Texas Instruments DS990 General Information Manual

Commercial Computer Systems

General Information

'IEXt\S

INSIRUMENTS.

DS990

Commercial

Computer Systems

General Information

~

TEXAS

Published by

INSTRUMENTS

INCORPORATED

Copyright@

Reserved. Printed

19-7-8-by Texas Instruments

in

the

United States

of

America.

incorporated.

AItRrghts

No part

system,

mechanical, photocopying, recording,

written permission Texas Instruments reserves

improve design and supply

The information and should

I ncorporated. Texas Instruments assumes no responsibility for any

errors

of

this publication may be reproduced, stored

or

that

may appear

transmitted

in

not

be construed as a

in

any form

of

Texas Instruments Incorporated.

the

best

this

document

in

this

document.

1st Edition,

Texas Instruments Incorporated

Digital Systems Division

P.O. Box

Austin, Texas 78767

or

right

to

product

is

subject

commitment

July

2909

otherwise,

make changes

1978

in

a retrieval

by any means, electronic,

without

possible.

to

change

by Texas Instruments

the

at

any time

without

prior

to

notice

Table

of

Contents

OS990 Commerciai Systems Overview

DS990 Software

DX10 Operating File Management Error High-Level Program-Development Tools Communications Software

DS990 Hardware

990 Processor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

TILINE CRU Peripherals Communications Equipment and Special

nterface

I 990

Chassis

Customer-Support Services

D X 1 0 Operati

System Generation Program Management Memory Management System Command Interpreter

File Management

File Types File Features Physical Disk Characteristics

Logical

Error

Control

High-Level

COBOL

RPG DBMS 990 BASIC

FORTRAN Pascal

Sort/Merge. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Program-Development Tools

Interactive Macro Assembler

Link Editor

Debug

Communications Software

Features Comparison with Control System Requirements Components Customer

............................

System

.....................

..........................

Control and System Log

Languages

............................

Peripherals

Devices

.......................

.........................

..........................

Considerations

08990

ng

System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7

........................

.......................

......................

...........................

.............................

...........................

Input/Output

and Languages

...............................

II

...............

.............................

.............

............................

................................

Text

Package

of

3780 Emulator

...............................

Information

......................

System Log

and Utilities

Editor.

.........................

............................

..........................

IBM 3780

......................

of

3780 Emulator

.................

and Utilities

..................

...................

.....................

Software

................

............•....

..................

...............

"

......

"

.................

...................

....................

..................

...............

.....................

..............

" "

....

Page

.4

Page

10 10 13 13 13 15 15 16 17 17 20 21 22 27 29 31 31 31 31 32 32 32 33 33 34 34 34 35

DS990 Hardware

Page

2 2 2 3 3 3

4

5 5 5

8

990 Processor

990 Architecture

Interrupt Structure

990 Address

Instruction Set 990 Programmer 990 Memories 990 Communications Register

TI

LINE

Model Model Model DS25 and Model DS50 Disk System Model 979A Magnetic-Tape Transport

CRU Peripherals

Model Model Model 2230 and Model 2260 Line Printers Model 733 ASR Data Terminal Model 743 KSR Data Terminal Model Model

Communications Equipment Special Interface Devices

EIA TTL TTY 32-Bit Input!Transition Detection Module 32-Bit Output-Data Module

Digital-I/O-Termination-Panel Module D/A A/D

990

Chassis

Standard

Dc-Power Considerations

CRU and

.............................

.........................

......................

Space

........................

and Addressing Modes

CPU

On-Board Loader

Panel

........................

...........................

TILINE

............................

Peripherals

DS31 OSlO Disk System

911 810 Printer

804 Card Reader FD800 Floppy-Disk System

Data Modules

/EIA

Converter Modules Converter Modules

.........................

Disk System

...........................

Video Display Terminal

........................

Terminal Interface Module

Considerations

Chassis

Configuration in DS990 Systems

TILINE

I/O

..................

Unit

...................

..................

....................

...................

......................

..................

....................

...................

Expansion

................

...............

....•..........

..............

...........

....•...

....•......

.............

........

.............

.......•...

........

...........

...

37 39

.40

40 41 42 42 42 43 43 43 44

.45

46 47 47 47 50 50 51 52 52 52 53 54 54 54 54 54 54 55 55 55 55 56 56 57

Customer-Support Services

Page

Hardware Installation

Software

Hardware Maintenance Maintenance Agreement

Software Update

Education Customer-Support Line

Installation

On-Call Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

Fixed-Price Repair Service

Classes

........................

.•.....................

......................

...................

...........................

..........................

(Hot

Line)

..............•

59 59 59 59

61 61 62 62

Appendixes

A!'pendix

A

SC

I Commands B 990 Instruction C Memory Requirements

o Recommended Memory

E Disk Requirements F

Chassis

Chassis-Power

Chassis-Layout Planning G Cabinet Planning

Enclosures

Cabinet-Layout Worksheet H DS990 System I Equipment Specifications

J Packing

K Documentation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

Hardware Manuals

Software Manuals

Figure

DS990 Model 4

System

2 Memory Conservation through Disk

Management

3 Example

of

a Disk Volume

4 Custom Procedure Example. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

5 Disk-Volume Layout

6 Files and Directory Structure

7 Multiuser

8

Pascal

Programming Cycle

9

Pascal

10 Typical Application

t 1 DS990 Standard

12 Workspace Pointer 13 990

14 Model

-15

16 Model OSlO Disk System 1 7 Model DS25/DS50 Disk 18 Model 979A Magnetic-Tape Transport 19 Model 20 21 22 Model 810 Printer 23 Model 2230 24 Model 733 ASR 25 26

27 Model

28 29 Model 990/10 Minicomputer

30 Model 990/10 Minicomputer Thirteen-Slot 31

32 Standard 33 DS990 Enclosures 34 Dimensional

Block Structure

Distributed-Processing Environment

CPU

Map

Option

-1)531

CbhfrolJerwfth-Follrtflsidlrives":

Basic

VDT

Model

Model 743 Model 804 Card

990 Communications Modules

Chassis Standard 990

"Quietized"

........................

Set

.....................

...................

and

Disk Configurations

.....................

Planning

DS31

911

FD800 Floppy-Disk System

.......................

Planning

.................

................

.......................

.........................

Kit

Contents

.................

and

Shipping

..............................

of

the

BASIC Components

rr

I

LIN E Address

Video Display Terminal. Kit Keyboard

and

KSR

.............................

Chassis

....................

List

of

Illustrations

System

and

Model 6

..........................

Menus

for

Initialization

......................

....................

............•....

...................

of

3780 Emulator in

and

Optional Hardware . . . . . . • 38

and

Registers

................•.........

Disk System

....................•...

Model 2260 Line Printers Data Data Terminal Reader

Chassis

Layout

Outline Pedestal

Space

................

...........•....

System

..................•.

......................

Terminal

. ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

Configuration Chart

..................

......................

of

Model DS10 Disk

....................

..............

...............

.............•.

..............

.............

..............

...............

or

..........

............

with

.........

..........

...........

Model 8

.:~-.

......

on

. . .

Page

..

Page

63 63 63 70 71 71

72

73 75 75 79 81 81 81

83

84

23 30 31

32

39

40

.44

.4-5

.45

46 47 48 48 49 50 51 52 52

53 53 55

56 56

77

78 79

10 11

14 15

35 Dimensional Outline

Pedestal

.............................

36 Cabinet-Layout Worksheet 37 Minimum Equipment Spacing

DS990

Systems

38

DS990 Desk-System Packing Crate

39 Exploded View 40 Exploded View 41

42 Typical Pedestal-Mounted-Disk-Drive Shipping

Th~

1 2 Device

3 Relative Power 4 5 BASIC

6 7

8

1

9

Crate

Packing

Crate

Packing Typical Rack-Mounted-Disk-Drive Shipping

Configuration

Areas

Served

and

Supervisor

RPG

BASIC Matrix Statements BASIC

Functions Conditional Relations Operating Commands for

File Operations Available through 1/0

Calls.

II Enhancements

and

Business

and

Business

...........................

of

DS25

........................

of

Single-Bay-Desk

.........................

of

Double-Bay-Desk

.........................

List

of

Tables

by DX10

SCI

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

of

COBOL.

...................

BASIC Statements

.................

BASIC Intrinsic

for

BASIC

10

..............................

Types Hardware Configuration

11

3780 Emulator Hardware Configuration

12

3780 Emulator Maintenance-Agreement

13 14

On-Call SCI

15 16

17

18

19

20 21

22

23 24 25

26 27

28 29

30 31

32 33

34 35 36 37

Command Index 990 Instruction DX10 Memory-Estimating Form

Recommended Software-Development

Configurations

Recommended Application-System

Configurations

Disk-Pack DX10

So~~~e~i~Els.~.~.

Software-Development Disk Requirements Chassis

Blank

990-Chassis

Blank

CRUrrlLlNE

Layout Form Basic

DS990 System

DS990 Model 4 System Consolidated Parts

List. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

DS990 Model 6 and Model 8 Consolidated

DS990 Model 4 Commercial Consol idated Parts

List

DS990 Model System Consolidated

DS990 HardwarelSoftware Versions

DS990

Hardware-Only Versions

Optional DS990 Software, Object Format

DS990 Hardware Options

Standard

Hardware Manuals

Software

........................

Service

......................•.

........................

Sizes

........................

Planning Form

.........................

Parts

.•..........................

6

Basic

Software-Package Contents

Basic

Software-Package Contents

DS990 Equipment Specifications

Manuals

for for Service

......•.....•.......

Set

.....................

~."~

...................

Layout Form

Expansion-ChassiS

Kit

Configurations

List

...................

and

Model 8 Commercial

Parts

..................

...............•.

.....................•

.....................

or DS50 Disk

................

for

...........

Commands

................

............

DX10 TX990

.............

............

.. ' .. ' ..... , .......••

.............

Systems

List

.............

............•..

........

......

