TL-SG2216/TL-SG2424/TL-SG2424P/TL-SG2452
REV2.0.0
191001
Gigabit Smart Switch
1093
COPYRIGHT & TRADEMARKS
Specifications are subject to change without notice. is a registered trademark of
TP-LINK TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Other brands and product names are trademarks or
registered trademarks of their respective holders.
No part of the specifications may be reproduced in any form or by any means or used to make any
derivative such as translation, transformation, or adaptation without permission from TP-L INK
TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Copyright © 2014 TP-LINK TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights
reserved.
http://www.tp-link.com
FCC STATEMENT
This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class A digital device,
pursuant to part 15 of the FCC Rules. These limits are designed to provide reasonable protection
against harmful interference when the equipment is operated in a commercial environment. This
equipment generates, uses, and can radiate radio frequency energy and, if not installed and used
in accordance with the instruction manual, may cause harmful interference to radio
communications. Operation of this equipment in a residential area is likely to cause harmful
interference in which case the user will be required to correct the interference at his own expense.
This device complies with part 15 of the FCC Rules. Operation is subject to the following two
conditions:
1) This device may not cause harmful interference.
2) This device must accept any interference received, including interference that may cause
undesired operation.
Any changes or modifications not expressly approved by the party responsible for compliance
could void the user’s authority to operate the equipment.
CE Mark Warning
This is a class A product. In a domestic environment, this product may cause radio interference, in
which case the user may be required to take adequate measures.
Продукт сертифіковано згідно с правилами системи УкрСЕПРО на відповідність вимогам
нормативних документів та вимогам, що передбачені чинними законодавчими актами
України.
III
Safety Information
When product has power button, the power button is one of the way to shut off the product;
When there is no power button, the only way to completely shut off power is to disconnect the
product or the power adapter from the power source.
Don’t disassemble the product, or make repairs yourself. You run the risk of electric shock
and voiding the limited warranty. If you need service, please contact us.
Avoid water and wet locations.
This product can be used in the following countries:
AT BG BY CA CZ DE DK EE
ES FI FR GB GR HU IE IT
LT LV MT NL NO PL PT RO
RU SE SK TR UA US
IV
CONTENTS
Package Contents ....................................................................................................................... 1
Chapter 1 About this Guide ........................................................................................................ 2
1.1 Intended Readers....................................................................................................... 2
1.2 Conventions ............................................................................................................... 2
1.3 Overview of This Guide .............................................................................................. 2
Chapter 2 Introduction................................................................................................................ 6
2.1 Overview of the Switch ............................................................................................... 6
2.2 Main Features ............................................................................................................ 6
2.3 Appearance Description ............................................................................................. 7
2.3.1 Front Panel ...................................................................................................... 7
2.3.2 Rear Panel .................................................................................................... 10
Chapter 3 Login to the Switch ...................................................................................................11
3.1 Login .........................................................................................................................11
3.2 Configuration............................................................................................................ 12
Chapter 4 System .................................................................................................................... 13
4.1 System Info .............................................................................................................. 13
4.1.1 System Summary .......................................................................................... 13
4.1.2 Device Description......................................................................................... 15
4.1.3 Syste m Time .................................................................................................. 15
4.1.4 Daylight Saving Time ..................................................................................... 16
4.1.5 System IP ...................................................................................................... 17
4.1.6 System IPv6 .................................................................................................. 19
4.2 User Management.................................................................................................... 27
4.2.1 User Table ..................................................................................................... 27
4.2.2 User Config ................................................................................................... 27
4.3 System Tools............................................................................................................ 29
4.3.1 Config Restore............................................................................................... 29
4.3.2 Config Backup ............................................................................................... 29
4.3.3 Firmware Upgrade ......................................................................................... 30
4.3.4 System Reboot .............................................................................................. 31
4.3.5 System Reset ................................................................................................ 31
4.4 Access Security ....................................................................................................... 31
4.4.1 Access Control .............................................................................................. 31
4.4.2 SSL Config .................................................................................................... 33
4.4.3 SSH Config.................................................................................................... 34
Chapter 5 Switching ................................................................................................................. 40
III
5.1 Port .......................................................................................................................... 40
5.1.1 Port Config .................................................................................................... 40
5.1.2 Port Mirror ..................................................................................................... 41
5.1.3 Port Security .................................................................................................. 43
5.1.4 Port Isolation ................................................................................................. 45
5.1.5 Loopback Detection ....................................................................................... 46
5.2 LAG ......................................................................................................................... 47
5.2.1 LAG Table...................................................................................................... 48
5.2.2 Static LAG ..................................................................................................... 49
5.2.3 LACP Config.................................................................................................. 50
5.3 Traffic Monitor .......................................................................................................... 52
5.3.1 Traffic Summary ............................................................................................ 52
5.3.2 Traffic Statistics.............................................................................................. 53
5.4 MAC Address ........................................................................................................... 55
5.4.1 Address Table................................................................................................ 55
5.4.2 Static Address................................................................................................ 56
5.4.3 Dynamic Address........................................................................................... 58
5.4.4 Filtering Address ............................................................................................ 59
5.5 DHCP Filtering ......................................................................................................... 61
Chapter 6 VLAN....................................................................................................................... 64
6.1 802.1Q VLAN ........................................................................................................... 65
6.1.1 VLAN Config.................................................................................................. 66
6.2 Application Example for 802.1Q VLAN ..................................................................... 68
Chapter 7 Spanning Tree ......................................................................................................... 70
7.1 STP Config............................................................................................................... 75
7.1.1 STP Config .................................................................................................... 75
7.1.2 STP Summary ............................................................................................... 77
7.2 Port Config ............................................................................................................... 77
7.3 MSTP Instance......................................................................................................... 79
7.3.1 Region Config................................................................................................ 79
7.3.2 Instance Config.............................................................................................. 80
7.3.3 Instance Port Config ...................................................................................... 81
7.4 STP Security ............................................................................................................ 83
7.4.1 Port Protect ................................................................................................... 83
7.4.2 TC Protect ..................................................................................................... 86
7.5 Application Example for STP Function ..................................................................... 86
Chapter 8 Multicast .................................................................................................................. 91
IV
8.1 IGMP Snooping........................................................................................................ 95
8.1.1 Snooping Config ............................................................................................ 97
8.1.2 VLAN Config.................................................................................................. 97
8.1.3 Port Config .................................................................................................... 99
8.1.4 IP-Range ..................................................................................................... 100
8.1.5 Multicast VLAN ............................................................................................ 101
8.1.6 Static Multicast IP ........................................................................................ 104
8.1.7 Packet Statistics .......................................................................................... 105
8.2 MLD Snooping ....................................................................................................... 107
8.2.1 Global Config............................................................................................... 108
8.2.2 VLAN Config.................................................................................................110
8.2.3 Filter Config ..................................................................................................112
8.2.4 Port Config ...................................................................................................113
8.2.5 Static Multicast..............................................................................................11 3
8.2.6 Querier Config ..............................................................................................114
8.2.7 Packet Statistics ...........................................................................................11 5
8.3 Multicast Table ........................................................................................................117
8.3.1 IPv4 Multicast Table ......................................................................................117
8.3.2 IPv6 Multicast Table ......................................................................................118
Chapter 9 QoS ........................................................................................................................119
9.1 DiffServ .................................................................................................................. 122
9.1.1 Port Priority.................................................................................................. 122
9.1.2 DSCP Priority .............................................................................................. 123
9.1.3 802.1P/CoS mapping................................................................................... 125
9.1.4 Schedule Mode............................................................................................ 126
9.2 Bandwidth Control .................................................................................................. 127
9.2.1 Rate Limit .................................................................................................... 127
9.2.2 Storm Control .............................................................................................. 128
9.3 Voice VLAN............................................................................................................ 131
9.3.1 Global Config............................................................................................... 133
9.3.2 Port Config .................................................................................................. 133
9.3.3 OUI Config................................................................................................... 134
Chapter 10 ACL ....................................................................................................................... 137
10.1 ACL Config............................................................................................................. 137
10.1.1 ACL Summary ............................................................................................. 137
10.1.2 ACL Create.................................................................................................. 137
10.1.3 MAC ACL..................................................................................................... 138
V
10.1.4 Standard-IP ACL .......................................................................................... 139
10.1.5 Extend-IP ACL ............................................................................................. 139
10.2 Policy Config .......................................................................................................... 140
10.2.1 Policy Summary........................................................................................... 141
10.2.2 Policy Create ............................................................................................... 141
10.2.3 Action Create............................................................................................... 142
10.3 Policy Binding ........................................................................................................ 142
10.3.1 Binding Table ............................................................................................... 142
10.3.2 Port Binding ................................................................................................. 143
10.3.3 VLAN Binding .............................................................................................. 143
10.4 Application Example for ACL .................................................................................. 144
Chapter 11 PoE ....................................................................................................................... 147
11.1 PoE Config............................................................................................................. 147
11.1.1 PoE Config .................................................................................................. 148
11.1.2 PoE Profile .................................................................................................. 149
11.2 PoE Time-Range.................................................................................................... 150
11.2.1 Time-Range Summary ................................................................................. 150
11.2.2 PoE Time-Range Create.............................................................................. 151
11.2.3 PoE Holiday Config...................................................................................... 152
Chapter 12 SNMP .................................................................................................................... 153
12.1 SNMP Config ......................................................................................................... 155
12.1.1 Global Config............................................................................................... 155
12.1.2 SNMP Vie w ................................................................................................. 156
12.1.3 SNMP Group ............................................................................................... 157
12.1.4 SNMP User ................................................................................................. 158
12.1.5 SNMP Co mmu nity ....................................................................................... 160
12.2 Notification ............................................................................................................. 162
12.3 RMO N.................................................................................................................... 163
12.3.1 History Control............................................................................................. 164
12.3.2 Event Config ................................................................................................ 165
12.3.3 Alarm Config................................................................................................ 166
Chapter 13 LLDP ..................................................................................................................... 168
13.1 Basic Config........................................................................................................... 172
13.1.1 Global Config............................................................................................... 172
13.1.2 Port Config .................................................................................................. 173
13.2 Device Info ............................................................................................................. 174
13.2.1 Local Info..................................................................................................... 174
VI
13.2.2 Neighbor Info ............................................................................................... 175
13.3 Device Statistics ..................................................................................................... 175
13.4 LLDP-MED............................................................................................................. 177
13.4.1 Global Config............................................................................................... 178
13.4.2 Port Config .................................................................................................. 179
13.4.3 Local Info..................................................................................................... 180
13.4.4 Neighbor Info ............................................................................................... 181
Chapter 14 Maintenance .......................................................................................................... 183
14.1 System Monitor ...................................................................................................... 183
14.1.1 CPU Monitor ................................................................................................ 183
14.1.2 Memory Monitor........................................................................................... 184
14.2 Log......................................................................................................................... 184
14.2.1 Log Table ..................................................................................................... 185
14.2.2 Local Log..................................................................................................... 185
14.2.3 Remote Log ................................................................................................. 186
14.2.4 Backup Log ................................................................................................. 187
14.3 Device Diagnostics................................................................................................. 187
14.3.1 Cable Test ................................................................................................... 187
14.4 Network Diagnostics .............................................................................................. 188
14.4.1 Ping ............................................................................................................. 188
14.4.2 Tracert ......................................................................................................... 189
Appendix A: Specifications ....................................................................................................... 191
Appendix B: Configuring the PCs............................................................................................. 192
Appendix C: Glossary .............................................................................................................. 197
VII
Package Contents
The following items should be found in your box:
One Gigabit Smart Switch
One power cord
Two mounting brackets and other fittings
Installation Guide
Resource CD for TL-SG2216/TL-SG2424/TL-SG2424P/TL-SG2452, including:
• This User Guide
• CLI Reference Guide
• SNMP Mibs
• Other Helpful Information
Note:
Make sure that the package contains the above items. If any of the listed items are damaged or
missing, please contact your distributor.
1
make better use of
Introduces the features, application and appearance of
Chapter 1 About this Guide
This User Guide contains information for setup and management of TL-SG2216/T L-SG2424/
TL-SG2424P/TL-SG2452 Gigabit Smart Switch. Please read this guide carefully before operation.
1.1 Intended Readers
This Guide is intended for network managers familiar with IT concepts and network terminologies.
1.2 Conventions
In this Guide the following conventions are used:
The switch or TL-SG2216/TL-SG2424/TL-SG2424P/TL-SG2452 mentioned in this Guide
stands for TL-SG2216/T L-SG2424/TL-SG2424P/TL-SG2452 Gigabit Smart Switch without
any explanation.
Tips:
The TL-SG2216/TL-SG2424/TL-SG2424P/TL-SG2452 switchs are sharing this User Guide. They
just differ in the number of LED indicators and ports. For simplicity, we will take TL-SG2424 for
example throughout this Guide. However, differences with significance will be presented with
figures or notes as to attract your attention.
Menu Name→Submenu Name→Tab page indicates the menu structure. Syste m→S yste m
Info→Syste m Su mmar y means the System Summary page under the System Info menu
option that is located under the System menu.
Bold font indicates a button, a toolbar icon, menu or menu item.
Symbols in this Guide：
Symbol Description
Note:
Tips:
Ignoring this type of note might result in a malfunction or damage to the device.
This format indicates important information that helps you
your device.
1.3 Overview of This Guide
Chapter Introduction
Chapter 1 About This Guide Introduces the guide structure and conventions.
Chapter 2 Introduction
TL-SG2216/TL-SG2424/TL-SG2424P/TL-SG2452 switch.
2
This module is used to configure system properties of the
: Configure the user name and password
for users to log on to the Web management page with a
ferent security measures for the
This module is used to configure basic functions of the switch.
LAG: Configure Link Aggregation Group. LAG is to combine a
DHCP Filtering: Monitor the process of the host obtaining the
This module is used to configure VLANs to control broadcast in
This module is used to configure spanning tree function of the
STP Config: Configure and view the global settings of
STP Security: Configure protection function to prevent
is used to configure multicast function of the switch.
IGMP Snooping: Configure global parameters of IGMP
Snooping function, port properties, VLAN and multicast
ion, port properties, VLAN and multicast
information of IPv4 and IPv6
Chapter Introduction
Chapter 3 Login to the Switch Introduces how to log on to the Web management page.
Chapter 4 System
switch. Here mainly introduces:
System Info: Configure the description, system time a nd
network parameters of the switch.
User Management
certain access level.
System Tools: Manage the configuration file of the switch.
Access Security: Provide dif
login to enhance the configuration management security.
Chapter 5 Switching
Here mainly introduces:
Port: Configure the basic features for the port.
number of ports together to make a single high-bandwidth
data path.
Traffic Monitor: Monitor the traffic of each port.
MAC Address: Configure the address table of the switch.
IP address from DHCP server.
Chapter 6 VLAN
LANs. Here mainly introduces:
802.1Q VLAN: Configure port-based VLAN.
Chapter 7 Spanning Tree
switch. Here mainly introduces:
spanning tree function.
Port Config: Configure CIST parameters of ports.
MSTP Instance: Configure MSTP instances.
devices from any malicious attack against STP features.
Chapter 8 Multicast This module
Here mainly introduces:
VLAN.
MLD Snooping: Configure global parameters of MLD
Snooping funct
VLAN.
Multicast Table: View the
multicast groups already on the switch.
3
Chapter Introduction
This module is used to configure QoS function to provide
y of service for various network applications and
priorities, port priority, 802.1P priority and
Bandwidth Control: Configure rate limit feature to control the
rt; configure storm control feature to
Voice VLAN: Configure voice VLAN to transmit voice data
stream within the specified VLAN so as to ensure the
This module is used to configure match rules and process
policies of packets to filter packets in order to control the access
Policy Binding: Bind the policy to a port/VLAN to take its
module is used to configure the PoE function for the switch
PoE port to
ction to provide a
management frame to monitor and maintain the network
Notification: Configure notification function for the
RMO N: Configure RMON function to monitor network more
This module is used to configure LLDP function to provide
information for SNMP applications to simplify troubleshooting.
iew the LLDP information of the local device
Chapter 9 QoS
different qualit
requirements. Here mainly introduces:
DiffServ: Configure
DSCP priority.
traffic rate on each po
filter broadcast, multicast and UL frame in the network.
transmission priority of voice data stream and voice quality.
