3D Connexion 6.6 User Manual

Keywords Reference Manual

Volume II: I–Z

Version 6.6

ABAQUS Keywords

Reference Manual

Volume II

Version 6.6

Trademarks and Legal Notices

CAUTIONARY NOTICE TO USERS:

This manual is intended for qualified users who will exercise sound engineering judgment and expertise in the use of the ABAQUS Software. The ABAQUS Software is inherently complex, and the examples and procedures in this manual are not intended to be exhaustive or to apply to any particular situation. Users are cautioned to satisfy themselves as to the accuracy and results of their analyses.

ABAQUS, Inc. will not be responsible for the accuracy or usefulness of any analysis performed using the ABAQUS Software or the procedures, examples, or explanations in this manual. ABAQUS, Inc. shall not be responsible for the consequences of any errors or omissions that may appear in this manual.

ABAQUS, INC. DISCLAIMS ALL EXPRESS OR IMPLIED REPRESENTATIONS AND WARRANTIES, INCLUDING ANY IMPLIED WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE OF THE CONTENTS OF THIS MANUAL.

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The ABAQUS Software described in this manual is available only under license from ABAQUS, Inc. and may be used or reproduced only in accordance with the terms of such license.

This manual and the software described in this manual are subject to change without prior notice.

No part of this manual may be reproduced or distributed in any form without prior written permission of ABAQUS, Inc.

© 2006 ABAQUS, Inc. All rights reserved.

Printed in the United States of America.

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TRADEMARKS

The trademarks and service marks (“trademarks”) in this manual are the property of ABAQUS, Inc. or third parties. You are not permitted to use these trademarks without the prior written consent of ABAQUS, Inc. or such third parties.

The following are trademarks or registered trademarks of ABAQUS, Inc. or its subsidiaries in the United States and/or other countries: ABAQUS, ABAQUS/Standard, ABAQUS/Explicit, ABAQUS/CAE, ABAQUS/Viewer, ABAQUS/Aqua, ABAQUS/Design, ABAQUS/Foundation, ABAQUS/AMS, ABAQUS for CATIA V5, VCCT for ABAQUS, DDAM for ABAQUS, Unified FEA, and the ABAQUS Logo. The 3DS logo and SIMULIA are trademarks of Dassault Systèmes.

Other company, product, and service names may be trademarks or service marks of their respective owners. For additional information concerning trademarks, copyrights, and licenses, see the Legal Notices in the ABAQUS Version 6.6 Release Notes and the notices at http://www.abaqus.com/products/products_legal.html.

Cover image: bolted joint in an aircraft brake courtesy Honeywell Landing Systems.

	ABAQUS Offices and Representatives
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Complete contact information is available at http://www.abaqus.com.

Preface

This section lists various resources that are available for help with using ABAQUS.

Support

ABAQUS, Inc., offers both technical engineering support (for problems with creating a model or performing an analysis) and systems support (for installation, licensing, and hardware-related problems) for ABAQUS through a network of local support ofÞces. Contact information is listed in the front of each ABAQUS manual.

ABAQUS Online Support System

The ABAQUS Online Support System (AOSS) has a knowledge database of ABAQUS Answers. The ABAQUS Answers are solutions to questions that we have had to answer or guidelines on how to use ABAQUS. You can also submit new requests for support in the AOSS. All support incidents are tracked in the AOSS. If you are contacting us by means outside the AOSS to discuss an existing support problem and you know the incident number, please mention it so that we can consult the database to see what the latest action has been.

To use the AOSS, you need to register with the system. Visit the My ABAQUS section of the ABAQUS Home Page for instructions on how to register.

Many questions about ABAQUS can also be answered by visiting the ABAQUS Home Page on the World Wide Web at

http://www.abaqus.com

Anonymous ftp site

ABAQUS maintains useful documents on an anonymous ftp account on the computer ftp.abaqus.com. Login as user anonymous, and type your e-mail address as your password.

Training

All ABAQUS ofÞces offer regularly scheduled public training classes. We also provide training seminars at customer sites. All training classes and seminars include workshops to provide as much practical experience with ABAQUS as possible. For a schedule and descriptions of available classes, see the ABAQUS Home Page or call your local ABAQUS representative.

