D-Link DES-3624 User Manual

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DES-3624 Series

Stackable NWay Ethernet Switch

User’s Guide

Second Edition (April, 2000)

6DES3624..02

Printed In Taiwan

RECYCLABLE

Wichtige Sicherheitshinweise

1. Bitte lesen Sie sich diese Hinweise sorgfältig durch.

2. Heben Sie diese Anleitung für den spätern Gebrauch auf.

3. Vor jedem Reinigen ist das Gerät vom Stromnetz zu trennen. Vervenden Sie keine Flüssig- oder Aerosolreiniger. Am besten dient ein angefeuchtetes Tuch zur Reinigung.

4. Um eine Beschädigung des Gerätes zu vermeiden sollten Sie nur Zubehörteile verwenden, die vom Hersteller zugelassen sind.

5. Das Gerät is vor Feuchtigkeit zu schützen.

6. Bei der Aufstellung des Gerätes ist auf sichern Stand zu achten. Ein Kippen oder Fallen könnte Verletzungen hervorrufen. Verwenden Sie nur sichere Standorte und beachten Sie die Aufstellhinweise des Herstellers.

7. Die Belüftungsöffnungen dienen zur Luftzirkulation die das Gerät vor Überhitzung schützt. Sorgen Sie dafür, daß diese Öffnungen nicht abgedeckt werden.

8. Beachten Sie beim Anschluß an das Stromnetz die Anschlußwerte.

9. Die Netzanschlußsteckdose muß aus Gründen der elektrischen Sicherheit einen Schutzleiterkontakt haben.

10. Verlegen Sie die Netzanschlußleitung so, daß niemand darüber fallen kann. Es sollete auch nichts auf der Leitung abgestellt werden.

11. Alle Hinweise und Warnungen die sich am Geräten befinden sind zu beachten.

12. Wird das Gerät über einen längeren Zeitraum nicht benutzt, sollten Sie es vom Stromnetz trennen. Somit wird im Falle einer Überspannung eine Beschädigung vermieden.

13. Durch die Lüftungsöffnungen dürfen niemals Gegenstände oder Flüssigkeiten in das Gerät gelangen. Dies könnte einen Brand bzw. Elektrischen Schlag auslösen.

14. Öffnen Sie niemals das Gerät. Das Gerät darf aus Gründen der elektrischen Sicherh eit nur von authorisiertem Servicepersonal geöffnet werden.

15. Wenn folgende Situationen auftreten ist das Gerät vom Stromnetz zu trennen und von einer qualifizierten Servicestelle zu überprüfen: a – Netzkabel oder Netzstecker sint beschädigt. b – Flüssigkeit ist in das Gerät eingedrungen. c – Das Gerät war Feuchtigkeit ausgesetzt. d – Wenn das Gerät nicht der Bedienungsanleitung ensprechend funktioniert oder Sie mit Hilfe dieser Anleitung keine Verbesserung erzielen. e – Das Gerät ist gefallen und/oder das Gehäuse ist beschädigt. f – Wenn das Gerät deutliche Anzeichen eines Defektes aufweist.

16. Bei Reparaturen dürfen nur Orginalersatzteile bzw. den Orginalteilen entsprechende Teile verwendet werden. Der Einsatz von ungeeigneten Ersatzteilen kann eine weitere Beschädigung hervorrufen.

17. Wenden Sie sich mit allen Fragen die Service und Repartur betreffen an Ihren Servicepartner. Somit stellen Sie die Betriebssicherheit des Gerätes sicher.

18. Zum Netzanschluß dieses Gerätes ist eine geprüfte Leitung zu verwenden, Für einen Nennstrom bis 6A und einem Gerätegewicht grßer 3kg ist eine Leitung nicht leichter als H05VV-F, 3G, 0.75mm2 einzusetzen.

WARRANTIES EXCLUSIVE

IF THE D-LINK PRODUCT DOES NOT OPERATE AS WARRANTED ABOVE, THE CUSTOMER'S SOLE REMEDY SHALL BE, AT D-LINK'S OPTION, REPAIR OR REPLACEMENT. THE FOREGOING WARRANTIES AND REMEDIES ARE EXCLUSIVE AND ARE IN LIEU OF ALL OTHER WARRANTIES, EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, EITHER IN FACT OR BY OPERATION OF LAW, STATUTORY OR OTHERWISE, INCLUDING WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. D-LINK NEITHER ASSUMES NOR AUTHORIZES ANY OTHER PERSON TO ASSUME FOR IT ANY OTHER LIABILITY IN CONNECTION WITH THE SALE, INSTALLATION MAINTENANCE OR USE OF DLINK'S PRODUCTS D-LINK SHALL NOT BE LIABLE UNDER THIS WARRANTY IF ITS TESTING AND EXAMINATION DISCLOSE THAT THE ALLEGED DEFECT IN THE PRODUCT DOES NOT EXIST OR WAS CAUSED BY THE CUSTOMER'S OR ANY THIRD PERSON'S MISUSE, NEGLECT, IMPROPER INSTALLATION OR TESTING, UNAUTHORIZED ATTEMPTS TO REPAIR, OR ANY OTHER CAUSE BEYOND THE RANGE OF THE INTENDED USE, OR BY ACCIDENT, FIRE, LIGHTNING OR OTHER HAZARD.

LIMITATION OF LIABILITY

IN NO EVENT WILL D-LINK BE LIABLE FOR ANY DAMAGES, INCLUDING LOSS OF DATA, LOSS OF PROFITS, COST OF COVER OR OTHER INCIDENTAL, CONSEQUENTIAL OR INDIRECT DAMAGES ARISING OUT THE INSTALLATION, MAINTENANCE, USE, PERFORMANCE, FAILURE OR INTERRUPTION OF A D- LINK PRODUCT, HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY. THIS LIMITATION WILL APPLY EVEN IF D-LINK HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. IF YOU PURCHASED A D-LINK PRODUCT IN THE UNITED STATES, SOME STATES DO NOT ALLOW THE LIMITATION OR EXCLUSION OF LIABILITY FOR INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES, SO THE ABOVE LIMITATION MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU.

Limited Warranty

Hardware:

D-Link warrants each of its hardware products to be free from defects in workmanship and materials under normal use and service for a period commencing on the date of purchase from D-Link or its Authorized Reseller and extending for the length of time stipulated by the Authorized Reseller or D-Link Branch Office nearest to the place of purchase.

This Warranty applies on the condition that the product Registration Card is filled out and returned to a D-Link office within ninety (90) days of purchase. A list of D-Link offices is provided at the back of this manual, together with a copy of the Registration Card.

If the product proves defective within the applicable warranty period, D-Link will provide repair or replacement of the product. D-Link shall have the sole discretion whether to repair or replace, and replacement product may be new or reconditioned. Replacement product shall be of equivalent or better specifications, relative to the defective product, but need not be identical. Any product or part repaired by D-Link pursuant to this warranty shall have a warranty period of not less than 90 days, from date of such repair, irrespective of any earlier expiration of original warranty period. When D-Link provides replacement, then the defective product becomes the property of D-Link.

Warranty service may be obtained by contacting a D-Link office within the applicable warranty period, and requesting a Return Material Authorization (RMA) number. If a Registration Card for the product in question has not been returned to D-Link, then a proof of purch ase (such as a copy of the dated purchase invoice) must be provided. If Purchaser's circumstances require special handling of warranty correction, then at the time of requesting RMA number, Purchaser may also propose special procedure as may be suitable to the case.

After an RMA number is issued, the defective product must be packaged securely in the original or other suitable shipping package to ensure that it will not be damaged in transit, and the RMA number must be prominently marked on the outside of the package. The package must be mailed or otherwise shipped to D-Link with all costs of mailing/shipping/insurance prepaid. D-Link shall never be responsible for any software, firmware, information, or memory data of Purchaser contained in, stored on, or integrated with any product returned to D-Link pursuant to this warranty.

Any package returned to D-Link without an RMA number will be rejected and shipped back to Purchaser at Purchaser's expense, and D-Link reserves the right in such a case to levy a reasonable handling charge in addition mailing or shipping costs.

Software:

Warranty service for software products may be obtained by contacting a D-Link office within the applicable warranty period. A list of D-Link offices is provided at the back of this manual, together with a copy of the Registration Card. If a Registration Card for the product in question has not been returned to a D-Link office, then a proof of purchase (such as a copy of the dated purchase invoice) must be provided when requesting warranty service. The term "purchase" in this software warranty refers to the purchase transaction and resulting license to use such software.

D-Link warrants that its software products will perform in substantial conformance with the applicable product documentation provided by D-Link with such software product, for a period of ninety (90) days from the date of purchase from D-Link or its Authorized Reseller. D-Link warrants the magnetic media, on which D-Link provides its software product, against failure during the same warranty period. This warranty applies to purchased software, and to replacement software provided by D-Link pursuant to this warranty, but shall not apply to any update or replacement which may be provided for download via the Internet, or to any update which may otherwise be provided free of charge.

D-Link's sole obligation under this software warranty shall be to replace any defective software product with product which substantially conforms to D-Link's applicable product documentation. Purchaser assumes responsibility for the selection of appropriate application and system/platform software and associated reference materials. D-Link makes no warranty that its software products will work in combination with any hardware, or any application or system/platform software product provided by any third party, excepting only such products as are expressly represented, in D-Link's applicable product documentation as being compatible. D-Link's obligation under this warranty shall be a reasonable effort to provide compatibility, but D-Link shall have no obligation to provide compatibility when there is fault in the third-party hardware or software. D-Link makes no warranty that operation of its software products will be uninterrupted or absolutely error-free, and no warranty that all defects in the software product, within or without the scope of D-Link's applicable product documentation, will be corrected.

D-Link Offices for Registration and Warranty Service

The product's Registration Card, provided at the back of this manual, must be sent to a D-Link office. To obtain an RMA number for warranty service as to a hardware product, or to obtain warranty service as to a software product, contact the D-Link office nearest you. An address/telephone/fax/e-mail/Web site list of D-Link offices is provided in the back of this manual.

Trademarks

Copyright 2000 D-Link Corporation. Contents subject to change without prior notice. D-Link is a registered trademark of D-Link Corporation/D-Link Systems, Inc. All other trademarks belong to their respective proprietors.

No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means or used to make any derivative such as translation, transformation, or adaptation without permission from D-Link Corporation/D-Link Systems Inc., as stipulated by the United States Copyright Act of 1976.

FCC Warning

This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class A digital device, pursuant to Part 15 of the FCC Rules. These limits are designed to provide reasonable protection against harmful interference when the equipment is operated in a commercial environment. This equipment generates, uses, and can radiate radio frequency energy and, if not installed and used in accordance with this user’s guide, may cause harmful interference to radio communications. Operation of this equipment in a residential area is likely to cause harmful interference in which case the user will be required to correct the interference at his own expense.

CE Mark Warning

This is a Class A product. In a domestic environment, this product may cause radio interference in which case the user may be required to take adequate measures.

VCCI Warning

BSMI Warning

ABLE OF

0 ABOUT THIS GUIDE............................................................................................................................................. 10

ONTENTS

ONVENTIONS

VERVIEW OF THIS USER’S GUIDE

1 INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................................................... 11

AST ETHERNET TECHNOLOGY

IGABIT ETHERNET TECHNOLOGY

WITCHING TECHNOLOGY

EATURES

Ports........................................................................................................................................................................... 12

Performance features................................................................................................................................................. 13

Management............................................................................................................................................................... 13

2 UNPACKING AND SETUP.................................................................................................................................... 14

NPACKING

ETUP

............................................................................................................................................................................. 14

ESKTOP OR SHELF INSTALLATION

ACK INSTALLATION

OWER ON

Power Failure ............................................................................................................................................................16

3 IDENTIFYING EXTERNAL COMPONENTS..................................................................................................... 17

RONT PANEL

EAR PANEL

IDE PANELS

TACK OPERATION

PTIONAL PLUG-IN MODULES

100BASE-FX (MT-RJ) Module .................................................................................................................................. 21

100BASE-FX (SC) Module......................................................................................................................................... 21

100BASE-TX Module................................................................................................................................................. 22

1000BASE-SX Gigabit Module .................................................................................................................................. 22

1000BASE-LX Gigabit Module.................................................................................................................................. 23

1000BASE-T Copper Gigabit Module........................................................................................................................23

NDICATORS

LED I

................................................................................................................................................................ 10

................................................................................................................................. 10

...................................................................................................................................... 11

................................................................................................................................. 11

.............................................................................................................................................. 12

...................................................................................................................................................................... 12

.................................................................................................................................................................... 14

................................................................................................................................14

...................................................................................................................................................... 15

..................................................................................................................................................................... 16

................................................................................................................................................................. 17

.................................................................................................................................................................. 18

......................................................................................................................................................... 19

........................................................................................................................................ 20

........................................................................................................................................................... 24

4 CONNECTING THE SWITCH.............................................................................................................................. 26

WITCH TO END NODE

WITCH TO HUB OR SWITCH

10BASE-T Device....................................................................................................................................................... 27

100BASE-TX Device ..................................................................................................................................................27

5 SWITCH MANAGEMENT CONCEPTS.............................................................................................................. 28

OCAL CONSOLE MANAGEMENT

Diagnostic (Console) Port (RS-232 DCE) ................................................................................................................. 28

DDRESSES AND

IP A

RAPS

............................................................................................................................................................................ 29

MIB

.............................................................................................................................................................................. 30

ACKET FORWARDING

Aging Time................................................................................................................................................................. 30

Filtering Database ..................................................................................................................................................... 31

PANNING TREE ALGORITHM

................................................................................................................................................... 26

........................................................................................................................................... 26

.................................................................................................................................... 28

SNMP C

OMMUNITY NAMES

.................................................................................................................................................... 30

......................................................................................................................................... 31

.......................................................................................................... 29

STA Operation Levels................................................................................................................................................. 32

On the Bridge Level...................................................................................................................................................................32

On the Port Level ....................................................................................................................................................................... 32

User-Changeable STA Parameters............................................................................................................................ 32

Illustration of STA...................................................................................................................................................... 33

ORT TRUNKING

............................................................................................................................................................. 34

VLAN ............................................................................................................................................................................ 35

IEEE 802.1Q VLANs.................................................................................................................................................. 36

VLAN Segmentation..................................................................................................................................................................36

Sharing Resources Across VLANs............................................................................................................................................. 36

VLANs Spanning Multiple Switches ......................................................................................................................................... 37

VLANs Over 802.1Q-compliant Switches

ROADCAST MANAGEMENT

........................................................................................................................................... 38

.........................................................................................................................38

Broadcast Storms....................................................................................................................................................... 39

Port-based Broadcast Packet Filter........................................................................................................................... 39

MAC-based Broadcast Packet Filter..........................................................................................................................39

6 USING THE CONSOLE INTERFACE................................................................................................................. 40

ETTING UP

ONNECTING TO THE SWITCH USING TELNET

ONSOLE USAGE CONVENTIONS

IRST TIME CONNECTING TO THE SWITCH

A C

ONSOLE

................................................................................................................................................ 40

................................................................................................................. 41

.................................................................................................................................... 41

..................................................................................................................... 41

User Accounts Management....................................................................................................................................... 43

Save Changes............................................................................................................................................................. 44

OGIN ON THE SWITCH CONSOLE BY REGISTERED USERS

Create/Modify User Accounts.................................................................................................................................................... 45

View/Delete User Accounts........................................................................................................................................................47

ETTING UP THE SWITCH

............................................................................................................................................... 48

............................................................................................ 45

System Configuration................................................................................................................................................. 48

Configure IP Address................................................................................................................................................................. 49

Configure Console......................................................................................................................................................................51

Configure Switch Stack.............................................................................................................................................................. 52

Information of Individual Switch Unit Advance Settings

Configure Port............................................................................................................................................................................ 55

Configure Trunk.........................................................................................................................................................................57

Configure Port Mirroring ........................................................................................................................................................... 59

Configure Spanning Tree Protocol............................................................................................................................................. 59

STP Parameter Settings STP Custom Settings

Configure Filtering and Forwarding Table................................................................................................................................. 63

Configure Static Forwarding Table Entry Configure MAC Address Filtering Configure Permanent Multicast Filtering Configure IGMP

Configure VLANs & MAC-based Broadcast Domains..............................................................................................................71

Configure MAC-Based Broadcast Domains Configure IEEE 802.1Q VLANs

.................................................................................................................................................................54

.....................................................................................................................................................60

..........................................................................................................................................................62

....................................................................................................................................................................67

.................................................................................................................................53

..........................................................................................................................65

......................................................................................................................................66

...........................................................................................................................67

.....................................................................................................................72

.........................................................................................................................................76

Update Firmware and Configuration Files................................................................................................................ 81

Special Note Concerning Firmware Updates..............................................................................................................................83

System Utilities........................................................................................................................................................... 83

Ping Test.....................................................................................................................................................................................84

Save Settings to TFTP Server..................................................................................................................................................... 84

Save Switch History to TFTP Server..........................................................................................................................................85

Clear Address Table ................................................................................................................................................................... 86

Community Strings and Trap Stations........................................................................................................................86

