Texas Instruments DS990 General Information Manual

Commercial Computer Systems

General Information

'IEXt\S

INSIRUMENTS.

DS990

Commercial

Computer Systems

General Information

~

TEXAS

Published by

INSTRUMENTS

INCORPORATED

Copyright@

Reserved. Printed

19-7-8-by Texas Instruments

in

the

United States

of

America.

incorporated.

AItRrghts

No part

system,

mechanical, photocopying, recording,

written permission Texas Instruments reserves

improve design and supply

The information and should

I ncorporated. Texas Instruments assumes no responsibility for any

errors

of

this publication may be reproduced, stored

or

that

may appear

transmitted

in

not

be construed as a

in

any form

of

Texas Instruments Incorporated.

the

best

this

document

in

this

document.

1st Edition,

Texas Instruments Incorporated

Digital Systems Division

P.O. Box

Austin, Texas 78767

or

right

to

product

is

subject

commitment

July

2909

otherwise,

make changes

1978

in

a retrieval

by any means, electronic,

without

possible.

to

change

by Texas Instruments

the

at

any time

without

prior

to

notice

Table

of

Contents

OS990 Commerciai Systems Overview

DS990 Software

DX10 Operating File Management Error High-Level Program-Development Tools Communications Software

DS990 Hardware

990 Processor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

TILINE CRU Peripherals Communications Equipment and Special

nterface

I 990

Chassis

Customer-Support Services

D X 1 0 Operati

System Generation Program Management Memory Management System Command Interpreter

File Management

File Types File Features Physical Disk Characteristics

Logical

Error

Control

High-Level

COBOL

RPG DBMS 990 BASIC

FORTRAN Pascal

Sort/Merge. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Program-Development Tools

Interactive Macro Assembler

Link Editor

Debug

Communications Software

Features Comparison with Control System Requirements Components Customer

............................

System

.....................

..........................

Control and System Log

Languages

............................

Peripherals

Devices

.......................

.........................

..........................

Considerations

08990

ng

System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7

........................

.......................

......................

...........................

.............................

...........................

Input/Output

and Languages

...............................

II

...............

.............................

.............

............................

................................

Text

Package

of

3780 Emulator

...............................

Information

......................

System Log

and Utilities

Editor.

.........................

............................

..........................

IBM 3780

......................

of

3780 Emulator

.................

and Utilities

..................

...................

.....................

Software

................

............•....

..................

...............

"

......

"

.................

...................

....................

..................

...............

.....................

..............

" "

....

Page

.4

Page

10 10 13 13 13 15 15 16 17 17 20 21 22 27 29 31 31 31 31 32 32 32 33 33 34 34 34 35

DS990 Hardware

Page

2 2 2 3 3 3

4

5 5 5

8

990 Processor

990 Architecture

Interrupt Structure

990 Address

Instruction Set 990 Programmer 990 Memories 990 Communications Register

TI

LINE

Model Model Model DS25 and Model DS50 Disk System Model 979A Magnetic-Tape Transport

CRU Peripherals

Model Model Model 2230 and Model 2260 Line Printers Model 733 ASR Data Terminal Model 743 KSR Data Terminal Model Model

Communications Equipment Special Interface Devices

EIA TTL TTY 32-Bit Input!Transition Detection Module 32-Bit Output-Data Module

Digital-I/O-Termination-Panel Module D/A A/D

990

Chassis

Standard

Dc-Power Considerations

CRU and

.............................

.........................

......................

Space

........................

and Addressing Modes

CPU

On-Board Loader

Panel

........................

...........................

TILINE

............................

Peripherals

DS31 OSlO Disk System

911 810 Printer

804 Card Reader FD800 Floppy-Disk System

Data Modules

/EIA

Converter Modules Converter Modules

.........................

Disk System

...........................

Video Display Terminal

........................

Terminal Interface Module

Considerations

Chassis

Configuration in DS990 Systems

TILINE

I/O

..................

Unit

...................

..................

....................

...................

......................

..................

....................

...................

Expansion

................

...............

....•..........

..............

...........

....•...

....•......

.............

........

.............

.......•...

........

...........

...

37 39

.40

40 41 42 42 42 43 43 43 44

.45

46 47 47 47 50 50 51 52 52 52 53 54 54 54 54 54 54 55 55 55 55 56 56 57

Customer-Support Services

Page

Hardware Installation

Software

Hardware Maintenance Maintenance Agreement

Software Update

Education Customer-Support Line

Installation

On-Call Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

Fixed-Price Repair Service

Classes

........................

.•.....................

......................

...................

...........................

..........................

(Hot

Line)

..............•

59 59 59 59

61 61 62 62

Appendixes

A!'pendix

A

SC

I Commands B 990 Instruction C Memory Requirements

o Recommended Memory

E Disk Requirements F

Chassis

Chassis-Power

Chassis-Layout Planning G Cabinet Planning

Enclosures

Cabinet-Layout Worksheet H DS990 System I Equipment Specifications

J Packing

K Documentation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

Hardware Manuals

Software Manuals

Figure

DS990 Model 4

System

2 Memory Conservation through Disk

Management

3 Example

of

a Disk Volume

4 Custom Procedure Example. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

5 Disk-Volume Layout

6 Files and Directory Structure

7 Multiuser

8

Pascal

Programming Cycle

9

Pascal

10 Typical Application

t 1 DS990 Standard

12 Workspace Pointer 13 990

14 Model

-15

16 Model OSlO Disk System 1 7 Model DS25/DS50 Disk 18 Model 979A Magnetic-Tape Transport 19 Model 20 21 22 Model 810 Printer 23 Model 2230 24 Model 733 ASR 25 26

27 Model

28 29 Model 990/10 Minicomputer

30 Model 990/10 Minicomputer Thirteen-Slot 31

32 Standard 33 DS990 Enclosures 34 Dimensional

Block Structure

Distributed-Processing Environment

CPU

Map

Option

-1)531

CbhfrolJerwfth-Follrtflsidlrives":

Basic

VDT

Model

Model 743 Model 804 Card

990 Communications Modules

Chassis Standard 990

"Quietized"

........................

Set

.....................

...................

and

Disk Configurations

.....................

Planning

DS31

911

FD800 Floppy-Disk System

.......................

Planning

.................

................

.......................

.........................

Kit

Contents

.................

and

Shipping

..............................

of

the

BASIC Components

rr

I

LIN E Address

Video Display Terminal. Kit Keyboard

and

KSR

.............................

Chassis

....................

List

of

Illustrations

System

and

Model 6

..........................

Menus

for

Initialization

......................

....................

............•....

...................

of

3780 Emulator in

and

Optional Hardware . . . . . . • 38

and

Registers

................•.........

Disk System

....................•...

Model 2260 Line Printers Data Data Terminal Reader

Chassis

Layout

Outline Pedestal

Space

................

...........•....

System

..................•.

......................

Terminal

. ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

Configuration Chart

..................

......................

of

Model DS10 Disk

....................

..............

...............

.............•.

..............

.............

..............

...............

or

..........

............

with

.........

..........

...........

Model 8

.:~-.

......

on

. . .

Page

..

Page

63 63 63 70 71 71

72

73 75 75 79 81 81 81

83

84

23 30 31

32

39

40

.44

.4-5

.45

46 47 48 48 49 50 51 52 52

53 53 55

56 56

77

78 79

10 11

14 15

35 Dimensional Outline

Pedestal

.............................

36 Cabinet-Layout Worksheet 37 Minimum Equipment Spacing

DS990

Systems

38

DS990 Desk-System Packing Crate

39 Exploded View 40 Exploded View 41

42 Typical Pedestal-Mounted-Disk-Drive Shipping

Th~

1 2 Device

3 Relative Power 4 5 BASIC

6 7

8

1

9

Crate

Packing

Crate

Packing Typical Rack-Mounted-Disk-Drive Shipping

Configuration

Areas

Served

and

Supervisor

RPG

BASIC Matrix Statements BASIC

Functions Conditional Relations Operating Commands for

File Operations Available through 1/0

Calls.

II Enhancements

and

Business

and

Business

...........................

of

DS25

........................

of

Single-Bay-Desk

.........................

of

Double-Bay-Desk

.........................

List

of

Tables

by DX10

SCI

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

of

COBOL.

...................

BASIC Statements

.................

BASIC Intrinsic

for

BASIC

10

..............................

Types Hardware Configuration

11

3780 Emulator Hardware Configuration

12

3780 Emulator Maintenance-Agreement

13 14

On-Call SCI

15 16

17

18

19

20 21

22

23 24 25

26 27

28 29

30 31

32 33

34 35 36 37

Command Index 990 Instruction DX10 Memory-Estimating Form

Recommended Software-Development

Configurations

Recommended Application-System

Configurations

Disk-Pack DX10

So~~~e~i~Els.~.~.