Feedback

We welcome any suggestions for improvements to ABAQUS software, the support program, or documentation. We will ensure that any enhancement requests you make are considered for future releases. If you wish to make a suggestion about the service or products provided by ABAQUS, refer to the ABAQUS Home Page. Complaints should be addressed by contacting your local ofÞce or through the ABAQUS Home Page.

	CONTENTS
Contents — Volume I
A
*ACOUSTIC FLOW VELOCITY	1.1
*ACOUSTIC MEDIUM	1.2
*ACOUSTIC WAVE FORMULATION	1.3
*ADAPTIVE MESH	1.4
*ADAPTIVE MESH CONSTRAINT	1.5
*ADAPTIVE MESH CONTROLS	1.6
*AMPLITUDE	1.7
*ANNEAL	1.8
*ANNEAL TEMPERATURE	1.9
*AQUA	1.10
*ASSEMBLY	1.11
*ASYMMETRIC-AXISYMMETRIC	1.12
*AXIAL	1.13
B
*BASE MOTION	2.1
*BASELINE CORRECTION	2.2
*BEAM ADDED INERTIA	2.3
*BEAM FLUID INERTIA	2.4
*BEAM GENERAL SECTION	2.5
*BEAM SECTION	2.6
*BEAM SECTION GENERATE	2.7
*BIAXIAL TEST DATA	2.8
*BLOCKAGE	2.9
*BOND	2.10
*BOUNDARY	2.11
*BRITTLE CRACKING	2.12
*BRITTLE FAILURE	2.13
*BRITTLE SHEAR	2.14
*BUCKLE	2.15
*BUCKLING ENVELOPE	2.16
*BUCKLING LENGTH	2.17
*BUCKLING REDUCTION FACTORS	2.18
*BULK VISCOSITY	2.19

v

CONTENTS

C

*C ADDED MASS	3.1
*CAPACITY	3.2
*CAP CREEP	3.3
*CAP HARDENING	3.4
*CAP PLASTICITY	3.5
*CAST IRON COMPRESSION HARDENING	3.6
*CAST IRON PLASTICITY	3.7
*CAST IRON TENSION HARDENING	3.8
*CAVITY DEFINITION	3.9
*CECHARGE	3.10
*CECURRENT	3.11
*CENTROID	3.12
*CFILM	3.13
*CFLOW	3.14
*CFLUX	3.15
*CHANGE FRICTION	3.16
*CLAY HARDENING	3.17
*CLAY PLASTICITY	3.18
*CLEARANCE	3.19
*CLOAD	3.20
*COHESIVE SECTION	3.21
*COMBINED TEST DATA	3.22
*COMPLEX FREQUENCY	3.23
*CONCRETE	3.24
*CONCRETE COMPRESSION DAMAGE	3.25
*CONCRETE COMPRESSION HARDENING	3.26
*CONCRETE DAMAGED PLASTICITY	3.27
*CONCRETE TENSION DAMAGE	3.28
*CONCRETE TENSION STIFFENING	3.29
*CONDUCTIVITY	3.30
*CONNECTOR BEHAVIOR	3.31
*CONNECTOR CONSTITUTIVE REFERENCE	3.32
*CONNECTOR DAMAGE EVOLUTION	3.33
*CONNECTOR DAMAGE INITIATION	3.34
*CONNECTOR DAMPING	3.35
*CONNECTOR DERIVED COMPONENT	3.36
*CONNECTOR ELASTICITY	3.37
*CONNECTOR FAILURE	3.38
*CONNECTOR FRICTION	3.39
*CONNECTOR HARDENING	3.40