WITCH MONITORING

..................................................................................................................................................... 88

Network Monitoring................................................................................................................................................... 88

Traffic Statistics.......................................................................................................................................................................... 89

Port Utilization Port Traffic Statistics Port Packet Error Statistics

.......................................................................................................................................................................89

............................................................................................................................................................90

.................................................................................................................................................92

Port Packet Analysis Statistics

Browse Address Table................................................................................................................................................................ 94

Switch History............................................................................................................................................................................ 95

Browse IGMP Status.................................................................................................................................................................. 96

ESETTING THE SWITCH

................................................................................................................................................. 98

...........................................................................................................................................93

Restart System............................................................................................................................................................ 98

Factory Reset..............................................................................................................................................................98

Logout ........................................................................................................................................................................99

7 WEB-BASED NETWORK MANAGEMENT..................................................................................................... 100

NTRODUCTION

ETTING STARTED

ANAGEMENT

............................................................................................................................................................. 100

....................................................................................................................................................... 100

............................................................................................................................................................. 100

Configuration........................................................................................................................................................... 101

IP Address................................................................................................................................................................................101

Switch....................................................................................................................................................................................... 102

Advanced Switch Unit

Port........................................................................................................................... ................................................................ 106

Port Trunk ................................................................................................................................................................................ 107

Port Mirroring ..........................................................................................................................................................................108

Spanning Tree Protocol............................................................................................................................................................109

STP Parameters Setting STP Custom Setting

Forwarding and Filtering.......................................................................................................................................................... 111

Static Forwarding Table MAC Address Filtering Table Permanent Multicast Filtering

IGMP ........................................................................................................................... ............................................................. 117

IGMP Settings

802.1Q IGMP

VLANs & MAC-based Broadcast Domains............................................................................................................................. 120

MAC-Based Broadcast Domains IEEE 802.1Q VLANs

.............................................................................................................................................................................104

..........................................................................................................................................................................105

...................................................................................................................................................109

..........................................................................................................................................................110

....................................................................................................................................................112

............................................................................................................................................114

...........................................................................................................................................116

.....................................................................................................................................................................118

......................................................................................................................................................................119

.....................................................................................................................................121

..........................................................................................................................................................126

Management............................................................................................................................................................. 129

Community Strings and Trap Stations...................................................................................................................................... 130

User Account............................................................................................................................................................................ 131

Console..................................................................................................................................................................................... 133

Monitoring................................................................................................................................................................ 134

Switch Overview...................................................................................................................................................................... 134

Port Utilization.........................................................................................................................................................................135

Port Traffic Statistics................................................................................................................................................................ 136

Port Error Packet Statistics.......................................................................................................................................................137

Port Packet Analysis Statistics..................................................................................................................................................139

Browse Address Table.............................................................................................................................................................. 140

Browse IGMP Status................................................................................................................................................................ 141

Switch History.......................................................................................................................................................................... 142

Maintenance............................................................................................................................................................. 142

Firmware and Configuration Update........................................................................................................................................ 143

Save Settings To TFTP Server..................................................................................................................................................144

Save Switch History To TFTP Server.......................................................................................................................................145

Save Changes............................................................................................................................................................................146

Factory Reset............................................................................................................................................................................ 147

Restart System................................................................................................................. ......................................................... 148

8 TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS....................................................................................................................... 149

9 RJ-45 PIN SPECIFICATION............................................................................................................................... 152

10 SAMPLE CONFIGURATION FILE................................................................................................................ 154

Commands:...............................................................................................................................................................................154

Notes about the Configuration File: ......................................................................................................................................... 154

11 RUNTIME SOFTWARE DEFAULT SETTINGS........................................................................................... 156

12 INDEX.................................................................................................................................................................. 157

Stackable NWay Ethernet Switch User’s Guide

0 A

This User’s Guide tells yo u how to install your Stackable NWay Etherne t Switch, how to connect it to your Ethernet network, and how to set its configuration using either the built-in console interface or Web-based management (please note that Netscape Communicator/Navigator, 4.x or later, or Microsoft Internet Explorer, 4.x or later, are recommended).

BOUT THIS

UIDE

Conventions

References in this manual to the DES-3624 Series are frequently written simply as “Switch” or “Switches” where the text app lies to all models. Model numbers are no rmally used only to differe ntiate among specific Switches where necessary.

Unless differentiated by model number, all information applies to all models.

Overview of this User’s Guide

Chapter 1,

♦

Chapter 2,

♦

Chapter 3,

♦

modules, and LED indicators of the Switch. Chapter 4,

♦

Chapter 5,

♦

console port and other aspects about how to manage the Switch. Chapter 6,

♦

monitor Switch performance and security. Chapter 7,

♦

browser. Appendix A,

♦

Appendix B,

♦

receptacle/connector. Appendix C,

♦

Appendix D,

♦

Introduction Unpacking and Setup

Identifying External Components

Connecting the Switch

Switch Management Concepts

Using the Console Interface

Web-Based Network Management

Technical Specifications

RJ-45 Pin Specifications

Sample Configuration File

Runtime Software Default Settings.

. Describes the Switch and its features.

. Helps you get started with the basic installation of the Switch.

. Describes the front panel, rear panel, optional plug-in

. Tells how you can connect the Switch to your Ethernet network.

. Talks about Local Console Manageme nt via the RS-232 DCE

. Tells how to use the built-in console interface to change, set, and

. Tells how to manage the Switch through an Internet

. Lists the technical specifications of the Switch.

. Shows the details and pin assignments for the RJ-45

10 About This Guide

Stackable NWay Ethernet Switch User’s Guide

1 I

This section describes the features of the Switch, as well as giving some background information about Ethernet/Fast Ethernet, Gigabit Ethernet, and switching technology.

NTRODUCTION

Fast Ethernet Technology

The growing importance of LANs and the increasing complexity of desktop computing applications are fueling the need for high performance networks. A number of high-speed LAN technologies are proposed to provide greater bandwidth and improve client/server response times. Am ong them, Fast Ethernet, or 100BASE-T, provides a non-disruptive, smooth evolution from the current 10BASE-T technology. T he dominating market position virtually guarantees cost effective and high performance Fast Ethernet solutions in the years to come.

100Mbps Fast Ethernet is a standard specified by the IEEE 802.3 LAN committee. It is an extension of the 10Mbps Ethernet standard with the ability to transmit and receive data at 100Mbps, while maintaining the Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) Ethernet protocol.

Gigabit Ethernet Technology

Gigabit Ethernet is an extension of IEEE 802.3 Ethernet utilizing the same packet structure, format, and support for CSMA/CD protocol, full duplex, flow control, and management objects, but with a tenfold increase in theoretical throughput over 100Mbps Fast Ethernet and a one hundred-fold increase over 10Mbps Ethernet. Since it is compatible with all 10Mbps and 100Mbps Ethernet environments, Gigabit Ethernet provides a straightforward upgrade w ithout wasting a company’s e xisting investment in hardware , software, and trained personnel.

The increased speed and extra bandwidth offered by Gigabit Ethernet is essential to coping with the network bottlenecks that frequently develop as computers and their busses get faster and more users use applications that generate more traffic. Upgrading key components, such as your backbone and servers to Gigabit Ethernet can greatly improve network response times as well as significantly speed up the traffic between your subnets.

Gigabit Ethernet enables fast optical fiber connections to support video conferencing, complex imaging, and similar data-intensive ap plications. Likewise, since data tran sfers occur 10 times faster than Fast Ethernet, servers outfitted with Gigabit Ethernet NIC’s are able to perform 10 times the number of operations in the same amount of time.

In addition, the phenomenal bandwidth delivered by Gigabit Ethernet is the most cost-effective method to take advantage of today and tomorrow’s rapidly improving switching and routing internetworking technologies. And with expected advances in the coming years in silicon technology and digital signal processing that will enable Gigabit Ethernet to eventually operate over unshielded twisted-pair (UTP) cabling, outfitting your network with a powerful 1000Mbps-capable backbone/server connection creates a flexible foundation for the next generation of network technology products.

Introduction 11

Stackable NWay Ethernet Switch User’s Guide

Switching Technology

Another key development pushing the limits of Ethernet technology is in the field of switching technology. A switch bridges Ethernet packets at the MAC address level of the Ethernet protocol transmitting among connected Ethernet, Fast Ethernet, or Gigabit Ethernet LAN segments.

Switching is a cost-effectiv e way of increasing the total network capacity available to users on a local area network. A switch increases capacity and decreases network loading by making it possible for a local area network to be divided into different capacity, giving a decreased load on each.

The switch acts as a high-speed selective bridge between the individual segments. Traffic that needs to go from one segment to another (from one port to another) is automatically forwarded by the switch, without interfering with any o the r se gm en ts (p o rts) . This allo w s the total n e two rk cap acity to be mu ltiplie d, wh ile still maintaining the same network cabling and adapter cards.

For Fast Ethernet or Gigabit Ethernet networks, a switch is an effective way of eliminating problems of chaining hubs beyond the “two-repeater limit.” A switch can be used to s plit parts of the network into different collision domains, for example, making it possible to expand your Fast Ethernet network beyond the 205 meter network diameter limit for 100BASE-TX networks. Switches supporting both traditional 10Mbps Ethernet and 100Mbps Fast Etherne t are also ideal fo r bridging between existing 10Mbp s networ ks and ne w 100Mbps networks.

segments

which don’t compete with each other for network transmission

Switching LAN technology is a marked improvement over the previous generation of network bridges, which were characterized by higher latencies. Routers have also been used to segment local area networks, but the cost of a router and the setup and maintenance required make routers relatively impractical. Today’s switches are an ideal solution to most kinds of local a rea network congestion problems.

Features

The DES-3624 series of Switch es can include one master (DES-3624I, DES-3624iF, or DES-3624iFM) and up to three clients (DES-3624, D ES-3624F, or DES-3624FM). They are designed for easy installation and high performance in an environment where traffic on the network and the number of users increases continuously.

Switch features include:

Ports

20 high performance N Way ports all operating at 10/100 Mbps for conne ction to servers and hubs (19

♦

ports 10/100 fixed Ethernet TP in terface and one MDI-II/MDI-X jack connection are supported) (DES3624I, DES-3624iF, and DES-3624iFM) or 22 high performance NWay ports all operating at 10/100 Mbps for connection to servers and hubs (20 ports 10/100 fixed Ethernet TP interface and two MDI-

/MDI-X jack connections are supported) (DES-3624, DES-3624F, and DES-3624FM).

All ports can be auto-negotiated between 10Mbps/100Mbps, half-or full-duplex connections.

♦

Gigabit uplink/MDI-II (media dependent interface) slide-in module in the rear panel for uplink to

♦

another Switch. One-port or two- port mode ls are available (D ES-3624i, DES-3624iF, and D ES-3624iFM only).

RS-232 DCE console port for diagnosing the Switch via a co nnection to a PC and Console/Out-o f-band

♦

management (DES-3624i, DES-3624iF, or DES-3624iFM only).

12 Introduction

Stackable NWay Ethernet Switch User’s Guide

One slide-in module in terface in the front panel for 1 or 2 ports 10/100M Eth ernet connection. Three

♦

optional modules are available: 2-port TX, 2-port FX (MT-RJ), and 1-port FX (SC). Stacking Input/Output port slide-in module in the rear panel for stacking to another device to

♦

implement a high-port count, manageable switch. Three-port module for master device and one-port module for a client device.

Performance features

Store and forward switching scheme capability to support rate adaptation and protocol conversion.

♦

Full- and half-duplex for 10Mbps and 100Mbps connections. The optional 1000BASE-SX and

♦

1000BASE-LX modules operate at full-duplex only. The optional 1000BASE-T module, however, can be negotiated to 1000M/half.

Auto polarity detection and correction of incorrect polarity on the receive twisted pair at each port.

♦

Data forwarding rate 14,880 pps per port at 100% of wire-speed for 10Mbps speed.

♦

Data forwarding rate 148,800 pps per port at 100% of wire-speed for 100Mbps speed.

♦

Data forwarding rate 1,488,100 pps per port at 100% of wire-speed for 1000Mbps speed.

♦

Data filtering rate eliminates all error packets, runts, etc. at 14,880 pps per port at 100% of wire-speed

♦

for 10Mbps speed. Data filtering rate eliminates all error packets, runts, etc. at 148,800 pps per port at 100% of wire-speed

♦

for 100Mbps speed. Data filtering rate eliminates all error packets, runts, etc. at 1,488,100 pps per port at 100% of wire-

♦

speed for 1000Mbps speed. 12K active MAC address entry table per device with automatic learning and aging (10 to 9999 seconds).

♦

12 MB packet buffer per device.

♦

Supports Broadcast Storm filtering.

♦

Supports IGMP Multicast snooping.

♦

Management

RS-232 console port for out-of-band network management via a console terminal or PC.

♦

Spanning Tree Algorithm Protocol for creation of alternative backup paths and prevention of indefinite

♦

network loops. Fully configurable either in-band or out-of-band control via SNMP based software.

♦

Flash memory for software upgrade. This can be done in-ban d via BOOTP/TFTP. Out-of-band co nsole

♦

can also initiate a download request. Built-in SNMP management: Bridge MIB (RFC 1493), RMON MIB (RFC 1757), and MIB-II (RFC 1213).

♦

Introduction 13

Stackable NWay Ethernet Switch User’s Guide

2 U

This chapter provides unpacking and setup information for the Switch.

NPACKING AND

ETUP

Unpacking

Open the shipping carton of the Switch and carefully unpack its contents. The carton should contain the following items:

One Stackable NWay Ethernet Switch

♦

Mounting kit: two mounting brackets and screws

♦

Four rubber feet with adhesive backing

♦

One AC power cord

♦

One RS-232 cable (master only)

♦

This user’s guide on CD-ROM with a Registration Card

♦

If any item is found missing or damaged, please contact your local D-Link reseller for replacement.

Setup

The setup of the Switch can be performed using the following steps :

The surface must support at least 5 kg.

♦

The power outlet should be within 1.82 meters (6 feet) of the device.

♦

Visually inspect the power cord and see that it is secured fully to t he AC power connector.

♦

Make sure that there is proper heat dissipation from and adequate ventilation around the Switch. Do

♦

not place heavy objects on the Switch.

Desktop or Shelf Installation

When installing the Switch on a desktop or shelf, the rubber feet included with the device must be first attached. Attach these cushioning feet on the bottom at each corner of the device. Allow enough ventilation space between the device and t he objects around it.

14 Unpacking and Setup

Stackable NWay Ethernet Switch User’s Guide

Figure 2-1. Switch installed on a Desktop or Shelf

Rack Installation

The Switch can be mounted in an EIA standard size, 19-inch rack, which can be placed in a wiring closet with other equipment. To install, attach the mounting brackets on the switch’s front panel (one on each side) and secure them with the screws provided.

Figure 2-2A. Attaching the mounting brackets to the Switch

Then, use the screws provided with the equipment rack to mount the Switch in the rack.

Figure 2-2B. Installing the Switch in an equipment rack

Unpacking and Setup 15

Stackable NWay Ethernet Switch User’s Guide

Power On

The Switch can be used with AC power sources 100 - 240 VAC, 50 - 60 Hz. The pow er switch is located at the rear of the unit adjacen t to th e AC p o we r co nn ecto r an d th e sy ste m f an. Th e Sw itch’s p o we r sup ply w ill adj ust to the local powe r source auto matically and may be turned on without h aving any o r all LAN segment cables connected.

After the power switch is turned on, the LED indicators should res pond as follows:

All LED indicators will momentarily blink. This blinking of the LED ind icators rep resents a re set of the

♦

system. The power LED indicator will blink while th e Switch loads onboard software and performs a self-test.

♦

After approximately 40 seconds, the LED will light continuously to indicate the Switch is in a ready state.

The console LED indicator will re main ON if there is a connection at the RS-232 port, otherwise th is

♦

LED indicator is OFF. The 100M LED indicator may remain ON or OFF depending on the transmission speed.

♦

Power Failure

As a precaution, the Switch sh ould be unplugg ed in case of pow er failure. When power is resumed, plug the Switch back in.

16 Unpacking and Setup

Stackable NWay Ethernet Switch User’s Guide

3 I

This chapter describes the front panel, rear panel, optional plug-in modules, and LED indicators of the Switch

DENTIFYING EXTERNAL

OMPONENTS

Front Panel

The front panel of the Switch consists of either 22 o r 20 (10/100 Mbps) Ethernet/Fast Ethernet po rts, two or one uplink jacks, a slide-in mo dule slo t for 10/100 Mbps Ethe rnet po rts, an RS-232 communicatio n p ort ( DES3624i, DES-3624iF, and DES-3624iFM only), and LED indicators.

