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Foreword
A Brief History of Presentations
Step back in time more than 40,000 years to the banks of a stream in what is now
southeastern France. The leader of a tribe of cave dwellers is addressing the chiefs of four
neighboring tribes that have been battling each other for generations. Language has not yet
fully formed, and he struggles to communicate the revolutionary idea in his mind. It is an
idea that could change the entire world as they know it.
Of the scarce few words at his command, there are none for intangibles like peace,
coexistence, or shared destiny. In frustration, he draws an arrow from his quiver, kneels,
and deliberately traces a series of lines in the sand. The other men watch intently, confusion
giving way to cautious nods as the shapes emerge into a map of the surrounding terrain.
Then the tip of the spear divides the map with new boundaries. The size of each new region
is nearly equal. The natural resources are split almost evenly between them. In silence,
each man ponders the shocking idea of voluntarily reshaping his tribe’s ancestral territory.
Within a few minutes there is agreement. The men look probingly into one another’s eyes,
and conclude their treaty by slowly nodding in unison. This is not only one of the fi rst such
peace councils in the history of humankind but also among the earliest presentations.
Fast forward to April 17, 1492, some 500 miles to the southwest. Christopher Columbus
stands before Isabella, Queen of Castile, holding a map showing the continents of Europe
and Africa on the right and Asia on the left, with little but ocean between them. When the
dashing Genoese navigator fi nishes, Isabella asks several pointed questions, but the huge
potential return on investment is tantalizing. She wastes little time in agreeing to sponsor
the mission. Here we witness the green-lighting of arguably the single most momentous
expedition ever undertaken. As it happens, this also marks a very early use of a visual aid
produced on a printing press, which had been invented only four decades earlier.
Our next step ahead in time covers just 400 years. Thomas Edison is making a pitch to a
small group of investors in Manhattan whom he hopes will help fund the construction of
a factory to mass-produce light bulbs. They assume that the prototype bulb that glows
above Edison’s head is his one and only exhibit, so they are surprised when the inventor
turns it off and his assistant switches on another light inside a box at the back of the room.