vi

	CONTENTS
*CONNECTOR LOAD	3.41
*CONNECTOR LOCK	3.42
*CONNECTOR MOTION	3.43
*CONNECTOR PLASTICITY	3.44
*CONNECTOR POTENTIAL	3.45
*CONNECTOR SECTION	3.46
*CONNECTOR STOP	3.47
*CONSTRAINT CONTROLS	3.48
*CONTACT	3.49
*CONTACT CLEARANCE	3.50
*CONTACT CLEARANCE ASSIGNMENT	3.51
*CONTACT CONTROLS	3.52
*CONTACT CONTROLS ASSIGNMENT	3.53
*CONTACT DAMPING	3.54
*CONTACT EXCLUSIONS	3.55
*CONTACT FILE	3.56
*CONTACT FORMULATION	3.57
*CONTACT INCLUSIONS	3.58
*CONTACT INTERFERENCE	3.59
*CONTACT OUTPUT	3.60
*CONTACT PAIR	3.61
*CONTACT PRINT	3.62
*CONTACT PROPERTY ASSIGNMENT	3.63
*CONTACT RESPONSE	3.64
*CONTOUR INTEGRAL	3.65
*CONTROLS	3.66
*CORRELATION	3.67
*CO-SIMULATION	3.68
*CO-SIMULATION REGION	3.69
*COUPLED TEMPERATURE-DISPLACEMENT	3.70
*COUPLED THERMAL-ELECTRICAL	3.71
*COUPLING	3.72
*CRADIATE	3.73
*CREEP	3.74
*CREEP STRAIN RATE CONTROL	3.75
*CRUSHABLE FOAM	3.76
*CRUSHABLE FOAM HARDENING	3.77
*CYCLED PLASTIC	3.78
*CYCLIC	3.79
*CYCLIC HARDENING	3.80
*CYCLIC SYMMETRY MODEL	3.81

vii

CONTENTS

D

*D ADDED MASS	4.1
*DAMAGE EVOLUTION	4.2
*DAMAGE INITIATION	4.3
*DAMAGE STABILIZATION	4.4
*DAMPING	4.5
*DASHPOT	4.6
*DEBOND	4.7
*DECHARGE	4.8
*DECURRENT	4.9
*DEFORMATION PLASTICITY	4.10
*DENSITY	4.11
*DEPVAR	4.12
*DESIGN GRADIENT	4.13
*DESIGN PARAMETER	4.14
*DESIGN RESPONSE	4.15
*DETONATION POINT	4.16
*DFLOW	4.17
*DFLUX	4.18
*DIAGNOSTICS	4.19
*DIELECTRIC	4.20
*DIFFUSIVITY	4.21
*DIRECT CYCLIC	4.22
*DISPLAY BODY	4.23
*DISTRIBUTION	4.24
*DISTRIBUTING	4.25
*DISTRIBUTING COUPLING	4.26
*DLOAD	4.27
*DRAG CHAIN	4.28
*DRUCKER PRAGER	4.29
*DRUCKER PRAGER CREEP	4.30
*DRUCKER PRAGER HARDENING	4.31
*DSA CONTROLS	4.32
*DSECHARGE	4.33
*DSECURRENT	4.34
*DSFLOW	4.35
*DSFLUX	4.36
*DSLOAD	4.37
*DYNAMIC	4.38
*DYNAMIC TEMPERATURE-DISPLACEMENT	4.39

viii

CONTENTS

E
*EL FILE	5.1
*EL PRINT	5.2
*ELASTIC	5.3
*ELCOPY	5.4
*ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY	5.5
*ELEMENT	5.6
*ELEMENT MATRIX OUTPUT	5.7
*ELEMENT OUTPUT	5.8
*ELEMENT PROPERTIES	5.9
*ELEMENT RESPONSE	5.10
*ELGEN	5.11
*ELSET	5.12
*EMBEDDED ELEMENT	5.13
*EMISSIVITY	5.14
*END ASSEMBLY	5.15
*END INSTANCE	5.16
*END LOAD CASE	5.17
*END PART	5.18
*END STEP	5.19
*ENERGY FILE	5.20
*ENERGY OUTPUT	5.21
*ENERGY PRINT	5.22
*EOS	5.23
*EOS COMPACTION	5.24
*EOS SHEAR	5.25
*EPJOINT	5.26
*EQUATION	5.27
*EXPANSION	5.28
*EXTREME ELEMENT VALUE	5.29
*EXTREME NODE VALUE	5.30
*EXTREME VALUE	5.31
F
*FAIL STRAIN	6.1
*FAIL STRESS	6.2
*FAILURE RATIOS	6.3
*FASTENER	6.4
*FASTENER PROPERTY	6.5
*FIELD	6.6
*FILE FORMAT	6.7