Software-Development Disk Requirements Chassis

Blank

990-Chassis

Blank

CRUrrlLlNE

Layout Form Basic

DS990 System

DS990 Model 4 System Consolidated Parts

List. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

DS990 Model 6 and Model 8 Consolidated

DS990 Model 4 Commercial Consol idated Parts

List

DS990 Model System Consolidated

DS990 HardwarelSoftware Versions

DS990

Hardware-Only Versions

Optional DS990 Software, Object Format

DS990 Hardware Options

Standard

Hardware Manuals

Software

........................

Service

......................•.

........................

Sizes

........................

Planning Form

.........................

Parts

.•..........................

6

Basic

Software-Package Contents

Basic

Software-Package Contents

DS990 Equipment Specifications

Manuals

for for Service

......•.....•.......

Set

.....................

~."~

...................

Layout Form

Expansion-ChassiS

Kit

Configurations

List

...................

and

Model 8 Commercial

Parts

..................

...............•.

.....................•

.....................

or DS50 Disk

................

for

...........

Commands

................

............

DX10 TX990

.............

............

.. ' .. ' ..... , .......••

.............

Systems

List

.............

............•..

........

......

........

for

......

on

.....

79 80

84 85

86

87

88

89

~e

12

16 17 21 24 24

25 25 26

28 34 35

60 60 65 67 68

70 71

71

L

•••

11 72

73

75

76

82

90

90 90 91 92

92 93

94

99

100

DS990

Commercial

Systems

Overview

The Model shown in figure Model DXI0 disk-based commercial operating system. The systems are specifically designed for commercial, interactive, multiuser, multitasking, multilanguage, and communications applications.

The models differ in disk-file capacity to provide

an

orderly growth path. The Model 4 System

10M-byte disk-based system suitable for a small software-development system or medium-scale application system. The Model 6 System 25M-byte disk-based system suitable for mediumscale software-development and application systems. The Model 8 System system intended for medium- to large-scale softwaredevelopment and application systems. Physical

packaging differences between the three models are based on the space requirements of the disk-storage units.

The base systems are offered in the minimum configurations that support the full functions operating system. This allows maximum flexibility in adding optional software and hardware features to customize a system. The various models are available in either equipment-only versions or in versions that include system software and installation. Software-

included versions provide a licensed copy of the DX

10 facilities, documentation, and a one-year software SUbscription service for the provided sysgen include software. Systems are configured and tested

before they are shipped from the factory.

4,

Model

990/10 Minicomputer with the power

operating system and software-development

6,

and Model 8 Systems,

1,

combine the performance

is

a dual

is

also installed on systems that

SOM-byte

DXI0 system. A factory-

disk-based

of

the

of

the

is

a dual

of

a

the

Figure 1. OS990 Model 4 System (foreground)

or

Model 8 System (background)

and

Model 6

1

DS990

DS990 software comprehends user requirements in a way not found in most computers

Operators interface with the through Model that provide hierarchical menus with supporting fillin-the-blank, prompting, and predefined functions.

More than commands provide powerful and comprehensive system control. commands that reflect their application terminology.

A broad range

are built into the system-command structure.

Program memory

Resource management location roll in/roll out and task-level priority assignment.

The

management. Types of sequentiai, reiative-record, and muitikey-indexed The key-indexed method supports a unique real-time, self-maintenance capability.

Software

is

both versatile and efficient.

of

this class.

DXIO

DXIO operating system has flexible

Operating System

DXIO

operating system

911

Video Display Terminals (VDTs)

170

Texas Instruments-supplied system

Users can also provide custom

of

utilities and supporting routines

is

dynamically allocated.

is

enhanced by variable-

files

supported include

It

file

files.

Program and Memory Management. The

DXIO operating system system. the procedures, and overlays. Programs are installed and stored in program activated, its images are loaded into any available memory area.

several different locations in memory by the

operating system several times during its execution to efficiently share memory and processor resources.

When in memory and active, a program competes

with other programs for execution time on a userdefined priority basis. When a program terminates,

the operating system releases all program-owned

resources including files, devices, and memory. This

unique

a memory-mapping technique. These advanced

memory- and program-management techniques

provide high processor utilization, resulting in high

levels

User programs that operate under control of

OX 1 0 system include a composite of tasks,

An active program can

DXIO program structure

of

throughput.

is

a mUltiprogramming

files.

When a program

be rolled in and out of

is

DXIO

is

made possible by

System Command Interpreter. Operators

DXIO

interface with the

VDTs via the system command interpreter (SCI).

The SCI

that provide system functions ranging from setting

is

a collection of more than

operating system through

170

procedures

the time of day or initiating compiles to backing up disks. Commands are the SCI. This can save development effort on major programs. The completeness and flexibility performed by the SCI make it without parallel in the minicomputer market. Many performed machines.

Activation command menus made available to all types system terminals. The command menus provide each terminal on-line command prompts by logical grouping.

Custom commands can framework combine SCI primitives with their own application language to provide a user interface that to the terminology and customary procedures of the application.

Interactive Operation. The DXIO operating system

features an excellent interactive user interface for control of the system through SCI.

by an operator are

are easily edited the system. The number of prompts, and therefore time, can command can them by prompt. When a partial list entered, any arguments not already supplied operator or default specified are then prompted.

Batch Operation. The background program

terminal may SCI (batch processing). Batch input sequentially oriented terminal itself. An processing, query its status, and receive information concerning its normal or abnormal completion. Certain interactive commands are inappropriate for

batch operation, but all other SCI commands are

available.

by

the SCI are found only on main-frame

of

the DXIO operating system. Users can

be conserved since all arguments for a

be entered before the system requests

be

is

interpreting commands in the background

at

the operator's fingertips via

10

to

30

percent of

of

the functions

of

the functions

SCI commands

ffieaningfuHy

by

the operator and are verified

a copy of the SCI. In this case, the

file

device but not from the

operator can initiate batch

is

via a hierarchy

of

be integrated into the

is

unique

All

entries keyed

prompted. Fieids

of

arguments

by

at

is

from any

the

of

by

File Management

The

DXIO

operating system provides a filemanagement package that includes a complete range of

file

structures and features. The accommodate many uniquely named data disk cartridge and provides the necessary

management for allocation of disk space to the The user can specify the amount of space to be allocated to a

that space

as

it

is

needed.

is

file

or, more frequently, can specify

to

be

automatically allocated to the

DXIO

system can files

on a

files.

file

is

2

File Types. Three major

by

the DXI0 operating system: sequential, relativerecord, and multikey-indexed allow records with concurrent reads. Relative-record files

provide rapid access to fixed-length records in either random or sequential mode. In multikeyindexed providing the to fourteen keys data addressed by the

maintenance capability. Deleted or added keys are

automatically removed or inserted in the sorted

lists. The DX contracts the necessity for periodically rebuilding and reorganizing files.

files,

variable-length records are accessed by

DXI0 operating system

keys

by

which the data

are in sorted order and allow rapid access to

rvtultikey indexing provides a unique self-

10

system automatically expands or

key

lists and eliminates much of the

keys.

file

types are supported

files.

Sequential

anyone

is

known. The

files

of up

key

Instruments version of oriented and provides one-line-at-a-time forms or multiline listings.

Texas Instruments base management system specifically designed for minicomputer applications.

data-definition language (DDL) for defining the

logical structure of data and a data-manipulation language (DML) that interfaces through storing and retrieving data. A number and security features can optionally the modular structure of

The BASIC** language BASIC Kemmeny and Kurtz, with certain extensions to enhance its type, expanded string handling, CALL, and subprograms.

as

described in BASIC Programming, by

use.

RPG II

DBMS

The extensions are integer arithmetic

is

video-display-

990

is

a modular data-

DBMS

is

990

includes a

COBOL for

of

utilities

be used within

990.

a version of Dartmouth

File Features. Various

are available to the assembly-language user. Highlevel

languages given feature, depending on the syntax of the language.

• Record locking

• Temporary

• Blocked

• Deferred or immediate write operation

• Delete and write protection

•

Access

• Blank compression and adjustment

• Expandable

• Blank compression.

mayor

Some of the supported features include:

files

privileges

files

file

features and

may not allow access to any

file

types

Error Control and System Log

The DXI0 operating system incorporates several error-control features and supports an optional

log.

The

990

system

OX 1 0 system from destruction programs. An optional end-action routine analyzes abnormal termination and takes appropriate steps.

mapping feature protects the

by

errant application

recovery

High-Level Languages and Utilities

COBOL, RPG II, DBMS BASIC, FORTRAN, Pascal, and Sort/Merge packages are available as options on all DS990 systems.