Figure 3-1. Front panel view of the Switches

Comprehensive LED indicators display the conditions of the Switch and status of the network. A

♦

description of these LED indicators follows (see An RS-232 DCE console port is used to diagnose the Switch v ia a conne ction to a PC and Local Console

♦

Management (DES-3624i, DES-3624iF, and DES-3624iFM only). Twenty or 22 high pe rformance NWay ports all operate at 10/100 Mbps for connection to serv ers and

♦

hubs. All ports can be auto-negotiated between 10Mbps or 100Mbps. A slide-in module slot (labele d Slot1) for 10/100 Mbps Ethernet ports can accommodate the follow ing

♦

modules: 2-port TX, 2-port FX (MT-RJ), or 1-port FX (SC). One or two MDI-II uplink jacks are supporte d. Port nu mbers 1 and 2 on th e DES- 3624, DES-3624F, an d

♦

DES-3624FM are equipped with MDI-X jacks for normal end-node connections and MDI-II jacks for uplink connections. Port number 1 on the DES-3624i, DES-3624iF, and DES-3624iFM are equipped with an MDI-X jack for normal end-node connection and an MDI-II jack for uplink connection.

Identifying External Components 17

LED Indicators

Stackable NWay Ethernet Switch User’s Guide

Rear Panel

The rear panel of the DES-3624, DES-3624F, an d DES-3624FM co nsist of a slot (labe led Slo t2) for a Stacking input/output port and an AC power connector. The rear panel of the DES-3624i, DES-3624iF, and DES3624iFM consist of two slots (labele d Slot2 and Slo t3). Slot2 is for Stackin g inpu t/output ports Sio 1, Sio2, and Sio3. Slot3 is for an optional Gigabit Ethernet uplink (MDI-II) port. The following shows the rear panel of the Switches.

Figure 3-2. Rear panel view of the Switches

The optional Gigabit Ethern et slide-in module is an uplink/MDI-II (media dependent interface) port for

♦

uplink to another Switch (DES-3624i, DES-3624iF, and DES-3624iFM o nly). Two mode ls are available, one-port and two-port.

The Stacking input/output port slide-in module in the rear panel is for stacking to another device to

♦

implement a high-port count, manageable Switch. The three-port module is for a master device and a one-port module is for a client device.

The AC power connector is a three-pronged connector that supports the power cord. Plug in the female

♦

connector of the provided power cord into this connector, and the male into a power outlet. Supported input voltages range from 100 ~ 240 VAC at 50 ~ 60 Hz.

Side Panels

The right side panel of the Switch contains two system fans (see the bottom part of the diagram below). The left side panel contains heat vents.

18 Identifying External Components

Stackable NWay Ethernet Switch User’s Guide

Figure 3-3. Side panel views of the Switch

The system fans are used to dissipate heat. The sides of the system also provide heat vents to serve the

♦

same purpose. Do not block these openings, and leave adequate space at the rear and sides of the Switch for proper ventilation. Be reminded that without proper heat dissipation and air circulation, system components might overheat, which could lead to system failure.

Stack Operation

The DES-3624i, DES-3624iF, and DES-3624iFM are all intelligent Switche s capable of acting as a master for up to three slave Switches (DES-3624, DES-3624F, or DES-3624FM). Each port is referred to by unit ID and port number in your DES-3624 Series stack.

To set up a stack, a one-port Stacking input/output module is needed for each client Switch and a threeport Stacking input/output module is needed for the master Switch. Once the modules have been installed, use a cascade cable to connect each client Switch to the master Switch.

Figure 3-4. Switch stack with one master and three slaves

Please note that two client switches can also be connected via the Stacking input/output ports. The following diagram displays some possible switch stack connections:

Identifying External Components 19

Stackable NWay Ethernet Switch User’s Guide

Figure 3-5. Switch stack with example of possible connections

Optional Plug-in Modules

The DES-3624i/DES-3624iF/DES-3624iFM Stackable NWay Ethernet Switch is able to acco mmodate a range of plug-in modules in order to increase functionality and performance.

20 Identifying External Components

Stackable NWay Ethernet Switch User’s Guide

100BASE-FX (MT-RJ) Module

Figure 3-6. Two-port, 100BASE-FX (MT-RJ) module

Two-port, front-panel module.

♦

Connects to 100BASE-FX devices at full- or half-duplex.

♦

Supports multi-mode fiber-op tic cable conn ections o f up to 412 meters in h alf-dup lex or 2 km in full-d uplex

♦

mode.

100BASE-FX (SC) Module

Figure 3-7. One-port, 100BASE-FX (SC) module

One-port, front panel module.

♦

Connects to a 100BASE-FX device at full- or half-duplex.

♦

Supports multi-mode fiber-op tic cable conn ections o f up to 412 meters in h alf-dup lex or 2 km in full-d uplex

♦

mode.

Identifying External Components 21

100BASE-TX Module

Stackable NWay Ethernet Switch User’s Guide

Figure 3-8. Two-port, 100BASE-TX module

Two-port, front-panel module.

♦

Connects to 100BASE-TX devices at full- or half-duplex.

♦

Supports Category 5 UTP or STP cable connections of up to 100 meters.

♦

1000BASE-SX Gigabit Module

Figure 3-9. One-port, 1000BASE-SX gigabit module

One- or two-port, rear-panel module.

♦

Connects to 1000BASE-SX devices at full duplex.

♦

Allows connections using multi-mode fiber optic cable in the following configurations:

♦

22 Identifying External Components

Stackable NWay Ethernet Switch User’s Guide

Modal bandwidth

(min. overfilled launch)

Unit: MHz*km

Operating distance

Unit: meters

Channel insertion loss

Unit: dB

1000BASE-LX Gigabit Module

µµµµ

62.5

m 62.5

160 200 400 500

220 275 500 550

2.33 2.53 3.25 3.43

µµµµ

m 50

µµµµ

m 50

µµµµ

Figure 3-10. One-port, 1000BASE-LX gigabit module

One- or two-port, rear-panel module.

♦

Connects to a 1000BASE-LX device at full duplex.

♦

Allows connections up to 5 km in length using single-mode fiber optic cable.

♦

1000BASE-T Copper Gigabit Module

Figure 3-11. One-port, 1000BASE-T gigabit module

One- or two-port, rear-panel module.

♦

Connects to 1000BASE-T devices at 1000M/full duplex, 100M/full duplex, 100M/half duplex, and Auto.

♦

Supports Category 5+ or higher cable connections of up to 100 meters.

♦

Identifying External Components 23

Stackable NWay Ethernet Switch User’s Guide

LED Indicators

The LED indicators of the Switch include Power, Console, Slot, Giga, Speed, and Link/Act. The following shows the LED indicators for the Switch along with an explanation of each indicator.

Figure 3-12. The Switch LED indicators

♦ Power

the ready state of the Switch when the device is pow ered on. The LED will blink when the Power-On Self-Test (POST) is running or if the system’s configuration has changed. This LED will light orange when an error occurs.

♦ Console

management through the RS-232 console port using a straight-through serial cable. When a secured connection is established, this LED is lit. The indicator blinks when the console RS-232 is accessed.

♦ Slot2 ♦ Slot3 ♦ Giga1

active.

♦ Giga2

active.

♦ Sio1 ♦ Sio2 ♦ Sio3

This indicator on the front panel should light green after approximately 2 seconds to indicate

This indicator is lit green when the switch is being managed via out-of-band/local console

This indicator is lit green when a slide-in module is present in the rear panel of the Switch. This indicator is lit green when a slide-in module is present in the rear panel of the Switch.

This indicator is lit green w hen a link is established. It blinks green w hen the Gigabit p ort is

This indicator is lit green when a Stacking IO port is present in the rear panel of the Switch. This indicator is lit green when a Stacking IO port is present in the rear panel of the Switch.

This indicator is lit green when a Stacking IO port is present in the rear panel of the Switch.

24 Identifying External Components

Stackable NWay Ethernet Switch User’s Guide

♦ 100M

These indicators are illuminated gree n when a 100 Mbps device is connected to an y of the 22+2 or 20+2 ports or uplink port. If a 10 Mbps d ev ice is con ne cte d to any o f th e 24 p orts o r u plin k po rt, th ese LEDs remain dark. When a port is active, these indicators will blink green.

♦ Link/Act

These indicators are lit when there is a secure connection (or link) to a device at any of the ports. The LEDs blink whenever there is reception or transmission (i.e. Activity--Act) of data occurring at a port.

Identifying External Components 25

Stackable NWay Ethernet Switch User’s Guide

4 C

This chapter describes how to connect the Switch to your Ethernet network.

ONNECTING THE SWITCH

Switch to End Node

End nodes include PCs outfitted with a 10, 100 or 10/100 Mbps RJ-45 Ethernet/Fast Ethernet Network Interface Card (NIC) and most routers. The RJ-45 UTP ports on NICs and most routers are MDI-II. When using a normal straight-through cable, an MDI-II port must connect to an MDI-X port.

An end node can be co nn e cted to th e Switch via a tw o -p air Categ o ry 3, 4, 5 U TP/STP straigh t cable ( be su re to use Category 5 UTP or STP cabling for 100 Mbps Fast Ethernet connections). The end node should be connected to any of the twenty-two ports (1x - 22x) of the Switch or to either of the two 100BASE-TX ports on the front-panel module that came preinstalled on the Switch. An end node should not be connected to an Uplink port (unless using a crossover cable), and if the top Up link port is in use, Port 1x must remain v acant; if the bottom Uplink port is in use, Port 2x cannot be used.

Figure 4-1. Switch connected to an End Node

The LED indicators for the port the e nd no de is co nnecte d to are lit according to the cap abilities of the NI C. If LED indicators are not illuminated af ter making a proper connection, check th e PC’s LAN card, the cable, switch conditions, and connections.

The following LED indicator states are possible for an end node to switch connection:

The 100M LED indicator comes ON for a 100 Mbps and stays

The Link/Act LED indicator lights up upon hooking up a PC that is powered on.

for 10 Mbps.

OFF

Switch to Hub or Switch

These connections can be accomplished in a number of ways. The most important consideration is that when using a normal, straight-through cable, the connection should be made between a normal crossed port (Port 1x, 2x, etc.) and an Uplink (MDI -II) port. If you are using a crossover cable, the connection must be made from Uplink to Uplink, or from a crossed port to another crossed port.

26 Connecting The Switch

Stackable NWay Ethernet Switch User’s Guide

A 10BASE-T hub or switch can be connected to the Switch via a two-pair Catego ry 3, 4 or 5 UTP/STP

♦

straight cable. A 100BASE-TX hub or switch can be connected to the Switch via a four-pair Category 5 UTP/STP

♦

straight cable.

If the other switch or hub contains an unused Uplink port, we suggest connecting the other device’s Uplink (MDI-II) port to any of the switch’s (MDI-X) ports (1x - 22x, or one of the 100BASE-TX module ports) using a normal straight-through cable, as shown below.

If the other device does not have an unused Uplink port, make the connection with a normal straight-through cable from one of the Uplink ports on the switch to any normal crossed port on the hub. Alternatively, if you have a crossover cable you can save the Uplink ports for other connections and make this one from a crossed port to another crossed port.

Figure 4-2. Switch connected to a normal (non-Uplink) port on a hub or switch using a s traight or cr ossover

cable

10BASE-T Device

For a 10BASE-T device, the Switch’s LED indicators should display the following:

100M LED speed indicator is

♦

Link/Act indicator is ON.

♦

OFF.

100BASE-TX Device

For a 100BASE-TX device, the Switch’s LED indicators should display the following:

100M LED speed indicator is

♦

Link/Act is ON.

♦

ON.

Connecting The Switch 27

Stackable NWay Ethernet Switch User’s Guide

5 S

This chapter discusses many of the features used to manage the switch, and explains many concepts and important points regarding these features. Configuring the Switch to implement these concepts is discussed in detail in the next chapters.

WITCH

ANAGEMENT

ONCEPTS

Local Console Management

Local console management involves the administration of the Switch via a direct connection to the RS-232 DCE console port. This is an Out-Of-Band connection, meaning that it is on a different circuit than normal network communications, and thus works even when the network is down.

The local console management connection involves a terminal or PC running terminal emulation software to operate the Switch’s built-in console program (see Chapter 6, program, a network administrator can manage, control and monitor the many functions of the Switch.

Hardware components in the Switch allow it to be an active part of a manageable network. These components include a CPU, memory for data storage, other related hardware, and SNMP agent firmware. Activities on the Switch can be monitored with these components, while the Switch can be manipulated to carry out specific tasks.

“Using the Console Interface”

). Using the console

Diagnostic (Console) Port (RS-232 DCE)

Out-of-band management requires connecting a terminal, such as a VT-100 or a PC running terminal emulation program (such as HyperTerminal, which is automatically installed with Micro soft Windows) a to the RS-232 DCE console port of the Switch. Switch manage ment using the RS-232 DCE co nsole port is called

Local Console Management

View, HP OpenView, etc. The console port is set for the following configuration:

Baud rate: 9,600

◊

Data width: 8 bits

◊

Parity: none

◊

Stop bits: 1

◊

Flow Control none

◊

Make sure the terminal or PC you are using to make this connection is configured to match these settings. If you are having problems making this connection on a PC, make su re the emulation is set to VT-100 o r

ANSI. If you still don’t see anything, try hitting <Ctrl> + r to refresh the screen.

to differentiate it from management done via management platforms, such as D-

28 Switch Management Concepts

Stackable NWay Ethernet Switch User’s Guide

IP Addresses and SNMP Community Names

Each Switch has its own IP Address, which is used for communication with an SNMP network manager or other TCP/IP application ( for exam ple BO OTP, TFTP). Yo u can c hang e the def ault Switch IP Addr ess to m eet the specification of your networking address scheme.

In addition, you can also set an IP Add ress for a gateway r outer. This becomes n ecessary when the network management station is located on a different IP network as the Switch, making it necessary for management packets to go through a router to reach the network manager, and vice-versa.

For security, you can set in the Switch a list of IP Addresses of the network managers that you allow to manage the Switch . You can also ch ange the d efault Comm unity Name in the Switch an d set access ri ghts of these Community Names.

Traps

Traps are messages that alert you of events that occur on the Switch. The events can be as serious as a reboot (someone accidentally turned traps and sends them to the n etwork manager (trap man agers). The following lists the types of events that can take place on the Switch.

the Switch), or less serious like a port status change. The Switch generates

OFF

System resets

◊

Errors

◊

Status changes

◊

Topology changes

◊

Operation

◊

You can also specify which network managers may receive traps from the Switch by setting a list of IP Addresses of the authorized network managers.

Trap managers are special users of the network who are given certain rights and access in overseeing the maintenance of the ne twork. Trap managers will receiv e traps sent from the Switch ; they must immediate ly take certain actions to avoid future failure or breakdown of the network.

The following are trap types a trap manager will receive:

♦ Cold Start

settings are reconfigured and hardware systems are rebooted. A cold start is different from a factory reset.

♦ Warm Start

(POST) is skipped.

This trap signifies that the Switch has been powe red up and in itialized such that sof tware

This trap signifies that the Switch has been rebooted, however the Power-On Self-Test

♦ Authentication Failure

invalid SNMP community name. The switch automatically stores the source IP address of the unauthorized user.

♦ New Root

is sent by a bridge soon after its election as the new root. This implies that upon expiration of the

Switch Management Concepts 29

This trap indicates that the Switch has become the new root of the Spanning Tree, the trap

This trap signifies that someone h as tried to logon to the switch using an

Stackable NWay Ethernet Switch User’s Guide

Topology Change Timer th e new root trap is sent out immediately after the Switch’s se lection as a new root.

♦ Topology Change

transitions from the Learning state to the Forwarding state, or from the Forwarding state to the Blocking state. The trap is not sent if a new root trap is sent for the same transition.

♦ Link Change Event

from link down to link up.

♦ Port Partition

collisions on the port (i.e ., is automatically p artitione d). The numbe r of co llisions th at trig gers this trap is the same at either 10Mbps or 100Mbps.

♦ Broadcast Storm

threshold.

A Topology Change trap is sent by the Switch when any of its configured ports

This trap is s ent whenever the link of a port changes from link up to link down or

This trap is sent whenever a port is partitioned as a result o f more than sixty-two

This trap is sent whenev er the port reaches the broadcast storm rising or falling

MIBs

Management information and counters are stored in the Switch in the Management Information Base (MIB). The Switch uses the standard MIB-II Management Information Base module. Consequently, values for MIB objects can be retrieved from any SNMP-based network manager software. In addition to the standard MIBII, the Switch also supports its own proprietary enterprise MIB as an extended Management Information Base. These MIBs may also be retrieved by specifying the MIB’s Object-Identity (OID) at the network manager. MIB values can be either read-only or read-write.

Read-only MIBs variables can be either constants that are programmed into the Switch, or variables that change while the Switch is in operation. Examples of read-only constants are the number of ports and types of ports. Examples of read-only variables are the statistics counters such as the number of errors that have occurred, or how many kilobytes of data have been received and forwarded through a port.

Read-write MIBs are variables usually related to user-customized configurations. Examples of these are the Switch’s IP Address, Spanning Tree Algorithm parameters, and port status.

If you use a third-party vendors’ SNMP software to manage the Switch, a diskette listing the Switch’s propriety enterprise MIBs can be obtained by request. If your software provides functions to browse or modify MIBs, you can also get the MIB values and change them (if the MIBs’ attributes permit the write operation). This process however can be quite involved, since you must know the MIB OIDs and retrieve t hem one by one.