ix

CONTENTS

*FILE OUTPUT	6.8
*FILM	6.9
*FILM PROPERTY	6.10
*FILTER	6.11
*FIXED MASS SCALING	6.12
*FLOW	6.13
*FLUID BEHAVIOR	6.14
*FLUID BULK MODULUS	6.15
*FLUID CAVITY	6.16
*FLUID DENSITY	6.17
*FLUID EXCHANGE	6.18
*FLUID EXCHANGE ACTIVATION	6.19
*FLUID EXCHANGE PROPERTY	6.20
*FLUID EXPANSION	6.21
*FLUID FLUX	6.22
*FLUID INFLATOR	6.23
*FLUID INFLATOR ACTIVATION	6.24
*FLUID INFLATOR MIXTURE	6.25
*FLUID INFLATOR PROPERTY	6.26
*FLUID LEAKOFF	6.27
*FLUID LINK	6.28
*FLUID PROPERTY	6.29
*FOUNDATION	6.30
*FRACTURE CRITERION	6.31
*FRAME SECTION	6.32
*FREQUENCY	6.33
*FRICTION	6.34
G
*GAP	7.1
*GAP CONDUCTANCE	7.2
*GAP ELECTRICAL CONDUCTANCE	7.3
*GAP FLOW	7.4
*GAP HEAT GENERATION	7.5
*GAP RADIATION	7.6
*GASKET BEHAVIOR	7.7
*GASKET CONTACT AREA	7.8
*GASKET ELASTICITY	7.9
*GASKET SECTION	7.10
*GASKET THICKNESS BEHAVIOR	7.11
*GEL	7.12
*GEOSTATIC	7.13

x

CONTENTS

H

*HEADING	8.1
*HEAT GENERATION	8.2
*HEAT TRANSFER	8.3
*HEATCAP	8.4
*HOURGLASS STIFFNESS	8.5
*HYPERELASTIC	8.6
*HYPERFOAM	8.7
*HYPOELASTIC	8.8
*HYSTERESIS	8.9

xi

CONTENTS
Contents — Volume II
I
*IMPEDANCE	9.1
*IMPEDANCE PROPERTY	9.2
*IMPERFECTION	9.3
*IMPORT	9.4
*IMPORT CONTROLS	9.5
*IMPORT ELSET	9.6
*IMPORT NSET	9.7
*INCIDENT WAVE	9.8
*INCIDENT WAVE FLUID PROPERTY	9.9
*INCIDENT WAVE INTERACTION	9.10
*INCIDENT WAVE INTERACTION PROPERTY	9.11
*INCIDENT WAVE PROPERTY	9.12
*INCIDENT WAVE REFLECTION	9.13
*INCLUDE	9.14
*INCREMENTATION OUTPUT	9.15
*INELASTIC HEAT FRACTION	9.16
*INERTIA RELIEF	9.17
*INITIAL CONDITIONS	9.18
*INSTANCE	9.19
*INTEGRATED OUTPUT	9.20
*INTEGRATED OUTPUT SECTION	9.21
*INTERACTION OUTPUT	9.22
*INTERACTION PRINT	9.23
*INTERFACE	9.24
*ITS	9.25
J
*JOINT	10.1
*JOINT ELASTICITY	10.2
*JOINT PLASTICITY	10.3
*JOINTED MATERIAL	10.4
*JOULE HEAT FRACTION	10.5
K
*KAPPA	11.1
*KINEMATIC	11.2
*KINEMATIC COUPLING	11.3