The

COBOL compiler conforms to the American National (ED lX3.23-1974) and incorporates extensions to this subset to provide added capabilities.

The System/3* RPG II specifications with certain equipment and teleprocessing exceptions. Texas

Standards Institute (ANSI) COBOL subset

RPG II compiler conforms to the IBM

990,

BASIC, Business

BASIC BASIC, a variation understood, business-oriented, application-solving language. Single-key-indexed and limited-output editing capabilities are included to provide a check-printing capability.

The FORTRAN compiler conforms to the ANSI standard FORTRAN, or FORTRAN compiler also incorporates the extensions recommended by the Instrument

(lSA-S61.1,

Pascal for a variety

language for teaching a systematic concept

programming, Pascal

use.

to useful when programs must other than the original author.

The comprehensive accessed in several ways. SCI provides commands to access COBOL, programs can interface with Sort/ Merge by using the

CALL statement. Both sort and merge processes support record selection, reformatting on input, and summarizing on output. Ascending key order, descending sequence can be specified.

is

aimed

is

a general-purpose language well suited

Its readability makes the language especially

DXI0 operating system supports a

Sort/ Merge in batch or interactive mode.

RPG

key

at

the scientific user. Business

of

BASIC,

1975

and ISA-61.2,

of

applications. Originally designed as a

is

straightforward to learn and

Sort/ Merge package that can

II, FORTRAN, and BASIC

order, or an alternate collating

is

an easily

file

input/ output (I/O)

IV.

Society of America

1976).

be maintained

The

of

by

users

be

Program-Development Tools

In addition to a comprehensive set

operate in conjunction with the

*IBM System!3 is a registered trademark of IBM.

**BASIC

is

a registered trademark of Dartmouth College.

of

utilities that

DXI0 operating

3

system, Texas Instruments provides four program-development tools: interactive text editor, macro Each invoked by

assembler, link editor,

of

these operates

operator

under

commands.

and

SCI

major

debug package.

and

is

easily

Communications Software

The

OXI0

of

commercial systems with a means

entry

host

990 computer.

Communications Terminal systems so equipped as central

network. Optional auto-call capability is also

provided.

point-to-point

up

to specified support communications interface module supplied modem modem kit

3780

Emulator

(RJE)

computer

communications with

or

another

Operation

can

or

satellite stations in a distributed

Oata

files are transmitted over leased

or

switched telephone lines

9600 baud. Any file

to

transmit

of

3780 emulation

and

or

Texas-Instruments-supplied

optional auto-call unit.

provides the OS99O family

of

remote-job-

an

IBM

360/370

3780 emulator-equipped

of

the IBM 3780

is

emulated. OS990

operate in unattended mode

or

system device

receive data. Hardware

is

provided with the 990

to

Oata

at

speeds

can

a customer-

be

DS990 Hardware

The DS990 disk-based systems require a fast, flexible computer demands

Model 4, Model 6, on random-access-memory processor features the

speed

that memory.

AU-models employ

at

least one removable disk pack fixed backup, important

Each system includes one 1920-character video display terminal controller a second VDT. Additional VDTs are available options.

The memory-to-memory architecture asynchronous, high-speed offer main-memory capacities up metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS), 16K dynamic-

*TILINE

architecture

of

multiple interactive operations.

a minimum 128K-byte 990 processor with 16K

data

bus

allows addressing

or

removable disk pack. This allows copy,

and

transportability

in interactive systems.

is

included

to

meet the processing

and

Model 8 Systems are based

(RAM)

TILINE·

and

a memory-mapping technique

of

moving...Jtead-

and

keyboard. A dual-terminal

and

technology.

asynchronous, high-

up

to

2048K bytes

disk drives with

and

one additional

of

media

allows the easy addition

that

The

of

are

main

so

as

990 Processor

128K-byte 990 processor features

data

bus.

is

a registered trademark

of

Texas Instruments.

and

TILINE

Current

to

384K bytes

an

advanced

models

of

RAM, The additional module sizes. is recommended for these memory modules. Memory can options.

system, a high-speed, asynchronous parallel bus, communications register unit

error-checking-and-correcting (ECC) memory.

ECC

memory is available in various

TILINE

be further expanded by adding

The

990 processor includes a dual

and

a low-

expansion

to

medium-speed command-driven

(CR

to

a second chassis

standard

input/

U).

990

output

TILINE

TILINE Peripherals

TILINE which transfer rates the 990 computer.

The

following disk systems, depending

selected. The cartridge with 2.8M bytes This disk drive

Model 8 Systems.

and

type disk cartridge. Each platter has a 4.7M-byte capacity bytes. This

System

4 6

and

can

pack with 22.3M bytes

DS25 disk drives are employed System. up

pack with 44.6M bytes

OS50 disk drives are employed

System.

up

optional available:

format

format. Both versions use industry-compatible, nine-

track

millimetres

peripherals are high-speed

data

to

and

from 990 memory

that

approach

DS990 base system includes one

The OSlO Oisk System has a single-spindle, fixed-

femovabie-piaUer disk drive employing the 5440-

for

a combined disk-drive capacity

is

and

Model 8 Systems. One

accommodate

The

DS25 Disk System has a multiplatter disk

One

to

four DS25 disk drives.

The

. DS50

..

One

to

four DS50 disk drives.

The

Model 979A Magnetic-Tape

TILINE

an

and

a 1600-bits-per-inch, phase-encoded

tape

formats.

per

the

instruction execution rate

DS31 Disk System has a 2315-type disk

of

is

an

option

the disk drive supplied with the Model

is

offered as

up

OS25 disk controller can accommodate

Disk. System

OS50 disk controller can accommodate

peripheral. Two versions are

8OO-bits-per-inch, nonreturn-to-zero

The

second (37.5 inches

an

to two

of

formatted capacity.

..

has.amllltiplatter·

of

formatted capacity.

transport

I/O

systems

of

the

on

the model

formatted capacity.

on

the Model 6

option

DS

on

I 0 disk controller

I 0 disk drives.

on

the Model 6

on

the Model 8

Transport

operates

per

and

of

the Model

disk

at

second).

at

9.4M

Dual

is

an

953

of

CRU Peripherals

The command-driven communications-register-unit

(CRU)

systems

processor. These peripherals are optional features

that

peripherals are low-

that

transfer

further enhance the DS990 system.

data

to

medium-speed

to

and/

or

from the 990

I/O

4

The Model 9 x 7 dot-matrix character structure and a ninetysix-character, full 810

printer prints 132-column lines at

per second with eight-channel vertical-format control.

The Model print 136-column 600

lines per minute, respectively, with verticalformat control, internal self-test, static eliminator, and standard

Additional Model are available keyboards and interfaces. A maximum of VDTs can two-chassis configuration. Additional VDTs can installed in other vacant slots interrupt assignments. VDTs can also add-on chassis.

The Model minute reader that takes standard-sized, eightycolumn punched or marked cards.

Silent 700· Model

The

KSR Data Terminals

solid-state, thermal printheads for virtually silent

printing of eighty-column lines at thirty characters per second. A typewriter-style, limited keyboard allows operator entries.

The Model transportable diskette media to smaller members of

990

the

810

Printer

ASCII, compressed print set. The

2230

lines

ASCII, sixty-four-character set.

as

single- or duai-terminal displays with

be

installed in their predefined slots in a

804

Card Reader

FD800 Floppy-Disk System provides

family of systems.

is

an impact printer with

and Model

at

911

use

2260

Line Printers

300

lines per minute and

Video Display Terminals

by

redefining the

is

a 400-card-per-

733

ASR and Model

Texas Instruments unique

be

150

characters

twelve

installed in

ASCII

be

743

Communications Equipment

and

Special Interface Devices

Optional communications equipment includes an RS232-C

communications interface module for

asynchronous and synchronous transmission at

75

to

9600.

selectable baud rates from supporting options include asynchronous and synchronous modems and auto-call. A variety of interface modules for custom-device interface or process monitoring and control are available including analog-to-digital converters and digital input and output interfaces. A variety of Teletypewriter / Electronics Industries Association (TrY

/ EIA) interfaces are also available.

Other

990 Chassis Considerations

The

990

computer chassis with a programmer panel. The chassis includes a read-only memory (ROM).

be

added to the system to provide additional

mounting space or dc power.