Packet Forwarding

The Switch learns the network configur ation and uses this information to f orward packets. This reduces the traffic congestion on the network, because packets, instead of being transmitted to all segments, are transmitted to the destinatio n only . Example: if Port 1 rece ives a p acket d estined fo r a station on Port 2, th e Switch transmits that packet through Port 2 only, and transmits nothing through the other ports.

Aging Time

The Aging Time is a parameter that affects the auto-learn process of the Switch in terms of the network configuration. Dynamic Entries, which make up the auto-learned-node address, are aged out of the address table according to the Aging Time that you set.

30 Switch Management Concepts

Stackable NWay Ethernet Switch User’s Guide

The Aging Time can be fro m 10 seconds to 9999 seconds. A v ery long Aging Time can result with th e out-ofdate Dynamic Entries that may cause incorrect packet filtering/forwarding decisions .

On the other hand, if the Aging Time is too short, many entries may be aged out soon, resulting in a high percentage of received packets whose source addresses cannot be found in the address table, in which case the Switch will broadcast the packet to all ports, negating many of the benefits of having a switch.

Filtering Database

A switch uses a filtering database to segme nt the netw ork and control communication s betwe en se gments. It also filters packets off the network for intrusion control (MAC Address filtering).

For port filtering, each port on the switch is a unique collision domain and the switch filters (discards) packets whose destination lies on the same port as where it originated. This keeps local packets from disrupting communications on other parts of the network.

For intrusion control, whenever a switch encounters a packet originating from or destined to a MAC address defined by the user, the switch will discard the packet.

Filtering includes:

1. Dynamic filtering

Filtering occurs to keep local traffic confined to its segment.

2. MAC address filterin g

3. Filtering done by the Spanning Tree Protocol

that signal loops don’t occur.

4. Filtering done for VLAN integrity

destined for a device on another VLAN (VLAN 3) will be filtered.

Automatic learning and aging of MAC addresses and their location on the network.

The manual entry of specific MAC addresses to be fil tered from the network.

Can filter packets based on topology, making sure

. Packets from a member of a VLAN (VLAN 2, for example)

Spanning Tree Algorithm

The Spanning Tree Algorithm (STA) in the Switch allows you to create alternative paths (with multiple switches or other types of bridges) in your network. These backup paths are idle until the Switch determines that a problem has developed in the primary p aths. When a primary path is lost, the switch providin g the alternative path will automatically go into service with no operator intervention. This automatic network reconfiguration provides maximum uptime to network users. The concept of the Spanning Tree Algorithm is a complicated and complex subject and must be fully researched and understood. Please read the following before making any changes.

♦ Network loop detection and prevention

LANs. If there is more than one path, forwarded packets will lo op indefinite ly. STA detects any lo oped path and selects the path with the lowest path cost as the activ e path , w hile blo ckin g th e o the r p ath an d using it as the backup path.

With STA, there will be only one path between any two

♦ Automatic topology re-configuration

backup path will be automatically activated, and STA will automatically re-configure the network topology.

Switch Management Concepts 31

When the path for which there is a backup path fails, the

Stackable NWay Ethernet Switch User’s Guide

STA Operation Levels

STA operates on two lev els: the bridge le vel an d the p ort lev el. On th e bridge lev el, STA calculates the Bridge Identifier for each Switch, then sets the Root Bridge and the Designated Bridges. On the port level, STA sets the Root Port and Designated Ports. Details are as follows:

On the Bridge Level

♦ Root Bridge

the Root Bridge to be the best switch among the switches in the loop to ensure the highest network performance and reliability.

♦ Bridge Identifier

the MAC address of the sw itch. Example: 4 00 80 C8 00 01 00, whe re 4 is the Bridge Priority. A lower Bridge Identifier results in a higher priority for the switch, and thus increases it probably of being selected as the Root B ridge.

♦ Designated Bridge

to the Root Bridge is the Designated Bridge. It forwards data packets for that LAN segment. In cases where all Switches have the same Root Path Cost, the switch with the lowest Bridge Identifier becomes the Designated Bridge.

♦ Root Path Cost

Root Path Costs of all the switches that the packet goes through. The Root Path Cost of the Root Bridge is zero.

♦ Bridge Priority

the Bridge Priority is. The higher the Bridge Priority, the be tter the chance the Sw itch will be selected as the Root Bridge.

The switch with the lowe st Bridge Iden tifier is the Ro ot Brid ge. Naturally , yo u will w ant

This is the combination of the Bridge Priority (a parameter that yo u can set) and

From each LAN segment, the attached Bridge that has the lowest Root Path Cost

The Root Path Cost of a switch is the sum of the Path Cost of the Root Port and the

This is a parameter that use rs can set. The smaller the number you set, the higher

On the Port Level

♦ Root Port

Bridge. In case there are several such ports, then the one with the lowest Port Identifier is the Root Port.

Each switch has a Root Port. This is the port that has the lowest Path Cost to the Root

♦ Designated Port

which the switch is the Designated Bridge.

♦ Port Priority

higher the probability that the port will be selected as the Root Port.

♦ Path Cost

10Mbps and 100Mbps segment has an assigned Path Cost of 19.

This is a changeable parameter and may be modified according to STA specif ications. Each

This is the port on each Designated Bridge that is attached to the LAN segment for

The smaller this number, the higher the Port Priority is. With higher Po rt Priority, th e

User-Changeable STA Parameters

The factory default setting should cover the majority of installations. However, it is advisable to keep the default settings as set at the factory, unless it is absolutely necessary. The user changeable parameters in the Switch are as follows:

♦ Bridge Priority ♦ Bridge Hello Time

transmissions of BPDU packets sent by the Root Bridge to tell all other Switches that it is indeed the

32 Switch Management Concepts

A Bridge Priority can be from 0 to 65535. 0 is equal to the highest Bridge Priority.

The Hello Time can be fro m 1 to 10 seconds. This is the inte rval between two

Stackable NWay Ethernet Switch User’s Guide

Root Bridge. If you set a He llo Time for your Switch, an d it is not the Root Bridge, the set Hello Time will be used if and when your Switch becomes the Root Bridge.

: The Hello Time cannot be longer than the Max. Age. Otherwise, a configuration error will occur.

Note

♦ Bridge Max. Age

has still not been received from the Root Bridge, yo ur Switch will start sending its own BPDU to all other Switches for permission to become the Root Bridge. If it turns out that your Switch has the lowest Bridge Identifier, it will become the Root Bridge.

♦ Bridge Forward Delay

the Switch spends in t he listening state while moving from the blocking state to the forwarding state. Observe the following formulas when you set the above parameters:

Max. Age ≤ 2 x (Forward Delay - 1 second)

Max. Age ≥ 2 x (Hello Time + 1 second)

♦ Port Priority

the port will be chosen as the Root Port.

The Max. Age can be from 6 to 40 seconds. At the end of the Max. Age, if a BPDU

The Forward Delay can be from 4 to 30 se conds. This is th e time any p ort on

A Port Priority can be from 0 to 255. The lower the number, the g reater the pr obability

Illustration of STA

A simple illustration of three Brid ges (or the Switch) connected in a loop is depicted in example, you can anticipate some major network problems if the STA assistance is not applied. For instance, if Bridge 1 broadcasts a packet to Bridge 2, Bridge 2 will broadcast it to Bridge 3, and Brid ge 3 will broad cast it to Bridge 1 and so on. The broadcast packet will be passed indef initely in a loop , causing a serious n etwork failure.

Figure 5-1

. In this

To alleviate network loop problems, STA can be applied as shown in the loop by blocking the connection between Bridge 1 and 2. The decision to block a particular connection is based on the STA calculation of the most current Bridge and Port settings. Now, if Bridge 1 broadcasts a packet to Bridge 3, then Bridge 3 will broadcast it to Bridge 2 and the broadcast will end there.

STA setup can be somewhat complex. Therefore, you are advised to keep the default factory settings and STA will automatically assign root bridges/ports and block loop connection s. Howeve r, if you ne ed to custo mize the STA parameters, refer to

Table 5-1

Figure 5-1. Before Applying the STA Rules

Figure 5-2

. In this example, STA breaks

Switch Management Concepts 33

Stackable NWay Ethernet Switch User’s Guide

Figure 5-2. After Applying the S TA Rules

STA parameters Settings Effects Comment

Bridge Priority

Hello Time

Max. Age Time

Forward Delay

Enable / Disable

Port Priority

Table 5-1. User-selective STA parameters

lower the #, higher the priority

1 - 10 sec. No effect, if not

6 - 40 sec. Compete for Root

4 - 30 sec. High # delays the

Port Level STA parameters

Enable / Disable

lower the #, higher the priority

Increases chance of becoming the Root Bridge

Root Bridge

Bridge, if BPDU is not received

change in state

Enable or disable this LAN segment

Increases chance of become Root Port

Avoid, if the switch is used in workgroup level of a large network

Never set greater than Max. Age Time

Avoid low number for unnecessary reset of Root Bridge

Max. Age ≤ 2 x (Forward Delay - 1) Max. Age ≥ 2 x (Hello Time + 1)

Disable a port for security or problem isolation

Port Trunking

Port trunking is used to combine a number of ports togethe r to make a single hig h-bandwidth data pipeline. The participating parts are called members of a trunk group, with one port designated as the

anchor

group. Since all members of the trunk group must be configured to operate in the same manner, all settings changes made to the anchor port are applied to all members of the trunk group. Thus, when configuring the ports in a trunk group, you only need to configure the anchor port.

The Switch supports 3 trunk groups, which may include from 2 to 8 switch ports each, except for the third trunk group which consists of the 2 ports of the Slot 1, 100BASE-TX or 100BASE-FX front-panel module. The anchor port for the first group is preset as port 5, the anchor port for the second group is port 13 and the anchor port for the third group is the first port (1x) on the 2-port module.

34 Switch Management Concepts

of the

Stackable NWay Ethernet Switch User’s Guide

Figure 5-3. Port trunking example

The switch treats all ports in a trunk group as a single port. As such, trunk ports will not be blocked by Spanning Tree (unless a redundant link with higher STP priority is present).

Data transmitted to a specific host (de stination address) will always be transmitte d over the same port in a trunk group. This allows packets in a data stream to arrive in the same order they were sent. A trunk connection can be made with any other switch that maintains host-to-host data streams over a single trunk port. A trunk connection cannot be made with switches that perform load-balancing on a per-packet basis .

VLAN

VLANs are a collection of switch ports grouped together in a secure, autonomous broadcast and multicast domain. VLANs allow a network to be segmented in order to reduce the size of broadcast domains. All Ethernet packets (unicast, broadcast, multicast, unknown, etc.) entering a VLAN w ill on ly be f orw arde d to the ports that are members of that VLAN.

Another benefit of VLANs is that you can change the network top ology with out physically moving station s or changing cable connections. Stations can be “moved” simply by changing VLAN settings from one VLAN (the sales VLAN, for example) to another VLAN (the marketing VLAN). This allows VLANs to accommodate network moves, changes, and additions with the utmost flexibility.

VLANs can also provide a level of security to your network. Port-based VLANs allow you to configure ports to not send or receive packets outside of the VLAN.

The

untagging

recognize VLAN tags in packet headers. The switches through a single physical connection and allows Spanning Tree to be enabled on all ports and work normally.

Switch Management Concepts 35

feature of IEEE 802.1Q VLANs allow VLANs to work with legacy switches and NICs that don’t

tagging

feature allows VLANs to span multiple 802.1Q-compliant

Stackable NWay Ethernet Switch User’s Guide

VLAN3

erve

IEEE 802.1Q VLANs

The Switch supports up to 96 IEEE 802.1Q (port-based) VLANs. Po rt-based VLANs limit traffic that flows into and out of switch ports. Thus, all devices connected to a port are members of the VLAN(s) the port belongs to, whether there is a single computer directly connected to a switch, or an entire department.

On port-based VLANs, NICs d o not nee d to be able to id entify 802.1Q tags in packet he aders. NICs send and receive normal Ethernet packets. If the packet’s destination lies on the same segment, communications take place using normal Ethernet protocols. Even though this is always the case, when the destination for a packet lies on another switch port, VLAN considerations come into play to decide if the packet gets dropped by the switch or delivered.

There are two key components to understanding IEEE 802.1Q VLANs; Port VLAN ID numbers (PVID ) and VLAN ID numbers (VID). Both variables are assigned to a switch port, but the re are important differences between them. A user can only assign one PVID to each switch port. The PVID defines which VLAN a switch will forward packets from the connected seg ment on, when packets need to be fo rwarded to another switch port or somewhere else on the network. On the other hand, a user can define a port as a member of multiple VLANs (VIDs), allowing the segment connected to it to receive packets from many VLANs on the network. These two variables control a port’s ability to transmit an d receive VLAN traffic, and the difference betwee n them provides network segmentation, while still allowing resources to be shared across more than one VLAN.

VLAN Segmentation

Take for example a packet that is transmitted by a machine on Port 1 that is a member of VLAN 2 and has the Port VLAN ID number 2 (PVID=2). If the destination lies on another port (found through a normal forwarding table lookup), the switch then looks to see if the other port (Port 10) is a member of VLAN 2 (and can therefore receive VLAN 2 packets). If port 10 is not a member o f VLAN 2, the n the packe t will be dr oppe d by the switch and will not reach it’s destination. If Port 10 is a membe r o f VLAN 2, th e p acket w ill go thro u gh . This selective forwarding feature based on VLAN criteria is how VLANs segment networks. The key point being that Port 1 will only transmit on VLAN 2, because it’s Port VLAN ID number is 2 (PVID=2).

Sharing Resources Across VLANs

Network resources such as printers and servers however, can be shared across VLANs. This is achieved by setting up overlapping VLANs as shown in the diagram below.

VLAN 2

5678910

Port PVID = 3

11 12

Port VIDs= 2

1234

Port VIDs = 1

VLAN 1

Workstations

Network

Graphics

Workstations

Figure 5-4. Example of typical VLAN configuration

In the above example, there are three different VLANs and each port can transmit packets on one of them according to their Port VLAN ID (PVID). However, a port can receive packets on all VLANs (VID) that it belongs to. The assignments are as follows:

Transmit on VLAN # Member of VLAN #

36 Switch Management Concepts

Stackable NWay Ethernet Switch User’s Guide

Port PVID VID Ports

Port 1 1 1 1,2,3,7 Port 2 1 Port 3 1

Port 7 3 3 1,2,3,7,11,1

Port 11 2 2 11,12,7 Port 12 2

Table 5-2. Example of possible VLAN assignments

The server attached to Po rt 7 is sh ared by VLAN 1 and VLAN 2 becau se Po rt 7 is a membe r of both VLAN s (it is listed as a member of VID 1 and 2). Since it can receive packets from both VLANs, all ports can successfully send packets to it to be pr inted. Ports 1, 2 and 3 send these p ackets on VLAN 1 (the ir PVID=1), and Ports 11 and 11 send these packets on VLAN 2 (PVID=2). The third VLAN (PVID=3) is used by the server to transmit files that had been requested on VLAN 1 or 2 back to the computers. All computers that use the server will receive transmissions from it since they are all located on ports which are members of VLAN 3 (VID=3).

VLANs Spanning Multiple Switches

VLANs can span multiple switches as well as your entire network. Two considerations to kee p in mind while building VLANs of this sort are whether the switches are IEEE 802.1Q -compliant and whether VLAN packe ts should be tagged or untagged.

Definitions of relevant terms are as follows:

♦ Tagging

enabled will put the VID n umber, p riority, an d othe r VLAN info rmation into all packets that f low into and out it. If a packet has previo usly been tagged, the port will n ot alter the packet, thus keeping the VLAN information intact. Tagging is used to send packets from one 802.1Q-compliant device to another.

♦ Untagging

enabled will take all VLAN information ou t of all packets that flow into and out of a po rt. If the packet doesn’t have a VLAN tag, the port will not alter the packet, thus keeping the packet free of VLAN information. Untagging is used to send packets from an 802.1Q-compliant switch to a non-compliant device.

♦ Ingress port

made. Basically, the switch examines VLAN information in the packet header (if present) and decides whether to forward th e packet. If the packet is tagged with VLAN information, the ingress po rt will first determine if the ingress port itself is a member of the tagged VLAN and can thus receive the packet (if the Ingress Filter is enabled), and then it decides if the destination port is a member of the VLAN. Assuming both ports are members of the tagged VLAN, the packet will be forwarded. If the packet doesn’t have VLAN information in its header (is untagged), the ingress port first determines if the ingress port itself can receive the packet (if the Ingre ss Filter is enable d), will tag it w ith its own PVID (if it def ined as a tag ging port), and check to see if the destination port is on the same VLAN as its own PVID and can thus receive the packet. If Ingress filtering is disabled and the destination port is a member of the VLAN used by the ingress port, the packet will be forwarded . If the ingress port is an untagging port, it will only check the filter condition--if the filter condition is enabled-- before forwarding the packet.