xii

CONTENTS

L
*LATENT HEAT	12.1
*LOAD CASE	12.2
M
*MAP SOLUTION	13.1
*MASS	13.2
*MASS DIFFUSION	13.3
*MASS FLOW RATE	13.4
*MATERIAL	13.5
*MATRIX	13.6
*MATRIX ASSEMBLE	13.7
*MATRIX INPUT	13.8
*MEMBRANE SECTION	13.9
*MODAL DAMPING	13.10
*MODAL DYNAMIC	13.11
*MODAL FILE	13.12
*MODAL OUTPUT	13.13
*MODAL PRINT	13.14
*MODEL CHANGE	13.15
*MOHR COULOMB	13.16
*MOHR COULOMB HARDENING	13.17
*MOISTURE SWELLING	13.18
*MOLECULAR WEIGHT	13.19
*MONITOR	13.20
*MOTION	13.21
*MPC	13.22
*MULLINS EFFECT	13.23
*M1	13.24
*M2	13.25
N
*NCOPY	14.1
*NFILL	14.2
*NGEN	14.3
*NMAP	14.4
*NO COMPRESSION	14.5
*NO TENSION	14.6
*NODAL THICKNESS	14.7
*NODE	14.8

xiii

CONTENTS

*NODE FILE	14.9
*NODE OUTPUT	14.10
*NODE PRINT	14.11
*NODE RESPONSE	14.12
*NONSTRUCTURAL MASS	14.13
*NORMAL	14.14
*NSET	14.15
O
*ORIENTATION	15.1
*ORNL	15.2
*OUTPUT	15.3
P, Q
*PARAMETER	16.1
*PARAMETER DEPENDENCE	16.2
*PARAMETER SHAPE VARIATION	16.3
*PART	16.4
*PERIODIC	16.5
*PERMEABILITY	16.6
*PHYSICAL CONSTANTS	16.7
*PIEZOELECTRIC	16.8
*PIPE-SOIL INTERACTION	16.9
*PIPE-SOIL STIFFNESS	16.10
*PLANAR TEST DATA	16.11
*PLASTIC	16.12
*PLASTIC AXIAL	16.13
*PLASTIC M1	16.14
*PLASTIC M2	16.15
*PLASTIC TORQUE	16.16
*POROUS BULK MODULI	16.17
*POROUS ELASTIC	16.18
*POROUS FAILURE CRITERIA	16.19
*POROUS METAL PLASTICITY	16.20
*POST OUTPUT	16.21
*POTENTIAL	16.22
*PREPRINT	16.23
*PRESSURE PENETRATION	16.24
*PRESSURE STRESS	16.25
*PRESTRESS HOLD	16.26
*PRE-TENSION SECTION	16.27

xiv

	CONTENTS
*PRINT	16.28
*PSD-DEFINITION	16.29
R
*RADIATE	17.1
*RADIATION FILE	17.2
*RADIATION OUTPUT	17.3
*RADIATION PRINT	17.4
*RADIATION SYMMETRY	17.5
*RADIATION VIEWFACTOR	17.6
*RANDOM RESPONSE	17.7
*RATE DEPENDENT	17.8
*RATIOS	17.9
*REBAR	17.10
*REBAR LAYER	17.11
*REFLECTION	17.12
*RELEASE	17.13
*RESPONSE SPECTRUM	17.14
*RESTART	17.15
*RETAINED EIGENMODES	17.16
*RETAINED NODAL DOFS	17.17
*RIGID BODY	17.18
*RIGID SURFACE	17.19
*ROTARY INERTIA	17.20
S
*SECTION CONTROLS	18.1
*SECTION FILE	18.2
*SECTION ORIGIN	18.3
*SECTION POINTS	18.4
*SECTION PRINT	18.5
*SELECT CYCLIC SYMMETRY MODES	18.6
*SELECT EIGENMODES	18.7
*SFILM	18.8
*SFLOW	18.9
*SHEAR CENTER	18.10
*SHEAR FAILURE	18.11
*SHEAR RETENTION	18.12
*SHEAR TEST DATA	18.13
*SHELL GENERAL SECTION	18.14
*SHELL SECTION	18.15
*SHELL TO SOLID COUPLING	18.16