........

for

......

on

.....

79 80

84 85

86

87

88

89

~e

12

16 17 21 24 24

25 25 26

28 34 35

60 60 65 67 68

70 71

71

L

•••

11 72

73

75

76

82

90

90 90 91 92

92 93

94

99

100

DS990

Commercial

Systems

Overview

The Model shown in figure Model DXI0 disk-based commercial operating system. The systems are specifically designed for commercial, interactive, multiuser, multitasking, multilanguage, and communications applications.

The models differ in disk-file capacity to provide

an

orderly growth path. The Model 4 System

10M-byte disk-based system suitable for a small software-development system or medium-scale application system. The Model 6 System 25M-byte disk-based system suitable for mediumscale software-development and application systems. The Model 8 System system intended for medium- to large-scale softwaredevelopment and application systems. Physical

packaging differences between the three models are based on the space requirements of the disk-storage units.

The base systems are offered in the minimum configurations that support the full functions operating system. This allows maximum flexibility in adding optional software and hardware features to customize a system. The various models are available in either equipment-only versions or in versions that include system software and installation. Software-

included versions provide a licensed copy of the DX

10 facilities, documentation, and a one-year software SUbscription service for the provided sysgen include software. Systems are configured and tested

before they are shipped from the factory.

4,

Model

990/10 Minicomputer with the power

operating system and software-development

6,

and Model 8 Systems,

1,

combine the performance

is

a dual

is

also installed on systems that

SOM-byte

DXI0 system. A factory-

disk-based

of

the

of

the

is

a dual

of

a

the

Figure 1. OS990 Model 4 System (foreground)

or

Model 8 System (background)

and

Model 6

1

DS990

DS990 software comprehends user requirements in a way not found in most computers

Operators interface with the through Model that provide hierarchical menus with supporting fillin-the-blank, prompting, and predefined functions.

More than commands provide powerful and comprehensive system control. commands that reflect their application terminology.

A broad range

are built into the system-command structure.

Program memory

Resource management location roll in/roll out and task-level priority assignment.

The

management. Types of sequentiai, reiative-record, and muitikey-indexed The key-indexed method supports a unique real-time, self-maintenance capability.

Software

is

both versatile and efficient.

of

this class.

DXIO

DXIO operating system has flexible

Operating System

DXIO

operating system

911

Video Display Terminals (VDTs)

170

Texas Instruments-supplied system

Users can also provide custom

of

utilities and supporting routines

is

dynamically allocated.

is

enhanced by variable-

files

supported include

It

file

files.

Program and Memory Management. The

DXIO operating system system. the procedures, and overlays. Programs are installed and stored in program activated, its images are loaded into any available memory area.

several different locations in memory by the

operating system several times during its execution to efficiently share memory and processor resources.

When in memory and active, a program competes

with other programs for execution time on a userdefined priority basis. When a program terminates,

the operating system releases all program-owned

resources including files, devices, and memory. This

unique

a memory-mapping technique. These advanced

memory- and program-management techniques

provide high processor utilization, resulting in high

levels

User programs that operate under control of

OX 1 0 system include a composite of tasks,

An active program can

DXIO program structure

of

throughput.

is

a mUltiprogramming

files.

When a program

be rolled in and out of

is

DXIO

is

made possible by

System Command Interpreter. Operators

DXIO

interface with the

VDTs via the system command interpreter (SCI).

The SCI

that provide system functions ranging from setting

is

a collection of more than

operating system through

170

procedures

the time of day or initiating compiles to backing up disks. Commands are the SCI. This can save development effort on major programs. The completeness and flexibility performed by the SCI make it without parallel in the minicomputer market. Many performed machines.

Activation command menus made available to all types system terminals. The command menus provide each terminal on-line command prompts by logical grouping.

Custom commands can framework combine SCI primitives with their own application language to provide a user interface that to the terminology and customary procedures of the application.

Interactive Operation. The DXIO operating system

features an excellent interactive user interface for control of the system through SCI.

by an operator are

are easily edited the system. The number of prompts, and therefore time, can command can them by prompt. When a partial list entered, any arguments not already supplied operator or default specified are then prompted.

Batch Operation. The background program

terminal may SCI (batch processing). Batch input sequentially oriented terminal itself. An processing, query its status, and receive information concerning its normal or abnormal completion. Certain interactive commands are inappropriate for

batch operation, but all other SCI commands are

available.

by

the SCI are found only on main-frame

of

the DXIO operating system. Users can

be conserved since all arguments for a

be entered before the system requests

be

is

interpreting commands in the background

at

the operator's fingertips via

10

to

30

percent of

of

the functions

of

the functions

SCI commands

ffieaningfuHy

by

the operator and are verified

a copy of the SCI. In this case, the

file

device but not from the

operator can initiate batch

is

via a hierarchy

of

be integrated into the

is

unique

All

entries keyed

prompted. Fieids

of

arguments

by

at

is

from any

the

of

by

File Management

The

DXIO

operating system provides a filemanagement package that includes a complete range of

file

structures and features. The accommodate many uniquely named data disk cartridge and provides the necessary

management for allocation of disk space to the The user can specify the amount of space to be allocated to a

that space

as

it

is

needed.

is

file

or, more frequently, can specify

to

be

automatically allocated to the

DXIO

system can files

on a

files.

file

is

2

File Types. Three major

by

the DXI0 operating system: sequential, relativerecord, and multikey-indexed allow records with concurrent reads. Relative-record files

provide rapid access to fixed-length records in either random or sequential mode. In multikeyindexed providing the to fourteen keys data addressed by the

maintenance capability. Deleted or added keys are

automatically removed or inserted in the sorted

lists. The DX contracts the necessity for periodically rebuilding and reorganizing files.

files,

variable-length records are accessed by

DXI0 operating system

keys

by

which the data

are in sorted order and allow rapid access to

rvtultikey indexing provides a unique self-

10

system automatically expands or

key

lists and eliminates much of the

keys.

file

types are supported

files.

Sequential

anyone

is

known. The

files

of up

key

Instruments version of oriented and provides one-line-at-a-time forms or multiline listings.

Texas Instruments base management system specifically designed for minicomputer applications.

data-definition language (DDL) for defining the

logical structure of data and a data-manipulation language (DML) that interfaces through storing and retrieving data. A number and security features can optionally the modular structure of

The BASIC** language BASIC Kemmeny and Kurtz, with certain extensions to enhance its type, expanded string handling, CALL, and subprograms.

as

described in BASIC Programming, by

use.

RPG II

DBMS

The extensions are integer arithmetic

is

video-display-

990

is

a modular data-

DBMS

is

990

includes a

COBOL for

of

utilities

be used within

990.

a version of Dartmouth

File Features. Various

are available to the assembly-language user. Highlevel

languages given feature, depending on the syntax of the language.

• Record locking

• Temporary

• Blocked

• Deferred or immediate write operation

• Delete and write protection

•

Access

• Blank compression and adjustment

• Expandable

• Blank compression.

mayor

Some of the supported features include:

files

privileges

files

file

features and

may not allow access to any

file

types

Error Control and System Log

The DXI0 operating system incorporates several error-control features and supports an optional

log.

The

990

system

OX 1 0 system from destruction programs. An optional end-action routine analyzes abnormal termination and takes appropriate steps.

mapping feature protects the

by

errant application

recovery

High-Level Languages and Utilities

COBOL, RPG II, DBMS BASIC, FORTRAN, Pascal, and Sort/Merge packages are available as options on all DS990 systems.

The

COBOL compiler conforms to the American National (ED lX3.23-1974) and incorporates extensions to this subset to provide added capabilities.

The System/3* RPG II specifications with certain equipment and teleprocessing exceptions. Texas

Standards Institute (ANSI) COBOL subset

RPG II compiler conforms to the IBM

990,

BASIC, Business

BASIC BASIC, a variation understood, business-oriented, application-solving language. Single-key-indexed and limited-output editing capabilities are included to provide a check-printing capability.

The FORTRAN compiler conforms to the ANSI standard FORTRAN, or FORTRAN compiler also incorporates the extensions recommended by the Instrument

(lSA-S61.1,

Pascal for a variety

language for teaching a systematic concept

programming, Pascal

use.

to useful when programs must other than the original author.

The comprehensive accessed in several ways. SCI provides commands to access COBOL, programs can interface with Sort/ Merge by using the

CALL statement. Both sort and merge processes support record selection, reformatting on input, and summarizing on output. Ascending key order, descending sequence can be specified.

is

aimed

is

a general-purpose language well suited

Its readability makes the language especially

DXI0 operating system supports a

Sort/ Merge in batch or interactive mode.

RPG

key

at

the scientific user. Business

of

BASIC,

1975

and ISA-61.2,

of

applications. Originally designed as a

is

straightforward to learn and

Sort/ Merge package that can

II, FORTRAN, and BASIC

order, or an alternate collating

is

an easily

file

input/ output (I/O)

IV.

Society of America

1976).

be maintained

The

of

by

users

be

Program-Development Tools

In addition to a comprehensive set

operate in conjunction with the

*IBM System!3 is a registered trademark of IBM.

**BASIC

is

a registered trademark of Dartmouth College.

of

utilities that

DXI0 operating

3

system, Texas Instruments provides four program-development tools: interactive text editor, macro Each invoked by

assembler, link editor,

of

these operates

operator

under

commands.

and

SCI

major

debug package.

and

is

easily

Communications Software

The

OXI0

of

commercial systems with a means

entry

host

990 computer.

Communications Terminal systems so equipped as central

network. Optional auto-call capability is also

provided.

point-to-point

up

to specified support communications interface module supplied modem modem kit

3780

Emulator

(RJE)

computer

communications with

or

another

Operation

can

or

satellite stations in a distributed

Oata

files are transmitted over leased

or

switched telephone lines

9600 baud. Any file

to

transmit

of

3780 emulation

and

or

Texas-Instruments-supplied

optional auto-call unit.

provides the OS99O family

of

remote-job-

an

IBM

360/370

3780 emulator-equipped

of

the IBM 3780

is

emulated. OS990

operate in unattended mode

or

system device

receive data. Hardware

is

provided with the 990

to

Oata

at

speeds

can

a customer-

be

DS990 Hardware

The DS990 disk-based systems require a fast, flexible computer demands

Model 4, Model 6, on random-access-memory processor features the

speed

that memory.