4O-ampere

is

packaged in a thirteen-slot

power supply and a disk-loader

One or more chassis can

Customer-Support Services

Texas Instruments customer services encompass the following areas: hardware installation, software installation, hardware maintenance, software update,

line.

education classes, and telephone hot

be

services can customer requirements.

selected to best suit application and

Individual

·Silent

700

is

a registered trademark of Texas Instruments.

s

6

DS990

Software

DS990 Software

DS990 software features a versatile and powerful operating system, the DX management and error-control features make this operating system an extremely efficient one. A wide variety of high-level languages are available with the DS990 system. Among these are COBOL,

DXIO

The operating-system software selected for a computer installation has a major effect on the throughput, reliability, and usability of the system. The disks, processors, memories, terminals, and other

physical resources of a computer system represent a

potential for performance. The operating system controls the total system resources and allocates them to the various tasks required in the user's application programs. An operating system also provides other necessary system services and utilities, such as interrupt handling and input/ output (I/O) device service routines. The operating system relieves the individual application program of these overhead responsibilities, which greatly reduces the opportunity for error and simplifies application programming.

The powerful disk-based operating system; it the most sophisticated, flexible, and versatile computer operating systems available. First released

1976,

in has been refined

Instruments and

Operating

DXIO

operating system

the

DXIO

by

at

10

operating system. File-

System

is

Texas Instruments

is

one of

system

customer sites around the world.

is

a proven product that

operation within Texas

FORTRAN, RPG II, BASIC, Pascal, and DBMS

990.

Software-development tools include an interactive text editor, macro assembler, link editor, and debug package. These features enable DS990

software to comprehend user requirements in a way not found in most computers of this class.

DXIO

The of program-development utilities, which greatly reduces development time and improves effectiveness. Programs can operating system to execute on the DS990 system or on the smaller floppy-disk-based or memory-resident systems in the packages are sold as extra-cost options to many operating systems; however, they are included as part of the DX a major application of the DS990 systems. The program-development utilities include an interactive text editor, relocatable macro assembler, link editor, and interactive debugger.

Many users prefer to write programs in one or

of

more languages. Compilers / interpreters for FORTRAN (with Instrument Society of America (ISA) processcontrol extensions), COBOL, BASIC, Business

BASIC,

available as optional features of the DXI0 operating

system.

operating system incorporates a number

be

developed under the

990

family. Program-development

10

system because program development

the major high-level programming

RPG II, DBMS 990, and Pascal are

DXIO

is

The

DXIO

system multitasking operating system, which multiterminal interactive operations. The operating system makes each terminal appear to have exclusive control of the system; so the existence of other

is

terminals

Batch-processing tasks can terminal without interfering with interactive terminal operations.

The management capabilities. The files, allocates disk and memory space for transfers and controls read access, write access, deletion, and file

sharing by supports sequential files, relative-record multikey-indexed

transparent to any individual user.

DXIO

operating system has extensive file-

files

between disk and memory as required,

is

mUltiple

files

a general-purpose,

is

optimized for

be

initiated from any

DXIO

system creates

files,

users. The operating system

files,

and

with up to fourteen

keys.

The

DXIO

operating system includes the device service routines necessary to communicate with the standard and optional DS990 the Model

disk systems, Model

Model Tape Transport, and

device

system. The further isolates an individual user program from the

characteristics of the an

I/O

referenced by a logical unit number (LUNO).

This simplification allows the user to concentrate on the application problem rather than on device details. Logical program development in which a

7

911

Video Display Terminals (VDTs),

810

2260

Line Printers, Model

Silent

service routines can

DXIO

system

I/O

device to

be

I/O

is

treated as a

particularly useful for

110 devices, such as

Printers, Model

979

A Magnetic-

700

terminals. Special

be

linked to the

uses

logical

device. Logical

file

that

file

or another

1/0,

2230

I/O

is

and

DXIO which

allows

I/O

device

can

be substituted for the device

ultimately

A versatile, interactive, fully prompted system command interpreter (SCI) allows direct communication between the operating system user. This powerful command interpreter convenience

The operating system customer's site. Customizing the operating system improves the efficiency interactive system-generation (sysgen) program supplied with the DXIO system convenient means system.

To customers' interests, the only available includes software updates for one year following purchase with (The software sUbscription service users who allow their subscriptions decide license also includes installation support (basic system generation

Instruments customer engineer.

information, refer

be used.

of

the DXIO system.

DXIO operating system

that

can be customized for each

of

implementing the custom

protect Texas Instruments investment

on

a licensed basis. The license

annual

to

update their systems.) The DXIO software

renewal subscriptions available.

and

verification) by a Texas

to

the

is

a modular

resource utilization. An

to

DXIO operating system

For

990

Computer Family Price

that

will

and

is

a major

provide a fast

and

is

also available

to

lapse

and

additional

is

List.

the

and

its is

then

for DS990 Model 4 Systems, on a DS25 disk pack for DS990 Model 6 Systems, and on a pack for DS990 Model 8 Systems.

The

DXIO disk includes a standard DXlO

to

operating system DS990 configuration (including standard options). The disk also includes a complete set DXIO component modules, which development interactive sysgen program builds the custom system to

user specifications. The sysgen program uses prompting through system generation. When system generation is complete, a complete set displayed for user approval. may back out, revise specifications, store system as additional copy, operating system.

an

Program

A multitasking operating system allocates the resources of user appears

computer system. Multitasking maximizes the amount amount

of

individual user programs in such a way

of of

that

is compatible with the basic

can

of

the custom DXIO system.

and

tutorial displays

alternate system, back it up with

or

activate it as the primary

to

lead the user

of

specifications

At

this point, the user

~anagement

a single computer system

to

have exclusive control

useful work obtained from a given computer hardware.

DS50 disk

of

individual

be used in the

An

is

the

custom

an

to

a number

that

each

of

the

System Generation

The

DX

10

operating system

that

system site. Customizing the operating system has the following advantages:

• Reduces disk(Eliminates unnecessary modules; such·

service routines for equipment customer's system)

• Increases operating speed (Eliminates code

sequences associated with unnecessary modules)

• Eliminates replication

for multiple installations

• Adds device service routines for nonstandard

devices

• Adds user-defined operating-system service calls

• Adds user-defined extended operation

processors

• Adjusts operating-system parameters

efficiency in a given installation.

The

DS990 purchaser the system. system

can be customized for each

and

memory-space requirements

DXIO operating system

on

a media

Unless otherwise specified, the DXIO

is

supplied on a DSIO (5440-type) cartridge

is

a modular operating

customer~s

asdeviee

not

included in the

of

device service routines of

a device type

(XOP)

for

is

supplied

that

is

to

compatible with

best

a

User programs

DX

1 0 operating system include a composite

procedures,

stored in disk program files in memory-image form.

When a program rolled in from the disk and loaded into memory areas. This specific activation

call~da

is any allocates central-processing-unit

time

in some partial state

actually executing while the others are either active

(in queue, ready

to

execute).

The process and scheduling. Tasks scheduled by expiration limit are called time-shared tasks. Time-shared tasks are queued sophisticated scheduling algorithm allocates time slices

locked out.

The architecture

supports multitasking software. The workspace

architecture allows rapid context switches with a

task. M ultipletaskscanbe

time. A scheduler in the DXIO operating system

to

the various tasks. Conceptually, every task

putting

at

the various priority levels; so no task

that

operate under control

and

overlays. Programs are installed

is

activated, its memory images are

(CPU) execution

of

completion with one task

to

execute)

of

removing one task from execution

another

at

into execution is called

different priority levels. A

of

or

suspended (not ready

the 990 computer family

of

the

of

tasks,

any

available

of

a program

in memory

of

a time

is

and

at

is

8

minimum

not scheduled. Memory mapping allows each task execute in space. to

be segmented into up to three physical memory areas. Mapping also protects the operating system from destruction by errant application programs.

Priority Scheduling. The

requires Four

through level 3 (lowest)

o is reserved for

tasks are granted execution preference over lower priority tasks. However, even lower priority tasks are

guaranteed some execution time. Tasks designated

with equal priority execute in round-robin fashion. Each priority level execution units have been used, one unit next lower priority task.

Tasks with Variable Priorities. When a task

installed, it may be designated with a floating priority level (level loaded desired. After initial execution, its priority dynamically set for other devices is lowered

2)

after a specified number

executing. A floating priority (managed by the

operating system) permits rapid response events when task processing could compute bind the system. function interactively normally are installed with a floating priority level.

of

overhead time. The general registers are

saved

or

restored each time a different task

an

independent, fully protected address

It

permits the logical address space

DXIO

operating system

that

each task have a defined priority level.

priority levels are available: level 0 (highest)

and

level 4 (floating). Level

DXIO

internal use. Higher priority

is

allocated a number

of

time. When all the allocated units

of

time

is

4).