xv

CONTENTS

*SIMPEDANCE	18.17
*SIMPLE SHEAR TEST DATA	18.18
*SLIDE LINE	18.19
*SLOAD	18.20
*SOILS	18.21
*SOLID SECTION	18.22
*SOLUBILITY	18.23
*SOLUTION TECHNIQUE	18.24
*SOLVER CONTROLS	18.25
*SORPTION	18.26
*SPECIFIC HEAT	18.27
*SPECTRUM	18.28
*SPRING	18.29
*SRADIATE	18.30
*STATIC	18.31
*STEADY STATE CRITERIA	18.32
*STEADY STATE DETECTION	18.33
*STEADY STATE DYNAMICS	18.34
*STEADY STATE TRANSPORT	18.35
*STEP	18.36
*SUBMODEL	18.37
*SUBSTRUCTURE COPY	18.38
*SUBSTRUCTURE DELETE	18.39
*SUBSTRUCTURE DIRECTORY	18.40
*SUBSTRUCTURE GENERATE	18.41
*SUBSTRUCTURE LOAD CASE	18.42
*SUBSTRUCTURE MATRIX OUTPUT	18.43
*SUBSTRUCTURE PATH	18.44
*SUBSTRUCTURE PROPERTY	18.45
*SURFACE	18.46
*SURFACE BEHAVIOR	18.47
*SURFACE FLAW	18.48
*SURFACE INTERACTION	18.49
*SURFACE PROPERTY	18.50
*SURFACE PROPERTY ASSIGNMENT	18.51
*SURFACE SECTION	18.52
*SWELLING	18.53
*SYMMETRIC MODEL GENERATION	18.54
*SYMMETRIC RESULTS TRANSFER	18.55
*SYSTEM	18.56

xvi

CONTENTS

T
*TEMPERATURE	19.1
*TENSILE FAILURE	19.2
*TENSION STIFFENING	19.3
*THERMAL EXPANSION	19.4
*TIE	19.5
*TIME POINTS	19.6
*TORQUE	19.7
*TORQUE PRINT	19.8
*TRACER PARTICLE	19.9
*TRANSFORM	19.10
*TRANSPORT VELOCITY	19.11
*TRANSVERSE SHEAR STIFFNESS	19.12
*TRIAXIAL TEST DATA	19.13
*TRS	19.14
U
*UEL PROPERTY	20.1
*UNDEX CHARGE PROPERTY	20.2
*UNIAXIAL TEST DATA	20.3
*USER DEFINED FIELD	20.4
*USER ELEMENT	20.5
*USER MATERIAL	20.6
*USER OUTPUT VARIABLES	20.7
V
*VARIABLE MASS SCALING	21.1
*VIEWFACTOR OUTPUT	21.2
*VISCO	21.3
*VISCOELASTIC	21.4
*VISCOUS	21.5
*VOID NUCLEATION	21.6
*VOLUMETRIC TEST DATA	21.7
W, X, Y, Z
*WAVE	22.1
*WIND	22.2

xvii

I

9.I

*IMPEDANCE

9.1*IMPEDANCE: Define impedances for acoustic analysis.

This option is used to provide boundary impedances or nonreßecting boundaries for acoustic and coupled acoustic-structural analyses.

Products: ABAQUS/Standard ABAQUS/Explicit

Type: History data

Level: Step

References:

•ÒAcoustic, shock, and coupled acoustic-structural analysis,Ó Section 6.9.1 of the ABAQUS Analysis UserÕs Manual

•ÒAcoustic loads,Ó Section 27.4.5 of the ABAQUS Analysis UserÕs Manual

•*IMPEDANCE PROPERTY

•*SIMPEDANCE

Required, mutually exclusive parameters:

PROPERTY

Set this parameter equal to the name of the *IMPEDANCE PROPERTY option deÞning the table of impedance values to be used.

NONREFLECTING

Set NONREFLECTING=PLANAR (default) to specify the impedance corresponding to that of a normal incidence plane wave.

Set NONREFLECTING=IMPROVED to specify the impedance corresponding to that of a plane wave at an arbitrary angle of incidence. This parameter can be used only for transient dynamics.

Set NONREFLECTING=CIRCULAR to specify a radiation condition appropriate for a circular boundary in two dimensions or a right circular cylinder in three dimensions.

Set NONREFLECTING=SPHERICAL to specify a radiation condition appropriate for a spherical boundary.

Set NONREFLECTING=ELLIPTICAL to specify a radiation condition appropriate for an elliptical boundary in two dimensions or a right elliptical cylinder in three dimensions.

Set NONREFLECTING=PROLATE SPHEROIDAL to specify a radiation condition appropriate for a prolate spheroidal boundary.