Chapter 10 ACL
of the illegal users to the network. Here mainly introduces:
ACL Config: ACL rules.
Policy Config: Configure operation policies.
effect on a specific port/VLAN.
Chapter 11 PoE This
to supply power for PD devices. Here mainly introduces:
PoE Config: Configure PoE function globally.
PoE Time-Range: Configure the effective time for
supply power..
Chapter 12 SNMP This module is used to configure SNMP fun
devices. Here mainly introduces:
SNMP Config: Configure global settings of SNMP function.
management station to monitor and process the events.
efficiently.
Chapter 13 LLDP
Here mainly introduces:
Basic Config: Configure the LLDP parameters of the device.
Device Info: V
and its neighbors
Device Statistics: View the LLDP statistics of the local device
LLDP-MED: Configure LLDP-MED parameters of the device.
4
This module is used to assemble the commonly used system
Test the connection status of the cable
, test if the port of the switch and the
: Test if the destination is reachable and
Chapter Introduction
Chapter 14 Maintenance
tools to manage the switch. Here mainly introduces:
System Monitor: Monitor the memory and CPU of the switch.
Log: View configuration parameters on the switch.
Device Diagnostics:
connected to the switch
connected device are available.
Net wo rk Diagnostics
the account of router hops from the switch to the destination.
Appendix A Specifications Lists the hardware specifications of the switch.
Appendix B Configure the PCs Introduces how to configure the PCs.
Appendix C Glossary Lists the glossary used in this manual.
Return to CONTENTS
5
Chapter 2 Introduction
Thanks for choosing the TL-SG2216/TL-SG2424/TL-SG2424P/TL-SG2452 Gigabit Smart Switch!
2.1 Overview of the Switch
Designed for workgroups and departments, TL-SG2216/TL-SG2424/TL-SG2424P/TL-SG2452
fr om TP-LINK provides wire-speed performance and full set of layer 2 management features. It
provides a variety of service features and multiple powerful functions with high security.
The EIA-standardized framework and smart configuration capacity can provide flexible solutions
for a variable scale of networks. QoS and IGMP/ MLD snooping/filtering optimize voice and video
application. Link aggregation (LACP) increase aggregated bandwidth, optimizing the transport of
business critical data. SNMP/ S NM Pv 6 , RMO N, WEB/CL I/Telnet Log-in bring abundant
management policies.
multiple functions with excellent performance, and is friendly to manage, which can fully meet the
need of the users demanding higher networking performance.
2.2 Main Features
TL-SG2216/TL-SG2424/TL-SG2424P/TL-SG2452 switch integrates
• Resiliency and Availability
+ IEEE 802.1s Multiple Spanning Tree provides high link availability in multiple VLAN
environments.
+ IGMP snooping and MLD snooping automatically prevents flooding of IP multicast traffic.
+ Root Guard protects root bridge from malicious attack or configuration mistakes
• Laye r 2 Switching
+ Supports up to 512 VLANs simultaneously (out of 4K VLAN IDs).
• Quality of Service
+ Supports L2/L3 granular CoS with 4 priority queues per port.
+ Rate limiting confines the traffic flow accurately according to the preset value.
• Manageability
+ Supports Telnet, SNMP v1/v2c/v3, RMON and web access.
+ Port Mirroring enables monitoring selected ingress/egress traffic.
+ Simple Network and Management Protocol (SNMP) can be configured over IPv6 transport.
+ IPv6 supports stateless autoconfiguration to manage link, subnet, and site addressing
changes.
+ DHCPv6 enables switch to receive configuration parameters, such as IPv6 network
addresses from DHCPv6 servers.
6
2.3 Appearance Description
2.3.1 Front Panel
The front panel of TL-SG2216 is shown as Figure 2-1.
Figure 2-1 Front Panel of TL-SG2216
The front panel of TL-SG2424 is shown as Figure 2-2.
Figure 2-2 Front Panel of TL-SG2424
The front panel of TL-SG2424P is shown as Figure 2-3.
Figure 2-3 Front Panel of TL-SG2424P
The front panel of TL-SG2452 is shown as Figure 2-4.
Figure 2-4 Front Panel of TL-SG2452
The following parts are located on the front panel of TL-SG2216/TL-SG2424/TL-SG2424P/
TL-SG2452:
Re set: Press this button for five seconds or above to reset the software setting back to factory
default setting.
10/100/1000Mbps Ports: Designed to connect to the device with a bandwidth of 10Mbps,
100Mbps or 1000Mbps. Each has a corresponding 1000Mbps LED and link/Act LED.
SFP Po rts: Designed to install the SFP module. TL-SG2216/TL-SG2424/TL-SG2424P switch
features some SFP transceiver slots that are shared with the associated RJ45 ports. The
associated two ports are refe rred to as “combo” ports, which means they cannot be used
simultaneously, otherwise only SFP ports work. TL-SG2452 features 4 individual SFP ports.
7
A 10/100Mbps device or no device is connected to the
On
A device is connected to the corresponding port but no activity.
The switch is powered off or power supply is abnormal.
10/100/1000Mbps
A 1000Mbps device is connected to the corresponding
A 10/100Mbps device is connected to the
Note:
The SFP port can only be used with a gigabit module.
LEDs
For TL-SG2216/TL-SG2424:
Name Status Indication
On Power is on.
Power
Flashing Power supply is abnormal.
Off Power is off or power supply is abnormal.
On The switch is working abnormally.
System
Flashing The switch is working normally.
Off The switch is working abnormally.
On A 1000Mbps device is connected to the corresponding port.
1000Mbps
Link/Act
Off
corresponding port.
Flashing Data is being transmitted or received.
Off No device is connected to the corresponding port.
For TL-SG2424P:
TL-SG2424P has a LED mode switch button which is for switching the LED status indication.
When the Speed LED is on, th e port LED is indicating the data transmission rate. When the PoE
LED is on, the port LED is indicating the power supply status. By default the Speed LED is on.
Pressing the mode switch button, the Speed LED will turn off and the PoE LED will light up. Then
the PoE LED will turn off after being on for 60 seconds and the Speed LED will light up again.
When the Speed LED is on, the port LED is indicating the data transmission rate.
Name Status Indication
Power
System
On The switch is powered on.
Off
Flashing Power supply is abnormal.
Flashing The switch works properly.
On/Off The switch works improperly.
Green
On
port, but no activity.
Flashing Data is being transmitted or received.
Yellow
On
corresponding port, but no activity.
Flashing Data is being transmitted or received.
Off No device is connected to the corresponding port.
8
The switch is powered off or power supply is abnormal.
7W after this LED is
10/100/1000Mbps
1000Mbps
A 1000Mbps device is connected to the corresponding
A 10/100Mbps device is connected to the corresponding
When the PoE LED is on, the port LED is indicating the power supply status.
Name Status Indication
On The switch is powered on.
Power
Off
Flashing Power supply is abnormal.
Flashing The switch works properly.
System
On/Off The switch works improperly.
On The remaining PoE power≤7W.
PoE Max
Flashing The remaining PoE power keeps ≤
on for 2 minutes.
Off The remaining PoE power≥7W.
On The port is supplying power normally.
Green
Flashing
The supply power exceeds the corresponding port’s
maximum power.
On Overload or short circuit is detected.
Yellow
Flashing Power-on self-test has failed.
Off No PoE power supply is provided on the port.
For TL-SG2452:
Name Status Indication
10/100/
PWR
SYS
On Power is on.
Flashing Power supply is abnormal.
Off Power is off or power supply is abnormal.
On The switch is working abnormally.
Flashing The switch is working normally.
Off The switch is working abnormally.
Green
On
port but no activity.
Flashing Data is being transmitted or received.
Yellow
On
Flashing
port but no activity.
Data is being transmitted or received.
Off No device is connected to the corresponding port.
9
2.3.2 Rear Panel
The rear panel of TL-SG2216/TL-SG2424/TL-SG2424P/TL-SG2452 features a power socket and
a Grounding Terminal (marked with
Grounding Terminal: The switch already comes with Lightning Protection Mechanism. You
can also ground the switch through the PE (Protecting Earth) cable of AC cord or with Ground
Cable.
AC Power Socket: Connect the female connector of the power cord here, and the male
connector to the AC power outlet. Please make sure the voltage of the power supply meets the
requirement of the input voltage (100-240V~ 50/60Hz 0.4A for TL-SG2216, 100-240V~
50/60Hz 0.5A for TL-SG2424, 100-240V~ 50/60Hz 3.5A for TL-SG2424P and100-240V~
50/60Hz 1.0A for TL-SG2452).
), here we take TL-SG2216 for example.
Figure 2-5 Rear Panel
Return to CONTENTS
10
Chapter 3 Login to the Switch
3.1 Login
1) To access the configuration utility, open a web-browser and type in the default address
http://192.168.0.1 in the address field of the browser, then press the Enter ke y.
Figure 3-1 Web-browser
Tips:
To log in to the switch, the IP address of your PC should be set in the same subnet addresses of
the switch. The IP address is 192.168.0.x ("x" is any number from 2 to 254), Subnet Mask is
255.255.255.0. For the detailed instructions as to how to do this, please refer to Appendix B.
2) After a moment, a login window will appear, as shown in Figure 3-2. Enter admin for the User
Na me and Password, both in lower case letters. Then click the Login button or press the Enter
key.
Figure 3-2 Login
11
3.2 Configuration
After a successful login, the main page will appear as Figure 3-6, and you can configure the
function by clicking the setup menu on the left side of the screen.
Figure 3-6 Main Setup-Menu
Note:
Clicking Apply can only make the new configurations effective before the switch is rebooted. If
you want to keep the configurations effective even the switch is rebooted, please click Save
Config. You are suggested to click Save Config before cutting off the power or rebooting the
switch to avoid losing the new configurations.
Return to CONTENTS
12
Chapter 4 System
The System module is mainly for system configuration of the switch, including four submenus:
System Info, User Manageme nt , System Tools and Access Security.
4.1 System Info
The System Info, mainly for basic properties configuration, can be implemented on S ys t e m
Summary, Device Description, Syste m Time, Daylight Sav ing Time , Syste m IP and Sys t e m
IPv 6 pages.
4.1.1 System Summary
On this page you can view the port connection status and the system information.
The port status diagram shows the working status of 24 10/100/1000Mbps RJ45 ports and 4 SF P
ports of the switch.
Choose the menu Syste m→System Info→System Summary to load the following page.
Port Status
Figure 4-1 System Summa ry
Indicates the 1000Mbps port is not connected to a device.
Indicates the 1000Mbps port is at the speed of 1000Mbps.
Indicates the 1000Mbps port is at the speed of 10Mbps or 100Mbps.
13
Por t:
Displays the port number of the switch.
Typ e :
Displays the type of the port.
Rate :
Displays the maximum transmission rate of the port.
Status:
Displays the connection status of the port.
Select Rx to display the bandwidth utilization of receiving packets
Indicates the SFP port is not connected to a device.
Indicates the SFP port is at the speed of 1000Mbps.
When the cursor moves on the port, the detailed information of the port will be displayed.
Figure 4-2 Port Information
Port Info
Click a port to display the bandwidth utilization on this port. The actual rate divided by theoretical
maximu m rate is the bandwidth utilization. The following figure displays the bandwidth utilization
monitored every four seconds. Monitoring the bandwidth utilization on each port facilitates you to
monitor the network traffic and analyze the network abnormities.
Figure 4-3 Bandwidth Utilization
Bandwidth Utilization
Rx:
on this port.
14
Select Tx to display the bandwidth utilization of sending packets
Tx:
on this port.
4.1.2 Device Description
On this page you can configure the description of the switch, including device name, device location
and system contact.
Choose the menu Syste m→System Info→Device Description to load the following page.
Figure 4-4 Device Description
The following entries are displayed on this screen:
Device Description
Dev ice Name: Enter the name of the switch.
Dev ice Location: Enter the location of the switch.
System Contact: Enter your contact information.
4.1.3 System Time
System Time is the time displayed while the switch is running. On this page you can configure the
system time and the settings here will be used for other time-based functions.
You can manually set the system time or synchronize with PC’s clock as the system time.
Choose the menu Syste m→System Info→Syste m Time to load the following page.
Figure 4-5 System Time
15
Current System Date:
When this option is selected, you can set the date and time
nfigure the time zone
Enter the IP Address for the
Synchronize with
clock is
The following entries are displayed on this screen:
Time Info
Displays the current date and time of the switch.
Current Time Source:
Time Config
Displays the current time source of the switch.
Manual:
manually.
Get Time from NTP
Server:
When this option is selected, you can co
and the IP Address for the NTP Server. The switch will get UTC
automatically if it has connected to an NTP Server.
Time Zone : Select your local time.
Primary/Se condary Server:
NTP Server.
Update Rate: Specify the rate fetching time from NTP server.
When this option is selected, the administrator PC’s
PC’S Clock:
utilized.
Note:
1. The system time will be restored to the default when the switch is restarted and you need to
reconfigure the system time of the switch.
2. When Get Time from NTP Server is selected and no time server is configured, the switch will
get time from the time server of the Internet if it has connected to the Internet.
4.1.4 Daylight Saving T ime
Here you can configure the Daylight Saving Time of the switch.
Choose the menu Syste m→System Info→Daylight Saving Time to load the following page.
Figure 4-6 Daylight Saving Time
16
Sunday in
Australia: First Sunday in October, 02:00 ~ First Sunday in
t Sunday in March, 01:00 ~ Last Sunday in
st
Specify the DST configuration in recurring mode. This
the time adding in minutes when Daylight
Start/End Time: Select starting time and ending time of
te mode. This configuration is
ime adding in minutes when Daylight
Start/End Time: Select starting time and ending time of
The following entries are displayed on this screen:
DST Config
DST Status: Enable or disable the DST.
Predefined Mode: Select a predefined DST configuration.
USA: Second Sunday in March, 02:00 ~ First
November, 02:00.
April, 03:00.
Europe: La s
October, 01:00.
Ne w Zealand: Last Sunday in September, 02:00 ~ Fir
Sunday in April, 03:00.
Recurring M ode:
configuration is recurring in use.
Offset: Specify
Saving Time comes.
Daylight Saving Time.
Date M ode: Specify the DST configuration in Da
recurring in use.
Offset: Specify the t
Saving Time comes.
Daylight Saving Time.
Note:
1. When the DST is disabled, the predefined mode, recurring mode and date mode cannot be
configured.
2. When the DST is enabled, the default daylight saving time is of European in predefined mode.
4.1.5 System IP
Each device in the network possesses a unique IP Address. You can log on to the Web
management page to operate the switch using this IP Address. The switch supports three modes
to obtain an IP address: Static IP, DHCP and BOOTP. The IP address obtained using a new mode
will replace the original IP address. On this page you can configure the system IP of the switch.
17
Static IP: When this option is selected, you should enter IP
DHCP: When this option is selected, the switch will obtain
OOTP: When this option is selected, the switch will obtain
Enter the ID of management VLAN, the only VLAN through which
you can get access to the switch. By default VLAN1 owning all the
he Management VLAN and you can access the switch via
any port on the switch. However, if another VLAN is created and
set to be the Management VLAN, you may have to reconnect the
management station to a port that is a member of the
Enter the system IP of the switch. The default system IP is
Choose the menu Syste m→System Info→Syst e m IP to load the following page.
Figure 4-7 System IP
The following entries are displayed on this screen:
IP Config
M AC Ad d r e ss: Displays MAC Address of the switch.
IP Address Mode: Select the mode to obtain IP Address for the switch.
Address, Subnet Mask and Default Gateway manually.
network parameters from the DHCP Server.
B
network parameters from the BOOTP Server.
Management VLAN:
ports is t
Management VLAN.
IP Ad d re ss:
192.168.0.1 and you can change it appropriate to your needs.
Subnet Mask: Enter the subnet mask of the switch.
Default Gateway: Enter the default gateway of the switch.
Note:
1. Changing the IP address to a different IP segment will interrupt the network communication, so
please keep the new IP address in the same IP segment with the local network.
2. The switch only possesses one IP address. The IP address configured will replace the original
IP address.
3. If the switch gets the IP address from DHCP server, you can see the configuration of the
switch in the DHCP server; if DHCP option is selected but no DHCP server exists in the
network, a few minutes later, the switch will restore the setting to the default.