The act of putting 802.1Q VLAN information into the header of a packet. Ports with tagging

The act of stripping 802.1Q VLAN information out of the packet he ader. Po rts with u ntaggin g

A port on a switch where packets are flowing into the switch and VLAN decisions must be

♦ Egress port

A port on a switch where packets are flowing out of the switch, either to another switch or to an end station, and taggin g decisions mu st be made. If an egress port is connecte d to an 802.1Q-c ompliant switch, tagging should be enabled so the other switch can take VLAN data into account when making forwarding decisions. If an egress connection is to a non-compliant switch or end-station, tags should be stripped so the (now normal Ethernet) packet can be read by the receiving device.

Switch Management Concepts 37

Stackable NWay Ethernet Switch User’s Guide

VLANs Over 802.1Q-compliant Switches

When switches maintaining th e same VLAN s are 802.1Q - co mp liant, it is po ssible to use tagg ing . Tag gin g p u ts

802.1Q VLAN information into each packet header, enabling o the r 802.1Q- co mp liant switch es that re ce ive the packet to know how to treat it. Upon receiving a tagged packet, an 802.1Q-compliant switch can use the information in the packet header to maintain the integrity of VLANs, carry out priority forwarding, etc.

Data transmissions between 802.1Q-compliant switches take place as shown below.

Figure 5-5. Data transmissions between 802.1Q-compliant Switches

In the above example , step 4 is the key element. Because the p acket has 802.1Q VLAN data encoded in its header, the ingress port can make VLAN-based decisions about its delivery: whether server #2 is attached to a port that is a member of VLAN 2 and, thus, should the packet be delivered; the queuing priority to give to the packet, etc. It can also perform these functions for VLAN 1 packets as well, and, in fact, for any tagged packet it receives regardless of the VLAN number.

If the ingress port in step 4 were connected to a non-802.1Q-compliant device and was thus receiving untagged packets, it would tag its own PVID onto the packet and use this information to make forwarding decisions. As a result, the packets coming from the non-compliant device would automatically be placed on the ingress ports VLAN and could only communicate with other ports that are members of this VLAN.

Broadcast Management

Broadcast transmissions, packets sent to every device on the LAN, are a vital part of any network. However, they can often cause problems on the network and even network failure. For this reason the Switch has a number of tools for managing broadcast packets on your network.

38 Switch Management Concepts

Stackable NWay Ethernet Switch User’s Guide

Broadcast Storms

Broadcast storms are a common problem on today’s networks. Basically, they consist of broadcast packets that flood and/or are looped on a network causing noticeable performance degradation and in extreme cases, network failure. Some of the causes of broadcast storms are network loops, malfunctioning NICs, bad cable connections, and applications or protocols that generate broadcast traffic.

Broadcast storms can originate from any number of sources, and once they are started, they can be selfperpetuating, and can even multiply the number of broadcast packets on the network over time. In the best case, network utilization will be high an d bandwidth limited until the hop counts for all bro adcast packets have expired, whe reupon the packets will be discarded and the network will return to normal. In the worst case, they will multiply, even tually using up all the network ban dwidth (although networ k applications will usually crash long before this happens), and cause a network meltdown.

Broadcast storms have long been a concern for network administrators with routers traditionally being used to prevent their occurrence, and if that failed, limit their scope. However, switches are now able to limit broadcast domains better and cheaper than rou ters. Also, many switches have broadcast sensor s and filters built into each port to further control broadcast storms—such as the Switch you have purchased.

Port-based Broadcast Packet Filter

The Switch is equipped with sensors that count the number of broadcast frames arriving at each port. When a certain level ( all broadcast packets arriving at the affected port. This effectively partitions the broadcast packets from the rest of the network, thereby limiting the effects of a broadcast storm. The port-based Broadcast Storm Filter settings can be set by the user. Please r efer to th e explanations regarding port-based Broadcast Storm fi lter settings.

rising threshold

) is reached, the sensors can initiate a broadcast filter (

Configure Ports

section of this manual for more detailed

rising action

) which drops

MAC-based Broadcast Packet Filter

Broadcast domains can also be managed on the MAC level. In this case, broadcast domains can be defined to include specif ic devices (MAC addresse s). To do this, simply enter the MAC addresses of the computers and peripherals you wish to include in the broadcast domain(s). Any unknown or broadcast packets generated within the Mac-based broadc ast domain will only be sent to the o ther members. Other parts of the network are effectively shielded . Configuring MAC-based broadcast do mains is done in the

Broadcast Domains

submenus of the Console or Web-based management programs.

VLANs and MAC-based

Switch Management Concepts 39

Stackable NWay Ethernet Switch User’s Guide

6 U

Your Stackable NWay Ethernet Switch sup ports a console management interface that allows yo u to set up and control your Switch, either with an ordinary terminal (or terminal emulator), or over the network using the TCP/IP addition, the console program will allow you to set up the Switch for management using an SNMP-based network management system. This chapter describes how to use the console interface to access the Switch, change its settings, and monitor its operation.

protocol. You can use this f acility to pe rform man y basic netw ork manage ment fu nction s. In

Telnet

SING THE

ONSOLE INTERFACE

Setting Up A Console

First-time configuration must be carried out through a “console,” that is, either (a) a VT100-type serial data terminal, or (b) a computer running communications software set to emulate a VT100. The console must be connected to the Diagnostics port. This is an RS-232 port with a 9-socket D-shell connector and DCE-type wiring. Make the connection as follows:

1. Obtain suitable cabling for the connection.

You can use either (a) a “null-modem” RS-232 cable or (b) an ordinary RS-232 cable and a null-modem

adapter. One end of the cable (or cable/adapter combination ) must have a 9-pin D-shell co nnector suitable for the Diagnostics port; the other end must have a connector suitable for the console’s serial communications port.

2. Power down the devices, attach the cable (or cable/adapter combination) to the correct ports, and restore power.

3. Set the console to use the following communication parameters for your terminal:

9600 baud

♦

No parity checking (sometimes referred to as “no parity”)

♦

8 data bits (sometimes called a “word length” of 8 bits)

♦ ♦ 1 stop bit (sometimes referred to as a 1-bit stop interval)

VT-100/ANSI compatible

♦

Arrow keys enabled

♦

A typical console connection is illustrated below:

40 Using the Console Interface

Stackable NWay Ethernet Switch User’s Guide

Figure 6-1. Example of a console connection

Connecting to the Switch Using Telnet

Once you have set an IP address for your Switch, you can use a terminal mode) to access and control the Switch. Most of the screens are identical, whether accessed from the console port or from a next chapter,

“Web-Based Network Management,”

interface. You can also use a Web-based browser to manage the Switch. See the

Telnet

for further information.

program (in a VT-100 compatible

Telnet

Console Usage Conventions

The console interface makes use of the following conventions:

Items in

delete keys to erase charact ers behind and in front of the cursor. The up and down arrow ke ys, the left an d right arrow ke ys, the Tab key an d the Backspace key, can be

used to move between selected items. It is recommended that you use the tab key and backspace key for moving around the console.

Items in UPPERCASE are commands. Moving the selection to a command and pressing Enter will

execute that command, e.g., SAVE or EXIT.

Please note that the co mm an d APPLY o n ly app lie s fo r the cu r re nt se ssio n . Use menu for perman en t ch ang e s. An aste r isk “* ” ind icate s a c han ge h as be en mad e but w o n’ t take ef f ec t un til the Switch has been rebooted.

angle brackets

[square brackets]

can be toggled on or off using the spa ce bar.

can be changed by typin g in a new value. You can u se the backspace and

Save Changes

from the main

First Time Connecting To The Switch

The Switch supports user-based security that can allow you to prevent unauthorized users from accessing the Switch or changing its settings. This section tells how to log onto the Switch.

Note:

When you first connect to the Sw itch, y ou w ill be p re sen ted w ith th e f irst lo gin scre en (sho w n be lo w) . Pre ss Ctrl+R (hold down the Ctrl key, press the R key, and release both keys) to call up the screen, if the initial login screen does not appear. Also Ctrl+R can be used at any time to refresh the screen.

Using the Console Interface 41

The passwords used to access the Switch are case sensitive; therefore, “S” is not the same as “s.”

Stackable NWay Ethernet Switch User’s Guide

Figure 6-2. Initial Screen, first time connecting to the Switch

There is no initial username or password. Leave the

Note:

username

and

password

fields blank.

Press <Enter> or <Return> in th e username and passw ord fields. You w ill be given access to th e main menu shown below:

42 Using the Console Interface

Stackable NWay Ethernet Switch User’s Guide

Figure 6-3. Main Menu

The first user automatically gets one

Administrator

-level user for the Switch.

Administrator

privileges (See

Table 6-1).

It is recommended to create at least

User Accounts Management

From the screen above, move the cursor to the the

Users Accounts Management

Choose

Add/Modify User Accounts

Enter the new user name, assign an initial password, and then confirm the new password. Determine

whether the new user should have toggle between the two opti ons).

Press APPLY to let the user addition take effect.

Press Esc. to return to the previous screen or Ctrl+T to go to the root screen.

To see a listing of all user accounts and access levels, press Esc. Then choose

Accounts

Create/Modify User Accounts

. The

View/Delete User Accounts

menu appears.

Administrator

User Accounts Management

from the

screen appears.

User Accounts Management

Normal User

Administrator and Normal User Privileges

menu and press Enter, then

menu and the

privileges. (Use the space bar to

View/Delete User

Using the Console Interface 43

Stackable NWay Ethernet Switch User’s Guide

There are two levels of user privileges: users with

Administrator

privileges may not be available to

Administrator

and

Normal User

. Some menu selections available to

Normal User

menus for the two types of users: The following table summarizes Administrator and Normal User privileges:

Menu Administrator Normal User

Privilege

Configuration Yes Yes, view only. Network Monitoring Yes Yes, view only. Community Strings and Trap Stations Yes Yes, view only. Update Firmware and Configuration

Files

User Accounts Management

Create/Modify User Accounts Yes Yes, view only. View/ Delete User Accounts Yes Yes, view only. System Utilities Yes Yes, (Ping Test);

Factory Reset Yes No Restart System Yes No

Yes Yes, view only.

view only for the rest.

Table 6-1. Administrator and Normal User Privileges

s. The main menus shown are the

After establishing a User Account with

Changes

menu (see below). Pressing any key will return to the main menu. You are now ready to operate the

Administrator

-level privileges, press Esc. twice. Then choose the

Save

Switch.

Save Changes

The Switch has two levels o f memory n ormal RAM and no n-volatile or N V-RAM. Settin gs nee d to be chan ged in all screens by pressing Ctrl + S. When this is done, the settings will be immediately applied to the switching software in RAM, and will immediately take effect. Some settings, though, require you to restart the Switch before they w ill take ef fect. Re starting the Switch will e rase all se ttings in RAM an d relo ad them from the NV-RAM. Thus, it is necessary to save all settings to the NV-RAM before restarting the Switch.

In order to retain any modifications made in the current session, it is necessary to choose

Save Changes

the main menu. The following screen will appear to indicate your new settings have been processed:

from

44 Using the Console Interface

Stackable NWay Ethernet Switch User’s Guide

Figure 6-4. Save Changes screen

After the settings have been saved to NV- RAM, they w ill become th e d efau lt settin gs f or the Switch, and they will be used every time it is powere d on, rese t or reboote d. The on ly exceptio n to this is a factory reset, wh ich will clear all settings and restore them to their initial values listed in Appendix D, wh ich were presen t when the Switch was purchased.

Login On The Switch Console By Registered Users

To log in once you have created a registered user,

Type in your

The main menu screen will be displayed based on your

privilege.

username password

Create/Modify User Accounts

To add or change your user password:

and press Enter.

Administrator

Normal User

access level or

Using the Console Interface 45

Stackable NWay Ethernet Switch User’s Guide

Choose

Management

Users Accounts Management

menu appears:

from the main menu. The following

User Accounts

Choose

Figure 6-5. User A ccounts Management menu

Create/Modify User Accounts

. The following screen appears:

46 Using the Console Interface

Stackable NWay Ethernet Switch User’s Guide

Figure 6-6. Add/Modify User Accounts scree n

Type in your Username and press Enter.

If you are an old user, type in the Old Password and press Enter.

Type in the New Password you have chosen, and press Enter. Type in the same new password in the

following field to verify that you have not mistyped it. Determine whether the new user should have

Choose the APPLY command to let the password change take effect.

This method can also be used by an

Administrator

Normal User

-level user to change another user’s password.

Administrator

privileges.

View/Delete User Accounts

Access to the console, whether using the console port or via password. Up to three of these user names can be de fined. The console interface will no t let you delete the current logged-in use r, however, in or der to prevent accid entally deleting all of the users with privilege.

Only users with the

Administrator

privilege can delete users.

To view a user account:

, is controlled using a user name and

Telnet

Administrator

Using the Console Interface 47

Stackable NWay Ethernet Switch User’s Guide

Choose appears:

View/Delete User Accounts

from the User Accounts Management menu. The following screen

Figure 6-7. View/Delete User A ccounts sc reen

To delete your user password:

Toggle the Delete field of the user you wish to remove to

Press APPLY to let the user deletion take effect.

Yes

Setting Up The Switch

This section will help prepare the Sw itch user by de scribing the

and Configuration Files, Save Changes

System Configuration

Choose appears:

System Configuration

to access the first item of the Switch’s main menu. The following menu

, and

System Utilities

System Configuration, Update Firmware

menus and their respective sub-menus.

48 Using the Console Interface

Stackable NWay Ethernet Switch User’s Guide

Figure 6-8. System Configuration menu

You will need to chang e some settings to allow you to be able to man age the Switch from an SNMP-based Network Management System such as SNMP v1 or to be able to access the Switch using the

Telnet

protocol.

See the next chapter for Web-based network management information.

Configure IP Address

The Switch need s to have a TCP/IP addre ss assigned to it so that an in-band n etwor k managem ent syste m or

client can find it on the network. The

Telnet

IP Address Configuration

settings for the two different interfaces used on the Switch: the Ethernet interface used for in-band communication, and the SLIP interface used over the console port for out-of-band communication.

Choose

Configure IP Address

to access the first ite m on the

System Configuration

screen appears:

screen allows you to change the

menu. The following

Using the Console Interface 49

Stackable NWay Ethernet Switch User’s Guide

Figure 6-9. IP Address Configuration screen

The fields listed under the Current Settings heading are those that are presently being used by the Switch. Those fields listed under the Restart Setting s he ad ing w ill be u sed af ter th e Switch has be e n re se t. Fie lds th at can be set include:

♦ BOOTP Service

Determines whether the Switch should send out a BOOTP broadcast request when it is powered up. The BOOTP protocol allows IP addresses, network masks, and default gateways to be assigned on a central BOOTP server; if this option is set the Switch w ill first lo o k fo r a BO OTP se rv er to provide it with this information before using the supplied settings.

♦ IP Address

communications. These fields should be of the form

Determines the IP address used by the Switch for receiving SNMP and

xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx

, where each

is a number

xxx

Telnet

(represented in decimal) between 0 and 255. This address should be a unique address on a network assigned to you by the central Internet authorities. The same IP address is shared by both the SLIP and Ethernet network interfaces.

♦ Subnet Mask

form

xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx

Bitmask that determines the extent of the subnet that the Switch is on. Should be of the

, where each

is a number (represented in decimal) between 0 and 255. If no

xxx

subnetting is being done, the value should be 255.0.0.0 for a Class A network, 255.255.0.0 for a Class B network, and 255.255.255.0 for a Class C network.

♦ Default Gateway

IP address that determines where frames with a destination outside the current subnet should be sen t. This is usually the address o f a router or a ho st acting as an IP gatew ay. If your network is not part of an internetwork, or you do not want the Switch to be accessible outside your local network, you can leave this field blank.

50 Using the Console Interface

Stackable NWay Ethernet Switch User’s Guide

Configure Console

You can use the

Console Options

screen to choose whether to use the Switch’s RS-232C serial port for console management or for out-of-band TCP/IP communications using SLIP, and to set the bit rate used for SLIP communications. Note that the DES-3624i/DES-3624iF/DES-3624iFM has an RS-232C serial port but the DES-3624/DES-3624F/DES-3624FM does not.

Choose

Configure Console

to access the last item on the

System Configuration

menu. The following

screen appears:

Figure 6-10. Console Options screen

The following fields can be set:

Settings on Restart:

♦ Console Timeout

Never

♦ Serial Port

Determines whether the serial port should be used for out-of-band (SLIP) management or

This setting for the restart of the console is

15 mins, 30 mins, 45 mins, 60 mins

, or

for console management, starting from the next time the Switch is restarted. In this field, you can toggle between

♦ Baud Rate

Determines the serial port bit rate that will be used the n ext time the Switch is restarted.

SLIP

console

port type settings.

Applies only when the serial port is being used for out-of-band (SLIP) management; it does not apply when the port is used for the console p ort. Available speeds are 2400, 9600, 19,200 and 38,400 bits per second. The default setting in this Switch version is 9600.

Using the Console Interface 51

Stackable NWay Ethernet Switch User’s Guide

The top of the screen displays the current settings for

Baud Rate, Character Size

, and

Stop Bit

for Out of Band and Console settings, respectively.

Console Timeout

and

Serial Port

as well as the

Configure Switch Stack

The

Switch Stack Configu ration

you to set the the Switch using SNMP requests, allowi ng these settings to be used for network management purposes.