AU-models employ

at

least one removable disk pack fixed backup, important

Each system includes one 1920-character video display terminal controller a second VDT. Additional VDTs are available options.

The memory-to-memory architecture asynchronous, high-speed offer main-memory capacities up metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS), 16K dynamic-

*TILINE

architecture

of

multiple interactive operations.

a minimum 128K-byte 990 processor with 16K

data

bus

allows addressing

or

removable disk pack. This allows copy,

and

transportability

in interactive systems.

is

included

to

meet the processing

and

Model 8 Systems are based

(RAM)

TILINE·

and

a memory-mapping technique

of

moving...Jtead-

and

keyboard. A dual-terminal

and

technology.

asynchronous, high-

up

to

2048K bytes

disk drives with

and

one additional

of

media

allows the easy addition

that

The

of

are

main

so

as

990 Processor

128K-byte 990 processor features

data

bus.

is

a registered trademark

of

Texas Instruments.

and

TILINE

Current

to

384K bytes

an

advanced

models

of

RAM, The additional module sizes. is recommended for these memory modules. Memory can options.

system, a high-speed, asynchronous parallel bus, communications register unit

error-checking-and-correcting (ECC) memory.

ECC

memory is available in various

TILINE

be further expanded by adding

The

990 processor includes a dual

and

a low-

expansion

to

medium-speed command-driven

(CR

to

a second chassis

standard

input/

U).

990

output

TILINE

TILINE Peripherals

TILINE which transfer rates the 990 computer.

The

following disk systems, depending

selected. The cartridge with 2.8M bytes This disk drive

Model 8 Systems.

and

type disk cartridge. Each platter has a 4.7M-byte capacity bytes. This

System

4 6

and

can

pack with 22.3M bytes

DS25 disk drives are employed System. up

pack with 44.6M bytes

OS50 disk drives are employed

System.

up

optional available:

format

format. Both versions use industry-compatible, nine-

track

millimetres

peripherals are high-speed

data

to

and

from 990 memory

that

approach

DS990 base system includes one

The OSlO Oisk System has a single-spindle, fixed-

femovabie-piaUer disk drive employing the 5440-

for

a combined disk-drive capacity

is

and

Model 8 Systems. One

accommodate

The

DS25 Disk System has a multiplatter disk

One

to

four DS25 disk drives.

The

. DS50

..

One

to

four DS50 disk drives.

The

Model 979A Magnetic-Tape

TILINE

an

and

a 1600-bits-per-inch, phase-encoded

tape

formats.

per

the

instruction execution rate

DS31 Disk System has a 2315-type disk

of

is

an

option

the disk drive supplied with the Model

is

offered as

up

OS25 disk controller can accommodate

Disk. System

OS50 disk controller can accommodate

peripheral. Two versions are

8OO-bits-per-inch, nonreturn-to-zero

The

second (37.5 inches

an

to two

of

formatted capacity.

..

has.amllltiplatter·

of

formatted capacity.

transport

I/O

systems

of

the

on

the model

formatted capacity.

on

the Model 6

option

DS

on

I 0 disk controller

I 0 disk drives.

on

the Model 6

on

the Model 8

Transport

operates

per

and

of

the Model

disk

at

second).

at

9.4M

Dual

is

an

953

of

CRU Peripherals

The command-driven communications-register-unit

(CRU)

systems

processor. These peripherals are optional features

that

peripherals are low-

that

transfer

further enhance the DS990 system.

data

to

medium-speed

to

and/

or

from the 990

I/O

4

The Model 9 x 7 dot-matrix character structure and a ninetysix-character, full 810

printer prints 132-column lines at

per second with eight-channel vertical-format control.

The Model print 136-column 600

lines per minute, respectively, with verticalformat control, internal self-test, static eliminator, and standard

Additional Model are available keyboards and interfaces. A maximum of VDTs can two-chassis configuration. Additional VDTs can installed in other vacant slots interrupt assignments. VDTs can also add-on chassis.

The Model minute reader that takes standard-sized, eightycolumn punched or marked cards.

Silent 700· Model

The

KSR Data Terminals

solid-state, thermal printheads for virtually silent

printing of eighty-column lines at thirty characters per second. A typewriter-style, limited keyboard allows operator entries.

The Model transportable diskette media to smaller members of

990

the

810

Printer

ASCII, compressed print set. The

2230

lines

ASCII, sixty-four-character set.

as

single- or duai-terminal displays with

be

installed in their predefined slots in a

804

Card Reader

FD800 Floppy-Disk System provides

family of systems.

is

an impact printer with

and Model

at

911

use

2260

Line Printers

300

lines per minute and

Video Display Terminals

by

redefining the

is

a 400-card-per-

733

ASR and Model

Texas Instruments unique

be

150

characters

twelve

installed in

ASCII

be

743

Communications Equipment

and

Special Interface Devices

Optional communications equipment includes an RS232-C

communications interface module for

asynchronous and synchronous transmission at

75

to

9600.

selectable baud rates from supporting options include asynchronous and synchronous modems and auto-call. A variety of interface modules for custom-device interface or process monitoring and control are available including analog-to-digital converters and digital input and output interfaces. A variety of Teletypewriter / Electronics Industries Association (TrY

/ EIA) interfaces are also available.

Other

990 Chassis Considerations

The

990

computer chassis with a programmer panel. The chassis includes a read-only memory (ROM).

be

added to the system to provide additional

mounting space or dc power.

4O-ampere

is

packaged in a thirteen-slot

power supply and a disk-loader

One or more chassis can

Customer-Support Services

Texas Instruments customer services encompass the following areas: hardware installation, software installation, hardware maintenance, software update,

line.

education classes, and telephone hot

be

services can customer requirements.

selected to best suit application and

Individual

·Silent

700

is

a registered trademark of Texas Instruments.

s

6

DS990

Software

DS990 Software

DS990 software features a versatile and powerful operating system, the DX management and error-control features make this operating system an extremely efficient one. A wide variety of high-level languages are available with the DS990 system. Among these are COBOL,

DXIO

The operating-system software selected for a computer installation has a major effect on the throughput, reliability, and usability of the system. The disks, processors, memories, terminals, and other

physical resources of a computer system represent a

potential for performance. The operating system controls the total system resources and allocates them to the various tasks required in the user's application programs. An operating system also provides other necessary system services and utilities, such as interrupt handling and input/ output (I/O) device service routines. The operating system relieves the individual application program of these overhead responsibilities, which greatly reduces the opportunity for error and simplifies application programming.

The powerful disk-based operating system; it the most sophisticated, flexible, and versatile computer operating systems available. First released

1976,

in has been refined

Instruments and

Operating

DXIO

operating system

the

DXIO

by

at

10

operating system. File-

System

is

Texas Instruments

is

one of

system

customer sites around the world.

is

a proven product that

operation within Texas

FORTRAN, RPG II, BASIC, Pascal, and DBMS

990.

Software-development tools include an interactive text editor, macro assembler, link editor, and debug package. These features enable DS990

software to comprehend user requirements in a way not found in most computers of this class.

DXIO

The of program-development utilities, which greatly reduces development time and improves effectiveness. Programs can operating system to execute on the DS990 system or on the smaller floppy-disk-based or memory-resident systems in the packages are sold as extra-cost options to many operating systems; however, they are included as part of the DX a major application of the DS990 systems. The program-development utilities include an interactive text editor, relocatable macro assembler, link editor, and interactive debugger.

Many users prefer to write programs in one or

of

more languages. Compilers / interpreters for FORTRAN (with Instrument Society of America (ISA) processcontrol extensions), COBOL, BASIC, Business

BASIC,

available as optional features of the DXI0 operating

system.

operating system incorporates a number

be

developed under the

990

family. Program-development

10

system because program development

the major high-level programming

RPG II, DBMS 990, and Pascal are

DXIO

is

The

DXIO

system multitasking operating system, which multiterminal interactive operations. The operating system makes each terminal appear to have exclusive control of the system; so the existence of other

is

terminals

Batch-processing tasks can terminal without interfering with interactive terminal operations.

The management capabilities. The files, allocates disk and memory space for transfers and controls read access, write access, deletion, and file

sharing by supports sequential files, relative-record multikey-indexed

transparent to any individual user.

DXIO

operating system has extensive file-

files

between disk and memory as required,

is

mUltiple

files

a general-purpose,

is

optimized for

be

initiated from any

DXIO

system creates

files,

users. The operating system

files,

and

with up to fourteen

keys.

The

DXIO

operating system includes the device service routines necessary to communicate with the standard and optional DS990 the Model

disk systems, Model

Model Tape Transport, and

device

system. The further isolates an individual user program from the

characteristics of the an

I/O

referenced by a logical unit number (LUNO).

This simplification allows the user to concentrate on the application problem rather than on device details. Logical program development in which a

7

911

Video Display Terminals (VDTs),

810

2260

Line Printers, Model

Silent

service routines can

DXIO

system

I/O

device to

be

I/O

is

treated as a

particularly useful for

110 devices, such as

Printers, Model

979

A Magnetic-

700

terminals. Special

be

linked to the

uses

logical

device. Logical

file

that

file

or another

1/0,

2230

I/O

is

and

DXIO which

allows

I/O

device

can

be substituted for the device

ultimately

A versatile, interactive, fully prompted system command interpreter (SCI) allows direct communication between the operating system user. This powerful command interpreter convenience

The operating system customer's site. Customizing the operating system improves the efficiency interactive system-generation (sysgen) program supplied with the DXIO system convenient means system.