18
4. If DHCP or BOOTP option is selected, the switch will get network parameters dynamically from
the Internet, which means that IP address, subnet mask and default gateway cannot be
configured.
5. By default, the IP address is 192.168.0.1.
4.1.6 System IPv6
IPv6 (Internet Protocol version 6), also called IPng (IP next generation), was developed by the
IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force) as the successor to IPv4 (Internet Protocol version 4).
Compared with IPv4, IPv6 increases the IP address size from 32 bits to 128 bits; this solves the
IPv4 address exhaustion problem.
IPv 6 features
IPv6 has the following features:
1. Adequate address space: The source and destination IPv6 addresses are both 128 bits (16
38
bytes) long. IPv6 can provide 3.4 x 10
hierarchical address division as well as allocation of public and private addresses.
2. Header format simplification: IPv6 cuts down some IPv4 header fields or move them to IPv6
extension headers to reduce the load of basic IPv6 headers, thus making IPv6 packet handling
addresses to completely meet the requirements of
simple and improving the forwarding efficiency. Although the IPv6 address size is four times
that of IPv4 addresses, the size of basic IPv6 headers is 40 bytes and is only twice that of IPv4
headers (excluding the Options field).
3. Flexible extension headers: IPv6 cancels the Options field in IPv4 packets but introduces
multiple extension headers. In this way, IPv6 enhances the flexibility greatly to provide
scalability for IP while improving the handling efficiency. The Options field in IPv4 packets
contains 40 bytes at most, while the size of IPv6 extension headers is restricted by that of IPv6
packets.
4. Built-in security: IPv6 uses IPSec as its standard extension header to provide end-to-end
security. This feature provides a standard for network security solutions and improves the
interoperability between different IPv6 applications.
5. Automatic address configuration: To simplify the host configuration, IPv6 supports stateful
and stateless address configuration.
Stateful address configuration means that a host acquires an IPv6 address and related
information from a server (for example, DHCP server).
Stateless address configuration means that a host automatically configures an IPv6
address and related information on basis of its own link-layer address and the prefix
information advertised by a router.
In addition, a host can generate a link-local address on basis of its own link-layer address and
the default prefix (FE80::/64) to communicate with other hosts on the link.
6. Enhanced neighbor discovery mechanism: The IPv6 neighbor discovery protocol is a
group of Internet control message protocol version 6 (ICMPv6) messages that manages the
information exchange between neighbor nodes on the same link. The group of ICMPv6
19
messages takes the place of Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) message, Internet Control
Message Protocol version 4 (ICMPv4) router discovery message, and ICMPv4 redirection
message to provide a series of other functions.
Introduction to IPv6 address
1. IPv6 address format
An IPv6 address is represented as a series of 16-bit hexadecimals, separated by colons (:).
An IPv6 address is divided into eight groups, and the 16 bits of each group are represented by
four hexadecimal numbers which are separated by colons, for example,
2001:0d02:0000:0000:0014: 0000:0000:0095. The hexadecimal letters in IPv6 addresses are
not case-sensitive.
To simplify the representation of IPv6 addresses, zeros in IPv6 addresses can be handled as
follows:
Leading zeros in each group can be removed. For example, the above-mentioned address
can be represented in shorter format as 2001:d02:0:0:14:0:0:95.
Two colons (::) may be used to compress successive hexadecimal fields of zeros at the
beginning, middle, or end of an IPv6 address. For example, the above-mentioned address
can be represented in the shortest format as 2001:d02::14:0:0:95.
Note:
Two colons (::) can be used only once in an IPv6 address, usually to represent the longest
successive hexadecimal fields of zeros. If t wo colons are used more than once, the device is
unable to determine how many zeros double-colons represent when converting them to zeros to
restore a 128-bit IPv6 address.
An IPv6 address consists of two parts: address prefix and interface ID. The address prefix and
the interface ID are respectively equivalent to the network ID and the host ID in an IPv4
address.
An IPv6 address prefix is represented in "IPv6 address/prefix length" format, where "IPv6
address" is an IPv6 address in any of the above-mentioned formats and "prefix length" is a
decimal number indicating how many leftmost bits from the preceding IPv6 address are used
as the address prefix.
2. IPv6 address classification
IPv6 addresses fall into three types: unicast address, multicast address, and anycast address.
Unicast address: An identifier for a single interface, on a single node. A packet that is sent
to a unicast address is delivered to the interface identified by that address.
Multicast address: An identifier for a set of interfaces (typically belonging to different nodes),
similar to an IPv4 multicast address. A packet sent to a multicast address is delivered to all
interfaces identified by that address. There are no broadcast addresses in IPv6. Their
function is superseded by multicast addresses.
20
Anycast addresses are taken from unicast
address space and are not syntactically
Anycast address: An identifier for a set of interfaces (typically belonging to different nodes).
A packet sent to an anycast address is delivered to one of the interfaces identified by that
address (the nearest one, according to the routing protocols’ measure of distance).
The type of an IPv6 address is designated by the first several bits called format prefix. The
following table lists the mappings between address types and format prefixes.
Type Format Prefix (binary) IPv6 Pr efix ID
Unassigned address 00…0 (128 bits) ::/128
Loopback address 00…1 (128 bits) ::1/128
Unicast
Link-local address 1111111 010 FE80::/10
address
Site-local address 11111110 11 FEC0::/10
Global unicast address
(currently assigned)
Reserved type
(to be assigned in future)
001 2xxx:: /4 or 3 xxx::/4
Other formats
Multicast address 11111111 FF00::/8
Anycast address
distinguishable from unicast addresses.
Table 4-1 Mappings between address types and format prefixes
3. IPv6 Unicast Address：
IPv6 unicast address is an identifier for a single interface. It consists of a subnet prefix and an
interface ID.
Subnet Prefix: This section is allocated by the IANA (The Internet Assigned Numbers
Authority), the ISP (Internet Service Provider) or the organizations.
Interface ID: An interface ID is used to identify interfaces on a link. The interface ID must be
unique to the link.
There are several ways to form interface IDs. The IPv6 addresses with format prefixes 001
through 111, except for multicast addresses (1111 1111), are all required to have 64-bit
interface IDs in EUI-64 format.
For all IEEE 802 interface types (for example, Ethernet and FDDI interfaces), Interface IDs in
the modified EUI-64 format are constructed in the following way:
The first three octets (24 bits) are taken from the Organizationally Unique Identifier (OUI) of the
48-bit link-layer address (the MAC address) of the interface, the fourth and fifth octets (16 bits)
are a fixed hexadecimal value of FFFE, and the last three octets (24 bits) are taken from the
last three octets of the MAC address. The construction of the interface ID is completed by
21
setting the universal/local (U/L) bit--the seventh bit of the first octet--to a value of 0 or 1. A
value of 0 indicates a locally administered identifier; a value of 1 indicates a globally unique
IPv6 interface identifier.
Ta k e MAC address 0012:0B0A:2D51 as an example. Insert FFFE to the middle of the address
to get 0012:0BFF:FE0A:2D51. Then set the U/L bit to 1 to obtain an interface ID in EUI-64
format as 0212:0BFF:FE0A:2D51.
IPv6 unicast address can be classified into several types, as shown in Table 4-1. The two
most common types are introduced below:
Global unicast address
A Global unicast address is an IPv6 unicast address that is globally unique and is routable on
the global Internet.
Global unicast addresses are defined by a global routing prefix, a subnet ID, and an interface
ID. The IPv6 global unicast address starts with binary value 001 (2000::/3). The global routing
prefix is a value assigned to a site (a cluster of subnets/links) by IANA. The subnet ID is an
identifier of a subnet within the site.
The figure below shows the structure of a global unicast address.
Figure 4-8 Global Unicast Address Format
Link-local address
A link-local address is an IPv6 unicast address that can be automatically configured on any
interface using the link-local prefix FE80::/10 (1111 1110 10) and the interface identifier in th e
modified EUI-64 format. Link-local addresses are used in the neighbor discovery protocol and
the stateless autoconfiguration process. Nodes on a local link can use link-local addresses to
communicate. The figure below shows the structure of a link-local address.
Figure 4-9 Link-local Address Format
IPv6 devices must not forward packets that have link-local source or destination addresses to
other links.
22
Note:
You can configure multiple IPv6 addresses per interface, but only one link-local address.
IPv6 Neighbor Discovery
The IPv6 neighbor discovery process uses ICMP messages and solicited-node multicast
addresses to determine the link-layer address of a neighbor on the same network (local link),
verify the reachability of a neighbor, and track neighboring devices.
1. IPv6 Neighbor Solicitation Message and Neighbor Advertisement Message
A value of 135 in the Type field of the ICMP packet header identifies a neighbor solicitation
(NS) message. Neighbor solicitation messages are sent on the local link when a node wants
to determine the link-layer address of another node on the same local link.
After receiving the neighbor solicitation message, the destination node replies by sending a
neighbor advertisement ( NA) message, which has a value of 136 in the Type field of the ICMP
packet header, on the local link. After the source node receives the neighbor advertisement,
the source node and destination node can communicate.
Neighbor advertisement messages are also sent when there is a change in the link-lay er
address of a node on a local link.
Address Resolution
The address resolution procedure is as follows:
Node A multicasts an NS message. The source address of the NS message is the IPv6
address of an interface of node A and the destination address is the solicited-node multicast
address of node B. The NS message contains the link-layer address of node A.
After receiving the NS message, node B judges whether the destination address of the
packet corresponds to the solicited-node multicast address. If yes, node B can learn the
link-layer address of node A, and unicasts an NA message containing its link-layer address.
Node A acquires the link-layer address of node B from the NA message.
Neighbor Reachability Detection
After node A acquires the link-layer address of its neighbor node B, node A can verify whether
node B is reachable according to NS and NA messages.
Node A sends an NS message whose destination address is the IPv6 address of node B.
If node A receives an NA message from node B, node A considers that node B is reachable.
Otherwise, node B is unreachable.
Duplicate Address Detection
Neighbor solicitation messages are used in the stateless autoconfiguration process to verify
the uniqueness of unicast IPv6 addresses before the addresses are assigned to an interface.
After node A acquires an IPv6 address, it will perform duplicate address detection (DAD) to
determine whether the address is being used by other nodes (similar to the gratuitous ARP
23
function of IPv4). DAD is accomplished through NS and NA messages. The DAD procedure is
as follows:
Node A sends an NS message whose source address is the unassigned address :: and
destination address is the corresponding solicited-node multicast address of the IPv6
address to be detected. The NS message contains the IPv6 address.
If node B uses this IPv6 address, node B returns an NA message. The NA message
contains the IPv6 address of node B.
Node A learns that the IPv6 address is being used by node B after receiving the NA
message from node B. Otherwise, node B is not using the IPv6 address and node A can
use it.
2. IPv6 Router Advertisement Message
Router advertisement (RA) messages, which have a value of 134 in the Type field of the ICMP
packet header, are periodically sent out each configured interface of an IPv6 router.
RA messages typically include the following information:
One or more onlink IPv6 prefixes that nodes on the local link can use to automatically
configure their IPv6 addresses.
Lifetime information for each prefix included in the advertisement.
Sets of flags that indicate the type of autoconfiguration (stateless or stateful) that can be
completed.
Default router information (whether the device sending the advertisement should be used
as a default router and, if so, the amount of time, in seconds, the device should be used as
a default router).
Additional information for hosts, such as the hop limit and maximum transmission unit (MTU)
a host should use in packets that it originates.
RAs are also sent in response to device solicitation messages. Device solicitation messages,
which have a value of 133 in the Type field of the ICMP packet header, are sent by hosts at
system startup or anytime needed so that the host can immediately autoconfigure without
needing to wait for the next scheduled RA message.
Hosts discover and select default devices by listening to Router Advertisements (RAs).
Stateless address autoconfiguration means that the node automatically configures an IPv6
address and other information for its interface according to the address prefix and other
configuration parameters in the received RA messages.
3. IPv6 Neighbor Redirect Message
A value of 137 in the type field of the ICMP packet header identifies an IPv6 neighbor redirect
message. Devices send neighbor redirect messages to inform hosts of better first-hop nodes
on the path to a destination.
24
A device will send an IPv6 ICMP redirect message when the following conditions are satisfied:
The receiving interface is the forwarding interface.
The selected route itself is not created or modified by an IPv6 ICMP redirect message.
The selected route is not the default route.
The forwarded IPv6 packet does not contain any routing header.
You can configure the system’s administrative IPv6 address on this page.
Choose the menu Syste m →System Info →Syst e m IPv6 to load the following page.
Figure 4-10 System IPv6
The following entries are displayed on this screen:
Global Config
IPv 6: Enable/Disable IPv6 function globally on the switch.
25
When this option is selected, you should assign a
the switch will generate a
local address may be newly
l address is duplicate. It is
illegal to access the switch using the IPv6 address(including
configuration via RA
switch automatically configures a
global address and other information according to the address
prefix and other configuration parameters from the received
Autoconfig
via DHCPv6 Server
the system will try to obtain the
You can select the global address format according to your
Indicates that you only need to specify an address
prefix, and then the system will create a global address
Indicates that you have to specify an intact global
ease input the address
Select the desired entry to delete or modify the corresponding
Link-local Address Config
Config Mode: Select the link-local address configuration mode.
Manual:
link-local address manually.
Auto: When this option is selected,
link-local address automatically.
Link-local Address: Enter a link-local address.
Status: Displays the status of the link-local address.
Normal: Indicates that the link-local address is normal.
Tr y : Indicates that the link-
configured.
Repeat: Indicates that the link-lo ca
link-local and global address).
Global Address Autoconfig via RA Message
Enable global
When this option is enabled, the
addre ss auto
message:
Global Address Autoconfig via DHCPv6 Server
Enable Global
Address
RA(Router Advertisement) message.
When this option is enabled,
global address from the DHCPv6 Server.
:
Add a global address manually
Address Format:
requirements.
EUI-64:
automatically.
Not EUI-64:
address.
Global Address: When selecting the mode of EUI-64, pl
prefix here, otherwise, please input an intact IPv6 address here.
Global address Table
Select:
global address.
Global Address: Modify the global address.
Prefix Length: Modify the prefix length of the global address.
26
Indicates that the corresponding address is
Indicates that the corresponding address is created
using the RA message or obtained from the
Indicates that the global address may be newly
Indicates that the corresponding address is duplicate.
Typ e : Displays the configuration mode of the global address.
Manual:
configured manually.
Auto:
automatically
DHCPv6 Server.
Preferred
Displays the preferred time and valid time of the global address.
Lifetime/Valid
Lifetime :
Status: Displays the status of the global address.
Normal: Indicates that the global address is normal.
Tr y :
configured.
Repeat:
It is illegal to access the switch using this address.
Tips:
After adding a global IPv6 address to your switch manually here, you can configure your PC’s
global IPv6 address in the same subnet with the switch and login to the switch via its global IPv6
address. For the detailed instructions, please refer to Appendix B.
4.2 User Management
User Management functions to configure the user name and password for users to log on to the
Web management page with a certain access level so as to protect the settings of the switch from
being randomly changed.
The Use r Management function can be implemented on User Table and User Config pages.
4.2.1 User Table
On this page you can view the information about the current users of the switch.
Choose the menu Syste m→User Management→User Table to load the following page.
Figure 4-11 User Table
4.2.2 User Config
On this page you can configure the access level of the user to log on to the Web management
page. The switch provides two access levels: Guest and Admin. The guest only can view the
settings without the right to configure the switch; the admin can configure all the functions of the
switch. The Web manage ment pages contained in this guide are subject to the admin’s login without any
explanation.
27
Admin: Admin can edit, modify and view all the settings of
Guest: Guest only can view the settings without the right to edit
Password Display
onding user
t
User ID, Name,
Acce ss Level and
Displays the current user ID, user name, access level and user
ntry, and you can edit the
corresponding user information. After modifying the settings,
button to make the modification effective.
Access level and user status of the current user information
Choose the menu Syste m→Use r M anagement→User Config to load the following page.
Figure 4-12 User Config
The following entries are displayed on this screen:
User Info
Use r Name: Create a name for users’ login.
Acce ss Level: Select the access level to login.
different functions.
and modify.
User Status: Select Enable/Disable the user configuration.
Password: Type a password for users’ login.
Confirm Password: Retype the password.
Simple: Select a simple password display mode.
Mode:
User Table
Cipher: Select a cipher password display mode.