Choose following screen appears:

System Name, System Location

Configure Switch Stack

screen shows various pieces of information about your Switch, and allows

, and

System Contact

to access the second item on the

. These settings can be retrieved from

System Configuration

menu. The

Figure 6-11. Switch Stack Configuration screen

The fields you can set are:

♦ System Name

name to the Switch for administrative purposes. The Sw itch’s f ully qualif ie d do main name is of ten use d, provided a name has been assigned.

♦ System Location

indicate the physical location of the Switch for administrative purposes.

♦ System Contact

name and contact information for the person responsible for administering the Switch.

52 Using the Console Interface

Corresponds to the SNMP MIB II variable

system.sysName

, and is used to give a

system.sysLocation

sysContact

, and is used to give the

, and is used to

Stackable NWay Ethernet Switch User’s Guide

Information of Individual Switch Unit

This screen allows you to v iew information for each Switch in your stack, including the

Hardware Version

screen to access the

. Press Information of Individual Switch Unit on the

Information of Individual Switch Unit

screen:

Switch Stack Configuration

Module, Type

, and

Figure 6-12A. Information of Individual Switch Unit screen

Use the space bar to select the desired Switch i n your stack. For example, if there were two Switches, the master would look like the screen above and the client would look like the screen below:

Using the Console Interface 53

Stackable NWay Ethernet Switch User’s Guide

Figure 6-12B. Information of Individual Switch Unit screen

Advance Settings

The

Configure Advanced Switch Features

entries and enable or disable auto-partitioning on all ports. Press ADVANCE SETTINGS on the

Stack Configura tion

screen to access the

screen allows you to set an expiration time for MAC address

Configure Advanced Switch Features

screen:

Switch

54 Using the Console Interface

Stackable NWay Ethernet Switch User’s Guide

Figure 6-13. Configure Advanced Switch Features screen

The fields you can set are:

♦ Port Auto-Partition Capability on All Ports

When this function is enabled, if too many consecutive collisions occur on an individual port, the port will be blocked off until a good packet is seen on the wire. If a port is partitioned, the Switch can only transmit data, not receive it.

♦ Head Of Line (HOL) Blocking Prevention Enables

disables

Head-Of-Line Blocking Prevention. Head-of Line blocking occurs when a packet originating on Port 1, for instance, needs to be forwarded to Ports 2 and 3. If Port 2 is occupied (causing the packet to be held in memory until the port is free), the packet destined for Port 3 will also be delayed, even though the port may be free. Cumulatively, these delays can have a noticeab le effect on overall network performance. Ena bling HOL Blocking Prevention prevents Head-of-Line blocking from occurring, meaning that the packet destined for Port 3 gets delivered immediately.

Configure Port

The port configuratio n scree n allow s you to change the p ort state in the case w hen yo u would like to partitio n a port due to excessive collision, o r for o bservatio n, dev ice repair, o r security reaso ns. G reat caution, howe ver, must be observed whe n partitioning a port; y ou should make sure that the partitioned p ort is not being used as the port to control or monitor the condition of other devices.

Using the Console Interface 55

Stackable NWay Ethernet Switch User’s Guide

Figure 6-14. Port Configuration screen

Items in the above window are defined as follows:

♦ Switch ♦ Module ♦ Port ♦ Port Type ♦ State Enables ♦ Speed/Duplex

100M/Full, 100M/Half, 10M/Full

displayed in this field. Choosing

♦ Flow Ctrl

Specifies the Switch where the port is being configured.

Specifies the module where the port is being configured.

Specifies the port that will be configured.

Specifies the speed and cable type of the selected port.

Disables

the port. This amounts to turning the port on or off.

Selects the desired Sp eed and Duplex settings for the port. Po ssibilities include:

, or

Auto

Toggles flow control On or

10M/Half

enables NWay auto-configuration on the port.

. It is useful during periods of heavy network activity when the

Off

. If a Gigabit module is being used,

1000M/Full

Switch’s buffers can receive too much traffic and fill up faster than the Switch can forward the information. In such cases, the Switch will intervene and tell the transmitting de vice to pause to allow the information in the port buffer to be sent. Confirm that Flow Control is in force by checking the

Status

♦ Priority

field.

Selects

Normal, High

. The Switch has two packet queues where incoming packets

Low

wait to be processed for forwarding; a high priority and low priority queue. The high priority queue should only be used for data in which latency can have adverse affects on the function of an application,

Auto

will be

56 Using the Console Interface

Stackable NWay Ethernet Switch User’s Guide

such as video or audio data, where latency can produce distorted sounds and images. Packets in the low priority queue will not be processe d unless the High priority queu e is em pty. Se tting the port p riority to

will deliver all packets arriving at the port to the high priority queue, a

High

them all to the low priority queue. The

Normal

setting causes the port to examine the packet for an

setting will send

Low

IEEE 802.1p/q priority tag. If no tag exists, the packet will be sent to the low priority queue. If the priority tag field in the packet header contains a value of 0-3, the packet will be placed in the low priority queue; a value of 4-7 causes the packet to be placed in the high priority queue.

♦ Port Lock

When

Enabled

, automatic learning for all stations connected to this port will stop and entries in the Forwarding Table for all devices residing on this port will age out. The only traffic this port will allow is traffic from machines whose MAC address is manually entered in the Static Forwarding Table.

♦ Broadcast Storm Rising Action

Threshold is met. When triggered, the port can be configured to The

Do Nothing

storm condition. The broadcast storm.

setting causes the switch to operate normally, in other words, ignore the broadcast

Blocking

Blocking-Trap

This setting will be activated when a Broadcast Storm Rising

Do Nothing, Blocking

Blocking-Trap

setting causes the port to drop all broadcast frames, thus isolating the

performs the same action as

Blocking

, except it also send s a trap to the designated Trap Recipient informing them of the situation. For more information on broadcast storms, please refer to the previous chapter.

♦ Broadcast Storm Falling Action

Threshold and then the Broadcast Storm Fallin g Th re sho ld are to

Do Nothing, Forwarding

or normally, that is, to ignore the situation. If the p ort h ad met th e and started

Blocking

broadcast packets, it will continue doing so. The

port to begin forwarding broadcast frames, thus remov ing the

Storm Rising Action. Forwarding-Trap

This setting will be activated when the Broadcast Storm Rising

met. This setting can be configured

each

Forwarding-Trap

. The

Do Nothing

setting causes the switch to operate

Broadcast Storm Rising Action

setting causes the

, except it also send s a

Blocking

performs the same action as

Forwarding

state imposed by the

Forwarding

criteria

Broadcast

trap to the designated Trap Recipient informing them of the situation.

Press CTRL+S to let the changes take eff ect. If you wish these chang es to be the default for the switch, return to the main menu and choose

Save Changes

STP Port State

(whether the Spanning Tree Protocol is enabled or disabled on this port) and

Status

reflect

the current conditions of the port. They are read-only fields and cannot be changed.

Configure Trunk

Ports on the Switch can be g rouped to gether in a sin gle logical port calle d a trunk. This is discusse d in detail in the

Port Trunking

To set up a trunk group, choose screen appears:

section of the

“Switch Management Concepts”

Configure Trunk

on the

System Configuration

chapter of this manual.

menu. The following

Using the Console Interface 57

Stackable NWay Ethernet Switch User’s Guide

Figure 6-15. Port Trunk screen

The fields you can set are:

♦ Anchor

There are either two or three listings representing the a n chor port for each of the three trunk groups available on the Switch (the third listing will only be displayed if an optional two-port plug-in module is being used). The anchor port must fall within the port range and be included as a member port.

♦ Name

trunk connection between a Switch on the 6

♦ Members

Enter the desired group name. In the example pictured above the first trunk group designates a

floor and this one on the 7th floor

Select between 2 to 8 ports in the first two entries for this field. The number of ports defined here start from the anchor port. Thus, in the example pictured ab ove containing 4 ports in the first trunk, the ports in the trunk group will include ports (anchor), 5, 6, 8, and 11. The third entry (used for 2-port front-panel modules) has a permanent setting of 2 ports.

♦ State Enabled, Disabled

. Be careful when clearing trunk groups as the connections will return to

Clear

normal operation and may cause signal loops.

Port Range

is a read-only field which lists the possible ports in a selected trunk.

Press APPLY to let the changes take effect.

58 Using the Console Interface

Stackable NWay Ethernet Switch User’s Guide

Configure Port Mirroring

The Switch allows you to copy frames transmitted and received on a port and redirect the copies to another port. You can attach a monitoring device to the mirrored port, such as a sniffer or an RMON probe, to view details about the packets passing through the first port. This is useful for network monitoring and troubleshooting purposes.

Choose

Configure Port Mirroring

on the

System Configuration

menu to access the following screen:

Figure 6-16. Port Mirroring Configuration scree n

To configure a mirror port, select the

Source

the monitoring/troubleshooting device such as a sniffer or an RMON probe.

Note:

fields. Then select the

Destination

You cannot mirror a fast port onto a slower port. For example, if you try to mirror the traffic from a 100

Mbps port onto a 10 Mbps port, this can cause throughput problems. The port you are copying frames from should always support an equal or lower speed than the port to which you are sending the copies. Also, the target port cannot be a member of a trunk group.

fields. The destination (or target) port is where you will connect a

Switch, Module

, and

Port

from where you want to copy frames in the

Port

which receive the copies from the source port in

Configure Spanning Tree Protocol

The Spanning Tree Algorithm Parameters can be used for creating alternative paths in your network. The Protocol Parameters allow you to change the behind the scene parameters of the Spanning Tree Algorithm at the bridge level. The parameters for this section have been fully explained in the previous chapter. It is

Using the Console Interface 59

Stackable NWay Ethernet Switch User’s Guide

recommende d that you read this, as well as the introductory section in the same chap ter entitled

Tree Algorithm,

before changing any of the parameters.

STP Parameter Settings

To change the Protocol Parameters:

Choose

Configure Spanning Tree Protocol

menu will be displayed:

from the

System Configuration

menu. The following

Spanning

Figure 6-17. Configure Spanning Tree Protocol menu

Choose

60 Using the Console Interface

STP Parameter Setting

to access the following screen:

Stackable NWay Ethernet Switch User’s Guide

Figure 6-18. STP Parameter Setting screen

Change the

Enter the Bridge Max Age in the

Enter the Bridge Hello Time in the

Enter the Bridge Forward Delay time in the

Enter the Bridge Priority in the

Disabled

setting to

Enabled

Max Age(6-40 sec)

in the

Spanning Tree Protocol

field.

Hello Time(1-10 sec)

Forward Delay(4-30 sec)

Bridge Priority(0-65535)

field.

The information on the screen is described as follows:

♦ Spanning Tree Protocol

Select

Enabled

♦ Time Since Topology Change(Sec)

to implement the Spanning Tree Protocol.

Read-only object displays the last time changes were made to the network topology. These changes usually occur when backup paths are activated due to primary path failures.

♦ Topology Change Count

Read-only object displays the number of times (since the current management session with the device was started) changes were made to the network topology. Changes usually occur on the network when backup paths are activated.

♦ Designated Root

Read-only object displays the MAC (Ethernet) addres s of the bridge/switch on the

network that has been chosen as the STP root.

Using the Console Interface 61

Stackable NWay Ethernet Switch User’s Guide

♦ Root Cost

Read-only object displays the cost for the path between the switch and the root bridge. If

the switch is the root bridge, then the root cost is zero.

♦ Root port

Read-only object identifies the port (on the bridge) that offers the least path cost from the

bridge to the root bridge. In the event of a network loop, data packets will pass through the root port.

♦ Max Age(Sec)

Read-only object indicates the maximum age of STP information learned from the

network (on any port) before it is discarded.

♦ Forward Delay(Sec)

Read-only object indicates how fast any port on the bridge can change its spanning state when moving towards the forwarding state. The value determines how long the port stays in each of the listening and learning states, which precede the forwarding state.

♦ Hold Time(Sec)

Read-only object displays the time interval during which no more than two configuration

BPDUs shall be transmitted by the bridge.

♦ Root Priority

Read-only object displays the priority number of the root bridge of the Spanning Tree. The value is used in conjunction with the bridge MAC address to set the bridge ID, which in turn is used when determining the root bridge of a multibridged network. T he root bridge is responsible for processing data packets when network loops occur. The smaller the number set, the higher the bridge priority is. The higher the bridge priority, the more chance the bridge has of becoming the root bridge. A bridge priority ranges from 0 to 65535, with 0 being the highest priority.

♦ Max Age(6-40 Sec)

Maximum Age is a read-write object that can be set from 6 to 40 seconds. At the end of the Maximum Age, if a BPDU has still not been received from the Root ridge, your Switch will start sending its own BPDU to all other switches for permission to become the Root Bridge. If it turns out that your Switch has the lowest Bridge Identifier, it will become the Root Bridge.

♦ Hello Time(1-10 Sec)

Hello Time is a read-write object that can be set from 1 to 10 seconds. This is the interval between two transmissions of BPDU packets sent by the Root Bridge to tell all other switches that it is indeed the Root Bridge. If you set a Hello Time for your Switch, and it is not the Root Bridge, the set Hello Time will be used if and when your Switch becomes the Root Bridge.

♦ Forward Delay(4-30 Sec)

The Forward Delay is a read-write object that can be set from 4 to 30 seconds. This is the time any port on the Switch spends in the listening state while moving from the blocking state to the forwarding state.

♦ Bridge Priority(0-65535)

A Bridge Priority is a read-write object that can be set from 0 to 65535. This is the priority number of the bridge. The value is used in conjunction with the b ridge MAC address to set the bridge ID, which in turn is used when determining the root bridge of a multibridged network. The root bridge is responsible for processing data packets when network loops occur. The smaller the number set, the higher the bridge priority is. The higher the bridge priority, the more chance the bridge has of becoming the root bridge. Zero is the highest priority.

STP Custom Settings

To change the parameters on individual ports:

Choose

screen appears:

Configure Spanning Tree Protocol

STP Custom Settings

from the

System Configuration

menu.

Configure Spanning Tree Protocol

menu. The following

62 Using the Console Interface

Stackable NWay Ethernet Switch User’s Guide

Figure 6-19. STP Custom Settings screen

Items in the above window are described as follows:

♦ STP State ♦ Cost ♦ Priority

Defines the cost for the connection.

Port Priority is a read-write object that can be set from 0 to 255. This is the priority number

Sets the Spanning Tree Protocol on a particular port to

Enabled or Disabled

of the port. The higher the port priority, the more chance the bridge has of becoming the root port. Zero is the highest priority.

Note:

If a port is a member of a trunk group but is not the anchor, the items shown in the above table will be read-only and the values will be the same as those for the anchor port.

Configure Filtering and Forwarding Table

When a packet hits the Switch, it looks in the filtering and forwarding tables to decide what to do with the packet; either to filter it off the network, or to forward it through the port on which its destination lies.

Dynamic Filtering and Static Filtering are among the two important features of the

. They are defined he re brief ly as f ollo w s.

Table

Dynamic Filtering

is defined when a dynamic entry is created

by the Learning Proce ss as a re sult o f o bse rv ation o f n etw o rk traf fic in the Filte rin g D atabase .

Custom Filtering

Static Filtering

Using the Console Interface 63

Stackable NWay Ethernet Switch User’s Guide

is defined as static entries that may be added and remove d from th e Filtering Database by the user. They are not automatically removed by any timeout mechanism.

The

Configure Filtering and Forwarding table

screen allows you to stop or start address learning, change the way the Switch treats MAC address table entries, and select an age-out time of the MAC address in the selected address table. This screen also permits you to access three additional configuration screens from the menu at the bottom of the window.

Choose

Configure Filtering and Forwarding Table

from the

System Configuration

menu to access th e

following screen:

Figure 6-20. Configure Filtering and Forwarding table sc reen

The following fields at the top of the screen can be set:

♦ Lock Address Table(STOPs Learning)

Mostly used for security purposes, when the forwarding table is locked the Switch will no longer learn the MAC addresses for new hosts. If your network configuration doesn’t change, locking the forwarding table helps keep intruders off your network since any packet coming from an unknown source address will be dropped by the Switch.

♦ Address Table Lookup Mode

Choices are

Level 0, Level 1, Level 2, Level 3, Level 4, Level 5, Level, 6, Level 7.

This setting allows the user to tailor the MAC address look up procedure.

The higher the level, the more MAC addresses can be learned by the Switch. However, a side effect is that throughput will be degraded the higher the level you select. This setting will take effect after your system reboots.

♦ MAC Address Aging

64 Using the Console Interface

Enter the desired MAC address age-out time in this field (10 to 9999 seconds).

Stackable NWay Ethernet Switch User’s Guide

Please refer to the Packet Forwarding section of the for more detailed information.

Configure Static Forwarding Table Entry

The

Static Forwarding Table

To access the

Forwarding Table Table Entry

Static Forwarding Table Configuration

from the

from the bottom of the

screen appears:

displays a list of manually defined static unicast MAC address entries.