To customers' interests, the only available includes software updates for one year following purchase with (The software sUbscription service users who allow their subscriptions decide license also includes installation support (basic system generation

Instruments customer engineer.

information, refer

be used.

of

the DXIO system.

DXIO operating system

that

can be customized for each

of

implementing the custom

protect Texas Instruments investment

on

a licensed basis. The license

annual

to

update their systems.) The DXIO software

renewal subscriptions available.

and

verification) by a Texas

to

the

is

a modular

resource utilization. An

to

DXIO operating system

For

990

Computer Family Price

that

will

and

is

a major

provide a fast

and

is

also available

to

lapse

and

additional

is

List.

the

and

its is

then

for DS990 Model 4 Systems, on a DS25 disk pack for DS990 Model 6 Systems, and on a pack for DS990 Model 8 Systems.

The

DXIO disk includes a standard DXlO

to

operating system DS990 configuration (including standard options). The disk also includes a complete set DXIO component modules, which development interactive sysgen program builds the custom system to

user specifications. The sysgen program uses prompting through system generation. When system generation is complete, a complete set displayed for user approval. may back out, revise specifications, store system as additional copy, operating system.

an

Program

A multitasking operating system allocates the resources of user appears

computer system. Multitasking maximizes the amount amount

of

individual user programs in such a way

of of

that

is compatible with the basic

can

of

the custom DXIO system.

and

tutorial displays

alternate system, back it up with

or

activate it as the primary

to

lead the user

of

specifications

At

this point, the user

~anagement

a single computer system

to

have exclusive control

useful work obtained from a given computer hardware.

DS50 disk

of

individual

be used in the

An

is

the

custom

an

to

a number

that

each

of

the

System Generation

The

DX

10

operating system

that

system site. Customizing the operating system has the following advantages:

• Reduces disk(Eliminates unnecessary modules; such·

service routines for equipment customer's system)

• Increases operating speed (Eliminates code

sequences associated with unnecessary modules)

• Eliminates replication

for multiple installations

• Adds device service routines for nonstandard

devices

• Adds user-defined operating-system service calls

• Adds user-defined extended operation

processors

• Adjusts operating-system parameters

efficiency in a given installation.

The

DS990 purchaser the system. system

can be customized for each

and

memory-space requirements

DXIO operating system

on

a media

Unless otherwise specified, the DXIO

is

supplied on a DSIO (5440-type) cartridge

is

a modular operating

customer~s

asdeviee

not

included in the

of

device service routines of

a device type

(XOP)

for

is

supplied

that

is

to

compatible with

best

a

User programs

DX

1 0 operating system include a composite

procedures,

stored in disk program files in memory-image form.

When a program rolled in from the disk and loaded into memory areas. This specific activation

call~da

is any allocates central-processing-unit

time

in some partial state

actually executing while the others are either active

(in queue, ready

to

execute).

The process and scheduling. Tasks scheduled by expiration limit are called time-shared tasks. Time-shared tasks are queued sophisticated scheduling algorithm allocates time slices

locked out.

The architecture

supports multitasking software. The workspace

architecture allows rapid context switches with a

task. M ultipletaskscanbe

time. A scheduler in the DXIO operating system

to

the various tasks. Conceptually, every task

putting

at

the various priority levels; so no task

that

operate under control

and

overlays. Programs are installed

is

activated, its memory images are

(CPU) execution

of

completion with one task

to

execute)

of

removing one task from execution

another

at

into execution is called

different priority levels. A

of

or

suspended (not ready

the 990 computer family

of

the

of

tasks,

any

available

of

a program

in memory

of

a time

is

and

at

is

8

minimum

not scheduled. Memory mapping allows each task execute in space. to

be segmented into up to three physical memory areas. Mapping also protects the operating system from destruction by errant application programs.

Priority Scheduling. The

requires Four

through level 3 (lowest)

o is reserved for

tasks are granted execution preference over lower priority tasks. However, even lower priority tasks are

guaranteed some execution time. Tasks designated

with equal priority execute in round-robin fashion. Each priority level execution units have been used, one unit next lower priority task.

Tasks with Variable Priorities. When a task

installed, it may be designated with a floating priority level (level loaded desired. After initial execution, its priority dynamically set for other devices is lowered

2)

after a specified number

executing. A floating priority (managed by the

operating system) permits rapid response events when task processing could compute bind the system. function interactively normally are installed with a floating priority level.

of

overhead time. The general registers are

saved

or

restored each time a different task

an

independent, fully protected address

It

permits the logical address space

DXIO

operating system

that

each task have a defined priority level.

priority levels are available: level 0 (highest)

and

level 4 (floating). Level

DXIO

internal use. Higher priority

is

allocated a number

of

time. When all the allocated units

of

time

is

4).

In this event, the task

at

priority level I when execution

to

level I for terminals and level 2

on

each 110 request. Task priority

to

the next lower level (never below level

of

time slices when it

and

deemphasizes the task during periods

For

example, application programs

given

of

is

to

of

to

first

is

1/0

that

is

to

tasks

the

is

DXIO

A program operating under the DXIO operating

system procedures. The procedures executing tasks. Sharing procedures conserves memory usage because replicating the procedural

part

task execution. The convenient mechanism executions.

of

program

terminal, a task

image installed in a program file

Replicating tasks conserves disk space

because installing a copy

each possible concurrent activation

unnecessary.

Sharing Data among Tasks. Under the

operating system, a block among

shared-procedure segment. A procedure can contain data

Overlays. As programs become large, they

partitioned

to

overlay support provided by the

system provides the mechanism disk -resident part. The remainder disk-resident overlays.

initiates a supervisor call

Overlay modules

lower level consisting

Multilevel overlay structures are supported by the

link editor.

can

consist

of

a program

part

is

indeed unique

In

a program has the same initial

image need be stored

two

or

that

is shared

to

be resident in memory

an

When

overlay module is required, the program

of

a task

is

unnecessary. Conversely, the

DXIO

operating system provides a

cases where each concurrent activation

can

be

more tasks

among

allow only a portion

can

be further segmented into a

of a "root"

and

can

to

each separate

to

replicate tasks for mUltiple

on

replicated from a single

of

the same initial task for

of

data

through

several tasks.

at

a given time. The

that

loads

none, one,

be shared with

data, disk.

on

disk.

of

can

the use

of

DXIO

to

accomplish the

is

divided into

it

and overlays.

or

only one For

each

and

time

a program

be shared

of

can

the program

operating

into memory.

two other

is

DXIO

a

be

Shared Procedures and Replicated Tasks.

Having several concurrent executions program is desirable in many multiterminal environments symmetrically alike devices are controlled. example might be a program serving that

interacts concurrently with several tellers.

In many cases, the procedural

common

is however, the execution. Under the shared procedural part the unique part program segments are therefore allocated procedures

or

in industrial applications where

to

each

of

the concurrent executions;

data

is

and

unique

DXIO

is

called a task. The three allowed

one task.

to

operating system, the

is

called a procedure while

of

the same

An

bank

part

of

the program

each separate

to

tellers

two

Task Activation by a Program. Any task can

request then become concurrently active. The operating system supports the identification station with which the new task In unit assignments are available

Furthermore, the requesting task be suspended until termination This provides a convenient mechanism for a master application program serving a station subprocesses either in parallel with the master program latter case, the master program resumes execution when the subprocess completes.

9

that

another

this manner, all

or

instead

task

be activated. Both tasks

DXIO

is

to

be associated.

of

the station-local logical-I/O-

to

the next task. can

specify

of

the activated task.

to

activate

of

the master program.

of

that

In

a

it

the

Program Files.

overlays are installed in structures referred to program expandable relative-record program images in blocks corresponding to

records. An internal directory the program pointers to each image on the

information about the images. Typically, the operating system requires two disk accesses to load a disk-resident task, procedure, directory entry and one for the image.

files.

All

tasks, procedures, and

These

files

are based on the

file

type and contain

is

maintained within

file.

This internal directory contains

file

as

well

or

overlay: one for the

as

file

as relevant

DXIO

One program program contains only programs that constitute parts of the

DXIO operating system. Other program

created to hold application programs.

file.

file

is

designated as the system

The system program

file

initially

files

can

be

Program Identification. Program parts stored in

program overlay numbers specified program can replicative attribute.

files

can be retrieved by task, procedure, or

at

installation time. A

be

installed with or without the

Roll

in/Roll out

Program 1

Program 2

~orkArea~

Figure 2. Memory Conservation through Disk Management

~eliDory

The

DXIO

operating system option to dynamically allocate memory to the diskresident task segment, procedure segment, and fileblocking buffers. The allocated blocks can released from memory and rolled to disk as needed. The roll-in/ roll-out mechanism, shown in figure ensures efficient

The

DX I 0 operating system incorporates an

algorithm that permits programs of high priority to preempt memory space from those priority. Any program can preempt space from a suspended program. Whenever insufficient memory space

is

available to permit the operating system to

execute a program, the

or

priority these programs to disk. This process

out. Similarly, when the task and priority mix

indicates, the rolled-out program

the disk and execution resumes. The memorymapping feature permits a program segment to restored to a different physical memory space than it occupied oriented roll-in/ roll-out mechanism guarantees high-

suspended-task segments and dispatches

at

the time it

~anageliDent

uses

the

990

mapping

be

use

of main memory and CPU time.

of

lesser or equal

DXIO

system seeks lower-

is

called roll

is

rolled

in

was

rolled out. The priority-

2,

from

be

Overlays

Root

-

=3

priority tasks immediate access to memory to respond to users or other external stimuli.

File blocks are allocated in the dynamic memory

area. Any blocks of data retained by the

operating system from recent disk transfers can preempted

space

appropriate been updated) to acquire memory space.

The provides an interactive, conversational user interface at a terminal and also provides a background batchprocessing mode. The SCI than ranging from setting the time compiles to backing up disks. Commands are operator's fingertips via the SCI. This can save 30

percent The completeness and flexibility of the functions performed by the SCI make it without parallel in

the minicomputer market. Many of the functions

by

the operating system if the memory

is

needed. These blocks are written to their

file

location on the disk (if they have

SysteliD

DXIO

170

COliDliDand

system command interpreter (SCI)

procedures that provide system functions

of

development effort on major programs.