Select: Select the desired entry to delete the corresp
information. It is multi-optional. The current user information can’
be deleted.
status.
status:
Operation: Click the Edit button of the desired e
please click the Modify
cannot be modified.
28
he backup
configuration file. It will take effect after the switch automatically
4.3 System Tools
The System Tools function, allowing you to manage the configuration file of the switch, can b e
implemented on Config Restore, Config Backup, Firmware Upg rade, System Reboot and
System Reset pages.
4.3.1 Config Restore
On this page you can upload a backup configuration file to restore your switch to this previous
configuration.
Choose the menu Syste m→System Tools→Config Restore to load the following page.
Figure 4-13 Config Restore
The following entries are displayed on this screen:
Config Restore
Restore Config: Click the Re store Config button to restore t
reboots.
Note:
1. It will take a few minutes to restore the configuration. Please wait without any operation.
2. To avoid any damage, please don’t power down the switch while being restored.
3. After being restored, the current settings of the switch will be lost. Wrong uploaded
configuration file may cause the switch unmanaged.
4.3.2 Config Backup
On this page you can download the current configuration and save it as a file to your computer for
your future configuration restore.
29
button to save the current configuration
as a file to your computer. You are suggested to take this measure
Choose the menu Syste m→System Tools→Config Backup to load the following page.
Figure 4-14 Config Backup
The following entries are displayed on this screen:
Config Backup
Backup Config: Click the Backup Config
before upgrading.
Note:
It will take a few minutes to backup the configuration. Please wait without any operation.
4.3.3 Firmware Upgrade
The switch system can be upgraded via the Web management page. To upgrade the system is to
get more functions and better performance. Go to http://www.tp-link.com
firmware.
Choose the menu Syste m→System Tools→Firmware Upgrade to load the following page.
to download the updated
Figure 4-15 Firmware Upgrade
Note:
1. Don’t interrupt the upgrade.
2. Please select the proper software version matching with your hardware to upgrade.
3. To avoid damage, please don't turn off the device while upgrading.
30
4. After upgrading, the device will reboot automatically.
5. You are suggested to backup the configuration before upgrading.
4.3.4 System Reboot
On this page you can reboot the switch and return to the login page. Please save th e current
configuration before rebooting to avoid losing the configuration unsaved
Choose the menu Syste m→System Tools→System Reboot to load the following page.
Figure 4-16 System Reboot
Note:
To avoid damage, please don't turn off the device while rebooting.
4.3.5 System Reset
On this page you can reset the switch to the default. All the settings will be cleared after the switch
is reset.
Choose the menu Syste m→System Tools→System Reset to load the following page.
Figure 4-17 System Reset
Note:
After the system is reset, the switch will be reset to the default and all the settings will be cleared.
4.4 Access Security
Access Security provides different security measures for the remote login so as to enhance the
configuration management security. It can be implemented on Access Contr ol, SSL Config and
SSH Config pages.
4.4.1 Access Control
On this page you can control the users logging on to the Web management page to enhance the
configuration management security. The definitions of Admin and Guest refer to
Management.
31
4.2 User
Select the control mode for users to log on to the Web
range of the users for
based: Select this option to limit the MAC Address of the
based
range you set here
based
mode is selected. Only the user with this MAC Address you set
based
ports you set
Choose the menu Syste m→Access Security→Acce ss Control to load the following page.
Figure 4-18 Access Control
The following entries are displayed on this screen:
Access Control Config
Control Mode:
management page.
IP-based: Select this option to limit the IP-
login.
MAC-
users for login.
Port-based: Select this option to limit the ports for login.
IP Address & Mask These fields can be available for configuration only when IP-
mode is selected. Only the users within the IPare allowed for login.
M AC Ad d r e ss: The field can be available for configuration only when MAC-
here are allowed for login.
Por t: The field can be available for configuration only when Port-
mode is selected. Only the users connected to these
here are allowed for login.
Session Config
32
If you do nothing with the Web management page within the
timeout time, the system will log out automatically. If you want to
Enter the maximum number of the users logging on to the Web
Enter the maximum number of the users logging on to the Web
Session Time out:
reconfigure, please login again.
Access User Number
Number Control: Select Enable/Disable the Number Control function.
Admin Number:
management page as Admin.
Guest Number:
management page as Guest.
4.4.2 SSL Config
SSL (Secure Sockets Layer), a security protocol, is to provide a secure connection for the
application layer protocol (e.g. HTTP) communication based on TCP. SSL is widely used to secure
the data transmission between the Web browser and servers. It is mainly applied through
ecommerce and online banking.
SSL mainly provides the following services:
1. Authenticate the users and the servers based on the certificates to ensure the data are
transmitted to the correct users and servers;
2. Encrypt the data transmission to prevent the data being intercepted;
3. Maintain the integrality of the data to prevent the data being altered in the transmission.
Adopting asymmetrical encryption technology, SSL uses key pair to encrypt/decrypt information. A
key pair refers to a public key (contained in the certificate) and its corresponding private key. By
default the switch has a certificate (self-signed certificate) and a corresponding private key. The
Certificate/Key Download function enables the user to replace the default key pair.
After SSL is effective, you can log on to the Web management page via https://192.168.0.1
. Fo r
the first time you use HTTPS connection to log into the switch with the default certificate, you will
be prompted that “The security certificate presented by this website was not issued by a trusted
certificate authority” or “Certificate Errors”. Please add this certificate to trusted certificates or
continue to this website.
The switch also supports HTTPS connection for IPv6. After configuring an IPv6 address (for
example, 3001::1) for the switch, you can log on to the switch’s Web management page via
https://[3001::1].
On this page you can configure the SSL function.
33
Select the desired certificate to download to the switch. The
Select the desired SSL Key to download to the switch. The key
Choose the menu Syste m→Access Security→SSL Con fig to load the following page.
Figure 4-19 SSL Config
The following entries are displayed on this screen
Global Config
:
SSL: Select Enable/Disable the SSL function on the switch.
Ce rtificate Download
Certificate File:
certificate must be BASE64 encoded.
Key Download
Key File:
must be BASE64 encoded.
Note:
1. The SSL certificate and key downloaded must match each other; otherwise the HTTPS
connection will not work.
2. The SSL certificate and key downloaded will not take effect until the switch is rebooted.
3. To establish a secured connection using https, please enter https:// into the URL field of the
browser.
4. It may take more time for https connection than that for http connection, because https
connection involves authentication, encryption and decryption etc.
4.4.3 SSH Config
As stipulated by IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force), SSH (Secure Shell) is a security protocol
established on application and transport layers. SSH-encrypted-connection is similar to a telnet
connection, but essentially the old telnet remote management method is not safe, because the
password and data transmitted with plain-text can be easily intercepted. SSH can provide
information security and powerful authentication when you log on to the switch remotely through
34
Specify the idle timeout time. The system will automatically
e is
Specify the maximum number of the connections to the SSH
server. No new connection will be established when the number of
the connections reaches the maximum number you set. The
an insecure network environment. It can encrypt all the transmission data and prevent the
information in a remote management being leaked.
Comprising server and client, SSH has two versions, V1 and V2 which are not compatible with
each other. In the communication, SSH server and client can auto-negotiate the SSH version and
the encryption algorithm. After getting a successful negotiation, the client sends authentication
request to the server for login, and then the two can communicate with each other after successful
authentication. This switch supports SSH server and you can log on to the switch via SSH
connection using SSH client software.
SSH key can be downloaded into the switch. If the key is successfully downloaded, the certificate
authentication will be preferred for SSH access to the switch.
Choose the menu Syste m→Access Security→SSH Config to load the following page.
Figure 4-20 SSH Config
The following entries are displayed on this screen
Global Config
:
SSH: Select Enable/Disable SSH function.
Protocol V1: Select Enable/Disable SSH V1 to be the supported protocol.
Protocol V2: Select Enable/Disable SSH V2 to be the supported protocol.
Idle Time out:
release the connection when the time is up. The default tim
120 seconds.
Max Connect:
default value is 5.
35
elect the type of SSH Key to download. The switch supports
the desired key file to the
Key Download
Ke y Type : S
three types: SSH-1 RSA, SSH-2 RSA and SSH-2 DSA.
Key File: Select the desired key file to download.
Download:
Click the Download button to download
switch.
Note:
1. Please ensure the key length of the downloaded file is in the range of 256 to 3072 bits.
2. After the Key File is downloaded, the user’s original key of the same type will be replaced.
The wrong uploaded file will result in the SSH access to the switch via Password
authentication.
Application Example 1 for SSH:
Network Requirements
1. Log on to the switch via password authentication using SSH and the SSH function is enabled
on the switch.
2. PuTTY client software is recommended.
Configuration Procedure
1. Open the software to log on to the interface of PuTTY. Enter the IP address of the switch into
Host Name field; keep the default value 22 in the Port field; select SSH as the Connection
type.
36
2. Click the Ope n button in the above figure to log on to the switch. Enter the login user name and
password, and then you can continue to configure the switch.
Application Example 2 for SSH:
Network Requirements
1. Log on to the switch via key authentication using SSH and the SSH function is enabled on the
switch.
2. PuTTY client software is recommended.
Configuration Procedure
1. Select the key type and key length, and generate SSH key.
Note:
1. The key length is in the range of 256 to 3072 bits.
2. During the key generation, randomly moving the mouse quickly can accelerate the key
generation.
2. After the key is successfully generated, please save the public key and private key to the
computer.
37
3. On the Web management page of the switch, download the public key file saved in the
computer to the switch.
Note:
1. The key type should accord with the type of the key file.
2. The SSH key downloading cannot be interrupted.
4. After the public key and private key are downloaded, please log on to the interface of PuTTY
and enter the IP address for login.
38
5. Click Browse to download the private key file to SSH client software and click Open.
After successful authentication, please enter the login user name. If you log on to the switch
without entering password, it indicates that the key has been successfully downloaded.
Return to CONTENTS
39
Por t Se lect
select the corresponding port
Select
Por t
Chapter 5 Switching
Switching module is used to configure the basic functions of the switch, including five submenus:
Por t, LAG , Traffic Monitor, M AC Addr e s s and DHCP Filtering.
5.1 Port
The Port function, allowing you to configure the basic features for the port, is implemented on the
Port Config, Port Mirror, Por t Se curity, Port Isolation and Loopback De tection pages.
5.1.1 Port Config
On this page, you can configure the basic parameters for the ports. When the port is disabled, the
packets on the port will be discarded. Disabling the port which is vacant for a long time can reduce
the power consumption effectively. And you can enable the port when it is in need.
The parameters will affect the working mode of the port, please set the parameters appropriate to
your needs.
Choose the menu Switching→Port→Port Config to load the following page.
Figure 5-1 Port Config
The following entries are displayed on this screen：
Port Config
: Click the Select button to quick-
based on the port number you entered.
: Select the desired port for configuration. It is multi-optional.
: Displays the port number.
40
Description
Status: Allows you to Enable/Disable the port. When Enable is selected,
Speed and Duplex
Select the Speed and Duplex mode for the port. The device
connected to the switch should be in the same Speed and
th the switch. When “Auto” is selected, the
negotiation.
negotiation.
Flow Control
Allows you to Enable/Disable the Flow Control feature. When
rol is enabled, the switch can synchronize the speed
LAG
: Give a description to the port for identification.
the port can forward the packets normally.
:
Duplex mode wi
Speed and Duplex mode will be determined by autoFor the SFP port, this switch does not support auto-
:
Flow Cont
with its peer to avoid the packet loss caused by congestion.
: Displays the LAG number which the port belongs to.
Note:
1. The switch cannot be managed through the disabled port. Please enable the port which is
used to manage the switch.
2. The parameters of the port members in a LAG should be set as the same.
3. When using the SFP port with a 100M module or a gigabit module, you need to configure its
corresponding Speed and Duplex mode. For 100M module, please select 100MFD while
select 1000MFD for gigabit module. By default, the Speed and Duple x mode of SFP port is
1000MFD.
5.1.2 Port Mirror
Port Mirror, the packets obtaining technology, functions to forward copies of packets from
one/multiple ports (mirrored port) to a specific port (mirroring port). Usually, the mirroring port is
connected to a data diagnose device, which is used to analyze the mirrored packets for monitoring
and troubleshooting the network.
Choose the menu Switching→Port→Port Mirror to load the following page.
Figure 5-2 Mirror Group List
41
The following entries are displayed on this screen.
Mirror Grou p List
Group: Displays the mirror group number.
Mirroring: Displays the mirroring port number.
Mode: Displays the mirror mode. The value will be "Ingress" or "Egress".
Mirrored Port: Displays the mirrored ports.
Operation: Click Edit to configure the mirror group.
Click Edit to display the following figure.
Figure 5-3 Port Mirror Config
The following entries are displayed on this screen:
Mirror Group
Number: Select the mirror group number you want to configure.
Mirroring Port
Mirroring Port: Select the mirroring port number.
42
select the corresponding port based
ture. When the Ingress is
enabled, the incoming packets received by the mirrored port will be
Select Enable/Disable the Egress feature. When the Egress is
belongs to. The LAG
Mirrored Port
Por t Se lect: Click the Select button to quick-
on the port number you entered.
Select: Select the desired port as a mirrored port. It is multi-optional.
Por t: Displays the port number.
Ingre ss:
Select Enable/Disable the Ingress fea
copied to the mirroring port.
Egress:
enabled, the outgoing packets sent by the mirrored port will be
copied to the mirroring port.
LAG : Displays the LAG number which the port
member cannot be selected as the mirrored port or mirroring port.
Note:
1. The LAG member cannot be selected as the mirrored port or mirroring port.
2. A port cannot be set as the mirrored port and the mirroring port simultaneously.
3. The Port Mirror function can span the multiple VLANs.
5.1.3 Port Security
MAC Address Table maintains the mapping relationship between the port and the MAC address of
the connected device, which is the base of the packet forwarding. The capacity of MAC Address
Table is fixed. MAC Address Attack is the attack method that the attacker takes to obtain the
network information illegally. The attacker uses tools to generate the cheating MAC address an d
quickly occupy the MAC Address Table. When the MAC Address Table is full, the switch will
broadcast the packets to all the ports. At this moment, the attacker can obtain the network
information via various sniffers and attacks. When the MAC Address Table is full, the packets
traffic will flood to all the ports, which results in overload, lower speed, packets drop and even
breakdown of the system.
Port Security is to protect the switch from the malicious MAC Address Attack by limiting the
maximum number of MAC addresses that can be learned on the port. The port with Port Security
feature enabled will learn the MAC address dynamically. When the learned MAC address number
reaches the maximum, the port will stop learning. Thereafter, the other devices with the MAC
address unlearned cannot access to the network via this port.
43
Select
Select the desired port for Port Security configuration. It is
Por t
Max Le arned MAC
Specify the maximum number of MAC addresses that can be
Le arne d Num
Displays the number of MAC addresses that have been learned
Learn Mode
When Dynamic mode is selected, the learned
MAC address will be deleted automatically after the aging
When Static mode is selected, the learned MAC
address will be out of the influence of the aging time and
only be deleted manually. The learned entries will be
When Permanent mode is selected, the
learned MAC address will be out of the influence of the
aging time and can only be deleted manually. The learned
Status
Choose the menu Switching→Port→Port Security to load the following page.
Figure 5-4 Port Security
The following entries are displayed on this screen:
Port Security
:
multi-optional.
: Displays the port number.
:
learned on the port.
:
on the port.
: Select the Learn Mode for the port.
• Dynamic:
time.
• Static:
can
cleared after the switch is rebooted.
• Pe rmanent:
entries will be saved even the switch is rebooted.
: Select Enable/Disable the Port Security feature for the port.
44
Note:
The Port Security function is disabled for the LAG port member. Only the port is removed from the
LAG, will the Port Security function be available for the port.
5.1.4 Port Isolation
Port Isolation provides a method of restricting traffic flow to improve the network security by
forbidding the port to forward packets to the ports that are not on its forward portlist.
Choose the menu Switching→Port→Port Isolation to load the following page.
Figure 5-5 Port Isolation
The following entries are displayed on this screen:
Port Isolation Config
From Port/To Port: Select the port number in this range to set their forward list.
Forward Portlist: Select the port that to be forwarded to.
Port Isolation List
Por t: Displays the port number.
Forward Portlist: Displays the forward portlist.
45
LoopbackDetection
Detection interval between 1 and 1000 seconds.