System Configuration

Configure Filtering and Forwarding table

“Switch Management Concepts”

screen, choose

menu. Then select

Configure Filtering and

Configure Static Forwarding

chapter of this manual

screen. The following

Figure 6-21. Static Forwarding Table Configuration screen

By mapping a MAC address to a destination port, the switch can permanently forward traffic for a specified device through a specific port, even after long periods of network inactivity or during times of network congestion.

The following fields at the top of the screen can be set:

♦ Action

Choose

♦ MAC Address

Add

Remove

for each entry from the table.

Enter a MAC address in this field at the top of the screen. This is the MAC address of the device that you are creating a permanent forwarding address for. A total of ten destination addresses per page will be seen at the bottom of the screen. The Switch can hold up to 256 entries.

Using the Console Interface 65

Stackable NWay Ethernet Switch User’s Guide

♦ Switch, Module,

and

The Switch, module, and port number are entered in these fields at the top

Port

of the screen. The Switch will always forward traffic to the specified device through this port. The bottom of the screen will display each corresponding destination address for these three items.

Status

is a read-only field which lists the status of the static forwarding table entry. It can be “in use” or “not apply.” “Not apply” means that there is a static filter for the same MAC address. Static filters always take precedence over static forwarding entries. The Switch will automatically upgrade the Status to “in use” once the static filter is removed.

Configure MAC Address Filtering

The

Custom Filtering Table

management specifying destin ation addresses which are not allowed to be f orwarded. The Switch will check both the destination and source MAC addresses on all packets.

To access the

Custom Filtering Table System Configuration Configure Filtering and Forwarding table

contains filtering information config ured into the Switch by (local or netwo rk)

, select

menu. Then select

Configure Filtering and Forwarding Table

Configure MAC Address Filtering

from the bottom of the

screen. The following screen appears:

from the

Figure 6-22. Custom Filtering Table screen

To make a change to the

MAC Address

66 Using the Console Interface

and press APPLY.

Custom Filtering Table

, choose

Add

Remove

in the

Action

field. Then enter the

Stackable NWay Ethernet Switch User’s Guide

Configure Permanent Multicast Filtering

Multicast filtering allows you to block or forward traffic over each port for one multicast group. To access the

Static Multicast Filtering Table Configuration Forwarding Table Filtering

from the bottom of the

appears:

from the

screen, select

System Configuration

menu. Then select

Configure Filtering and Forwarding table

Configure Filtering and

Configure Permanent Multicast

screen. The following screen

Figure 6-23. Static Multicast Filtering Table Configuration screen

To make a change to the enter the

if there are two Switches in your stack. Press APPLY to put the changes into effect.

MAC Address

Static Multicast Filtering Table

and the member port numbers in the desired fields, for example

, choose

Add

Remove

in the

Action

Master

field. Then

and

Slave

Configure IGMP

Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) allows multicasting on your network. When IP Multicast Filtering is enabled, the Switch can inte lligently forward (rather that broadcast) IGMP que ries and reports sent between devices connected to the Switch and an IGMP-enabled device hosting IGMP on your network.

Basically, in these submenus you define whe ther the Switch can intelligently forward IG MP packets, and yo u must also define which 802.1Q VLANs (if present) can send and receive IGMP and Multicast packets.

Using the Console Interface 67

Stackable NWay Ethernet Switch User’s Guide

To access the

IGMP Configuration System Configuration and Forwarding table

screen, select

menu. Then select

Configure IGMP

Configure Filtering and Forwarding Table

screen. The following screen appears:

from the bottom of the

from the

Configure Filtering

Figure 6-24. IGMP Configuration screen

Items in the above window are defined as follows:

♦ IP Multicast Filtering Age-out Timer (30-9999)

When this timer expires and the switch has not observed (snooped) any IGMP query packets asking whether any stations belong to any Multicast groups, the switch itself will send out queries and become the IGMP host on your network.

♦ IP Multicast Filtering (IGMP Snooping)

This enables/disables the switch to intelligently forward IGMP and Multicast packets instead of broadcasting (flooding) them on all ports. This setting also enables IGMP Snooping, which enables the switch to read IGMP packets being forwarded through the switch in order to obtain forwarding information from them (learn which ports contain Multicast members).

The bottom of this screen contains a command for VLAN settings that leads to the

Configuration

68 Using the Console Interface

menu. Highlight

Configure 802.1Q IGMP

and press Enter to access this screen:

IEEE 802.1q IGMP

Stackable NWay Ethernet Switch User’s Guide

Figure 6-25. IEEE 802.1q IGMP Configuration screen

Choose

Add/Remove IGMP Control Table

which can send and receive IGMP packets:

from the screen above to define up to 12 VLANs on the Switch

Using the Console Interface 69

Stackable NWay Ethernet Switch User’s Guide

Figure 6-26. Add/Remove IGMP Entry screen

The above screen is used to specify an agent to interface between IGMP and VLAN. The agents are assigned to a VLAN and allow IGMP query and report packets to be present o n the given VLAN. Only 12 age nts can exist on the switch at any one time.

Items in the above screen are described below:

♦ Action ♦ VID ♦ Apply

Go back to the

Adds/Removes an entry (agent) from the table.

The VLAN number that you wish to create an agent for.

Adds the agent to the table.

IEEE 802.1q IGMP Configuration

menu and choose

Configure IGMP Control Table

order to activate/deactivate the agents and configure settings for them.

Choose

Configure IGMP Control Table

IEEE 802.1Q IGMP Configuration

from the

screen:

IEEE 802.1q IGMP Configuration

menu to access the

70 Using the Console Interface

Stackable NWay Ethernet Switch User’s Guide

Figure 6-27. IEEE 802.1Q IGMP Configuration screen

This allows you to enable/disable these agents and set aging timers for them. Items in the above screen are defined as follows:

♦ VLAN ID

This is the VID number fo r the VLAN that has an agent attached to it which enables IGMP

packets to be sent and received.

♦ Age-out Timer

If no IGMP query packet has arrived at the Switch before this timer has expired, the

Switch will become the IGMP host for this VLAN.

♦ IGMP Status

Activates/deactivates the agent on this VLAN.

Configure VLANs & MAC-based Broadcast Domains

The

VLANs & MAC-based Broadcast Domains Configuration

mode and allows a use r to restart th e Switch in either

Broadcast Domains

mode, or to use neither selection by choosing

IEEE 802.1Q VLANs

support either port- based VLANs or MAC-base d broadcast domain s at any given time ; it cannot suppo rt both types simultaneously. You can also access two additional screens,

Domains

and

Configure IEEE 802.1Q VLANs

menu displays the status of the current

NONE

(port-based) mode or

. Please note that the Sw itch c an on ly

MAC-Based

Configure MAC-based Broadcast

Using the Console Interface 71

Stackable NWay Ethernet Switch User’s Guide

Choose

Configure VLANs & MAC-based Broadcast Domains

access the

on the

VLANs & MAC-based Broadcast Domains Configuration

System Configuration

screen:

menu to

Figure 6-28. VLANs & MAC-based Broadcast Domains Configuration screen

The information on the top of the screen is described as follows:

♦ Current Mode ♦ Restart Mode

VLANs, or NONE

♦ SNMP Vlan

Displays what mode, if any, is currently enabled on the Switch.

Choose from three settings for this mode:

MAC-Based Broadcast Domains, IEEE 802.1Q

. After being restarted, the Switch will implement the setting you have chosen.

If the

IEEE 802.1Q VLANs

mode is selected, you must also enter a SNMP VLAN ID number in this field. This is a special VLAN that you designate for SNMP management packets. Make sure the Switch port that the management station is connected to has this PVID number and is a static member of this VLAN.

Configure MAC-Based Broadcast Domains

To create MAC-based broadcast domains, simply create the broadcast domain itself in the

MAC-based Broadcast Domains Add/Remove MAC-based Broadcast Domain Members

screen, and then enter MAC addresses to the broadcast domain in the

screen. Afterwards, restart the Switch and the

broadcast domain will be implemented.

Add/Remove

72 Using the Console Interface

Stackable NWay Ethernet Switch User’s Guide

Please note that if the mode is set to supported in the

Port Configuration

Filtering and Forwarding table

Choose

Configure MAC-base Broadcast Domains

MAC-Based Broadcast Domains

screen and the Lock Address T able function located on the

screen is not available.

Based Broadcast Domains Configuration

menu:

, then the Port Lock function is not

Configure

from the bottom of the screen above to access the

MAC-

Figure 6-29. MAC-Based Broadcast Domains Configuration menu

Choose

Using the Console Interface 73

Add/Remove MAC-based Broadcast Domains

to access the following screen:

Stackable NWay Ethernet Switch User’s Guide

Figure 6-30. Add/Remove MAC-based Broadcast Domains screen

The fields you can set are:

♦ Action

Select the desired action by toggling between

♦ Domain Name

Enter the name of the broadcast domain.

Add

and

Remove

Press APPLY to add/remove the designated MAC-based broadcast domain.

Broadcast Domains

and

Number of Members

reflect the current status. They are read-only fields and

cannot be changed.

Choose

Add/Remove MAC-based Broadcast Domain Members

Domains Configuration

menu to access the following screen:

from the

MAC-Based Broadcast

74 Using the Console Interface

Stackable NWay Ethernet Switch User’s Guide

Figure 6-31. Add/Remove MAC-based Broadcast Domain Members screen

To configure a broadcast domain, highlight the desired entry on the screen above and press ENT ER. The following

Add/Remove MAC-based Broadcast Domain Members

screen appears:

Using the Console Interface 75

Stackable NWay Ethernet Switch User’s Guide

Figure 6-32. Add/Remove MAC-based Broadcast Domain Members screen

The fields you can set are:

♦ Action

Select the desired action by toggling between

♦ MAC Address

Please note that the

The MAC address of the broadcast domain member being added or removed.

Status

field for the MAC address you ha ve entered may read

Add

and

Remove

Not-Apply

. Once the Switch is restarted in MAC-based broadcast domain mode, the MAC-addresses will be applied, meaning that the broadcast domain is active.

Current Broadcast Domain, Number of members, MAC Address Status

reflect the current conditions. They are read-only fields and cannot be changed.

(in the lower part of the screen), and

Configure IEEE 802.1Q VLANs

To configure an IEEE 802.1Q port-based VLAN, you must do three things:

Decide if you want to enable Ingress Filtering and enable it on the chosen ports. Ingress filtering applied

on a port causes the port to examine all incoming packets and check whether the port itself is a member of the VLAN. This is normally used to keep untagged frames off the Switch, although it can have other uses as well. This setting is configurable for each port in the

Ingress Filtering Check

screen.

76 Using the Console Interface

Stackable NWay Ethernet Switch User’s Guide

Define which ports will be activ e members o f the VLAN. A po rt can transmit packets onto only on e VLAN.

It can receive packets (be a passive member) on many VLANs. Active VLANs are designations defined by assigning Port VLAN ID numbers (PVIDs) in the

Define the VLAN itself and which p orts will be members ( able to receive packets from a po rt that has this

Default port VLAN assignment

screen.

PVID number). At this point, you need to designate whethe r a membe r p ort w ill be a Tagg ing or Un tagg ing member port. Defining the ports that w ill be members of a VLAN, and whether they will Tag or U ntag packets is done in the

802.1Q Static VLAN Settings

screen.

Choose

Configure IEEE 802.1Q VLANs Configuration Configuration

screen (under

Configure VLANs & MAC-based Broadcast Domains

menu) to access the

on the

VLANs & MAC-based Broadcast Domains

IEEE 802.1Q VLANs Configuration

menu:

of the

System

Figure 6-33. IEEE 802.1Q VLANs Configuration menu

Choose

Using the Console Interface 77

Configure Port Ingress Filter

to access the first item on the menu. The following screen appears:

Stackable NWay Ethernet Switch User’s Guide

Figure 6-34. Ingress Filtering Check screen

This screen allows you to set Ingress filtering for each port to either arrives at the port and Ingress filtering is

Enabled

, the port will check the VLAN ID number of the packet,

Enabled

Disabled

. When a packet

and its own VIDs. If there is a match, the port will receive the packet. If the packet doesn’t have a VLAN tag or the port is not a member of the VLAN for which the packet is tagged, the packet will be discarded.

Note:

If a port is a member of a trunk group but is not the anchor, the items shown in the above table

will be read-only and the values will be the same as those for the anchor port. Choose

Configure Port VLAN ID

to access the second item on the

IEEE 802.1Q VLANs Configuration

menu. The following screen appears:

78 Using the Console Interface

Stackable NWay Ethernet Switch User’s Guide

Figure 6-35. Default port VLAN assignment screen

This screen allows you to set a Default port VLAN ID number (PVID) for each port. Press CTRL+S to let the changes take effect.

Note:

If a port is a member of a trunk group but is not the anchor, the items shown in the above table

will be read-only and the values will be the same as those for the anchor port. Choose

Configure Static VLAN Entry Configuration

menu. The following screen appears:

to access the third item on the

IEEE 802.1Q VLANs

Using the Console Interface 79

Stackable NWay Ethernet Switch User’s Guide

Figure 6-36. 802.1Q Static VLAN Settings screen

The fields you can set are:

♦ V-ID ♦ VLAN Name ♦ Tag/Untag ♦ Egress

Enter a VLAN ID from 1 to 4094. This is the VLAN that will be defined on this screen.

Description of the VLAN.

Toggle between “T” for tag and “U” for untag for each port.

Position the cursor over the dash “-“ representing the appropriate port number and press <space bar> to select “E” for Egress, or leave the dash “-“. An E designates the specified port as a static member of the VLAN. A dash means the port is not given VLAN membership for the VID entered above.

♦ State

Choose

Browse 802.1Q VLAN Entries

Toggle between

Active

and

Inactive

at the bottom of the

802.1Q Static VLAN Settings

screen to access

the following screen:

80 Using the Console Interface

Stackable NWay Ethernet Switch User’s Guide

Figure 6-37. Browse 802.1Q VLAN Entries screen

This table displays the status for all 802.1Q static VLAN entries. Use the F3 key to mov e to the nex t page and the F4 key to move to the previous page.

current V-ID

and

VLAN Name

as well as

Tag/Untag

and

Egress

(membership)

Update Firmware and Configuration Files

The Switch is capable of obtaining its configuration settings (the same settings defined in this console program), as well as updated versions of its internal switching software (the console program itself), using TFTP (Trivial File Transfer Proto col). You can use the to control this feature.

Choose The following screen appears:

Update Firmware and Configuration Files

to access the fou rth item on the Switch’s main menu .

screen

Using the Console Interface 81

Stackable NWay Ethernet Switch User’s Guide

Figure 6-38. Update Firmware and Configuration Files scr een

After making your chan ges in the fields above, press REBOOT TO START U PDATE to initiate the update sequence.

The fields you can set are:

♦ Software Update Mode

Set to either

network

. Determines whether the configuration file

SLIP

should be obtained through t h e Ethernet network or through the console port.

♦ TFTP Server Address

configuration file is located. This entry is used only if the Firmware Update is set to

♦ Firmware Update

The IP address of the TFTP serv er wher e the run time (switch ing sof tware) or

Enabled

Determines whether or not the Switch will try to lo ok for a runtime image file on

the TFTP server.

♦ File Name

The complete path and filename of the runtime image file on your TFTP server to be

uploaded to the Switch.

♦ Use Config File

Toggle to

Enabled

reset (rebooted). The configuration file is explained in detail in the

♦ Config File Name

The complete p ath and filename on the TFTP serv er for the configuratio n file to

to use the settings in a co nfiguration tex t file when the switch is

Sample Configuration File

Appendix

use.

Last TFTP Server Address

is a read-only fie ld th at display s the I P addre ss of th e last TFTP se rve r to be

accessed.

82 Using the Console Interface

Stackable NWay Ethernet Switch User’s Guide

Special Note Concerning Firmware Updates

Never download new firmware through a trunked port. Doing so may result in a failed download,

broadcast storm, or other network problems. Avoid changing active links and do not make new loops on the network when downloading new

firmware. Downloading new firmware may result in the loss of some or all Switch settings. We therefore

strongly recommend performing a factory reset and then restarting the Switch after a successful firmware download.

Firmware updates are handled by the PROM code, which doesn’t recognize VLAN tags. You should

therefore make sure the Switch port to which the TFTP server is connected is not a tagging port.

System Utilities

The

Utilities

Switch History to TFTP Server

Choose

menu offers four system utility options,

System Utilities

on the main menu to access the

, and

Clear Address Table

Ping Test, Save Settings to TFTP Server, Save

Utilities

menu seen below:

Figure 6-39. Utilities menu

Using the Console Interface 83

Ping Test

Stackable NWay Ethernet Switch User’s Guide

Choose

Ping Test

to access the following screen:

Figure 6-40. Ping Test screen

After filling in the fields above, press START to initiate the Ping test. The fields you can set are:

♦ Destination IP Address ♦ Repetition

continue Pinging indefinitely.

In the lower part of the and

Unreachable

Amount of times the Switch sho uld send the Ping (1-255). If zero is chosen, the Switch will

The IP address of the device to be Pinged.