In this event, the task

at

priority level I when execution

to

level I for terminals and level 2

on

each 110 request. Task priority

to

the next lower level (never below level

of

time slices when it

and

deemphasizes the task during periods

For

example, application programs

given

of

is

to

of

to

first

is

1/0

that

is

to

tasks

the

is

DXIO

A program operating under the DXIO operating

system procedures. The procedures executing tasks. Sharing procedures conserves memory usage because replicating the procedural

part

task execution. The convenient mechanism executions.

of

program

terminal, a task

image installed in a program file

Replicating tasks conserves disk space

because installing a copy

each possible concurrent activation

unnecessary.

Sharing Data among Tasks. Under the

operating system, a block among

shared-procedure segment. A procedure can contain data

Overlays. As programs become large, they

partitioned

to

overlay support provided by the

system provides the mechanism disk -resident part. The remainder disk-resident overlays.

initiates a supervisor call

Overlay modules

lower level consisting

Multilevel overlay structures are supported by the

link editor.

can

consist

of

a program

part

is

indeed unique

In

a program has the same initial

image need be stored

two

or

that

is shared

to

be resident in memory

an

When

overlay module is required, the program

of

a task

is

unnecessary. Conversely, the

DXIO

operating system provides a

cases where each concurrent activation

can

be

more tasks

among

allow only a portion

can

be further segmented into a

of a "root"

and

can

to

each separate

to

replicate tasks for mUltiple

on

replicated from a single

of

the same initial task for

of

data

through

several tasks.

at

a given time. The

that

loads

none, one,

be shared with

data, disk.

on

disk.

of

can

the use

of

DXIO

to

accomplish the

is

divided into

it

and overlays.

or

only one For

each

and

time

a program

be shared

of

can

the program

operating

into memory.

two other

is

DXIO

a

be

Shared Procedures and Replicated Tasks.

Having several concurrent executions program is desirable in many multiterminal environments symmetrically alike devices are controlled. example might be a program serving that

interacts concurrently with several tellers.

In many cases, the procedural

common

is however, the execution. Under the shared procedural part the unique part program segments are therefore allocated procedures

or

in industrial applications where

to

each

of

the concurrent executions;

data

is

and

unique

DXIO

is

called a task. The three allowed

one task.

to

operating system, the

is

called a procedure while

of

the same

An

bank

part

of

the program

each separate

to

tellers

two

Task Activation by a Program. Any task can

request then become concurrently active. The operating system supports the identification station with which the new task In unit assignments are available

Furthermore, the requesting task be suspended until termination This provides a convenient mechanism for a master application program serving a station subprocesses either in parallel with the master program latter case, the master program resumes execution when the subprocess completes.

9

that

another

this manner, all

or

instead

task

be activated. Both tasks

DXIO

is

to

be associated.

of

the station-local logical-I/O-

to

the next task. can

specify

of

the activated task.

to

activate

of

the master program.

of

that

In

a

it

the

Program Files.

overlays are installed in structures referred to program expandable relative-record program images in blocks corresponding to

records. An internal directory the program pointers to each image on the

information about the images. Typically, the operating system requires two disk accesses to load a disk-resident task, procedure, directory entry and one for the image.

files.

All

tasks, procedures, and

These

files

are based on the

file

type and contain

is

maintained within

file.

This internal directory contains

file

as

well

or

overlay: one for the

as

file

as relevant

DXIO

One program program contains only programs that constitute parts of the

DXIO operating system. Other program

created to hold application programs.

file.

file

is

designated as the system

The system program

file

initially

files

can

be

Program Identification. Program parts stored in

program overlay numbers specified program can replicative attribute.

files

can be retrieved by task, procedure, or

at

installation time. A

be

installed with or without the

Roll

in/Roll out

Program 1

Program 2

~orkArea~

Figure 2. Memory Conservation through Disk Management

~eliDory

The

DXIO

operating system option to dynamically allocate memory to the diskresident task segment, procedure segment, and fileblocking buffers. The allocated blocks can released from memory and rolled to disk as needed. The roll-in/ roll-out mechanism, shown in figure ensures efficient

The

DX I 0 operating system incorporates an

algorithm that permits programs of high priority to preempt memory space from those priority. Any program can preempt space from a suspended program. Whenever insufficient memory space

is

available to permit the operating system to

execute a program, the

or

priority these programs to disk. This process

out. Similarly, when the task and priority mix

indicates, the rolled-out program

the disk and execution resumes. The memorymapping feature permits a program segment to restored to a different physical memory space than it occupied oriented roll-in/ roll-out mechanism guarantees high-

suspended-task segments and dispatches

at

the time it

~anageliDent

uses

the

990

mapping

be

use

of main memory and CPU time.

of

lesser or equal

DXIO

system seeks lower-

is

called roll

is

rolled

in

was

rolled out. The priority-

2,

from

be

Overlays

Root

-

=3

priority tasks immediate access to memory to respond to users or other external stimuli.

File blocks are allocated in the dynamic memory

area. Any blocks of data retained by the

operating system from recent disk transfers can preempted

space

appropriate been updated) to acquire memory space.

The provides an interactive, conversational user interface at a terminal and also provides a background batchprocessing mode. The SCI than ranging from setting the time compiles to backing up disks. Commands are operator's fingertips via the SCI. This can save 30

percent The completeness and flexibility of the functions performed by the SCI make it without parallel in

the minicomputer market. Many of the functions

by

the operating system if the memory

is

needed. These blocks are written to their

file

location on the disk (if they have

SysteliD

DXIO

170

COliDliDand

system command interpreter (SCI)

procedures that provide system functions

of

development effort on major programs.

£:..

~

'-

..

~OVerlay

~

~Overlav3

Overlav2

Interpreter

is

a collection

of

Root

1

DXIO

be

of

more

day or initiating

at

the

10

to

10

Any

portion of the sequence can

skipped by going directly to the command

desired.

be

Figure 3. Example of the Menus for Initialization

11

of

a Disk Volume

performed by the SCI are found only on main-frame

machines. Table I lists the general categories

functions provided by the

DXIO

operating system

of

and initiated by the SCI.

Appendix A lists all standard SCI commands

DXIO

available with the of SCI commands

operating system. Activation

is

via a hierarchy

of

command menus made available to all types of system terminals. The command menus provide each terminal on-line command prompts

by

logical grouping. The example in figure 3 illustrates the menus for initialization of a disk volume.

Custom commands can

of

framework

the DXIO operating system. Users can

be

integrated into the

combine SCI primitives with their own application

is

language to provide a user interface that

to the terminology and customary procedures

is

application. Figure 4

an example of a custom

unique

of

the

procedure.

Table 1. Areas Served by DX10

Log

in

and

out

Time and

Disk volume initialization, installation,

and unloading Disk Directory and file creation and deletion

Synonym

File alias name File name changing and protecting Directory and Directory and Logical unit assignment, positioning, and release

System I/O

·Systemtaskstatusdisplay

Program activation and control Batch Station Program System log Program debugging including:

Text COBOL, RPG II, DBMS

BASIC, assembly-language assemblies

Link Edit activation

Sort/Merge activation

date

setup

and ill4uiry

Directory

User

I

Directories

I

r

Structure

I

System

Files

I

User

I

1

If

temporary automatically deleted from the disk volume when the task terminates. Otherwise, operator commands and supervisor calls are available to delete a directory).

files

are used

by

a task, they are

file

(or a

Logical Input/Output

The

DXIO

operating system supports the assignment of four-character names to each peripheral device system-generation time. Peripherals are identified by these names when operating within the system. Files are identified by pathnames. However,

file

a volume in which a referenced by the physical device name of the disk drive rather than volume ID. File identifiers follow the device name, volume name, or system-disk designation. Generically, the names of devices and files

are called access names. Access names can be

either device names or

resides may

file

pathnames.

DXIO

be

alternately

Logical Unit Numbers. The DXIO operating

system performs input/ output to logical units instead of physical units making programs more flexible in the disposition of input and output. For example, a

at

15

program may unit number operation, an assignment 82

with the desired access name (which may

either a device or

be

written to accept input from logical

(LUNO)

82.

Before the program

is

made associating LUNO

file

name). A LUNO assignment

be

can be made by either an interactive user or a

program via a supervisor call.

A

LUNO assignment can apply only to the program that made the assignment, to all programs running for a given terminal, or to all programs. Task and terminal local

LUNO assignments allow different programs and different users of the same program to use the same

LUNO but to assign it

different access names.

File-Oriented Devices. Certain devices can

declared as file-oriented When a device

is exclusive property performs an open operation to a

at

system-generation time.

file-oriented, it becomes the

of

the program that successfully

LUNO assigned to

be

the device. The device becomes available to other programs only after it

is

closed.

Record-Oriented Devices. The alternative to the

file-oriented device this case, records can

programs.

110 Supervisor Calls. The

supports all record-transfer and file-positioning operations to devices and files from a program.