Web Refresh Interval
5.1.5 Loopback Detection
With loopback detection feature enabled, the switch can detect loops using loopback detection
packets. When a loop is detected, the switch will display an alert or further block the corresponding
port according to the port configuration.
Choose the menu Switching→Port→Loopback De tec tio n to load the following page.
Figure 5-6 Loopback Detection Config
The following entries are displayed on this screen
Global Config
:
Here you can enable or disable Loopback Detection function
Status:
Dete ction Interval:
globally.
Set a Loopback
By default, it’s 30 seconds.
Automatic
Re cov ery Time:
Time after which the blocked port would automatically recover to
normal status. It can be set as integral times of detection interval.
We b Re fresh Status: Here you can enable or disable web automatic refresh.
: Set a web refresh interval between 3 and 100 seconds. By
default, it’s 3 seconds.
46
select the corresponding port
Detection configuration. It is
Port Config
Por t Se lect: Click the Select button to quick-
based on the port number you entered.
Select: Select the desired port for Loopback
multi-optional.
Por t: Displays the port number.
Status: Enable or disable Loopback Detection function for the port.
Operation M ode: Select the mode how the switch processes the detected loops.
• Alert: When a loop is detected, display an alert.
• Port based: When a loop is detected, display an aler t and
block the port.
Recovery Mode: Select the mode how the blocked port recovers to normal status.
• Auto: Block status can be automatically removed after
recovery time.
• Manual: Block status only can be removed manually.
Loop Status: Displays the port status whether a loopback is detected.
Block Status: Displays the port status about block or unblock.
LAG : Displays the LAG number the port belongs to.
Manual Recover: Manually remove the block status of selected ports.
Note:
1. Recovery Mode is not selectable when Alert is chosen in Operation Mode.
2. Loopback Detection must coordinate with storm control.
5.2 LAG
LAG (Link Aggregation Group) is to combine a number of ports together to make a single
high-bandwidth data path, so as to implement the traffic load sharing among the member ports in
the group and to enhance the connection reliability.
For the member ports in an aggregation group, their basic configuration must be the same. The
basic configuration includes STP, QoS, VL AN, port attributes, MAC Addre ss Le ar nin g mode
and other associated settings. More details are explained below:
If the ports, which are enabled for the 802.1Q VLAN, STP, QoS and Port Configuration
(Speed and Flow Control), are in a LAG, their configurations should be the same.
The ports, which are enabled for th e ha lf -duplex, Port Se curity, Port Mirror and M AC
Address Filtering, cannot be added to the LAG.
If the LAG is needed, you are suggested to configure the LAG function here before configuring the
other functions for the member ports.
47
Select the applied scope of Aggregate Arithmetic, which
When this option is selected, the
Aggregate Arithmetic will apply to the source and destination
When this option is selected, the
etic will apply to the source and destination
Select
Group Number
Description
M e mber
Tips:
1. Calculate the bandwidth for a LAG: If a LAG consists of the four ports in the speed of
1000Mbps Full Duplex, the whole bandwidth of the LAG is up to 8000Mbps (2000Mbps * 4)
because the bandwidth of each member port is 2000Mbps counting the up-linked speed of
1000Mbps and the down-linked speed of 1000Mbps.
2. The traffic load of the LAG will be balanced among the ports according to the Aggregate
Arithmetic. If the connections of one or several ports are broken, the traffic of these ports will
be transmitted on the normal ports, so as to guarantee the connection reliability.
The LAG function is implemented on the LAG Table , Static LAG and LACP Config configuration
pages.
5.2.1 LAG Table
On this page, you can view the information of the current LAG of the switch.
Choose the menu Switching→LAG→LAG Table to load the following page.
Figure 5-7 LAG Table
The following entries are displayed on this screen:
Global Config
Hash Algorithm:
results in choosing a port to transfer the packets.
• SRC MAC + DST MAC:
MAC addresses of the packets.
• SRC IP + DST I P:
Aggregate Arithm
IP addresses of the packets.
LAG Table
: Select the desired LAG. It is multi-optional.
: Displays the LAG number here.
: Displays the description of LAG.
: Displays the LAG me mber.
48
Operation
Group Number
: Allows you to view or modify the information for each LAG.
• Edit: Click to modify the settings of the LAG.
• Detail: Click to get the information of the LAG.
Click the Detail button for the detailed information of your selected LAG.
Figure 5-8 Detailed Information
5.2.2 Static LAG
On this page, you can manually configure the LAG.
Choose the menu Switching→LAG →Static LAG to load the following page.
Figure 5-9 Manually Config
The following entries are displayed on this screen:
LAG Config
: Select a Group Number for the LAG.
49
Description
Member Port
Select the port as the LAG member. Clearing all the ports of
: Displays the description of the LAG.
Member Port
:
the LAG will delete this LAG.
Tips:
1. The LAG can be deleted by clearing its all member ports.
2. A port can only be added to a LAG. If a port is the member of a LAG, the port number will be
displayed in gray and cannot be selected.
5.2.3 LACP Config
LACP (Link Aggregation Control Protocol) is defined in IEEE802.3ad and enables the dynamic link
aggregation and disaggregation by exchanging LACP packets with its partner. The switch can
dynamically group similarly configured ports into a single logical link, which will highly extend the
bandwidth and flexibly balance the load.
With the LACP feature enabled, the port will notify its partner of the system priority, system MAC,
port priority, port number and operation key (operation key is determined by the physical
properties of the port, upper layer protocol and admin key). The device with higher priority will lead
the aggregation and disaggregation. System priority and system MAC decide the priority of the
device. The smaller the system priority, the higher the priority of the device is. With the same
system priority, the device owning the smaller system MAC has the higher priority. The device wit h
the higher priority will choose the ports to be aggregated based on the port priority, port number
and operation key. Only the ports with the same operation key can be selected into the same
aggregation group. In an aggregation group, the port with smaller port priority will be considered
as the preferred one. If the two port priorities are equal, the port with smaller port number is
preferred. After an aggregation group is established, the selected ports can be aggregated
together as one port to transmit packets.
On this page, you can configure the LACP feature of the switch.
50
System Pr iority:
rity and
MAC address constitute the system identification (ID). A lower system
priority value indicates a higher system priority. When exchanging
information between systems, the system with higher priority
to, and the system
with lower priority adds the proper links to the link aggregation
Por t Se lect:
select the corresponding port based
Select:
Por t:
Admin Key:
Specify an Admin Key for the port. The member ports in a dynamic
Choose the menu Switching→LAG →LACP Config to load the following page.
Figure 5-10 LACP Config
The following entries are displayed on this screen:
Global Config
Specify the system priority for the switch. The system prio
determines which link aggregation a link belongs
according to the selection of its partner.
LACP Config
Click the Sele ct button to quick-
on the port number you entered.
Select the desired port for LACP configuration. It is multi-optional.
Displays the port number.
aggregation group must have the same Admin Key.
51
Port Priority:
cify a Port Priority for the port. This value determines the priority
of the port to be selected as the dynamic aggregation group
member. The port with smaller Port Priority will be considered as the
port with
Mode:
Status:
LAG :
Auto Refr
Allows you to Enable/Disable refreshing the Traffic Summary
Spe
preferred one. If the two port priorities are equal; the
smaller port number is preferred.
Specify LACP mode for your selected port.
Enable/Disable the LACP feature for your selected port.
Displays the LAG number which the port belongs to.
5.3 Traffic Monitor
The Traffic Monitor function, monitoring the traffic of each port, is implemented on the Tr a ff i c
Summary and Traffic Statistics pages.
5.3.1 Traffic Summary
Traffic Summary screen displays the traffic information of each port, which facilitates you to
monitor the traffic and analyze the network abnormity.
Choose the menu Switching→Traffic Monitor→Traffic Summary to load the following page.
Figure 5-11 Traffic Summary
The following entries are displayed on this screen:
Auto Refresh
e sh :
automatically.
52
Refre sh Rate
Por t Se lect
select the corresponding port based
Por t
Packets Rx
Displays the number of packets received on the port. The error
Packets Tx
Octets Rx
s the number of octets received on the port. The error octets
Octets Tx
Statistics
button to view the detailed traffic statistics of the
Traffic Summary
: Click the Select button to quick-
: Displays the port number.
:
: Displays the number of packets transmitted on the port.
: Display
: Displays the number of octets transmitted on the port.
: Click the Statistics
: Enter a value in seconds to specify the refresh interval.
on the port number you entered.
packets are not counted in.
are counted in.
port.
5.3.2 Traffic Statistics
Traffic Statistics screen displays the detailed traffic information of each port, which facilitates you to
monitor the traffic and locate faults promptly.
Choose the menu Switching→Traffic Monitor→Traffic Statistics to load the following page.
Figure 5-12 Traffic Statistics
The following entries are displayed on this screen:
Auto Refresh
53
Auto Refresh
ng the Traffic Summary
Refre sh Rate
Por t
button to view the traffic
Rece ived
Sent
Broadcast
Displays the number of good broadcast packets received or
Multica
Displays the number of good multicast packets received or
Unicast
Displays the number of good unicast packets received or
Ali
Displays the number of the received packets that have a bad
integral octet
have a bad FCS with an integral octet
(CRC Error). The length of the packet is between 64 bytes and
Displays the number of the received packets that have a bad
ength of the packet is from
64 bytes to maximal bytes of the jumbo frame(usually 10240
UndersizePkts
Displays the number of the received packets (excluding error
Pkts64Octets
received packets (including error
Pkts65to127Octets
Displays the number of the received packets (including error
Pkts128to255Octets
ackets (including error
Pkts256to511Octets
Displays the number of the received packets (including error
Pkts512to1023Octets
eceived packets (including error
Pkts
Displays the number of the received packets (including error
Collisions
ced by a port during
Statistics
: Enter a port number and click the Select
: Displays the details of the packets transmitted on the port.
gnment Errors: For TL-SG2216/TL-SG2424/TL-SG2424P:
: Allows you to Enable/Disable refreshi
automatically.
: Enter a value in seconds to specify the refresh interval.
statistics of the corresponding port.
: Displays the details of the packets received on the port.
:
transmitted on the port. The error frames are not counted in.
st:
transmitted on the port. The error frames are not counted in.
:
transmitted on the port. The error frames are not counted in.
Frame Check Sequence (FCS) with a non(Alignment Error) and
1518 bytes.
For TL-SG2452:
Frame Check Sequence (FCS) . The l
bytes).
:
packets) that are less than 64 bytes long.
: Displays the number of the
packets) that are 64 bytes long.
:
packets) that are between 65 and 127 bytes long.
: Displays the number of the received p
packets) that are between 128 and 255 bytes long.
:
packets) that are between 256 and 511 bytes long.
: Displays the number of the r
packets) that are between 512 and 1023 bytes long.
Over1023Octets:
packets) that are over 1023 bytes.
: Displays the number of collisions experien
packet transmissions.
54
Being kept after
(if the configuration
Relationship between the
bound MAC address and
The bound MAC address
be learned by the
other ports in the same
The bound MAC address
can be learned by the other
5.4 MAC Address
The main function of the switch is forwarding the packets to the correct ports based on the
destination MAC address of the packets. Address Table contains the port-based MAC address
information, which is the base for the switch to forward packets quickly. The entries in the Address
Table can be updated by auto-learning or configured manually. Most entries are generated and
updated by auto-learning. In the stable networks, the static MAC address entries can facilitate the
switch to reduce broadcast packets and enhance the efficiency of packets forwarding remarkably.
The address filtering feature allows the switch to filter the undesired packets and forbid its
forwarding so as to improve the network security.
The types and the features of the MAC Address Table are listed as the following:
Typ e
Static
Address Table
Dynamic
Address Table
Filtering
Address Table
This function includes four submenus: Address Table, Static Address, Dynamic Address and
Filtering Address.
Configuration
Way
Manually
configuring
Automatically
learning
Manually
configuring
Table 5-1 Types and features of Address Table
Aging out
No Ye s
Yes No
No Ye s -
reboot
the port
is saved)
cannot
VLAN.
ports in the same VLAN.
5.4.1 Address Table
On this page, you can view all the information of the Address Table.
Choose the menu Switching→M AC Ad dr e s s →Address Table to load the following page.
Figure 5-13 Address Table
55
The following entries are displayed on this screen:
M AC Ad d r e ss
VLAN I D
Por t
Typ e
This option allows the address table to display all the
This option allows the address table to display the static
This option allows the address table to display the
This option allows the address table to display the
M AC Ad d r e ss
VLAN I D
Por t
Typ e
Aging Status
Search Option
: Enter the MAC address of your desired entry.
: Enter the VLAN ID of your desired entry.
: Select the corresponding port number of your desired entry.
: Select the type of your desired entry.
Al l :
address entries.
Static:
address entries only.
Dynamic:
dynamic address entries only.
Filtering:
filtering address entries only.
Address Table
: Displays the MAC address learned by the switch.
: Displays the corresponding VLAN ID of the MAC address.
: Displays the corresponding Port number of the MAC address.
: Displays the Type of the MAC address.
: Displays the Aging status of the MAC address.
5.4.2 Static Address
The static address table maintains the static address entries which can be added or removed
manually, independent of the aging time. In the stable networks, the static MAC address entries
can facilitate the switch to reduce broadcast packets and remarkably enhance the efficiency of
packets forwarding without learning the address. The static MAC address learned by the port with
Por t Se curity enabled in the static learning mode will be displayed in the Static Address Table.
56
M AC Ad d r e ss
VLAN I D
Por t
Search Option
Select
corresponding port number. It
M AC Ad d r e ss
VLAN I D
Por t: Displays the corresponding Port number of the MAC address. Here
number to which the MAC address is bound.
Typ e
Choose the menu Switching→M AC Addr e s s →Static Address to load the following page.
Figure 5-14 Static Address
The following entries are displayed on this screen:
Cre ate Static Address
: Enter the static MAC Address to be bound.
: Enter the corresponding VLAN ID of the MAC address.
: Select a port from the pull-down list to be bound.
Search Option
: Select a Search Option from the pull-down list and click the Search
button to find your desired entry in the Static Address Table.
• M AC : Enter the MAC address of your desired entry.
• VLAN ID: Enter the VLAN ID number of your desired entry.
• Por t: Enter the Port number of your desired entry.
Static Address Table
: Select the entry to delete or modify the
is multi-optional.
: Displays the static MAC Address.
: Displays the corresponding VLAN ID of the MAC address.
you can modify the port
The new port should be in the same VLAN.
: Displays the Type of the MAC address.
57
Aging Status
Auto Aging
: Displays the Aging Status of the MAC address.
No te:
1. If the corresponding port number of the MAC address is not correct, or the connected port (or
the device) has been changed, the switch cannot forward the packets correctly. Please reset
the static address entry appropriately.
2. If the MAC address of a device has been added to the Static Address Table, connecting the
device to another port will cause its address not to be recognized dynamically by the switch.
Therefore, please ensure the entries in the Static Address Table are correct and valid.
3. The MAC address in the Static Address Table cannot be added to the Filtering Address Table
or bound to a port dynamically.
5.4.3 Dynamic Address
The dynamic address can be generated by the auto-learning mechanism of the switch. The
Dynamic Address Table can update automatically by auto-learning or the MAC address aging out
mechanism.
To fully utilize the MAC address table, which has a limited capacity, the switch adopts an aging
mechanism for updating the table. That is, the switch removes the MAC address entries related to
a network device if no packet is received from the device within the aging time.
On this page, you can configure the dynamic MAC address entry.
Choose the menu Switching→M AC Addr e s s →Dynamic Address to load the following page.
Figure 5-15 Dynamic Address
The following entries are displayed on this screen:
Aging Config
: Allows you to Enable/Disable the Auto Aging feature.
58
Aging Time
: Enter the Aging Time for the dynamic address.
Search Option
Search
Select: Select the entry to delete the dynamic address or to bind the MAC
M AC Ad d r e ss
VLAN I D
Por t
Typ e
Aging Status
Bind
to bind the MAC address of your selected entry
Search Option
: Select a Search Option from the pull-down list and click the
Dynamic Addre ss Table
: Displays the dynamic MAC Address.
: Displays the corresponding VLAN ID of the MAC address.
: Displays the corresponding port number of the MAC address.
button to find your desired entry in the Dynamic Address Table.