9.1–1

*IMPEDANCE

Optional parameter:

OP

Set OP=MOD (default) to modify existing impedances or to deÞne additional impedances.

Set OP=NEW if all existing impedances applied to the model should be removed. To remove only selected impedances, use OP=NEW and respecify all impedances that are to be retained.

Data line to define an impedance for PROPERTY, NONREFLECTING=PLANAR, or NONREFLECTING=IMPROVED:

First (and only) line:

1.Element number or element set label.

2.Surface impedance type label, In, for impedance on face n.

Data line to define an absorbing boundary impedance for NONREFLECTING=CIRCULAR or NONREFLECTING=SPHERICAL:

First (and only) line:

1.Element number or element set label.

2.Surface impedance type label, In, for impedance on face n.

3. , the radius of the circle or sphere deÞning the absorbing boundary surface.

Data line to define an absorbing boundary impedance for NONREFLECTING=ELLIPTICAL or NONREFLECTING=PROLATE SPHEROIDAL:

First (and only) line:

1.Element number or element set label.

2.Surface impedance type label, In, for impedance on face n.

3.The semimajor axis, a, of the ellipse or prolate spheroid deÞning the surface. a is 1/2 of the maximum distance between two points on the ellipse or spheroid, analogous to the radius of a circle or sphere.

4.The eccentricity, , of the ellipse or prolate spheroid. The eccentricity is the square root of one minus the square of the ratio of the semiminor axis, b, to the semimajor axis, a:

.

5.Global X-coordinate of the center of the ellipse or prolate spheroid deÞning the radiating surface.

6.Global Y-coordinate of the center of the ellipse or prolate spheroid deÞning the radiating surface.

7.Global Z-coordinate of the center of the ellipse or prolate spheroid deÞning the radiating surface.

9.1–2

*IMPEDANCE

8.X-component of the direction cosine of the major axis of the ellipse or prolate spheroid deÞning the radiating surface. The components of this vector need not be normalized to unit magnitude.

9.Y-component of the direction cosine of the major axis of the ellipse or prolate spheroid deÞning the radiating surface.

10.Z-component of the direction cosine of the major axis of the ellipse or prolate spheroid deÞning the radiating surface.

9.1–3

*IMPEDANCE PROPERTY

9.2*IMPEDANCE PROPERTY: Define the impedance parameters for an acoustic medium boundary.

This option is used to deÞne the proportionality factors between the pressure and the normal components of surface displacement and velocity in acoustic analysis. The *IMPEDANCE PROPERTY option must be used in conjunction with the *IMPEDANCE or *SIMPEDANCE option.

Products: ABAQUS/Standard ABAQUS/Explicit

Type: Model data

Level: Model

References:

•ÒAcoustic loads,Ó Section 27.4.5 of the ABAQUS Analysis UserÕs Manual

•*IMPEDANCE

•*SIMPEDANCE

Required parameter:

NAME

Set this parameter equal to a label that will be used to refer to the impedance property on the *IMPEDANCE or *SIMPEDANCE option.

Optional parameters:

DATA

Set DATA=ADMITTANCE (default) to specify an impedance using a table of admittance values. Set DATA=IMPEDANCE to specify an impedance using a table of real and imaginary parts

of the impedance.

INPUT

Set this parameter equal to the name of the alternate input Þle containing the data lines for this option. See ÒInput syntax rules,Ó Section 1.2.1 of the ABAQUS Analysis UserÕs Manual, for the syntax of such Þle names. If this parameter is omitted, it is assumed that the data follow the keyword line.

9.2–1

*IMPEDANCE PROPERTY

Data lines to define an impedance using DATA=ADMITTANCE (default):

First line:

1. , the proportionality factor between pressure and displacement of the surface in the normal direction. This quantity is the imaginary part of the complex admittance, divided by the angular frequency; see ÒAcoustic loads,Ó Section 27.4.5 of the ABAQUS Analysis UserÕs Manual. (Units of F−1 L3 .)

2. , the proportionality factor between pressure and velocity of the surface in the normal direction. This quantity is the real part of the complex admittance. (Units of F−1 L3 T−1 .)

