remove a disc from its storage case, press down on the center of the case and lift the disc out, holding it carefully by the edges.

How to remove the disc

How to hold the disc

<Should the disc become dirty, wipe the surface from the center hole outward towards the outer edge with a soft, dry, lint-free cloth:

<Never use chemicals such as record (LP) sprays, antistatic sprays or fluids, benzine or thinner to clean the discs. Such chemicals will do irreparable damage to the disc’s plastic surface.

<Discs should be returned to their cases after each use to avoid dust and scratches that may eventually cause your disc to skip.

<Do not expose discs to direct sunlight, high humidity, or high temperatures for extended periods. Long exposure to high temperatures will warp the disc.

<Do not play any disc that is warped, scratched, deformed or damaged. Playing such discs may cause irreparable harm to the playback mechanism.

<CD-R and CD-RW discs are more sensitive to the effects of heat and ultraviolet rays than ordinary CDs. It is important that they are not stored in a location with direct sunlight and keep your discs away from sources of heat such as radiators or heat-generating electrical devices.

<Printable discs aren’t recommended because the label side might be sticky (or contain glue), which will damage the unit.

<Do not stick papers or protective sheets on the discs and do not use any protective coating spray.

<Use a soft oil-based felt-tipped pen to write information on the label side of a disc. Never use a ball-point or hard-tipped pen, as this may cause damage to the recorded side of the disc.

<Never use a stabilizer. Using commercially available CD stabilizers with this unit will damage the mechanisms and cause them to malfunction.

<Do not use irregular shape discs (octagonal, heart shaped, business card size, etc.). Discs of this sort can damage the unit:

<If you are in any doubt as to the care and handling of any disc, read the precautions supplied with the disc, or contact the disc manufacturer directly.

6

Remote Control Unit

How to insert the batteries

Remove the end cover of the remote control unit with a screwdriver. After checking the polarity (+/_) of two AA batteries, insert the batteries observing polarity, replace the end cover and replace the screws.

Battery Replacement

If the distance required between the remote control unit and main unit decreases, the batteries are exhausted. In this case replace the batteries with new ones.

Precautions concerning batteries

<Be sure to insert the batteries with correct positive “+” and negative “_” polarities.

<Use batteries of the same type. Never use different types of batteries together.

<Rechargeable or non-rechargeable batteries can be used but not mixed together. Refer to the precautions on their labels.

<When the remote control unit is not to be used for a long time (more than a month), remove the batteries from the remote control unit to prevent them from leaking. If they leak, wipe away the liquid inside the battery compartment and replace the batteries with new ones.

<Do not heat or disassemble batteries and never dispose of old batteries by throwing them in a fire.

Notes on use

<Point the remote control unit at the player’s remote sensor within seven meters (23 feet) of the player. There should not be any obstacles between the player and the remote control unit.

<Do not allow direct sun or other light to shine on the remote sensor on the player. This may cause the remote control unit to malfunction.

<Note that other units with remote controls may operate incorrectly because of infrared light “overspill” when you operate this remote control unit.

Restoring factory settings

If you have made a lot of changes to the setup, and want to restart from a known set of options, restore the unit to the factory settings as follows:

	1.	Turn the unit off and wait 30 seconds or longer.	ENGLISH
	2.	Press the POWER button while holding down the STOP

button.

All memories are erased, and the unit returns to the factory settings.

7

Connection

Master clock generator (G-0s etc.)

WORD SYNC OUT

Stereo amplifier		Surround amplifier
AUDIO IN		i.LINK (AUDIO)
L	R
cable XLR	cable coaxial BNC	cable LINK.i
A	D	C

F

A

			cable RCA
R	L	R	L
SUBWOOFER CENTER SURROUND		FRONT

5.1CH AUDIO IN

Surround amplifier

Balanced XLR pin assignment

B	B	E
cable digital optical	cable coaxial RCA	power Supplied
		cord

DIGITAL IN (COAXIAL)

Wall socket

D/A Converter

DIGITAL IN (OPTICAL)

Digital audio device

(CD recorder, MD deck, etc.)

8

CAUTION:

<Switch off the power to all equipment before making connection.

<Read the instructions of each component you intend to use with this unit.

<Be sure to insert each plug securely. To prevent hum and noise, avoid bundling the signal interconnection cables together with the AC power cord or speaker cables.

A Analog audio output terminals

2 channel (FRONT)

Use either the XLR or RCA (pin) FRONT terminals for analog stereo output.

If your amplifier has balanced XLR analog audio inputs, connect the XLR jacks on the unit to the amplifier’s XLR jacks, otherwise use the RCA (pin) connections.

5.1 channel

For surround (5.1) amplifiers with analog inputs, also use the RCA (pin) SURROUND pair, CENTER and SUBWOOFER connections (in addition to the FRONT pair).

<If you are connecting only 2 channels, use the 2CH/MULTI button on the remote control to select “2 ch”. For surround sound with six speakers connected, you can select either “2ch” or “5.1 ch” mode. Note that if multi-channel program material is played and 2-channel mode is selected, the multi-channel material will be down mixed to two channels, and output through the L and R front outputs.

B Digital audio output terminals

Digital audio from CD is output from these terminals.

The unit may be connected using either coaxial or optical (TOS) commercially available cables to amplifiers, or to digital audio devices such as CD recorders, etc.

COAXIAL: Use RCA (pin) digital audio cable

OPTICAL: Use optical digital audio cable (TOS)

<The optical terminal is covered by a shutter. Make sure that the cable is firmly inserted, but do not force the cable when connecting it or removing it, in order not to cause damage to the unit.

<The DIGITAL OUT terminals cannot output the digital audio from Super Audio CDs.

C i.LINK (AUDIO) terminal

In addition to the digital audio from CD, the digital surround audio from Super Audio CDs can be output from this terminal. To enjoy surround sound from a Super Audio CD, connect the i.LINK (AUDIO) terminal to a suitably equipped surround sound amplifier.

Use a commercially available S400 compatible i.LINK (IEEE1394) 6pin cable to connect the unit to an amplifier.

<When using this terminal, set the Digital Out to “ON”, and the i.LINK output setting to “60958” or “PCM” (see pages 21, 16-18).

<See page 24 for further details on i.LINK.

			ENGLISH
	D	Word sync connector
		This allows the use of an externally-generated word clock
		connection, using a commercially available BNC coaxial
		cable.
		Devices producing such a suitable clock signal include
		external D-A converters, or dedicated word clock
		generators. Connect the SYNC OUT (or WORD OUT) of such
		a device to the unit.

E SIGNAL GND connection

Use a commercially available PVC-covered cord to connect the signal ground terminal on the unit to the amplifier signal ground.

< Note that this is NOT an electrical safety ground (earth).

F Power cord receptacle

Connect the power cord to the power cord receptacle and connect the power plug to an AC wall outlet after all other connections have been made.

<Use only the supplied Esoteric power cord. Use of other power cords may result in fire or electric shock. Unplug the power cord when you are not going to use the unit for an extended period of time.

9