• M AC : Enter the MAC address of your desired entry.
• VLAN ID: Enter the VLAN ID number of your desired entry.
• Por t: Enter the Port number of your desired entry.
• LAG ID: Enter the LAG ID of your desired entry.
address to the corresponding port statically. It is multi-optional.
: Displays the Type of the MAC address.
: Displays the Aging Status of the MAC address.
: Click the Bind button
to the corresponding port statically.
Tips:
Setting aging time properly helps implement effective MAC address aging. The aging time that is
too long or too short results in a decrease of the switch performance. If the aging time is too long,
excessive invalid MAC address entries maintained by the switch may fill up the MAC address table.
This prevents the MAC address table from updating with network changes in time. If the aging time
is too short, the switch may remove valid MAC address entries. This decreases the forwarding
performance of the switch. It is recommended to keep the default value.
5.4.4 Filtering Address
The filtering address is to forbid the undesired packets to be forwarded. The filtering address can
be added or removed manually, independent of the aging time. The filtering MAC address allows
the switch to filter the packets which includes this MAC address as the source address or
destination address, so as to guarantee the network security. The filtering MAC address entries
act on all the ports in the corresponding VLAN.
59
M AC Ad d r e ss
VLAN I D
he corresponding filtering address. It is
Choose the menu Switching→M AC Addr e s s →Filtering Address to load the following page.
Figure 5-16 Filtering Address
The following entries are displayed on this screen:
Create Filtering Addre ss
: Enter the MAC Address to be filtered.
: Enter the corresponding VLAN ID of the MAC address.
Search Option
Search Option: Select a Search Option from the pull-down list and click the Se ar ch
button to find your desired entry in the Filtering Address Table.
• M AC Address: Enter the MAC address of your desired entry.
• VLAN ID: Enter the VLAN ID number of your desired entry.
Filtering Address Table
Select: Select the entry to delete t
multi-optional.
M AC Ad d r e ss: Displays the filtering MAC Address.
VLAN I D: Displays the corresponding VLAN ID.
Por t: Here the symbol “--” indicates no specified port.
Typ e : Displays the Type of the MAC address.
Aging Status: Displays the Aging Status of the MAC address.
Note:
The MAC address in the Filtering Address Table cannot be added to the Static Address Table or
bound to a port dynamically.
60
5.5 DHCP Filtering
No wadays, the network is getting larger and more complicated. The amount of the PCs always
exceeds that of the assigned IP addresses. The wireless network and the laptops are widely used
and the locations of the PCs are always changed. Therefore, the corresponding IP address of the
PC should be updated with a few configurations. DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol)
functions to solve the above mentioned problems.
Ho wever, during the working process of DHCP, generally there is no authentication mechanism
between Server and Client. If there are several DHCP servers in the network, network confusion
and security problem will happen. To protect the switch from being attacked by illegal DHCP
servers, you can configure the desired ports as trusted ports and only the clients connected to the
trusted port s can receive DHCP packets from DHCP severs. Here the DHCP Filtering function
performs to monitor the process of hosts obtaining IP addresses from DHCP servers.
DHCP Working Principle
DHCP works via the “Client/Server” communication mode. The Client applies to the Server for
configuration. The Server assigns the configuration information, such as the IP address, to the
Client, so as to reach a dynamic employ of the network source. A Server can assign IP address for
several Clients, which is illustrated in the following figure.
Figure 5-17 Network diagram of DHCP
For different DHCP clients, DHCP server provides three IP address assigning methods:
(1) Manually assign the IP address: Allows the administrator to bind the static IP address to a
specific client (e.g.: WWW Server) via the DHCP server.
(2) Automatically assign the IP address: DHCP server assigns the IP address without an
expiry time limitation to the clients.
(3) Dynamically assign the IP address: DHCP server assigns the IP address with an expiry
time. When the time for the IP address expired, the client should apply for a new one.
61
Most clients obtain IP addresses dynamically, which is illustrated in the following figure.
Figure 5-18 Interaction between a DHCP client and a DHCP server
（1） DHCP-DISCOVER Stage : The Client broadcasts the DHCP-DISCOVER packet to find
the DHCP server.
（2） DHCP-OFFER Stage: Upon receiving the DHCP-DISCOVER packet, the DHCP server
selects an IP address from the IP pool according to the assigning priority of the IP
addresses and replies to the client with DHCP-OFFER packet carrying the IP address and
other information.
（3） DHCP-REQUEST Stage: In the situation that there are several DHCP servers sending the
DHCP-OFFER packets, the client will only respond to the first received DHCP-OFFER
packet and broadcast the DHCP-REQUEST packet which includes the assigned IP
address of the DHCP-OFFER packet.
（4） DHCP-ACK Stage: Since the DHCP-REQUEST packet is broadcasted, all DHCP servers
on the network segment can receive it. However, only the requested server processes the
request. If the DHCP server acknowledges assigning this IP address to the client, it will
send the DHCP-ACK packet back to the client. Otherwise, the Server will send the
DHCP-NAK packet to refuse assigning this IP address to the client.
DHCP Che ating Attack
During the working process of DHCP, generally there is no authentication mechanism between
Server and Client. If there are several DHCP servers in the network, network confusion and
security problem will happen. The common cases incurring the illegal DHCP servers are the
following two:
（1） It’s common that the illegal DHCP server is manually configured by the user by mistake.
（2） Hacker exhausted the IP addresses of the normal DHCP server and then pretended to be
a legal DHCP server to assign the IP addresses and the other parameters to Clients. For
example, hacker used the pretended DHCP server to assign a modified DNS server
address to users so as to induce the users to the evil financial website or electronic trading
website and cheat the users of their accounts and passwords. The following figure
illustrates the DHCP Cheating Attack implementation procedure.
62
DHCP Filtering:
E
Figure 5-19 DHCP Cheating Attack Implementation Procedure
DHCP Filtering feature allows only the trusted ports to forward DHCP packets and thereby
ensures that users get proper IP addresses. DHCP Filtering is to monitor the process of hosts
obtaining the IP addresses from DHCP servers, and record the IP address, MAC address, VLAN
and the connected Port number of the Host for automatic binding. DHCP Filtering feature prevents
the network from the DHCP Server Cheating Attack by discarding the DHCP packets on the
distrusted port, so as to enhance the network security.
Choose the menu Switching → DHCP Filtering to load the following page.
Figure 5-20 DHCP Filtering
The following entries are displayed on this screen
:
DHCP Filte ring
Trusted Port
nable/Disable the DHCP Filtering function globally.
Here you can select the desired port(s) to be Trusted Port(s). Only the Trusted Port(s) can
receive DHCP packets from DHCP Servers. Click All button to select all ports. Click Cle ar
button to select none.
Return to CONTENTS
63
Chapter 6 VLAN
The traditional Ethernet is a data network communication technology based on CSMA/CD (Carrier
Sense Multiple Access/Collision Detect) via shared communication medium. Through the
traditional Ethernet, the overfull hosts in LAN will result in serious collision, flooding broadcasts,
poor performance or even breakdown of the Internet. Though connecting the LANs through
switches can avoid the serious collision, the flooding broadcasts cannot be prevented, which will
occupy plenty of bandwidth resources, causing potential serious security problems.
A Virtual Local Area Network (VLAN) is a network topology configured according to a logical
scheme rather than the physical layout. The VLAN technology is developed for switches to control
broadcast in LANs. By creating VLANs in a physical LAN, you can divide the LAN into multiple
logical LANs, each of which has a broadcast domain of its own. Hosts in the same VLAN
communicate with one another as if they are in a LAN. Ho wever, hosts in different VLANs cannot
communicate with one another directly. Therefore, broadcast packets are limited in a VLAN. Hosts
in the same VLAN communicate with one another via Ethernet whereas hosts in different VLANs
communicate with one another through the Internet devices such as router, the Layer 3 switch, etc.
The following figure illustrates a VLAN implementation.
Figure 6-1 VLAN implementation
Compared with the traditional Ethernet, VLAN enjoys the following advantages.
（1） Broadcasts are confined to VLANs. This decreases bandwidth utilization and improves
network performance.
（2） Network security is improved. VLANs cannot communicate with one another directly. That
is, a host in a VLAN cannot access resources in another VLAN directly, unless routers or
Layer 3 switches are used.
（3） Network configuration workload for the host is reduced. VLAN can be used to group
specific hosts. When the physical position of a host changes within the range of the VLAN,
you do not need to change its network configuration.
A VLAN can span across multiple switches, or even routers. This enables hosts in a VLAN to be
dispersed in a looser way. That is, hosts in a VLAN can belong to different physical network
segments. This switch supports 802.1Q VLAN to classify VLANs. VLAN tags in the packets are
necessary for the switch to identify packets of different VLANs.
64
6.1 802.1Q VLAN
VLAN tags in the packets are necessary for the switch to identify packets of different VLANs. The
switch works at the data link layer in OSI model and it can identify the data link layer encapsulation
of the packet only, so you can add the VLAN tag field into the data link layer encapsulation for
identification.
In 1999, IEEE issues the IEEE 802.1Q protocol to standardize VLAN implementation, defining the
structure of VLAN-tagged packets. IEEE 802.1Q protocol defines that a 4-byte VLAN tag is
encapsulated after the destination MAC address and source MAC address to show the information
about VLAN.
As shown in the following figure, a VLAN tag contains four fields, including TPID (Tag Protocol
Identifier), Priority, CFI (Canonical Format Indicator), and VLAN ID.
Figure 6-2 Format of VLAN Tag
（1） TPID: TPID is a 16-bit field, indicating that this data frame is VLAN-tagged. By default, it is
0x8100 in this switch.
（2） Priority: Priority is a 3-bit field, referring to 802.1p priority. Refer to section “QoS & QoS
profile” for details.
（3） CFI: CFI is a 1-bit field, indicating whether the MAC address is encapsulated in the
standard format in different transmission media. This field is not described in detail in this
chapter.
（4） VLAN ID: VLA N ID is a 12-bit field, indicating the ID of the VLAN to which this packet
belongs. It is in the range of 0 to 4,095. Generally, 0 and 4,095 is not used, so the field is in
the range of 1 to 4,094.
VLAN ID identifies the VLAN to which a packet belongs. When the switch receives an
un-VLAN-tagged packet, it will encapsulate a VLAN tag with the default VLAN ID of the inbound
port for the packet, and the packet will be assigned to the default VLAN of the inbound port for
transmission.
In this User Guide, the tagged packet refers to the packet with VLAN tag whereas the untagged
packet refers to the packet without VLAN tag, and the priority-tagged packet refers to the packet
with VLAN tag whose VLAN ID is 0.
Link Types of ports
When creating the 802.1Q VLAN, you should set the link type for the port according to its
connected device. The link types of port including the following two types: Untagged and Tagged.
（1） Untagged: The untagged port can be added in multiple VLANs. If a VLAN-tagged packet
arrives at a port and the VLAN ID in its VLAN tag does not match any of the VLAN the
ingress port belongs to, this packet will be dropped. The packets forwarded by the
untagged port are untagged.
（2） Ta g g e d : The tagged port can be added in multiple VLANs. If a VLAN-tagged packet
arrives at a port and the VLAN ID in its VLAN tag does not match any of the VLAN the
ingress port belongs to, this packet will be dropped. When the VLAN-tagged packets are
forwarded by the Tagged port, its VLAN tag will not be changed.
65
Packets
Packets
When untagged
packets are
received, the
port will add the
default VLAN
tag, i.e. the PVID
port, to the
is allowed by the
The packet will be
he packet will
be forwarded
after removing
he packet will
be forwarded
with its current
PVID
PVID (Port VLAN ID) is the default VID of the port. When the switch receives an un-VLAN-tagged
packet, it will add a VLAN tag to the packet according to the PVID of its received port and forward
the packets.
When creating VLANs, the PVID of each port, indicating the default VLAN to which the port
belongs, is an important parameter with the following two purposes:
（1） When the switch receives an un-VLAN-tagged packet, it will add a VLAN tag to the packet
according to the PVID of its received port
（2） PVID determines the default broadcast domain of the port, i.e. when the port receives UL
packets or broadcast packets, the port will broadcast the packets in its default VLAN.
Different packets, tagged or untagged, will be processed in different ways, after being received by
ports of different link types, which is illustrated in the following table.
Receiving Packets Forwarding Packets
Port Type
Untagged
Tagged Packets Untagged Packets
Tagged
If the VID of packet
Untagged
port, the packet will
forwarded
unchanged.
be received.
Tagged
of the ingress
packets.
If the VID of packet
is forbidden by the
port, the packet will
be dropped.
The pac ket will be
forwarded with the
PVID of egress port
as its VLAN tag.
Table 6-1 Relationship between Port Types and VLAN Packets Processing
IEEE 802.1Q VLAN function is implemented on the VLAN Config pages.
6.1.1 VLAN Config
On this page, you can configure the 802.1Q VLAN and its ports.
T
its VLAN tag
T
VLAN tag.
66
：
You can delete the specific VLAN when you click the word
Choose the menu VLAN →802.1Q VLAN→VLAN Config to load the following page.
Figure 6-3 VLAN Table
To ensure the normal communication of the factory switch, the default VLAN of all ports is set to
VLAN1.
The following entries are displayed on this screen:
VLAN Create
VLAN I D：
Name
VLAN Ta b l e
Enter the VLAN ID you want to create. It ranges from 2 to 4094.
Give a name to the VLAN for identification.
VLAN ID Sele ct: Click the Select button to quick-select the corresponding VLAN
based on the VLAN ID you entered.
Select: Select the desired port for configuration.
VLAN I D: Displays the VLAN ID.
Name: Displays the name of the specific VLAN.
Untagged Ports: Show the untagged ports of the specific VLAN.
Tagged Ports: Show the tagged ports of the specific VLAN.
Operation:
"Delete".
VLAN M e mbership
VLAN I D: Displays the VLAN ID you choose.
67
will be an untagged member of the specific VLAN if you
The port will be an tagged member of the specific VLAN if you
The port will not be a member of the specific VLAN if you select it.
Configure the
Link Type of the
page, configure
page, create a
VLAN Name: Here you can set the name of the VLAN you choose.
Por t: Displays the port number.
Untagged: The port
select it.
Tagged:
select it.
NotMember:
PVID: Here you can change the PVID of the specific port.
LAG : Displays the LAG to which the port belongs to.
6.2 Application Example for 802.1Q VLAN
Network Requirements
Switch A is connecting to PC A and Server B;
Switch B is connecting to PC B and Server A;
PC A and Server A is in the same VLAN;
PC B and Server B is in the same VLAN;
PCs in the two VLANs cannot communicate with each other.
Network Diagram
Configuration Procedure
Configure Switch A
Ste p Operation Description
1
Required. On VLAN→802.1Q VLAN→VL AN Config
the link type of Port 2, Port 3 and Port 4 as Untagged, Tagged and
Untagged respectively
2
ports
Create VLAN10 Required. On VLAN→802.1Q VLAN→VLAN Config
VLAN with its VLAN ID as 10, owning Port 2 and Port 3.
68
Ste p Operation Description
page, create a
Configure the
Link Type of the
page, configure
page, create a
page, create a
3
Create VLAN20 Required. On VLAN→802.1Q VLAN→VLAN Config
VLAN with its VLAN ID as 20, owning Port 3 and Port 4.
Configure Switch B
Ste p Operation Description
1
Required. On VLAN→802.1Q VLAN→VL AN Config
the link type of Port 7, Port 6 and Port 8 as Untagged, Tagged and
Untagged respectively.
2
ports
Create VLAN10 Required. On VLAN→802.1Q VLAN→VLAN Config
VLAN with its VLAN ID as 10, owning Port 6 and Port 8.
3
Create VLAN20 Required. On VLAN→802.1Q VLAN→VLAN Config
VLAN with its VLAN ID as 20, owning Port 6 and Port 7.
Return to CONTENTS
69
Chapter 7 Spanning Tree
STP (Spanning Tree Protocol), subject to IEEE 802.1D standard, is to disbranch a ring network in
the Data Link layer in a local network. Devices running STP discover loops in the network and block
ports by exchanging information, in that way, a ring network can be disbranched to form a
tree-topological ring-free network to prevent packets from being duplicated and forwarded endlessly
in the network.
BPDU (Bridge Protocol Data Unit) is the protocol data that STP and RSTP use. Enough
information is carried in BPDU to ensure the spanning tree generation. STP is to determine the
topology of the network via transferring BPDUs between devices.