Utility operations, such as assignment, are also available through the A complete list of these operations table

2.

is

the record-oriented device. In

be

freely interspersed among

I/O

supervisor call

file

creation and LUNO

I/O

is

provided in

call.

Table 2. Device and File Operations Available

through

Assign

LUNO Release Fetch Characteristics Verify Open Close Close Open

Forward Space Record

Backward

Read Record

Write Record

Read Direct (used to acquire data with

special formats) Write Direct (used for special data formats) Write End-of-File

Rewind

Unload

Rewrite the Previous Record

Create a Fiie

Delete a File

Establish Immediate/Deferred Write Change a File Name Write Add

Delete

Unlock a Record

Key-Indexed File Operations Open Extend

Modify Access Privileges

LUNO

Legality of Access Name LUNO LUNO LUNO LUNO

Space Record

Protect/Delete Protect/Unprotect a File

an

Alias

an

Alias Name for a File

I/O Supervisor Calls

of

Device

or File

and Write End-of-File and Rewind

Name

for a File

Mode

Error Control

and System Log

The

DXIO

error-control features. When failures are detected by

the

DXIO

transfer indicating the device failure

originating program. The failure can recorded in a system log.

Error codes are returned to programs that issue illegal supervisor calls. In some cases, additional codes are returned that convey information concerning potential errors.

The operating system from destruction by errant application programs. Application programs are

operating system incorporates several

system during

is

retried. After several attempts, a code

990

mapping feature protects the

I/O

data transfers, the

is

returned to the

be optionally

DXIO

protected from errant interaction

in

a similar fashion, except where they are overtly sharing a procedure. When application programs specify an illegal function (such as referencing memory outside the legal range are abnormally terminated by the these cases, an advisory message

or

issuing an illegal instruction), they

DXIO

system. In

is

directed to the system log. The message displays a code indicating the cause

of

abnormal termination.

Any task can optionally include a sequence of instructions designated as an end-action routine. this option occurs, the

is

selected and an abnormal termination

DXIO

operating system returns to the beginning of the end-action routine in that task. The user must provide code in the end-action routine to analyze the termination code provided by the system and to take appropriate recovery steps.

16

If

DXIO

The DXI0 operating system also supports an optional system log. Information logged by the DXIO

system includes

I/O

errors are logged for device retries as

I/O

errors and task errors.

well

as

failures. Tasks that are abnormally terminated

provide task error messages to the system log. Application programs can specify additional messages

to

be logged by issuing the appropriate supervisor

call. A system command system

log.

At this time, output to disk output to a hard-copy device files

is

supported such that when one

saved to) an external archive, the other

is

provided to start the

files

is

specified. A

file

fills (IS

is

and / or

pa~r

of

written to.

All logged messages are time stamped.

High-Level and

Utilities

Languages

Texas Instruments provides a choice of high-level programming languages to users of the disk-system software. The following languages run under the

DXI0 operating system. A comprehensive

Sort/ Merge utility also

is

available.

• COBOL for business environments

• RPG II for business environments

• DBMS

990

for efficient data management

• BASIC for simplified interactive scientific programming

• Business BASIC for simplified business-application programming

• FORTRAN for mathematical and scientific application

• Pascal for scientific and engineering programming.

COBOL

COBOL (Common Business-Oriented Language) high-level programming language consisting of English words and symbols. Because it read and understand,

COBOL programs are largely

is

easy to

self-documenting and generally require little explanation.

For

standardization, COBOL into a nucleus and eleven functional processing modules. Each

of

these twelve modules

is into several levels according to sophistication and completeness. For example, a standard version of COBOL can include level 0 indexed

l~~el

1 indexed

indexed

1.

I/O

Full COBOL implements the highest level

I/O,

or level 2 indexed

is

the most powerful and includes level

of the twelve modules. Although quite extensive, it

is

rarely implemented in full, even

I/O

(none),

1/

O.

COBOL language

on large-scale computers. Table 3 indicates the relative power of Texas Instruments version of COBOL, which significantly extends the minimumstandard

COBOL. Minimum-standard COBOL as

specified by the National Standard Institute (X3.23-

1974)

consists

of:

• Nucleus level 1

• Table handling level 1

• Sequential

I/O

level

1.

Texas Instruments version of COBOL includes the minimum and also adds:

• Relative

• Indexed

I/O

level

1+

level 1 +

• Segmentation level 1

• Library level 1

• Interprogram communication level 1

• Nonstandard support for debugging and communications.

is

a

is

divided

subdivided

Level 2

of

each

is

NUCLEUS

2 NUC

1, 2

Minimum

Texas

Instruments

version

SEQ.

2 SEQ

1,

of

TABLE

HANDLING

2

TBL

1,

2

COBOL: 1 NUC, 1

Table 3. Relative Power

RELATIVE

I/o

2

TBl, 1 SEQ * Nonstandard

COBOL: 1 NUC, 1

I/o

2

REL

0,

2

21NX

0, 2

TBl, 1 SEQ, 1 REl, 1 SEG,

FUNCTIONAL

SORT I

MERGE

2

SRT'

0, 2

support

PROCESSING

REPORT WRITER

provided.

17

of

MODULES

1

RPW

0,

1

1 LIB, 1 IPC

COBOL

SEGMEN-

TATION

2 SEG

0, 2

(shown

LIBRARY

2

LIB

0, 2

.

In

gray)

DEBUG

2 DEB

0,

2

INTER-

PRO.

COMM.

2 IPC

0,

2

COMMUNI-

CATION

2COM

0,

2

The COBOL compiler/interpreter runs under the

DX 1

0 disk operating system on a

is

compiler software. The compiler / interpreter; a COBOL program to produce an intermediate language and execution time intermediate language. This feature provides a powerful debugging tool; single-statement mode, allowing the user to easily detect an erroneous statement.

Features

minicomputer programming language with the following features.

Data Types. COBOL can process decimal numbers

with up to eighteen digits (with Numbers can alignment. The statement allows Character strings the

COBOL data structures allow a series of contiguous data fields to be treated as a single character string. The data structures support arrays of

up to three dimensions.

Arithmetic Operations. The basic arithmetic

operators of MULTIPLY, and DIVIDE. Rounding be specified on any arithmetic operation, and the user can specify the action to ERROR

Character-String Handling. Full COBOL numeric

and alphanumeric editing capabilities flexibility in formatting numbers for output. Character strings can the comparison that the shorter string INSPECT statement provides the capability for counting character in a character string.

Program Control. The

execution based on the logical truth or falsity of a condition. The condition may be an expression, named condition, conditions linked by AND and OR. can have

The

specified location in the program or to one

several possible locations, depending on the value of a variable.

The program to subroutine. The code segment specified in the PERFORM statement can

controlled by the

COBOL translator

an

interpreter executes the

COBOL can

of

COBOL. COBOL

be

scaled with automatic decimal-point

USAGE IS COMPUTATIONAL-I

use

of

16-bit binary numbers.

of

fixed length are allowed, and

COBOL are ADD, SUBTRACT,

(field overflow) should occur.

be

right- or left-justified, and

of

unequal-length strings assumes

is

extended by·blariks. The

and/or

ELSE clauses and can

GOTO statement transfers control to a

PERFORM statement allows a portion of the

replacing occurrences of a specified

IF

or

logical combination

be

executed as a parameterless

be

990

computer. The

DXIO

disk-system

is

a

is

compiled

at

be

executed in

is

a powerful

or

without a sign).

of

results can

be

taken if a SIZE

give

great

statement controls

of

IF

statements

be

nested.

of

executed once, some

number repetitively until a condition

V AR YING option can

variable for each repetition.

routines that have been separately compiled and

linked together; this simplifies program development.

and devices in addition to random-access accessed by record numbers

On random-access files, COBOL can READ records, WRITE new records, REWRITE (replace) records, and DELETE records. Random and sequential accesses can be mixed on random-access files. For example, the user might read a specific record (in a key-indexed then sequentially read the following records.

rewinding. A sequential end extend the

other users of a shared

while it

COBOL. The user can specify the FILE STATUS

variable to receive error codes from

and can specify code to

I/O

incorporate source text from a library

program. Commas and semicolons can be used to

separate clauses and statements. Data names and

paragraph names may be qualified or section they are in. Programs can be separated into

read-only memory

memory (RAM). Current time and date (maintained

by

COBOL.

I/O

includes significant extension to the ACCEPT and DISPLA Y statements to facilitate interactive with a video display terminal. The ACCEPT and DISPLAY statements can specify the position of the field number, column number, and than one screen field can statement. In addition, the an option to clear the entire screen before output. The ACCEPT statement has options for converting numeric inputs, initializing the screen field with asterisks, and echoing the received data in fieldjustified form.

of

times determined

The CALL statement allows the program to call

Input/ Output. COBOL supports sequential

Sequential

of

READ WITH LOCK can

Two

errors.