£:..

~

'-

..

~OVerlay

~

~Overlav3

Overlav2

Interpreter

is

a collection

of

Root

1

DXIO

be

of

more

day or initiating

at

the

10

to

10

Any

portion of the sequence can

skipped by going directly to the command

desired.

be

Figure 3. Example of the Menus for Initialization

11

of

a Disk Volume

performed by the SCI are found only on main-frame

machines. Table I lists the general categories

functions provided by the

DXIO

operating system

of

and initiated by the SCI.

Appendix A lists all standard SCI commands

DXIO

available with the of SCI commands

operating system. Activation

is

via a hierarchy

of

command menus made available to all types of system terminals. The command menus provide each terminal on-line command prompts

by

logical grouping. The example in figure 3 illustrates the menus for initialization of a disk volume.

Custom commands can

of

framework

the DXIO operating system. Users can

be

integrated into the

combine SCI primitives with their own application

is

language to provide a user interface that

to the terminology and customary procedures

is

application. Figure 4

an example of a custom

unique

of

the

procedure.

Table 1. Areas Served by DX10

Log

in

and

out

Time and

Disk volume initialization, installation,

and unloading Disk Directory and file creation and deletion

Synonym

File alias name File name changing and protecting Directory and Directory and Logical unit assignment, positioning, and release

System I/O

·Systemtaskstatusdisplay

Program activation and control Batch Station Program System log Program debugging including:

Text COBOL, RPG II, DBMS

BASIC, assembly-language assemblies

Link Edit activation

Sort/Merge activation

date

setup

and ill4uiry

Directory

User

I

Directories

I

r

Structure

I

System

Files

I

User

I

1

If

temporary automatically deleted from the disk volume when the task terminates. Otherwise, operator commands and supervisor calls are available to delete a directory).

files

are used

by

a task, they are

file

(or a

Logical Input/Output

The

DXIO

operating system supports the assignment of four-character names to each peripheral device system-generation time. Peripherals are identified by these names when operating within the system. Files are identified by pathnames. However,

file

a volume in which a referenced by the physical device name of the disk drive rather than volume ID. File identifiers follow the device name, volume name, or system-disk designation. Generically, the names of devices and files

are called access names. Access names can be

either device names or

resides may

file

pathnames.

DXIO

be

alternately

Logical Unit Numbers. The DXIO operating

system performs input/ output to logical units instead of physical units making programs more flexible in the disposition of input and output. For example, a

at

15

program may unit number operation, an assignment 82

with the desired access name (which may

either a device or

be

written to accept input from logical

(LUNO)

82.

Before the program

is

made associating LUNO

file

name). A LUNO assignment

be

can be made by either an interactive user or a

program via a supervisor call.

A

LUNO assignment can apply only to the program that made the assignment, to all programs running for a given terminal, or to all programs. Task and terminal local

LUNO assignments allow different programs and different users of the same program to use the same

LUNO but to assign it

different access names.

File-Oriented Devices. Certain devices can

declared as file-oriented When a device

is exclusive property performs an open operation to a

at

system-generation time.

file-oriented, it becomes the

of

the program that successfully

LUNO assigned to

be

the device. The device becomes available to other programs only after it

is

closed.

Record-Oriented Devices. The alternative to the

file-oriented device this case, records can

programs.

110 Supervisor Calls. The

supports all record-transfer and file-positioning operations to devices and files from a program.

Utility operations, such as assignment, are also available through the A complete list of these operations table

2.

is

the record-oriented device. In

be

freely interspersed among

I/O

supervisor call

file

creation and LUNO

I/O

is

provided in

call.

Table 2. Device and File Operations Available

through

Assign

LUNO Release Fetch Characteristics Verify Open Close Close Open

Forward Space Record

Backward

Read Record

Write Record

Read Direct (used to acquire data with

special formats) Write Direct (used for special data formats) Write End-of-File

Rewind

Unload

Rewrite the Previous Record

Create a Fiie

Delete a File

Establish Immediate/Deferred Write Change a File Name Write Add

Delete

Unlock a Record

Key-Indexed File Operations Open Extend

Modify Access Privileges

LUNO

Legality of Access Name LUNO LUNO LUNO LUNO

Space Record

Protect/Delete Protect/Unprotect a File

an

Alias

an

Alias Name for a File

I/O Supervisor Calls

of

Device

or File

and Write End-of-File and Rewind

Name

for a File

Mode

Error Control

and System Log

The

DXIO

error-control features. When failures are detected by

the

DXIO

transfer indicating the device failure

originating program. The failure can recorded in a system log.

Error codes are returned to programs that issue illegal supervisor calls. In some cases, additional codes are returned that convey information concerning potential errors.

The operating system from destruction by errant application programs. Application programs are

operating system incorporates several

system during

is

retried. After several attempts, a code

990

mapping feature protects the

I/O

data transfers, the

is

returned to the

be optionally

DXIO

protected from errant interaction

in

a similar fashion, except where they are overtly sharing a procedure. When application programs specify an illegal function (such as referencing memory outside the legal range are abnormally terminated by the these cases, an advisory message

or

issuing an illegal instruction), they

DXIO

system. In

is

directed to the system log. The message displays a code indicating the cause

of

abnormal termination.

Any task can optionally include a sequence of instructions designated as an end-action routine. this option occurs, the

is

selected and an abnormal termination

DXIO

operating system returns to the beginning of the end-action routine in that task. The user must provide code in the end-action routine to analyze the termination code provided by the system and to take appropriate recovery steps.

16

If

DXIO

The DXI0 operating system also supports an optional system log. Information logged by the DXIO

system includes

I/O

errors are logged for device retries as

I/O

errors and task errors.

well

as

failures. Tasks that are abnormally terminated

provide task error messages to the system log. Application programs can specify additional messages

to

be logged by issuing the appropriate supervisor

call. A system command system

log.

At this time, output to disk output to a hard-copy device files

is

supported such that when one

saved to) an external archive, the other

is

provided to start the

files

is

specified. A

file

fills (IS

is

and / or

pa~r

of

written to.

All logged messages are time stamped.

High-Level and

Utilities

Languages

Texas Instruments provides a choice of high-level programming languages to users of the disk-system software. The following languages run under the

DXI0 operating system. A comprehensive

Sort/ Merge utility also

is

available.

• COBOL for business environments

• RPG II for business environments

• DBMS

990

for efficient data management

• BASIC for simplified interactive scientific programming

• Business BASIC for simplified business-application programming

• FORTRAN for mathematical and scientific application

• Pascal for scientific and engineering programming.

COBOL

COBOL (Common Business-Oriented Language) high-level programming language consisting of English words and symbols. Because it read and understand,

COBOL programs are largely

is

easy to

self-documenting and generally require little explanation.

For

standardization, COBOL into a nucleus and eleven functional processing modules. Each

of

these twelve modules

is into several levels according to sophistication and completeness. For example, a standard version of COBOL can include level 0 indexed

l~~el

1 indexed

indexed

1.

I/O

Full COBOL implements the highest level

I/O,

or level 2 indexed

is

the most powerful and includes level

of the twelve modules. Although quite extensive, it

is

rarely implemented in full, even

I/O

(none),

1/

O.

COBOL language

on large-scale computers. Table 3 indicates the relative power of Texas Instruments version of COBOL, which significantly extends the minimumstandard

COBOL. Minimum-standard COBOL as

specified by the National Standard Institute (X3.23-

1974)

consists

of:

• Nucleus level 1

• Table handling level 1

• Sequential

I/O

level

1.

Texas Instruments version of COBOL includes the minimum and also adds:

• Relative

• Indexed

I/O

level

1+

level 1 +

• Segmentation level 1

• Library level 1

• Interprogram communication level 1

• Nonstandard support for debugging and communications.

is

a

is

divided

subdivided

Level 2

of

each

is

NUCLEUS

2 NUC

1, 2

Minimum

Texas

Instruments

version

SEQ.

2 SEQ

1,

of

TABLE

HANDLING

2

TBL

1,

2

COBOL: 1 NUC, 1

Table 3. Relative Power

RELATIVE

I/o

2

TBl, 1 SEQ * Nonstandard

COBOL: 1 NUC, 1

I/o

2

REL

0,

2

21NX

0, 2

TBl, 1 SEQ, 1 REl, 1 SEG,

FUNCTIONAL

SORT I

MERGE

2

SRT'

0, 2

support

PROCESSING

REPORT WRITER

provided.

17

of

MODULES

1

RPW

0,

1

1 LIB, 1 IPC

COBOL

SEGMEN-

TATION

2 SEG

0, 2

(shown

LIBRARY

2

LIB

0, 2

.

In

gray)

DEBUG

2 DEB

0,

2

INTER-

PRO.

COMM.

2 IPC

0,

2

COMMUNI-

CATION

2COM

0,

2

The COBOL compiler/interpreter runs under the

DX 1

0 disk operating system on a

is

compiler software. The compiler / interpreter; a COBOL program to produce an intermediate language and execution time intermediate language. This feature provides a powerful debugging tool; single-statement mode, allowing the user to easily detect an erroneous statement.

Features

minicomputer programming language with the following features.

Data Types. COBOL can process decimal numbers

with up to eighteen digits (with Numbers can alignment. The statement allows Character strings the

COBOL data structures allow a series of contiguous data fields to be treated as a single character string. The data structures support arrays of

up to three dimensions.

Arithmetic Operations. The basic arithmetic

operators of MULTIPLY, and DIVIDE. Rounding be specified on any arithmetic operation, and the user can specify the action to ERROR

Character-String Handling. Full COBOL numeric

and alphanumeric editing capabilities flexibility in formatting numbers for output. Character strings can the comparison that the shorter string INSPECT statement provides the capability for counting character in a character string.