To implement spanning tree function, the switches in the network transfer BPDUs between each
other to exchange information and all the switches supporting STP receive and process the
received BPDUs. BPDUs carry the information that is needed for switches to figure out the
spanning tree.
STP Ele me nts
Bridge ID（Bridge Identifier）: Indicates the value of the priority and MAC address of the bridge.
Bridge ID can be configured and the switch with the lower bridge ID has the higher priority.
Root Bridge: Indicates the switch has the lowest bridge ID. Configure the best PC in the ring
network as the root bridge to ensure best network performance and reliability.
De signated Bridge : Indicates the switch has the lowest path cost from the switch to the root
bridge in each network segment. BPDUs are forwarded to the network segment through the
designated bridge. The switch with the lowest bridge ID will be chosen as the designated bridge.
Root Path Cost: Indicates the sum of the path cost of the root port and the path cost of all the
switches that packets pass through. The root path cost of the root bridge is 0.
Bridge Priority: The bridge priority can be set to a value in the range of 0~32768. The lower value
priority has the higher priority. The switch with the higher priority has more chance to be chosen as
the root bridge.
Root Port: Indicates the port that has the lowest path cost from this bridge to the Root Bridge and
forwards packets to the root.
Designated Port: Indicates the port that forwards packets to a downstream network segment or
switch.
Port Priority: The port priority can be set to a value in the range of 0~255. The lower value priority
has the higher priority. The port with the higher priority has more chance to be chosen as the root
port.
Path Cost: Indicates the parameter for choosing the link path by STP. By calculating the path cost,
STP chooses the better links and blocks the redundant links so as to disbranch the ring-network to
form a tree-topological ring-free network.
The following network diagram shows the sketch map of spanning tree. Switch A, B and C are
connected together in order. After STP generation, switch A is chosen as root bridge, the path from
port 2 to port 6 is blocked.
Bridge: Switch A is the root bridge in the whole network; switch B is the designated bridge of
switch C.
Port: Port 3 is the root port of switch B and port 5 is the root port of switch C; port 1 is the
designated port of switch A and port 4 is the designated port of switch B; port 6 is the blocked
port of switch C.
70
Figure 7-1 Basic STP diagram
STP Time rs
Hello Time:
Hello Time ranges from 1 to 10 seconds. It specifies the interval to send BPDU packets. It is used
to test the links.
Max. Age:
Max. Age ranges from 6 to 40 seconds. It specifies the maxi mum time the switch can wait without
receiving a BPDU before attempting to reconfigure.
Forward Delay:
Forward Delay ranges from 4 to 30 seconds. It specifies the time for the port to transit its state
after the network topology is changed.
When the STP regeneration caused by network malfunction occurs, the STP structure will get
some corresponding change. However, as the new configuration BPDUs cannot be spread in the
whole network at once, the temporal loop will occur if the port transits its state immediately.
Therefore, STP adopts a state transit mechanism, that is, the new root port and the designated
port begins to forward data after twice forward delay, which ensures the new configuration BPDUs
are spread in the whole network.
BPDU Comparing Principle in STP mode
Assuming two BPDUs: BPDU X and BPDU Y
If the root bridge ID of X is smaller than that of Y, X is superior to Y.
If the root bridge ID of X equals that of Y, but the root path cost of X is smaller than that of Y, X is
superior to Y.
If the root bridge ID and the root path cost of X equal those of Y, but the bridge ID of X is smaller
than that of Y, X is superior to Y.
If the root bridge ID, the root path cost and bridge ID of X equal those of Y, but the port ID of X is
smaller than that of Y, X is superior to Y.
STP Gene ration
In the beginning
In the beginning, each switch regards itself as the root, and generates a configuration BPDU for
each port on it as a root, with the root path cost being 0, the ID of the designated bridge being that
of the switch, and the designated port being itself.
71
f the priority of the BPDU received on the port is lower than that of the BPDU if of
the port itself, the switch discards the BPDU and does not change the BPDU of
switch replaces the BPDU of the port with the received one and compares it with
one chosen as the root bridge) in a network, the port
that receives the BPDU with the highest priority is chosen as the root port of the
Using the root port BPDU and the root path cost, the switch generates a
Root path is replaced with the sum of the root path cost of the root port and
The switch compares the resulting BPDU with the BPDU of the desired port
If the resulting BPDU takes the precedence over the BPDU of the port, the
s chosen as the designated port and the BPDU of this port is replaced
If the BPDU of this port takes the precedence over the resulting BPDU, the
the port is blocked. The port only can
Comparing BPDUs
Each switch sends out configuration BPDUs and receives a configuration BPDU on one of its ports
from another switch. The following table shows the comparing operations.
Ste p Ope ration
1 I
the port.
2 If the priority of the BPDU is higher than that of the BPDU of the port itself, t he
those of other ports on the switch to obtain the one with the highest priority.
Table 7-1 Comparing BPDUs
Selecting the root bridge
The root bridge is selected by BPDU comparing. The switch with the smallest root ID is chosen as
the root bridge.
Selecting the root port and designate port
The operation is taken in the following way:
Ste p Ope ration
1 For each switch (except the
switch.
2
designated port BPDU for each of its ports.
Root ID is replaced with that of the root port;
the path cost between this port and the root port;
The ID of the designated bridge is replaced with that of the switch;
The ID of the designated port is replaced with that of the port.
3
whose role you want to determine.
port i
with the resulting BPDU. The port regularly sends out the resulting BPDU;
BPDU of this port is not replaced and
receive BPDUs.
Table 7-2 Selecting root port and designated port
Tips：
In a STP with stable topology, only the root port and designated port can forward data, and the
other ports are blocked. The blocked ports only can receive BPDUs.
RSTP (Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol), evolved from the 802.1D STP standard, enable Ethernet
ports to transit their states rapidly. The premises for the port in the RSTP to transit its state rapidly
are as follows.
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The condition for the root port to transit its port state rapidly: The old root port of the switch
stops forwarding data and the designated port of the upstream switch begins to forward
data.
The condition for the designated port to transit its port state rapidly: The designated port is
an edge port or connecting to a point-to-point link. If the designated port is an edge port, it
can directly transit to forwarding state; if the designated port is connecting to a
point-to-point link, it can transit to forwarding state after getting response from the
downstream switch through handshake.
RSTP Ele me nts
Edge Port: Indicates the port connected directly to terminals.
P2P Link: Indicates the link between two switches directly connected.
MSTP (Multiple Spanning Tree Protocol), compatible with both STP and RSTP and subject to IEEE
802.1s standard, not only enables spanning trees to converge rapidly, but also enables packets of
different VLANs to be forwarded along their respective paths so as to provide redundant links
with a better load-balancing mechanism.
Features of MSTP:
MSTP combines VLANs and spanning tree together via VLAN-to-instance mapping table. It
binds several VLANs to an instance to save communication cost and network resources.
MSTP divides a spanning tree network into several regions. Each region has several
internal spanning trees, which are independent of each other.
MSTP provides a load-balancing mechanism for the packets transmission in the VLAN.
MSTP is compatible with both STP and RSTP.
M STP Ele me nts
MST Region (Multiple Spanning Tree Region): An MST Region comprises switches with the same
region configuration and VLAN-to-Instances mapping relationship.
IST (Internal Spanning Tree): An IST is a spanning tree in an MST.
CST (Common Spanning Tree): A CST is the spanning tree in a switched network that connects a ll
MST regions in the network.
CIST (Common and Internal Spanning Tree): A CIST, comprising IST and CST, is the spanning
tree in a switched network that connects all switches in the network.
73
The following figure shows the network diagram in MSTP.
Figure 7-2 Basic MSTP diagram
M STP
MSTP divides a network into several MST regions. The CST is generated between these MST
regions, and multiple spanning trees can be generated in each MST region. Each spanning tree is
called an instance. As well as STP, MSTP uses BPDUs to generate spanning tree. The only
difference is that the BPDU for MSTP carries the MSTP configuration information on the switches.
Port States
In an MSTP, ports can be in the following four states:
Forwarding: In this status the port can receive/forward data, receive/send BPDU packets as
well as learn MAC address.
Learning: In this status the port can receive/send BPDU packets and learn MAC address.
Blocking: In this status the port can only receive BPDU packets.
Disconnected: In this status the port is not participating in the STP.
Port Roles
In an MSTP, the following roles exist:
Root Port: Indicates the port that has the lowest path cost from this bridge to the Root Bridge
and forwards packets to the root.
Designated Port: Indicates the port that forwards packets to a downstream network segment
or switch.
Master Port: Indicates the port that connects a MST region to the common root. The path
from the master port to the common root is the shortest path between this MST region and
the common root.
Alternate Port: Indicates the port that can be a backup port of a root or master port.
Backup Port: Indicates the port that is the backup port of a designated port.
Disabled: Indicates the port that is not participating in the S T P.
74
The following diagram shows the different port roles.
Figure 7-3 Port roles
The Spanning Tree module is mainly for spanning tree configuration of the switch, including four
submenus: STP Config, Port Config, MSTP Instance and STP Se curity.
7.1 STP Config
The STP Config function, for global configuration of spanning trees on the switch, can be
implemented on STP Config and STP Su mmary pages.
7.1.1 STP Config
Before configuring spanning trees, you should make clear the roles each switch plays in each
spanning tree instance. Only one switch can be the root bridge in each spanning tree instance. On
this page you can globally configure the spanning tree function and related parameters.
Choose the menu Spanning Tree→STP Config→STP Config to load the following page.
Figure 7-4 STP Config
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Enter a value from 0 to 61440 to specify the priority of the switch
r comparison in the CIST. CIST priority is an important criterion
on determining the root bridge. In the same condition, the switch
with the highest priority will be chosen as the root bridge. The
Enter a value from 1 to 10 in seconds to specify the interval to
send BPDU packets. It is used to test the links. 2*(Hello Time + 1)
rom 6 to 40 in seconds to specify the maximum
time the switch can wait without receiving a BPDU before
Enter a value from 4 to 30 in seconds to specify the time for the
nsit its state after the network topology is changed.
Enter a value from 1 to 20 to set the maximum number of BPDU
packets transmitted per Hello Time interval. The default value is
that occur in a specific region before the BPDU is discarded. The
The following entries are displayed on this screen:
Global Config
STP: Select Enable/Disable STP function globally on the switch.
Ve r s i o n : Select the desired STP version on the switch.
STP: Spanning Tree Protocol.
RSTP: Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol.
MSTP: Multiple Spanning Tree Protocol.
Parameters Config
CIST Priority:
fo
lower value has the higher priority. The default value is 32768 and
should be exact divisor of 4096.
Hello Time
≤ Max Age. The default value is 2 seconds.
M ax Age: Enter a value f
attempting to reconfigure. The default value is 20 seconds.
Forward Delay:
port to tra
2*(Forward Delay-1) ≥ Max Age. The default value is 15 seconds.
TxHold Count:
5pps.
Max Hops: Enter a value from 1 to 40 to set the maximum number of hops
default value is 20 hops.
Note:
1. The forward delay parameter and the network diameter are correlated. A too small forward
delay parameter may result in temporary loops. A too large forward delay may cause a
network unable to resume the normal state in time. The default value is recommended.
2. An adequate hello time parameter can enable the switch to discover the link failures occurred
in the network without occupying too much network resources. A too large hello time
parameter may result in normal links being regarded as invalid when packets drop occurred in
the links, which in turn result in spanning tree being regenerated. A too small hello time
parameter may result in duplicated configuration being sent frequently, which increases the
network load of the switches and wastes network resources. The default value is
recommended.
3. A too small max age parameter may result in the switches regenerating spanning trees
frequently and cause network congestions to be falsely regarded as link problems. A too large
max age parameter result in the switches unable to find the link problems in time, which in
turn handicaps spanning trees being regenerated in time and makes the network less
adaptive. The default value is recommended.
4. If the TxHold Count parameter is too large, the number of MSTP packets being sent in each
hello time may be increased with occupying too much network resources. The default value is
recommended.
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7.1.2 STP Summary
On this page you can view the related parameters for Spanning Tree function.
Choose the menu Spanning Tree→STP Config→STP Summary to load the following page.
Figure 7-5 STP Summary
7.2 Port Config
On this page you can configure the parameters of the ports for CIST
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select the corresponding port based
Enter a value from 0 to 240 divisible by 16. Port priority is an
important criterion on determining if the port connected to this port
will be chosen as the root port. The lower value has the higher
ExtPath Cost is used to choose the path and calculate the path costs
of ports in different MST regions. It is an important criterion on
th and calculate the path costs
of ports in an MST region. It is an important criterion on determining
Select Enable/Disable Edge Port. The edge port can transit its state
Select the P2P link status. If the two ports in the P2P link are root port
or designated port, they can transit their states to forwarding rapidly
Select Enable to perform MCheck operation on the port. Unchange
Choose the menu Spanning Tree→Port Config to load the following page.
Figure 7-6 Port Config
The following entries are displayed on this screen:
Port Config
Por t Se lect: Click the Select button to quick-
on the port number you entered.
Select: Select the desired port for STP configuration. It is multi-optional.
Por t: Displays the port number of the switch.
Status: Select Enable /Disable STP function for the desired port.
Priority:
priority.
ExtPath:
determining the root port. The lower value has the higher priority.
IntPath: IntPath Cost is used to choose the pa
the root port. The lower value has the higher priority.
Edge Port:
from blocking to forwarding rapidly without waiting for forward delay.
P2P Link:
to reduce the unnecessary forward delay.
MCheck:
means no MCheck operation.
STP Ve rsion: Displays the STP version of the port.
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as the lowest path cost from
Designated Port: Indicates the port that forwards packets to a
common root. The path from the master port to the common root
is the shortest path between this MST region and the common
Alternate Port: Indicates the port that can be a backup port of a
t is the backup port of a
Forwarding: In this status the port can receive/forward data,
Learning: In this status the port can receive/send BPDU packets
Blocking: In this status the port can only receive BPDU packets.
Disconnected: In this status the port is not participating in the
Port Role: Displays the role of the port played in the STP Instance.
Root Port: Indicates the port that h
this bridge to the Root Bridge and forwards packets to the root.
downstream network segment or switch.
Master Port: Indicates the port that connects a MST region to the
root.
root or master port.
Backup Port: Indicates the port tha
designated port.
Disabled: Indicates the port that is not participating in the STP.
Port Status: Displays the working status of the port.
receive/send BPDU packets as well as learn MAC address.
and learn MAC address.
S T P.
LAG: Displays the LAG number which the port belongs to.
Note:
1. Configure the ports connected directly to terminals as edge ports and enable the BPDU
protection function as well. This not only enables these ports to transit to forwarding state
rapidly but also secures your network.
2. All the links of ports in a LAG can be configured as point-to-point links.
3. When the link of a port is configured as a point-to-point link, the spanning tree instances
owning this port are configured as point-to-point links. If the physical link of a port is not a
point-to-point link and you forcibly configure the link as a point-to-point link, temporary loops
may be incurred.
7.3 MSTP Instance
MSTP combines VLANs and spanning tree together via VLAN-to-instance mapping table
(VLAN-to-spanning-tree mapping). By adding MSTP instances, it binds several VLANs to an
instance to realize the load balance based on instances.
Only when the switches have the same MST region name, MST region revision and
VLAN-to-Instance mapping table, the switches can be regarded as in the same MST region.
The MSTP Instance function can be implemented on Region Config, Instance Conf ig and
Instance Port Config pages.
7.3.1 Region Config
On this page you can configure the name and revision of the MST region
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Choose the menu Spanning Tree→MSTP Instance→Region Config to load the following page.
Figure 7-7 Region Config
The following entries are displayed on this screen:
Region Config
Region Name: Create a name for MST region identification using up to 32 characters.
Rev ision: Enter the revision from 0 to 65535 for MST region identification.
7.3.2 Instance Config
Instance Configuration, a property of MST region, is used to describe the VLAN to Instance
mapping configuration. You can assign VLAN to different instances appropriate to your needs.
Every instance is a VLAN group independent of other instances and CIST.
Choose the menu Spanning Tree →M STP Inst ance →Instance Config to load the following page.