Other Features. The

code and data portions f()t partitioning into

the operating system) can

files

can

the

file

so subsequent WRITE operatioris

file.

is

being updated.

files

can share the same buffer area under

(ROM) and random-access

by

a variable, or

is

satisfied. The

be

used to increment a

or

character-string

use a key

be

opened with

file

can

file

from accessing the

be

executed in the event

COpy

to locate and

be

opened

be

used to prevent

clause can be used to

by

be

accessed via

files

file)

and

or

without

at

I/O

operations

file

into the

the structure

keys.

the

file

with Video Display Terminal. COBOL

I/O

on the screen to be referenced as a line

field

length. More

be

referenced in a single

DISPLAY statement has

will

of

18

Debugging Facilities. A COBOL program can

include debug lines, which are indicated by a D in column

of the program or treated as comments, depending on a compiler option.

cross-reference listing that lists all of the identifiers

(data-item names, index names, condition names, names, section names, and paragraph names) used in the program, along with the line number appearance. Where a variable appears, the line numbers are flagged as a declaration, reference, modification

the execution, the debug monitor allows the user to execute the program execute a single statement. The contents of data locations can be displayed between executions portions

Elements

discuss Texas Instruments version of discussion

modules in

nucleus with limited capabilities for ALTER, DIVIDE, MOVE, MULTIPLY, PERFORM, and with full capabilities for EXIT, GO, and STOP. COBOL level

• Full capabilities for ALTER and

• Full capabilities for PERFORM

• Separators

•

• Full

• Figurative constants including ZERO, ZEROS,

•

• Full level 2 condition-name conditions

• Data levels

• THRU and THROUGH as equivalent

• Level 2 relational characters

• Comparisons of nonnumeric literals of unequal

• AND, OR, and NOT connectives.

7.

These lines

The

COBOL compiler has an option of printing a

of

COBOL programs are executed under control of

COBOL debug monitor. Besides normal

of

a program.

of

COBOL. The following paragraphs

is

divided into parts corresponding to the

COBOL.

Nucleus. COBOL implements all of the level 1

also implements the following features from

2:

comma and semicolon

Level

2 data names (Names need not begin with

an alphabetic character.)

level

2 qualifications (Names need not unique if they can qualification.)

ZEROES, SPACE, SPACES, HIGH-VALUES, LOW-VALUE, LOW-VALUES, QUOTE,

Full literal can appears on a continuation line.)

length

and QUOTES

level

2 continuation capabilities (A word or

be

11-49

will

either

be

compiled as part

the variable.

up

to a specified point or to

ACCEPT, ADD,

DISPLAY, IF, INSPECT,

and SUBTRACT

IF

be

made unique through

HIGH-VALUE,

broken

in

such a way that part of it

>, <,

of

each

or

of

COBOL. This

be

and =

file

In addition, COBOL has powerful extensions to

ACCEPT and DISPLAY statements to allow the

the user exact control of the video display terminal.

Table Handling. COBOL provides the capability to

use tables of up to three dimensions and to vary the access index by an increment or decrement. The OCCURS, USAGE, and SET clauses are supported.

Sequential 1/

capabilities for statements and full capabilities for the READ,

REWIND, and REWRITE statements.

extends

WITH include EXTEND or

capabilities for relative capabilities for the CONTROL, capabilities for REWIND, REWRITE, DYNAMIC, READ NEXT, and level 2 features not present are the SAME RECORD AREA clauses.

capabilities for FILE-CONTROL, I-O-CONTROL, and DELETE, READ, REWRITE, START, USE, WRITE, DYNAMIC, READ NEXT, and START. The dynamic access feature of alternate and duplicate

segmentation capabilities to allow efficient generation of overlay capabilities. Actually, since compiler/interpreter, the size of a program does not provide as significant a limitation as it would with a compiler language. The language interpreter need only keep the relevant data base and the single instruction being executed memory program can reside on disk.

functions including the

statement extends the standard in that the text produced by a COpy allowed. global, the syntactic correctness of a program cannot statements (including those in COPYed text) have been fully expanded.

level I CALL statement and passing parameters. CALL and EXIT

level

LOCK and also extends level 1 OPEN to

Relative I/O. COBOL provides level

Indexed I/O. COBOL provides level

FD

Segmentation. COBOL provides level I

Library. COBOL implements level I library

statement. Up to

Interprogram Communication. COBOL implements

O.

COBOL provides limited

OPEN, CLOSE, USE, and WRITE

COBOL

1 CLOSE to include multiple

NO REWIND.

I/O.

Included are level 1

FILE-CONTROL, 1-0-

and

FD

entries and full

CLOSE, DELETE, READ,

START, USE, WRITE,

START. The only

RESERVE and

entries and full capabilities for CLOSE,

level 2 is

keys

are not supported.

COBOL intermediate-

at

a given instant. The remainder of the

COpy

Since some elements of COBOL syntax are

statement can include another

be

determined until all

statement. The

five

levels of nesting are

USING clause for

files

and

1+

level

2

1+

supported;

COBOL

COBOL source

COpy

PROGRAM

is

a

in

COpy

19

allow control programs in a run unit.

to

pass back and forth between

Debugging. The COBOL compiler/interpreter

supplies powerful nonstandard debugging tools. In addition

D in column 7), the interpreter supplies two options.

The user can specify

block Or, the user can obtain a (including type specification).

Comparison with COBOL. Texas Instruments version

differs from standard (level ways. All signed, numeric

1 have the attribute

SEPARA in the size COBOL convention. feature and the provided.

Some features found on larger machines provided following paragraphs.

Data.

CORRESPONDING DEPENDING OCCURS ALL specified.

Arithmetic. No

on the DIVIDE statement. Only one destination

provided on arithmetic statements. There COMPUTE in

(POSITIVE; NEGATIVE,

SEARCH

Character Strings. There are no

UNSTRING

Input and Output. The

the report writer features are not provided. There no label processing. Cards with over-punched signs on record

RPG an processing. Based upon a predetermined sequence that

the results, applications requiring file maintenance or report generation. A series

to

optionally compiled lines (specified by a

COBOL execution for any

of

code including statement-at-a-time execution.

dump

Levelland

data

SIGN

TE. Thus, the S in the picture

of

the field, contrary to the usual

In

addition, the

CODE-SET

of

the more significant (level 2) COBOL

on

the 990 computer are discussed in the

Data

levels

do

not include level

cannot be used, and the

option cannot be used on

clause. There

literal. SIGN IS LEADING cannot be

statement. Expressions are not allowed

IF

statements. There are no sign condition tests

statement.

statements.

numeric fields cannot

on

an

indexed file can have the same key.

is

REMAINDER

or

Sort/

be

RPG

II (Report Program Generator, version II)

easy-to-use, high-level language for business

reads a record, processes the data, and outputs

RPG

II

is

especially suited for

of

six basic specification formats

of

any

Level 2

of

1)

COBOL in several

fields except

IS

TRAILING

RERUN

feature are not

that

are not

no

figurative constant

option

ZERO) and no

STRING

Merge feature and

read.

No

more than one

II

data

item

COBOL

COMP-

is

counted

66.

an

is

available

is

no

and

is

data

are used within the

Texas Instruments version is closely compatible with the widely used IBM System/3 System/3 features have been included in provide more flexible programming. A utility program is provided with or

to DS990 disk files.

oriented VDT text editor and a trace feature prints each major step occurring during execution an sort/ Sort/ files

Emulator package.

to

input the specific actions to be taken

RPG

II seq uence

RPG

II. Extensions

System/32 source programs

The

RPG

II package also includes

RPG

II program. A System/3-compatible

merge capability is provided by the optional

Merge package, and communication

is

available through the optional DXIO 3780

of of

RPG

execution. the

RPG

II language

of

many

of

RPG

II

to

copy System/3

or

files from diskette

an

RPG

of

the

II to

11-

that

RPG

RPG II Hardware. Texas Instruments version

RPG

II

is

especially suited for users with rapidly

growing applications. The minimum system for

II

is

the Model 4 System. The Model 4 System includes a 990 processor, I28K-byte byte disk drive, 911 VDT terminal, single-bay desk enclosure, and DXIO disk-system software license. Expansion capabilities can provide large amounts memory, multiple 50M-byte disk drives, and a variety

Features

the following significant features:

• Efficient one-pass compiler

• Run-time trace

• Right-

• ASCII

• Capability to produce more

• Alphabetic summary listing

• Listing

of

additional standard 990 peripherals.

of

RPG II. The

that

program

or

left-hand sign handling

or

EBCDIC

diagnostic messages

arrays, and tables

of

all indicators specified in a program.

speeds the checking

internal

Comparison with System/3.

restrictive

areas. Table 4 lists these areas and the requirements

of

both the System/3 and compatible with the System/3 where the hardware and operating systems permit.