Program Control. The

execution based on the logical truth or falsity of a condition. The condition may be an expression, named condition, conditions linked by AND and OR. can have

The

specified location in the program or to one

several possible locations, depending on the value of a variable.

The program to subroutine. The code segment specified in the PERFORM statement can

controlled by the

COBOL translator

an

interpreter executes the

COBOL can

of

COBOL. COBOL

be

scaled with automatic decimal-point

USAGE IS COMPUTATIONAL-I

use

of

16-bit binary numbers.

of

fixed length are allowed, and

COBOL are ADD, SUBTRACT,

(field overflow) should occur.

be

right- or left-justified, and

of

unequal-length strings assumes

is

extended by·blariks. The

and/or

ELSE clauses and can

GOTO statement transfers control to a

PERFORM statement allows a portion of the

replacing occurrences of a specified

IF

or

logical combination

be

executed as a parameterless

be

990

computer. The

DXIO

disk-system

is

a

is

compiled

at

be

executed in

is

a powerful

or

without a sign).

of

results can

be

taken if a SIZE

give

great

statement controls

of

IF

statements

be

nested.

of

executed once, some

number repetitively until a condition

V AR YING option can

variable for each repetition.

routines that have been separately compiled and

linked together; this simplifies program development.

and devices in addition to random-access accessed by record numbers

On random-access files, COBOL can READ records, WRITE new records, REWRITE (replace) records, and DELETE records. Random and sequential accesses can be mixed on random-access files. For example, the user might read a specific record (in a key-indexed then sequentially read the following records.

rewinding. A sequential end extend the

other users of a shared

while it

COBOL. The user can specify the FILE STATUS

variable to receive error codes from

and can specify code to

I/O

incorporate source text from a library

program. Commas and semicolons can be used to

separate clauses and statements. Data names and

paragraph names may be qualified or section they are in. Programs can be separated into

read-only memory

memory (RAM). Current time and date (maintained

by

COBOL.

I/O

includes significant extension to the ACCEPT and DISPLA Y statements to facilitate interactive with a video display terminal. The ACCEPT and DISPLAY statements can specify the position of the field number, column number, and than one screen field can statement. In addition, the an option to clear the entire screen before output. The ACCEPT statement has options for converting numeric inputs, initializing the screen field with asterisks, and echoing the received data in fieldjustified form.

of

times determined

The CALL statement allows the program to call

Input/ Output. COBOL supports sequential

Sequential

of

READ WITH LOCK can

Two

errors.

Other Features. The

code and data portions f()t partitioning into

the operating system) can

files

can

the

file

so subsequent WRITE operatioris

file.

is

being updated.

files

can share the same buffer area under

(ROM) and random-access

by

a variable, or

is

satisfied. The

be

used to increment a

or

character-string

use a key

be

opened with

file

can

file

from accessing the

be

executed in the event

COpy

to locate and

be

opened

be

used to prevent

clause can be used to

by

be

accessed via

files

file)

and

or

without

at

I/O

operations

file

into the

the structure

keys.

the

file

with Video Display Terminal. COBOL

I/O

on the screen to be referenced as a line

field

length. More

be

referenced in a single

DISPLAY statement has

will

of

18

Debugging Facilities. A COBOL program can

include debug lines, which are indicated by a D in column

of the program or treated as comments, depending on a compiler option.

cross-reference listing that lists all of the identifiers

(data-item names, index names, condition names, names, section names, and paragraph names) used in the program, along with the line number appearance. Where a variable appears, the line numbers are flagged as a declaration, reference, modification

the execution, the debug monitor allows the user to execute the program execute a single statement. The contents of data locations can be displayed between executions portions

Elements

discuss Texas Instruments version of discussion

modules in

nucleus with limited capabilities for ALTER, DIVIDE, MOVE, MULTIPLY, PERFORM, and with full capabilities for EXIT, GO, and STOP. COBOL level

• Full capabilities for ALTER and

• Full capabilities for PERFORM

• Separators

•

• Full

• Figurative constants including ZERO, ZEROS,

•

• Full level 2 condition-name conditions

• Data levels

• THRU and THROUGH as equivalent

• Level 2 relational characters

• Comparisons of nonnumeric literals of unequal

• AND, OR, and NOT connectives.

7.

These lines

The

COBOL compiler has an option of printing a

of

COBOL programs are executed under control of

COBOL debug monitor. Besides normal

of

a program.

of

COBOL. The following paragraphs

is

divided into parts corresponding to the

COBOL.

Nucleus. COBOL implements all of the level 1

also implements the following features from

2:

comma and semicolon

Level

2 data names (Names need not begin with

an alphabetic character.)

level

2 qualifications (Names need not unique if they can qualification.)

ZEROES, SPACE, SPACES, HIGH-VALUES, LOW-VALUE, LOW-VALUES, QUOTE,

Full literal can appears on a continuation line.)

length

and QUOTES

level

2 continuation capabilities (A word or

be

11-49

will

either

be

compiled as part

the variable.

up

to a specified point or to

ACCEPT, ADD,

DISPLAY, IF, INSPECT,

and SUBTRACT

IF

be

made unique through

HIGH-VALUE,

broken

in

such a way that part of it

>, <,

of

each

or

of

COBOL. This

be

and =

file

In addition, COBOL has powerful extensions to

ACCEPT and DISPLAY statements to allow the

the user exact control of the video display terminal.

Table Handling. COBOL provides the capability to

use tables of up to three dimensions and to vary the access index by an increment or decrement. The OCCURS, USAGE, and SET clauses are supported.

Sequential 1/

capabilities for statements and full capabilities for the READ,

REWIND, and REWRITE statements.

extends

WITH include EXTEND or

capabilities for relative capabilities for the CONTROL, capabilities for REWIND, REWRITE, DYNAMIC, READ NEXT, and level 2 features not present are the SAME RECORD AREA clauses.

capabilities for FILE-CONTROL, I-O-CONTROL, and DELETE, READ, REWRITE, START, USE, WRITE, DYNAMIC, READ NEXT, and START. The dynamic access feature of alternate and duplicate

segmentation capabilities to allow efficient generation of overlay capabilities. Actually, since compiler/interpreter, the size of a program does not provide as significant a limitation as it would with a compiler language. The language interpreter need only keep the relevant data base and the single instruction being executed memory program can reside on disk.

functions including the

statement extends the standard in that the text produced by a COpy allowed. global, the syntactic correctness of a program cannot statements (including those in COPYed text) have been fully expanded.

level I CALL statement and passing parameters. CALL and EXIT

level

LOCK and also extends level 1 OPEN to

Relative I/O. COBOL provides level

Indexed I/O. COBOL provides level

FD

Segmentation. COBOL provides level I

Library. COBOL implements level I library

statement. Up to

Interprogram Communication. COBOL implements

O.

COBOL provides limited

OPEN, CLOSE, USE, and WRITE

COBOL

1 CLOSE to include multiple

NO REWIND.

I/O.

Included are level 1

FILE-CONTROL, 1-0-

and

FD

entries and full

CLOSE, DELETE, READ,

START, USE, WRITE,

START. The only

RESERVE and

entries and full capabilities for CLOSE,

level 2 is

keys

are not supported.

COBOL intermediate-

at

a given instant. The remainder of the

COpy

Since some elements of COBOL syntax are

statement can include another

be

determined until all

statement. The

five

levels of nesting are

USING clause for

files

and

1+

level

2

1+

supported;

COBOL

COBOL source

COpy

PROGRAM

is

a

in

COpy

19

allow control programs in a run unit.

to

pass back and forth between

Debugging. The COBOL compiler/interpreter

supplies powerful nonstandard debugging tools. In addition

D in column 7), the interpreter supplies two options.

The user can specify

block Or, the user can obtain a (including type specification).

Comparison with COBOL. Texas Instruments version

differs from standard (level ways. All signed, numeric

1 have the attribute

SEPARA in the size COBOL convention. feature and the provided.

Some features found on larger machines provided following paragraphs.

Data.

CORRESPONDING DEPENDING OCCURS ALL specified.

Arithmetic. No

on the DIVIDE statement. Only one destination

provided on arithmetic statements. There COMPUTE in

(POSITIVE; NEGATIVE,

SEARCH

Character Strings. There are no

UNSTRING

Input and Output. The

the report writer features are not provided. There no label processing. Cards with over-punched signs on record

RPG an processing. Based upon a predetermined sequence that

the results, applications requiring file maintenance or report generation. A series

to

optionally compiled lines (specified by a

COBOL execution for any

of

code including statement-at-a-time execution.

dump

Levelland

data

SIGN

TE. Thus, the S in the picture

of

the field, contrary to the usual

In

addition, the

CODE-SET

of

the more significant (level 2) COBOL

on

the 990 computer are discussed in the

Data

levels

do

not include level

cannot be used, and the

option cannot be used on

clause. There

literal. SIGN IS LEADING cannot be

statement. Expressions are not allowed

IF

statements. There are no sign condition tests

statement.

statements.

numeric fields cannot

on

an

indexed file can have the same key.

is

REMAINDER

or

Sort/

be

RPG

II (Report Program Generator, version II)

easy-to-use, high-level language for business

reads a record, processes the data, and outputs

RPG

II

is

especially suited for

of

six basic specification formats

of

any

Level 2

of

1)

COBOL in several

fields except

IS

TRAILING

RERUN

feature are not

that

are not

no

figurative constant

option

ZERO) and no

STRING

Merge feature and

read.