Figure 7-8 Instance Config
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t the corresponding Instance ID
he priority of the switch in the instance. It is an important
criterion on determining if the switch will be chosen as the root bridge
Enter the VLAN ID which belongs to the corresponding instance ID.
here, the previous VLAN ID will be cleared and
button to clear up all VLAN IDs from the instance ID.
d VLAN ID. After modification here, the new VLAN ID
will be added to the corresponding instance ID and the previous
The following entries are displayed on this screen:
Instance Table
Instance ID Select: Click the Select button to quick-selec
based on the ID number you entered.
Select: Select the desired Instance ID for configuration. It is multi-optional.
Instance: Displays Instance ID of the switch.
Status: Displays status of the instance.
Priority:
Enter t
in the specific instance.
VLAN ID:
After modification
mapped to the CIST.
Clear: Click the Cle ar
The cleared VLAN ID will be automatically mapped to the CIST.
VLAN-Instance Mapping
VLAN ID: Enter the desire
VL AN ID won ’t be replaced.
Instance ID: Enter the corresponding instance ID.
7.3.3 Instance Port Config
A port can play different roles in different spanning tree instance. On this page you can configure
the parameters of the ports in different instance IDs as well as view status of the ports in the
specified instance.
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select the corresponding port based
Select the desired port to specify its priority and path cost. It is
of the port in the instance. It is an important criterion
on determining if the port connected to this port will be chosen as the
Path Cost is used to choose the path and calculate the path costs of
important criterion on determining the
Choose the menu Spanning Tree→M STP In stance →Instance Port Config to load the following
page.
Figure 7-9 Instance Port Config
The following entries are displayed on this screen:
Port Config
Instance ID: Select the desired instance ID for its port configuration.
Por t Se lect:
Click the Select button to quick-
on the port number you entered.
Select:
multi-optional.
Por t: Displays the port number of the switch.
Priority:
Enter the priority
root port.
Path Cost:
ports in an MST region. It is an
root port. The lower value has the higher priority.
Port Role: Displays the role of the port played in the MSTP Instance.
Port Status: Displays the working status of the port.
LAG : Displays the LAG number which the port belongs to.
Note:
The port status of one port in different spanning tree instances can be different.
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Make clear roles the switches
play in spanning tree
ces: root bridge or
Globally configure MSTP
Enable Spanning Tree function on the switch
Configure MSTP parameters
Configure MSTP parameters for ports on
Required. Create MST region and configure the role the
Configure MSTP parameters
Optional. Configure different instances in the MST region
and configure MSTP parameters for instance ports on
Global configuration Procedure for Spanning Tree function:
Step Operation De scription
1
instan
designated bridge
2
parameters
3
for ports
4 Configure the MST region
5
for instance ports
7.4 STP Security
Preparation.
Required.
and configure MSTP parameters on Spanning
Tr e e →STP Config→STP Config page.
Required.
Spanning Tree→Port Config→Port Config page.
switch plays in the MST region on Spanning
Tr e e →M STP In stance→Region Config and Instance
Config page.
Spanning Tree→MSTP Instance→Instan ce Port
Config page.
Configuring protection function for devices can prevent devices from any malicious attack against
STP features. The STP Security function can be implemented on Port Protect and TC Protect
pages.
Port Protect function is to prevent the devices from any malicious attack against STP features.
7.4.1 Port Protect
On this page you can configure loop protect feature, root protect feature, TC protect feature,
BPDU protect feature and BPDU filter feature for ports. You are suggested to enable
corresponding protection feature for the qualified ports.
Loop Protect
In a stable network, a switch maintains the states of ports by receiving and processing BPDU
packets from the upstream switch. However, when link congestions or link failures occurred to the
network, a down stream switch does not receive BPDU packets for certain period, which results in
spanning trees being regenerated and roles of ports being reselected, and causes the blocked
ports to transit to forwarding state. Therefore, loops may be incurred in the network.
The loop protect function can suppresses loops. With this function enabled, a port, regardless of
the role it plays in instances, is always set to blocking state, when the port does not receive BPDU
packets from the upstream switch and spanning trees are regenerated, and thereby loops can be
prevented.
Root Protect
A CIST and its secondary root bridges are usually located in the high-bandwidth core region.
Wrong configuration or malicious attacks may result in configuration BPDU packets with higher
priorities being received by the legal root bridge, which causes the current legal root bridge to lose
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its position and network topology jitter to occur. In this case, flows that should travel along
high-speed links may lead to low-speed links, and network congestion may occur.
To avoid this, MSTP provides root protect function. Ports with this function enabled can only be set
as designated ports in all spanning tree instances. When a port of this type receives BDPU
packets with higher priority, it transits its state to blocking state and stops forwarding packets (as if
it is disconnected from the link). The port resumes the normal state if it does not receive any
configuration BPDU packets with higher priorities for a period of two times of forward delay.
TC Protect
A s wit ch removes MAC address entries upon receiving TC-BPDU packets. If a user maliciously
sends a large amount of TC-BPDU packets to a switch in a short period, the switch will be busy
with removing MAC address entries, which may decrease the performance and stability of the
network.
To prevent the switch from frequently removing MAC address entries, you can enable the TC
protect function on the switch. With TC protect function enabled, if the account number of the
received TC-BPDUs e xceeds the maximum number you set in the TC threshold field, the switch
will not performs the removing operation in the TC protect cycle. Such a mechanism prevents the
switch from frequently removing MAC address entries.
BPDU Prote ct
Ports of the switch directly connected to PCs or servers are configured as edge ports to rapidly
transit their states. When these ports receive BPDUs, the system automatically configures these
ports as non-edge ports and regenerates spanning trees, which may cause network topology jitter.
Normally these ports do not receive BPDUs, but if a user maliciously attacks the switch by sending
BPDUs, network topology jitter occurs.
To prevent this attack, MSTP provides BPDU protect function. With this function enabled on the
switch, the switch shuts down the edge ports that receive BPDUs and reports these cases to the
administrator. If a port is shut down, only the administrator can restore it.
BPDU Filte r
BPDU filter function is to prevent BPDUs flood in the STP network. If a switch receives malicious
BPDUs, it forwards these BPDUs to the other switched in the network, which may result in
spanning trees being continuously regenerated. In this case, the switch occupying too much CPU
or the protocol status of BPDUs is wrong.
With BPDU filter function enabled, a port does not receive or forward BPDUs, but it sends out its
own BPDUs. Such a mechanism prevents the switch from being attacked by BPDUs so as to
guarantee generation the spanning trees correct.
84
select the corresponding port based
Select the desired port for port protect configuration. It is
Loop Protect is to prevent the loops in the network brought by
Root Protect is to prevent wrong network topology change caused by
TC Protect is to prevent the decrease of the performance and
he switch brought by continuously removing MAC
BPDU Protect is to prevent the edge port from being attacked by
Choose the menu Spanning Tree→STP Security→Por t Pro tect to load the following page.
Figure 7-10 Port Protect
The following entries are displayed on this screen:
Port Prote ct
Por t Se lect: Click the Select button to quick-
on the port number you entered.
Select:
multi-optional.
Por t: Displays the port number of the switch.
Loop Protect:
recalculating STP because of link failures and network congestions.
Root Protect:
the role change of the current legal root bridge.
TC Protect:
stability of t
address entries upon receiving TC-BPDUs in the STP network.
BPDU Protect:
maliciously created BPDUs
BPDU Filter: BPDU Filter is to prevent BPDUs flood in the STP network.
LAG : Displays the LAG number which the port belongs to.
85
mber of the
BPDUs received by the switch in a TC Protect Cycle. The
Enter a value from 1 to 10 to specify the TC Protect Cycle. The
7.4.2 TC Protect
When TC Protect is enabled for the port on Po rt Prote ct page, the TC threshold and TC protect
cycle need to be configured on this page.
Choose the menu Spanning Tree→STP Security→TC Prote ct to load the following page.
Figure 7-11 TC Protec t
The following entries are displayed on this screen:
TC Protect
TC Threshold: Enter a number from 1 to 100. It is the maximum nu
TCdefault value is 20.
TC Protect Cycle:
default value is 5.
7.5 Application Example for STP Function
Network Requirements
Switch A, B, C, D and E all support MSTP function.
A is the central switch.
B and C are switches in the convergence layer. D, E and F are switches in the access layer.
There are 6 VLANs labeled as VLAN101-VLAN106 in the network.
All switches run MSTP and belong to the same MST region.
The data in VLAN101, 103 and 105 are transmitted in the STP with B as the root bridge. The
data in VLAN102, 104 and 106 are transmitted in the STP with C as the root bridge.
86
Network Diagram
page, configure the link
, and add the ports
106. The detailed instructions can
Configure the region name and
LINK and
mapping table of the MST region
Instance mapping
105 to Instance 1; map
page, configure the link
, and add the ports
ailed instructions can
Configuration Procedure
Configure Switch A:
Step Operation Description
1 Configure ports On VLAN→802.1Q VLAN
type of the related ports as Tagged
to VLAN101-VLAN
be found in the section 802.1Q VLAN.
2 Enable STP function On Spanning Tree→STP Config→STP Config page,
enable STP function and select MSTP version.
On Spanning Tree→STP Config→Port Config page,
enable MSTP function for the port.
3
the revision of MST region
On Spanning Tree →MSTP Instance →Re gion
Config page, configure the region as TPkeep the default revision setting.
4 Configure VLAN-to-Instance
On Spanning Tree→MSTP Instance →Instance
Config page, configure VLAN-totable. Map VLAN 101, 103 and
VLAN 102, 104 and 106 to Instance 2.
Configure Switch B:
Step Operation Description
1 Configure ports On VLAN→802.1Q VLAN
2 Enable STP function On Spanning Tree→STP Config→STP Config page,
type of the related ports as Tagged
to VLAN101-VLAN106. The det
be found in the section 802.1Q VLAN.
enable STP function and select MSTP version.
On Spanning Tree→STP Config→Port Config page,
enable MSTP function for the port.
87
Configure the region name and
LINK and
Instance mapping
table. Map VLAN 101, 103 and 105 to Instance 1; map
Configure switch B as the root
page, configure the priority of Instance 1 to be
Configure switch B as the
page, configure the priority of Instance 2 to be
page, configure the link
, and add the ports
106. The detailed instructions can
LINK and
mapping table of the MST region
nstance mapping
and 105 to Instance 1; map
Configure switch C as the root
he priority of Instance 1 to be
Configure switch C as the root
page, configure the priority of Instance 2 to be
page, configure the link
, and add the ports
106. The detailed instructions can
3
the revision of MST region
On Spanning Tree →MSTP Instance →Re gion
Config page, configure the region as TPkeep the default revision setting.
4 Configure VLAN-to-Instance
mapping table of the MST region
On Spanning Tree→MSTP Instance →Instance
Config page, configure VLAN-to-
VLAN 102, 104 and 106 to Instance 2.
5
bridge of Instance 1
On Spanning Tree→M STP Instance →Instance
Config
0.
6
designated bridge of Instance 2
On Spanning Tree→MSTP Instance →Instance
Config
4096.
Configure Switch C:
Step Operation Description
1 Configure ports On VLAN→802.1Q VLAN
type of the related ports as Tagged
to VLAN101-VLAN
be found in the section 802.1Q VLAN.
2 Enable STP function On Spanning Tree→STP Config→STP Config
page, enable STP function and select MSTP version.
On Spanning Tree→STP Config→Port Config
page, enable MSTP function for the port.
3 Configure the region name and
the revision of MST region
On Spanning Tree→MSTP Instance→Region
Config page, configure the region as TPkeep the default revision setting.
4 Configure VLAN-to-Instance
On Spanning Tree→M STP Inst ance →Instance
Config page, configure VLAN-to-I
table. Map VLAN101, 103
VLAN102, 104 and 106 to Instance 2.
5
bridge of Instance 1
On Spanning Tree→M STP Inst ance →Instance
Config page, configure t
4096.
6
bridge of Instance 2
On Spanning Tree→M STP Inst ance →Instance
Config
0.
Configure Switch D:
Step Operation Description
1 Configure ports On VLAN→802.1Q VLAN
type of the related ports as Tagged
to VLAN101-VLAN
88
be found in the section 802.1Q VLAN.
Configure the region name and
LINK and
mapping table of the MST region
and 105 to Instance 1; map
2 Enable STP function On Spanning Tree→STP Config→STP Config
page, enable STP function and select MSTP version.
On Spanning Tree→STP Config→Port Config
page, enable MSTP function for the port.
3
the revision of MST region
On Spanning Tree→M STP Instance→Region
Config page, configure the region as TPkeep the default revision setting.
4 Configure VLAN-to-Instance
On Spanning Tree→M STP Inst ance →Instance
Config page, configure VLAN-to-Instance mapping
table. Map VLAN101, 103
VLAN102, 104 and 106 to Instance 2.
The configuration procedure for switch E and F is the same with that for switch D.
The topology diagram of the two instances after the topology is stable
For In stance 1 (VLAN101, 103 and 105), the red paths in the following figure are connected
links; the gray paths are the blocked links.
For Instance 2 (VLAN102, 104 and 106), the blue paths in the following figure are connected
links; the gray paths are the blocked links.
89
Suggestion for Configuration
Enable TC Protect function for all the ports of switches.
Enable Root Protect function for all the ports of root bridges.
Enable Loop Protect function for the non-edge ports.
Enable BPDU Protect function or BPDU Filter function for the edge ports which are connected to
the PC and server.
Return to CONTENTS
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Chapter 8 Multicast
M ulticast Overview
In the net work, packets are sent in three modes: unicast, broadcast and multicast. In unicast, the
source server sends separate copy information to each receiver. When a large number of users
require this information, the server must send many pieces of information with the same content to
the users. Therefore, large bandwidth will be occupied. In broadcast, the system transmits
information to all users in a network. Any user in the network can receive the information, no
matter the information is needed or not.
Point-to-multipoint multimedia business, such as video conferences and VoD (video-on-demand),
plays an important part in the information transmission field. Suppose a point to multi-point service
is required, unicast is suitable for networks with sparsely users, whereas broadcast is suitable for
networks with densely distributed users. When the number of users requiring this information is
not certain, unicast and broadcast deliver a low efficiency. Multicast solves this problem. It can
deliver a high efficiency to send data in the point to multi-point service, which can save large
bandwidth and reduce the network load. In multicast, the packets are transmitted in the following
way as shown in Figure 8-1.
Figure 8-1 Information transmission in the multicast mode
Features of multicast:
1. The number of receivers is not certain. Usually point-to-multipoint transmission is needed;
2. Multiple users receiving the same information form a multicast group. The multicast
information sender just need to send the information to the network device once;
3. Each user can join and leave the multicast group at any time;
4. Real time is highly demanded and certain packets drop is allowed.
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Reserved multicast addresses for routing protocols
Local management multicast addresses, which are
IPv4 Multicast Address
1. IPv4 Multicast IP Address:
As specified by IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority), Class D IP addresses are used as
destination addresses of multicast packets. The multicast IP addresses range from
224.0.0.0~239.255.255.255. The following table displays the range and description of several
special multicast IP addresses.
Multicast IP address range Description
224.0.0.0～224.0.0.255
and other network protocols
224.0.1.0～224.0.1.255 Addresses for video conferencing
239.0.0.0～239.255.255.255
used in the local network only
Table 8-1 Range of the special multicast IP
2. IPv4 Multicast MAC Address:
When a unicast packet is transmitted in an Ethernet network, the destination MAC address is the
MAC address of the receiver. When a multicast packet is transmitted in an Ethernet network, the
destination is not a receiver but a group with uncertain number of members, so a multicast MAC
address, a logical MAC address, is needed to be used as the destination address.
As stipulated by IANA, the high-order 24 bits of a multicast MAC address begins with 01-00-5 E
while the low-order 23 bits of a multicast MAC address are the low-order 23 bits of the multicast IP
address. The mapping relationship is described as Figure 8-2.
Figure 8-2 Mapping relationship between multicast IPv4 address and multicast MAC address
The high-order 4 bits of the IP multicast address are 1110, identifying the multicast group. Only 23
bits of the remaining low-order 28 bits are mapped to a multicast MAC address. In that way, 5 bits
of the IP multicast address is not utilized. As a result, 32 IP multicast addresses are mapped to the
same MAC addresses.
IPv6 Multicast Address
1. IPv6 Multicast Address
An IPv6 multicast address is an identifier for a group of interfaces, and has the following format:
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