Ping Test

screen, you can view the Ping status, including

Result, Reply, Time out

Save Settings to TFTP Server

Choose menu) to access the following screen:

84 Using the Console Interface

Save Settings to TFTP Server

from the

Utilities

menu (under

System Utilities

on the main

Stackable NWay Ethernet Switch User’s Guide

Figure 6-41. Save Settings to TFTP Server screen

Press START to begin the upload. The result will be displayed in the lower part of the screen. The fields you can set are:

♦ Server IP Address

The IP address of the TFTP server where you wish to save the settings for the

Switch.

♦ File Name

The complete path and filename for the file.

Save Switch History to TFTP Server

Choose

Save Switch History to TFTP Server

main menu) to access the following screen:

from the

Utilities

menu (under

System Utilities

on the

Using the Console Interface 85

Stackable NWay Ethernet Switch User’s Guide

Figure 6-42. Save Switch History to TFTP Server screen

Press START to begin the file save. The result will be displayed in the lower part of the screen. The fields you can set are:

♦ Server IP Address ♦ File Name

The complete path and filename on the TFTP server for the file.

The IP address of the TFTP server where the switch history file will be located.

Clear Address Table

Choose the entire Address Table (also known as the Filtering and Forwarding table).

Clear Address Table

from the

Utilities

menu (under

System Utilities

on the main menu) to clear

Community Strings and Trap Stations

The Switch sends out SNMP occur, such as when the Switch is turned on or when a system reset occurs. The Switch allows traps to be routed to up to four different network management hosts.

For a detailed list of trap types used for this Switch, see the

Concepts”

chapter.

to network management stations whenever certain exceptional events

traps

section in the

Traps

“Switch Management

86 Using the Console Interface

Stackable NWay Ethernet Switch User’s Guide

SNMP (version 1) implements a rudimentary form of security by requiring that each request include a

community name

. A community name is an arbitrary string of characters used as a “password” to control access to the Switch. If the Switch receives a request with a community name it does not recognize, it will trigger an authentication trap.

The SNMP allows up to four different community names to be defined. The community name

public

defined by default; you can chang e this name in addition to ad ding others. You will ne ed to coordinate the se names with the community name settings you use in your network management system.

Choose

Community Strings and Trap Stations

to access the third item on the main menu. The following

screen appears:

Figure 6-43. SNMP Manager Configuration screen

The following SNMP Manager and Trap Manager Configuration parameters can be set:

♦ SNMP Community String/Trap Community String

The community string that will be included o n SNMP packets sent to and from the Sw itch. An y statio n no t pr ivy to this co mmun ity will n ot re ce ive th e packet.

♦ Access Right

Allows each community to be separately set to either

community member can only view switch settings or

Read/Write,

Read Only,

which allows the member to change

meaning that the

settings in the switch.

♦ Status/Trap Status

be disabled by changing its status to

Using the Console Interface 87

Determines whether this community name entry is

Invalid

Valid

Invalid

. An entry can

Stackable NWay Ethernet Switch User’s Guide

♦ IP Address

The IP address of the network management station to receive traps.

Switch Monitoring

The Switch uses an SNMP agent which monitors different aspects of network traffic. The SNMP agent keeps counters and statistics on the operation of the Switch itself, and on each port on the Switch. The statistics obtained can be used to monitor the conditions and general efficiency of th e Switch.

Network Monitoring

The

Network Monitoring

History

Choose

, and

Browse IGMP Status

Network Monitoring

menu offers four items,

from the main menu. The following menu appears:

Traffic Statistics, Browse Address Table, Switch

Figure 6-44. Network Monitoring menu

The first item on this menu permits you to access four different tables that observe the condition of each individual port.

88 Using the Console Interface

Stackable NWay Ethernet Switch User’s Guide

Traffic Statistics

To display the

Traffic Statistics

following menu appears:

menu, choose the first item on the

Network Monitorin

g menu. The

Figure 6-45. Traffic Statistics menu

Port Utilization

To access the first item on the

Traffic Statistics

appears:

Using the Console Interface 89

menu, choose

Port Utilization

. The following table

Stackable NWay Ethernet Switch User’s Guide

Figure 6-46. Port Utilization screen

Select the desired device in the

5 sec, 15 sec, 30 sec, 1 min

, or

Suspend

Switch

field and the desired increment setting in the

Update Interval

The statistic counters displayed are defined a s follows:

♦ TX/sec ♦ RX/sec ♦ %Util.

The number of good bytes sent from the respective port per second.

The number of good bytes received per second. This also includes local and dropped packets.

This shows the percentage of available bandwidth each port is using over the amount of time specified by the update interval. For example, when a 10 Mbps port is relaying packets at 5 Mbps, the utilization is 50%.

Port Traffic Statistics

To access the second item on the table appears:

Traffic Statistics

menu, choose

Port Traffic Statistics

. The following

field:

90 Using the Console Interface

Stackable NWay Ethernet Switch User’s Guide

Figure 6-47. Port Traffic Statistics screen

Select the desired device in the setting in the

Update Interval

Switch

field:

field, the desir e d se ttin g in th e

5 sec, 15 sec, 30 sec, 1 min

, or

Ports

Suspend

field, and the desired increment

The statistic counters displayed are defined a s follows:

♦ Speed

If the link is up, the speed and duplex status will be displayed; if the link is down “-” will be displayed.

♦ % Utilization

This shows the percentage of available bandwidth each port is using over the amount of time specified by the u pd ate inte rval. Fo r e xamp le , wh en a 10 Mbps p ort is re lay ing packe ts at 5 Mbp s, th e utilization is 50%.

♦ Bytes Recv. ♦ Bytes Sent ♦ Frames Recv. ♦ Frames Sent ♦ Total Bytes Recv. ♦ Total Frames Recv.

The number of good bytes received. This also includes local and dropped packets.

The number of good bytes sent from the resp ective port.

The number of good frames received. This also includes local and dropped packets.

The number of good frames sent from the respective port.

The number of bytes received, good and bad.

The number of frames received, good and bad.

♦ Last Seen MAC

Using the Console Interface 91

The MAC address of the last device that sent packets over this port.

Port Packet Error Statisti cs

Stackable NWay Ethernet Switch User’s Guide

To access the third i tem on the following table appears:

Traffic Statistics

menu, choose

Port Packet Error Statistics

. The

Figure 6-48. Port Packet Error Statistics table

Select the desired device in the setting in the

Update Interval

Switch

field:

field, the desir e d se ttin g in th e

5 sec, 15 sec, 30 sec, 1 min

, or

Ports

Suspend

field, and the desired increment

The statistic counters displayed are defined a s follows:

♦ Speed

If the link is up, the speed and duplex status will be displayed; if the link is down “-” will be

displayed.

♦ CRC Error ♦ Oversize

The number of frames that fail the CRC integrity check.

The number of good frames with length gr eater than 1536 bytes and therefore are greater

than the maximum legal length.

♦ Bad Fragment

The number of packets less than 64 bytes with either bad framing or an invalid CRC.

These are normally the result of collisions.

♦ Jabber

The number of frames with length more than 1536 bytes and with CRC error or misalignment

(bad framing).

♦ Late Collision

92 Using the Console Interface

The number of collisions that occur at or after the 64

byte (octet) in the frame.

Stackable NWay Ethernet Switch User’s Guide

♦ Mac Rx Error ♦ Dropped Frames ♦ Undersize Frames

The number of frames with received MAC Errors.

The number of frames which are dropped by this port since the last Switch reboot.

The number of frames detected that are less than the minimum permitted frame size of 64 bytes and have a good CRC. Undersize frames usually indicate collision fragments, a normal network occurrence.

♦ Total errors

The sum of the CRC Error, Oversize, Bad Fragment, Jabber, Late Collision, Mac Rx

Error, Dropped Frames, and Undersize Frames counters.

♦ Collisions

The number of times packets have collided on this port.

Port Packet Analysis Statistics

To access the fourth item on the following table appears:

Traffic Statistics

menu, choose

Port Packet Analysis Statistics

. The

Figure 6-49. Packet Analysis Statistics table

Select the desired device in the setting in the

Update Interval

Switch

field:

field, the desired port in the

5 sec, 15 sec, 30 sec, 1 min

, or

Port

Suspend

field, and the desired increment

The statistic counters displayed are defined a s follows:

♦ 64, 65-127, 128-255, 256-511, 512-1023, 1024-1536

The number of good frames of various length

ranges, both valid and invalid.

Using the Console Interface 93

Stackable NWay Ethernet Switch User’s Guide

♦ RX (GOOD) ♦ TX (GOOD) ♦ Total RX ♦ TX Octets ♦ RX Octets ♦ Total RX ♦ Unicast RX/Unicast TX

The number of good frames received. This also includes local and dropped packets.

The number of good frames sent from the respective port.

The number of frames received, good and bad.

The number of good bytes sent from the resp ective port.

The number of good bytes received. This also includes local and dropped packets.

The number of bytes received, good and bad.

The number of good unicast frames received and sent. This includes dropped

unicast packets.

♦ Multicast RX/Multicast TX

The number of good multicast frames received and sent. This includes

local and dropped multicast packets.

♦ Broadcast RX/Broadcast TX

The number of good broadcast frames received and sent. This includes

dropped broadcast packets .

Browse Address Table

The

Browse Address Table

communicate on the network. You can sort this table by MAC address or port. This is useful for viewing which ports one device is using, or which devices are using one port.

allows the user to view which Switch port(s) a specific network device uses to

To display the

Browse Address Table

, choose

Network Monitoring

. The following screen appears:

from the main menu and then choose

94 Using the Console Interface

Stackable NWay Ethernet Switch User’s Guide

Figure 6-50. Browse Address Table

To browse by MAC address, fill in the To browse by port number, select the desired

of the

you want to configure, and then press FIND.

Port

MAC address

Switch

The lower part of the screen is a read-only Browse Address Table that contains the

, as well as the

Table

Switch, Module, Port, MAC Address

field, and then press FIND.

and

Module

in the respective fields, enter the number

, and

Learned

status of each entry. Use F3 to

Total Addresses in

advance to the next page and F4 to return to the previous page.

Switch History

The

Network Monitoring

receiver except it only captures trap/events generated by the Switch itself. For example, the switch history includes when the system is rebooted, when a console session is timed out, when a new link is established, and when configuration is saved to flash memory.

To display the

Switch History

. The following screen appears:

menu allows the user to view the Switch history. This works like a trap and event

screen, choose

Network Monitoring

from the main menu and then choose

Using the Console Interface 95

Stackable NWay Ethernet Switch User’s Guide

Figure 6-51. Switch History screen

The switch history entries are listed chronologically from the last time the Switch was rebooted. Use the following keys to move aroun d the screen abov e: F3 – Page down , F4 – Page up, B – Begin, E – En d, and C – Clear Log. CTRL+R will refresh the screen.

Browse IGMP Status

The

Browse IGMP Status

Switch is able to recognize IGMP queries and reports sent between stations and an IGMP router. When enabled for IGMP snooping, the Switch can open or close a port to specific devices based on the IGMP messages sent from the device to the router or vice versa.

To display the then choose

IP Multicast Information

Browse IGMP Status

function allows you to browse Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP). The

screen, choose

Network Monitoring

from the main menu and

. The following screen appears:

96 Using the Console Interface

Stackable NWay Ethernet Switch User’s Guide

Figure 6-52. IP Multicast Information screen

This screen displays the number of IGMP queries and reports for each active IP multicast group detected by the Switch. You can also view which Switch ports support each multicast group and enter a VLAN number in the field on the right.

The fields displayed are defined as follows:

♦ IGMP Snooping ♦ Age-out Timer ♦ VLAN

Enter the desired VLAN ID number.

Displays the time the Switch waits between IGMP queries.

♦ Multicast Group ♦ MAC Address ♦ Queries(TX) ♦ Queries(RX) ♦ Reports

The Multicast MAC address of the multicast group being displayed.

The number of IGMP requests sent by the switch.

The number of IGMP requests that have arrived at a switch port.

The number of notifications sent from each station to the IGMP host, signifying that the

Indicates whether IGMP snoopin g is

Enabled

The Multicast IP address of the Multicast group being displayed.

Disabled

station is still (or wants to be) part of a multicast group.

♦ Ports

The Switch ports supporting the selected multicast group.

Using the Console Interface 97

Resetting the Switch

Stackable NWay Ethernet Switch User’s Guide

You can use the console interface to reset the Switch, either performing a

(which sets all of the Switch’s parameters to what they were when the Switch was delivered from the

Reset

factory).

Restart System

or a

Restart System

To perform a system reset, choose query before the system is rebooted.

Restart System

from the main menu. Please note there is no confirmation

Factory

Figure 6-53. Restart System screen

Factory Reset

Before performing a done, all of the Sw itch’s settings stored in NV-RAM (includ ing TCP/IP parameters, SNMP parame ters, the enabled/disabled settings o f ports, security settings, etc.) w ill be erased and restored to values present whe n the Switch was purchased.

98 Using the Console Interface

Factory Reset

, be absolutely certain that this is w hat you want to d o. Once the reset is

Stackable NWay Ethernet Switch User’s Guide

Note:

Choose

After performing the

Configure IP Address

procedures are performed, your

Factory Reset

from the main menu. The following screen appears:

Factory Reset

menu. Then perform a

, make sure to redefine the IP settings for the Switch in the

on the Switch. After these three

Factory Reset

Restart System

is complete.

Figure 6-54. Factory Reset NV-RAM to Default Value screen

Logout

To exit the console program, choose

Changes

logging out, you will be returned to the opening login screen.

Using the Console Interface 99

if you have made changes to the settin gs and wish them to become d efaults for the switch. After

Logout

from the main menu. Make sure you have performed a

Save

Stackable NWay Ethernet Switch User’s Guide

7 W

-B

ASED

ETWORK

ANAGEMENT

Introduction

The Switch offers an embedded Web-based (hypertext) interface allowing users to manage the Switch from anywhere on the network through a standard browser such as Netscape Navigator/Communicator, 4.x or later, or Microsoft Internet Explorer, 4.x or later. The Web browser acts as a universal access tool and can communicate dire ctly with the Switch using HTTP protoco l. Your browser screen may v ary with the screen shots (pictures) in this guide.

Note:

This Web-based Management Module does not accept Chinese language input (or other languages requiring two bytes per character).

Getting Started

The first step in getting started in using Web-based management for your Switch is to secure a browser. A Web browser is a program that allow s a person to read hypertext, for ex ample, Netscape Navigator, 4.x o r later, or Microsoft Internet Explorer, 4.x or later. Follow the installation instructions for the browser.

The second and last step is to configure the IP interface of the Switch. This can be done manually through a console (see the Configure IP Address section in the

“Using The Console Interface”

chapter).

Management

To begin managing your Switch simply run the browser you have installed on your computer and point it to the IP address you have defined for the device. The URL in the address bar should read something like: http://123.123.123.123, where the numbers 123 represent the IP address of the switch.

In the page that opens, click on the

This opens the main page in the management module. The top of each page contains an interactive view of the Switch’s front panel. If your Switch is part of a stack,

there will also be an icon representing each Switch in the stack on the left side of this panel. Click o n the desired Switch to view that Switch’s front panel. A colored border around the Switch icon indicates which Switch’s front panel is currently being displayed:

button:

D-Link DES-3624 User Manual

Specifications and Main Features

Frequently Asked Questions

User Manual

Conventions

Overview of this User’s Guide

10 About This Guide

Fast Ethernet Technology

Gigabit Ethernet Technology

Introduction 11

Switching Technology

Features

Ports

Performance features

Management

Unpacking

Setup

Desktop or Shelf Installation

14 Unpacking and Setup

Rack Installation

Power On

Power Failure

Front Panel

Identifying External Components 17

Rear Panel

Side Panels

Stack Operation

Optional Plug-in Modules

100BASE-FX (MT-RJ) Module

100BASE-FX (SC) Module

100BASE-TX Module

1000BASE-SX Gigabit Module

1000BASE-LX Gigabit Module

1000BASE-T Copper Gigabit Module

LED Indicators

Switch to End Node

Switch to Hub or Switch

26 Connecting The Switch

10BASE-T Device

100BASE-TX Device

Local Console Management

Diagnostic (Console) Port (RS-232 DCE)

28 Switch Management Concepts

IP Addresses and SNMP Community Names

Traps

MIBs

Packet Forwarding

Aging Time

Filtering Database

Spanning Tree Algorithm

STA Operation Levels

On the Bridge Level

On the Port Level

User-Changeable STA Parameters

Illustration of STA

Port Trunking

VLAN

IEEE 802.1Q VLANs

VLAN Segmentation

Sharing Resources Across VLANs

VLANs Spanning Multiple Switches

VLANs Over 802.1Q-compliant Switches

Broadcast Management

Broadcast Storms

Port-based Broadcast Packet Filter

MAC-based Broadcast Packet Filter

Setting Up A Console

40 Using the Console Interface

Connecting to the Switch Using Telnet

Console Usage Conventions

First Time Connecting To The Switch

User Accounts Management

Save Changes

Login On The Switch Console By Registered Users

Create/Modify User Accounts

View/Delete User Accounts

Setting Up The Switch

System Configuration

Configure IP Address

Configure Console