No

more than one

II

data

item

COBOL

COMP-

is

counted

66.

an

is

available

is

no

and

is

data

are used within the

Texas Instruments version is closely compatible with the widely used IBM System/3 System/3 features have been included in provide more flexible programming. A utility program is provided with or

to DS990 disk files.

oriented VDT text editor and a trace feature prints each major step occurring during execution an sort/ Sort/ files

Emulator package.

to

input the specific actions to be taken

RPG

II seq uence

RPG

II. Extensions

System/32 source programs

The

RPG

II package also includes

RPG

II program. A System/3-compatible

merge capability is provided by the optional

Merge package, and communication

is

available through the optional DXIO 3780

of of

RPG

execution. the

RPG

II language

of

many

of

RPG

II

to

copy System/3

or

files from diskette

an

RPG

of

the

II to

11-

that

RPG

RPG II Hardware. Texas Instruments version

RPG

II

is

especially suited for users with rapidly

growing applications. The minimum system for

II

is

the Model 4 System. The Model 4 System includes a 990 processor, I28K-byte byte disk drive, 911 VDT terminal, single-bay desk enclosure, and DXIO disk-system software license. Expansion capabilities can provide large amounts memory, multiple 50M-byte disk drives, and a variety

Features

the following significant features:

• Efficient one-pass compiler

• Run-time trace

• Right-

• ASCII

• Capability to produce more

• Alphabetic summary listing

• Listing

of

additional standard 990 peripherals.

of

RPG II. The

that

program

or

left-hand sign handling

or

EBCDIC

diagnostic messages

arrays, and tables

of

all indicators specified in a program.

speeds the checking

internal

Comparison with System/3.

restrictive

areas. Table 4 lists these areas and the requirements

of

both the System/3 and compatible with the System/3 where the hardware and operating systems permit.

Several on Telecommunications Specifications sheet supported by is

not supported on the control card specifications.

than

the System/3 in a number

RPG

of

the System/3 features are not provided

Texas Instruments version

RPG

II. The P (Punch Card) function

memory~

RPG

II compiler has

character set than

500 unique

of

all fields, labels,

RPG

II

II.

RPG

of

RPG

II. A

is

II

of

is of

not

RPG

IOM-

the

less

is

of

II

of

20

Feature

Table

4.

RPG

II

Enhancements

RPG

Implementation

II

System/3

Implementation

Number program

Number

files allowed in one source program Name

Number source program

Number lines

Device

Format cards

Number in input specifications

Number specifications

Number code

of

files allowed in

of

demand and/or chained

specified

used

of

for

Label

of

tables

and

arrays in

of

spread-card specification

with

spread

trailer fields on

of

AND/OR

of

AN/OR

of

digits allowed

lines allowed

lines in calculation

one

Exit

cards

spread

with

source

one

Yedit

Unlimited*

Any

six-character

allowed. Uniimited*

Unlimited*

Any

sequential input device

is

valid.

Format decimal, packed decimal, or

Unlimited*

Unlimited

1

can

binary.

to

15 3

be

unpacked

name

is

Maximum

Name must

Maximum at compilation time.

Maximum

Device must

Format must

Maximum

to

of

20

of

15

be

SUBRxx

of

63. Only 60 may

of

128

be

card reader.

be

unpacked decimal.

of

20

of

7

6

or

SRyzzz.

be

of

Number fields

*This field

characters in matching

is

limited

by

memory

space

The Core Size to Execute function

only.

is

Maximum

not supported

on the control card specifications. The Inquiry

function

is

not supported on the control card

specifications. The multifunction-card-unit (MFCU)

device

is

not supported by the

N onprint Characters function

990

is

not supported on the control card specifications. The as a special word

is

not supported on the output

system. The

*PRINT function

specifications.

The DBMS

DBMS

990

(Data-Base Management System)

990

is designed for minicomputer data-base applications. Specifically, this system handles applications with fast data-access requirements which need to accessed in a logical format that can

be

easily equated with physical documents or records used in daily business transactions. The

DBMS 990 allows

the user to define and access a centralized, integrated

of

256 Maximum

of

144

data base using logical format without the physical data-access requirements imposed by conventional file-management software. Physical considerations such as access method, record size, blocking, and relative-field positions are resolved when the data base

is

initially defined. Thus, the user can concentrate fully on the logical data structures needed for interface.

Features of DBMS

990.

The independence of the data definitions from the application software allows modification of the data base without impact to existing programs.

It

also provides a single, centralized copy of the data for all application subsystems. (Conventional fragmented and multiple copies wide variety

of

files

file

management provides

of

data held in a

with each used by only one application.) This centralized copy results in more efficient data storage on disk, uniform processing of data requests, and centralized control

of

the Data-

21

Base Maintenance function. In addition, DBMS

990 provides optional password security for the most elementary data level; this provides control and protection of the data base from unauthorized access or

tampering.

DBMS

interfaces to

990

User Interface. The primary user

DBMS 990 consist of the datadefinition language (DOL) and data-manipulation language (DML).

DOL

provides the means to completely describe

DBMS 990 data base and its associated data

the elements. The

source output

is

DML

DBMS 990 data by supporting the reading

writing

DOL logical data-base-definition

compiled by the DOL compiler, and the

stored with its associated data on disk.

provides the user the means to manipulate

and/or

of

DBMS 990 data. DBMS

990

data can

be

accessed by imbedding the appropriate DML syntax

COBOL application program. COBOL

in a

to construct a call to

DBMS 990 that specifies the

function to be performed and the data element to

manipulated. DBMS

rPtnrn<!

.&_

thp

..

_&.&.a.

rP<!111t<!

...

...,

...

.a._

.a._u

..............

990

tn

processes the request and

th~

'"

............

{,",ADAI

""''''.&JI'''.L.J

""

..

",..

P.l.V6.1.Ql.ll.

..........

is

used

be

BASIC

BASI C programming language used in a wide variety of scientific and business problem-solving applications.

Texas Instruments version

interactive language that supports operation by multiple users. Interaction with operator-prompted user input

~n~Lsystetn

of program statements can modified, debugged, and executed through the

BASIC commands.

system software. The language implemented by this system extensions to enhance its use in scientific and business applications.

• Executive to process commands entered from a

• Reentrant, multiterminal interface modules to

• Reentrant run-time interpreter to perform

is

a powerful, easy-to-Iearn, high-level

of

BASIC

is

an

BASIC involves

of

program statements

~QlTIm~Jlds

..

BASICprograms consisting

be easily created, entered,

use

BASIC system operates under

The

is

similar to Dartmouth BASIC with certain

DXIO

disk-

The system includes the following components:

terminal

of

coordinate the interaction

the executive,

interpreter, and operating system

arithmetic and logical functions during the execution of a

BASIC program.

of

BASIC and Business BASIC Systems. The

990

computer supports two BASIC systems: scientific-oriented Business

BASIC.

The BASIC system BASIC as described in Kemeny and Kurtz. Extensions to the Dartmouth BASIC include:

• Integer arithmetic

• Expanded string manipulation

• CALL and subprograms

• Formatted output and input. The Business

in that -

• A floating decimal replaces real arithmetic.

• Trigonometry and matrix arithmetic are not supported.

• An extended key-indexed

Components

consists of

thp

fl1n"'t;nn~l

..

...... _ ... _ ......

..,

..... " .............

• Executive

• Compiler

• POPS interpreter

• Run-time support

• Operating-system interface.

The executive and compiler are distinguished from the rest by their storage management and their language. They are written primarily in a macrotype interpreter language called address-formulated language. Each instruction interpreted by a short machine-language program that

b~anch~s

described by the POPS instruction. This action

provides for faster program execution.

Executive. The executive controls the operations

the system. It processes the commands that are

entered from the terminal. When required, it invokes

the compiler and the run-time-support components. The executive performs all editing commands

directly.

Compiler. The compiler

executive, and diagnostics are listed on a line-by-line basis.

POPS. The POPS interpreter

assembly language. It executes the

assembly subroutines required by the executive and compiler.

Run- Time Support. The run-time support performs

arithmetic and logical functions that may

BASIC and business-oriented

is

similar to the Dartmouth

BASIC

Programming by

BASIC system differs from BASIC

I/O

package

is

provided including

files.

of

BASIC. The BASIC system

five

major components. Figure 7 shows

r~l~t'''ft'''J...""

""

.......

"J.v

,,~

..

.I.~.I..l.l.}'

+J..

VA

".""'.:)\",00

....

n ....

~~--~---

"'VII1PV11~11l"

POPS, which

to

~Joutille

t()~rf()rm

is

invoked by the

is

written in

lh(! .

POPS and

..

-

•

is

a single-

is

.Jl.lIlctiQn

be

required

of

22

DX10

System

Software

~-~

/'

I

I Link , I Terminal \ " \

\ Editor

_--_.

/'

I /

I FORTRAN J " /

\

,

'

.....

/

I \

\

As~~~~er

, I , /

'

Handles with operating-system software. Processes memory requests.

\ I \ Editor " Librarian \

,_

~,

'--"',

\'

/'---_

_.......

~-,

'"

r "

......

_/

all

communications

' /

\ I

I Source I

_/

1 / -

,~-...

I>'

_-

all

__

I/O

........-..,

and

Program-

I

Development;

-"

System

, / - _

/./

""',

('

1--_

_/

~-,

/,

').

.....

/./"

_"

./././

././

_-------\

-J

\-

~".

_/

\ I

A i

./

.......

-,:\.

,/

"

P~~~r~~

......

_."",,/

"

....... _ ....... -......

/

/"',

I \

, COBOL \

"",--_

......

\

)

Multiuser

/

BASIC

Performs logical execution of a

(floating-point arithmetic, string editing, and matrix arithmetic). Generates some program nostics.

all

arithmetic and

functions required for

BASIC

program

manipulation,

I/O

diag-

Generates the machine code for each Also generates the program diagnostics.

Figure 7.

BASIC

Multiuser

statement.

BASIC

23

Processes editing commands.

Invokes compiler and run-time support other commands.

--

-

Components

--

to

process user and

--

-

........

--

Executes the assembly subroutines used executive and compiler.

POPS

and

by

Statement

-_

Purpose

Table 5.

...

-

.....

'

...

"'

...

"" ......

BASIC

and Business

BASIC

Statement

Statements

Purpose

CALL CLOSE DATA DEF DELETE

DIM

END

FIND FOR

GOTO GOSUB

IF

...