Several on Telecommunications Specifications sheet supported by is

not supported on the control card specifications.

than

the System/3 in a number

RPG

of

the System/3 features are not provided

Texas Instruments version

RPG

II. The P (Punch Card) function

memory~

RPG

II compiler has

character set than

500 unique

of

all fields, labels,

RPG

II

II.

RPG

of

RPG

II. A

is

II

of

is of

not

RPG

IOM-

the

less

is

of

II

of

20

Feature

Table

4.

RPG

II

Enhancements

RPG

Implementation

II

System/3

Implementation

Number program

Number

files allowed in one source program Name

Number source program

Number lines

Device

Format cards

Number in input specifications

Number specifications

Number code

of

files allowed in

of

demand and/or chained

specified

used

of

for

Label

of

tables

and

arrays in

of

spread-card specification

with

spread

trailer fields on

of

AND/OR

of

AN/OR

of

digits allowed

lines allowed

lines in calculation

one

Exit

cards

spread

with

source

one

Yedit

Unlimited*

Any

six-character

allowed. Uniimited*

Unlimited*

Any

sequential input device

is

valid.

Format decimal, packed decimal, or

Unlimited*

Unlimited

1

can

binary.

to

15 3

be

unpacked

name

is

Maximum

Name must

Maximum at compilation time.

Maximum

Device must

Format must

Maximum

to

of

20

of

15

be

SUBRxx

of

63. Only 60 may

of

128

be

card reader.

be

unpacked decimal.

of

20

of

7

6

or

SRyzzz.

be

of

Number fields

*This field

characters in matching

is

limited

by

memory

space

The Core Size to Execute function

only.

is

Maximum

not supported

on the control card specifications. The Inquiry

function

is

not supported on the control card

specifications. The multifunction-card-unit (MFCU)

device

is

not supported by the

N onprint Characters function

990

is

not supported on the control card specifications. The as a special word

is

not supported on the output

system. The

*PRINT function

specifications.

The DBMS

DBMS

990

(Data-Base Management System)

990

is designed for minicomputer data-base applications. Specifically, this system handles applications with fast data-access requirements which need to accessed in a logical format that can

be

easily equated with physical documents or records used in daily business transactions. The

DBMS 990 allows

the user to define and access a centralized, integrated

of

256 Maximum

of

144

data base using logical format without the physical data-access requirements imposed by conventional file-management software. Physical considerations such as access method, record size, blocking, and relative-field positions are resolved when the data base

is

initially defined. Thus, the user can concentrate fully on the logical data structures needed for interface.

Features of DBMS

990.

The independence of the data definitions from the application software allows modification of the data base without impact to existing programs.

It

also provides a single, centralized copy of the data for all application subsystems. (Conventional fragmented and multiple copies wide variety

of

files

file

management provides

of

data held in a

with each used by only one application.) This centralized copy results in more efficient data storage on disk, uniform processing of data requests, and centralized control

of

the Data-

21

Base Maintenance function. In addition, DBMS

990 provides optional password security for the most elementary data level; this provides control and protection of the data base from unauthorized access or

tampering.

DBMS

interfaces to

990

User Interface. The primary user

DBMS 990 consist of the datadefinition language (DOL) and data-manipulation language (DML).

DOL

provides the means to completely describe

DBMS 990 data base and its associated data

the elements. The

source output

is

DML

DBMS 990 data by supporting the reading

writing

DOL logical data-base-definition

compiled by the DOL compiler, and the

stored with its associated data on disk.

provides the user the means to manipulate

and/or

of

DBMS 990 data. DBMS

990

data can

be

accessed by imbedding the appropriate DML syntax

COBOL application program. COBOL

in a

to construct a call to

DBMS 990 that specifies the

function to be performed and the data element to

manipulated. DBMS

rPtnrn<!

.&_

thp

..

_&.&.a.

rP<!111t<!

...

...,

...

.a._

.a._u

..............

990

tn

processes the request and

th~

'"

............

{,",ADAI

""''''.&JI'''.L.J

""

..

",..

P.l.V6.1.Ql.ll.

..........

is

used

be

BASIC

BASI C programming language used in a wide variety of scientific and business problem-solving applications.

Texas Instruments version

interactive language that supports operation by multiple users. Interaction with operator-prompted user input

~n~Lsystetn

of program statements can modified, debugged, and executed through the

BASIC commands.

system software. The language implemented by this system extensions to enhance its use in scientific and business applications.

• Executive to process commands entered from a

• Reentrant, multiterminal interface modules to

• Reentrant run-time interpreter to perform

is

a powerful, easy-to-Iearn, high-level

of

BASIC

is

an

BASIC involves

of

program statements

~QlTIm~Jlds

..

BASICprograms consisting

be easily created, entered,

use

BASIC system operates under

The

is

similar to Dartmouth BASIC with certain

DXIO

disk-

The system includes the following components:

terminal

of

coordinate the interaction

the executive,

interpreter, and operating system

arithmetic and logical functions during the execution of a

BASIC program.

of

BASIC and Business BASIC Systems. The

990

computer supports two BASIC systems: scientific-oriented Business

BASIC.

The BASIC system BASIC as described in Kemeny and Kurtz. Extensions to the Dartmouth BASIC include:

• Integer arithmetic

• Expanded string manipulation

• CALL and subprograms

• Formatted output and input. The Business

in that -

• A floating decimal replaces real arithmetic.

• Trigonometry and matrix arithmetic are not supported.

• An extended key-indexed

Components

consists of

thp

fl1n"'t;nn~l

..

...... _ ... _ ......

..,

..... " .............

• Executive

• Compiler

• POPS interpreter

• Run-time support

• Operating-system interface.

The executive and compiler are distinguished from the rest by their storage management and their language. They are written primarily in a macrotype interpreter language called address-formulated language. Each instruction interpreted by a short machine-language program that

b~anch~s

described by the POPS instruction. This action

provides for faster program execution.

Executive. The executive controls the operations

the system. It processes the commands that are

entered from the terminal. When required, it invokes

the compiler and the run-time-support components. The executive performs all editing commands

directly.

Compiler. The compiler

executive, and diagnostics are listed on a line-by-line basis.

POPS. The POPS interpreter

assembly language. It executes the

assembly subroutines required by the executive and compiler.

Run- Time Support. The run-time support performs

arithmetic and logical functions that may

BASIC and business-oriented

is

similar to the Dartmouth

BASIC

Programming by

BASIC system differs from BASIC

I/O

package

is

provided including

files.

of

BASIC. The BASIC system

five

major components. Figure 7 shows

r~l~t'''ft'''J...""

""

.......

"J.v

,,~

..

.I.~.I..l.l.}'

+J..

VA

".""'.:)\",00

....

n ....

~~--~---

"'VII1PV11~11l"

POPS, which

to

~Joutille

t()~rf()rm

is

invoked by the

is

written in

lh(! .

POPS and

..

-

•

is

a single-

is

.Jl.lIlctiQn

be

required

of

22

DX10

System

Software

~-~

/'

I

I Link , I Terminal \ " \

\ Editor

_--_.

/'

I /

I FORTRAN J " /

\

,

'

.....

/

I \

\

As~~~~er

, I , /

'

Handles with operating-system software. Processes memory requests.

\ I \ Editor " Librarian \

,_

~,

'--"',

\'

/'---_

_.......

~-,

'"

r "

......

_/

all

communications

' /

\ I

I Source I

_/

1 / -

,~-...

I>'

_-

all

__

I/O

........-..,

and

Program-

I

Development;

-"

System

, / - _

/./

""',

('

1--_

_/

~-,

/,

').

.....

/./"

_"

./././

././

_-------\

-J

\-

~".

_/

\ I

A i

./

.......

-,:\.

,/

"

P~~~r~~

......

_."",,/

"

....... _ ....... -......

/

/"',

I \

, COBOL \

"",--_

......

\

)

Multiuser

/

BASIC

Performs logical execution of a

(floating-point arithmetic, string editing, and matrix arithmetic). Generates some program nostics.

all

arithmetic and

functions required for

BASIC

program

manipulation,

I/O

diag-

Generates the machine code for each Also generates the program diagnostics.

Figure 7.

BASIC

Multiuser

statement.

BASIC

23

Processes editing commands.

Invokes compiler and run-time support other commands.

--

-

Components

--

to

process user and

--

-

........

--

Executes the assembly subroutines used executive and compiler.

POPS

and

by

Texas Instruments DS990 General Information Manual

Specifications and Main Features

Frequently Asked Questions

User Manual