3.Frequency. (Cycles/time.) Frequency dependence is active only during frequency domain analysis in ABAQUS/Standard.

Repeat this data line as often as necessary in ABAQUS/Standard to describe the variation of the coefficients with frequency. Only the first line entered will be used in direct-integration procedures.

Data lines to define an impedance using DATA=IMPEDANCE:

First line:

1., the real part of the surface impedance. (Units of F L−3 T.)

2., the imaginary part of the surface impedance. (Units of F L−3 T.)

3.Frequency. (Cycles/time.) Frequency dependence is active only during frequency domain analysis in ABAQUS/Standard.

Repeat this data line as often as necessary in ABAQUS/Standard to describe the variation of the coefficients with frequency. Only the first line entered will be used in direct-integration procedures.

9.2–2

*IMPERFECTION

9.3*IMPERFECTION: Introduce geometric imperfections for postbuckling analysis.

This option is used to introduce a geometric imperfection into a model for a postbuckling analysis.

Products: ABAQUS/Standard ABAQUS/Explicit

Type: Model data

Level: Model

References:

•ÒIntroducing a geometric imperfection into a model,Ó Section 11.3.1 of the ABAQUS Analysis UserÕs Manual

•ÒUnstable collapse and postbuckling analysis,Ó Section 6.2.4 of the ABAQUS Analysis UserÕs Manual

•ÒEigenvalue buckling prediction,Ó Section 6.2.3 of the ABAQUS Analysis UserÕs Manual

Optional parameters (mutually exclusive-if neither parameter is specified, ABAQUS assumes that the imperfection data will be entered directly on the data lines):

FILE

Set this parameter equal to the name of the results Þle from a previous ABAQUS/Standard analysis containing either the mode shapes from a *BUCKLE or *FREQUENCY analysis or the nodal displacements from a *STATIC analysis.

INPUT

Set this parameter equal to the name of the alternate input Þle containing the imperfection data, in general, as the node number and imperfection values in the global coordinate system. See ÒInput syntax rules,Ó Section 1.2.1 of the ABAQUS Analysis UserÕs Manual, for the syntax of such Þle names.

Required parameter if the FILE parameter is used:

STEP

Set this parameter equal to the step number (in the analysis whose results Þle is being used as input to this option) from which the modal or displacement data are to be read.

Optional parameters if the FILE parameter is used:

INC

Set this parameter equal to the increment number (in the analysis whose results Þle is being used as input to this option) from which the displacement data are to be read. If this parameter is omitted, ABAQUS will read the data from the last increment available for the speciÞed step on the results Þle.

9.3–1

*IMPERFECTION

NSET

Set this parameter equal to the node set to which the geometric imperfection values are to be applied. If this parameter is omitted, the imperfection will be applied to all nodes in the model.

Optional parameter if the FILE parameter is omitted:

SYSTEM

Set SYSTEM=R (default) to specify the imperfection as perturbation values of Cartesian coordinates. Set SYSTEM=C to specify the imperfection as perturbation values of cylindrical coordinates. Set SYSTEM=S to specify the imperfection as perturbation values of spherical coordinates. See Figure 9.3Ð1.

The SYSTEM parameter is entirely local to this option and should not be confused with the *SYSTEM option. As the data lines are read, the imperfection values speciÞed are transformed to the global rectangular Cartesian coordinate system. This transformation requires that the object be centered about the origin of the global coordinate system; i.e., the *SYSTEM option should be off when specifying imperfections as perturbation values using either cylindrical or spherical coordinates.

Data lines to define the imperfection as a linear superposition of mode shapes from the results file:

First line:

1.Mode number.

2.Scaling factor for this mode.

Repeat this data line as often as necessary to define the imperfection as a linear combination of mode shapes.

Data line to define the imperfection based on the solution of a static analysis from the results file:

First (and only) line:

1.Set to 1.

2.Scaling factor.

Data lines to define the imperfection if the FILE and INPUT parameters are omitted:

First line:

1.Node number.

2.Component of imperfection in the Þrst coordinate direction.

3.Component of imperfection in the second coordinate direction.

4.Component of imperfection in the third coordinate direction.

Repeat this data line as often as necessary to define the imperfection.

9.3–2