THEN IMAGE INPUT

Transfer

to

external subroutine

Close a file

Defines internal data block Defines statement

Deletes a record from a

key-indexed file Dimensions strings, vectors, and

matrices Stops compilation Sets record pointer

Defines top of loop and loop

parameters Transfers unconditionally Transfers

to

internal subroutine Transfers conditionally Picture and formatted print

Reads from terminal

ON OPEN PRINT PRINTUSING

READ READ READUSING

REAL

REM RESET RESTORE

STOP SUB

Computed GOTO or

GOSUB Opens a file Prints

to

output

device

Prints to

output

device under

control of image

Reads

from internal data block READS record from file Inputs values from a record on

file using Specifies listed variables to

real

IMAGE

be

type Comment line Sets file

Reads internal

to

first record

READ

to start

of data block Stops program Defines start and parameters of

external subroutine

INTEGER

LET

MAT

INPUT

MAT

READ

MAT

PRINT MAT+ MATMAT

*

MAT

()*

Specifies listed variable

to

be

of

integer type

Evaluates expression and assigns

value,

all

types

Closes loop

Table 6.

Purpose

Matrix read from terminal Matrix read from data block Matrix print on terminal Matrix addition Matrix subroutine Matrix multiplication Scalar multiplication

SUBEND

WRITE WRITEUSING

BAS

I C Matrix Statements

Statement

MAT

MATTRN MAT

MAT

MATIDN MAT

MAT=

(expression)

INV

CON IDN

ZER

Returns from external

sub-

routine Writes record

to

file

Writes record on file using

IMAGE

Purpose

Matrix inverse Matrix transpose Matrix

of

all

ones Identify matrix Identify matrix Matrix of Matrix of elements

all

zeros

all

set to

the expression value

24

during execution of a BASIC program. These

functions include floating-point arithmetic, string

manipulation,

110 editing, and matrix arithmetic.

Referenced functions are read from a function library stored on a sequential disk

file

and read

at

run time.

Operating-System Interface. The operating-systeminterface component handles all communications with the DXlO operating system. All

110, memory

requests, data handling, and other such tasks are performed by this component.

Table 8. Conditional Relations

Operator

EOor= LTor< LE

or GTor> GE

or>= NE

or

<=

<>

or

= >

=>

><

Equal Less Less Greater than Greater than Not

for

BASIC

Meaning

to

than

than or equal

or

equal

BASIC System*

Business

BASIC BASIC

Numeric Functions A A A N A N A A N A A A A A A A A A A A A A N DET A A A

A A A A A A A

A A

A

A A A A A

A A

A

N

A

String Functions

A A A

A

Table 7.

Function

SOR

(X) SIN (X) COS

(X)

TAN

(X) ATN (X) LOG

(X) EXP

(X) ABS (X) SGN

(X)

INT

(X)

RND (X)

CRI (X) CIR (X)

(S)

LEN

POS

(S1,

VAL

(S)

CSR

(S) ASC

(S)

SEG$

(S,

SEG$

(S,

STR$ (I) CR-S$

(R)

CHR$ (I)

DAT$

CLK$

BASIC

S2)

I)

11,12)

and

Business

Argument

Type**

I, R I, R I, R I, R I, R I, R I, R I, R I, R I, R I Largest (signed) integer I, R

R

S S S Convert string S R Convert string S R Value

S S Substring

S,

R

BASIC Intrinsic Functions

Function

Type

R R Trigonometric R Trigonometric cosine R R R R R R

R Random value R Determinant I Convert R

I, I

S S S

S

S Eight-character string giving time

Positive

Trigonometric tangent Trigonometric arctangent

Natural logarithm Exponential Absolute value Algebraic

Convert integer

Length

Position

character

of Substring

length 12 Convert integer Convert Character

tion

Eight-character string giving current date:

day:

square

sign

real

of

string

of

binary representation

of

S

of

real

whose

is

I modulo 128

"MM/DD/YY"

"HH:MM:SS"

Definition

root

sine

(-1,0, +1)

less

of

last matrix inverted

to

integer

to

real

string

S2

in string

to

integer

to

real

S

S from position I

S from position

to

string

to

string

binary representa-

than X

S1

of

to

11

of

first

end

of

*A

= Available

and

N =

Not

available

**1

= Integer, R =

25'

Real,

and

S =

String

Features

of

BASIC. Interaction with BASIC

involves program statements and system commands.

BASIC

Statements. Tables 5 and 6 list the BASIC

statements. Each statement of a BASIC program occupies one line, and each line has a distinct statement number. Statements can contain numeric or

string expressions specifying constant or variable

data. All variables can

be

dimensioned. Arithmetic

operators on numeric expressions include addition

(+),

subtraction (

and exponentiation (**). Numeric expressions can

..

), mUltiplication (*), division

(f),

be

integer, real (BASIC), or decimal (Business BASIC).

Integer values are represented internally as 16-bit

two's complement numbers in the range

32767. word floating binary numbers in the range 10 words in the range

Real values are represented internally as two-

75

(16-63

to

1663).

Decimal values occupy four

99

10-

to

98

•

10

String values are a

-32767

10-

71

to

sequence of characters stored one character per byte. Strings can

empty or can contain up to

255

be characters. Numeric arrays are ordered sequences of numeric variables. They can have single or double subscripts.

Functions. Functions can

be

they may then

executed

defined

by

reference to the

by

the user;

be

function's name and parameters. A function's value can be numeric or string. A set

of

intrinsic, predefined functions (both mathematical and string) is

given in table

7.

External Subroutines. Definition and reference of

be

external subroutines that can BASIC or assembly language

use

of

the

(I) a CALL statement that transfers

control to the subroutine or

written in either

is

provided through

(2)

a SUB statement that defines the name and parameters of the subroutine.

Control Statements. Definition and reference of

internal subroutines by means of

GOSUB and RETURN statements are provided. A computed transfer

is

provided by the ON statement. Conditional (IF . . . , THEN) and unconditional (GOTO) transfers are provided. The relational operators are given in table for looping through the

use

A means

of the FOR and NEXT

is

provided

8.

statements.

I/O

is

Input/Output. Formatted

the

use

of

the PRINTUSING, READUSING, and

provided through

WRITEUSING statements when referenced to an IMAGE statement. Format use of the IMAGE statement.

is

specified through the

It

is

possible to

specify I-format, F-format, or E-format. File

I/O

can

be

reference

Matrix Statements. Matrix statements can

sequential or random.

be

created (in BASIC only) for the manipulation of

matrices. Table 6 lists the

BASIC

commands

Commands. A set of sixteen operating

is

given in table

BASIC matrix statements.

9.

These commands provide a means for saving, modifying, deleting, and implementing programs written in

BASIC.

Command

APPEND

BREAK

CLEAR

DISPLAY

DELETE

GO

LIST

LOAD

Table 9. Operating Commands for

Purpose

Appends a the current program

Pause at specified Deletes

programs from the current library

Display the current values of BASIC printed

Deletes lines of the program

Resumes execution following

BREAK Lists the program

Load the object program from

the library

library program

I

ine

all

source and object

variables; values are

Abbreviation

to

number

AP

BR CL

DI

DE GO

LI

LO

BASIC

Command Purpose

NEW

OLD QUIT

RENUMBER RUN

SAVE

STEP

COMPILE

Deletes from

Recalls a program

Terminates the session

Renumbers the program Runs the current program

Saves its library

Forces next statement

program Compiles the program from

the library

all

source programs

the

currenfHbrary

the current program

to

be

BASIC

executed

Abbreviation

NE

OL QU

RE RU

in

SA

in

the

ST

CO

26

Commands are executed immediately upon entry.

will

be

Error messages

is

command

Diagnostic error messages include the line number

of

compiler errors. Programming errors can modified statement and rerunning the program.

attempted.

by

listing and correcting the incorrect

displayed when an improper

be

easily

FORTRAN

FORTRAN programming language used to facilitate the solution of complex arithmetic and scientific computations. is

used in a wide variety scientific, industrial, and business applications. Texas Instruments version of development of programs under both the disk-based

10

DX FOR TRAN run-time directories allow execution of compiled target hardware systems under control of their respective operating systems (or user-written operating systems) or stand-alone.

The concurrent execution programs. The number of concurrently executing programs loading, and disk loading. Under the DXI0 operating system, each FORTRAN program limited to a 64K-byte address space; however, transparent overlay capabilities allow much larger programs to execute in a 64K-byte segment. Relative-record

FORTRAN syntax, while direct-disk supported through the language subroutines.

TXDS

FORTRAN programs on 990-series floppy-disk software systems. Compiled can be linked to execute on control of TXDS or operate stand-alone (with user-supplied

Features

compiler National Standards Institute (ANSI) (X3.9-1966). with certain enhancements to the standard that provide increased flexibility. These enhancements include:

• Internal data-manipulation statements

• Variable names of any length

• General integer expressions in subscripts

• VDT data-handling statements

IV

is

a standard, high-level

of

statistical, engineering,

FORTRAN supports the

and the floppy-based TXDS systems software.

FORTRAN programs on 990/4 and 990/10

DXIO

disk-system software also allows

of

mUltiple FORTRAN

is

limited

FORTRAN allows the development of

of

is

an extended superset of the American

It

by

system memory, CPU

files

are supported within

I/O

is

use

of supplied assembly-

FORTRAN programs

990

target systems under

TX990 system software or can

I/O).

FORTRAN. The FORTRAN

FORTRAN

is

implemented on the

990

computer

is

IV

It

• Direct-access

• Mixed-mode expressions

• Hollerith and hexadecimal constants and assignments

• Extended integers

• 16-bit fixed-point arithmetic

• Implicit variable typing

• Debug and trace options. Additional extensions recommended by the ISA

(S61.1-197S) are also included as follows:

• Program start control

• Delay

• Analog and digital

• Logical operations

• Bit-string shift capability

•

• Inclusion of time and date information. DXIO FORTRAN also includes ISA procedures

for

1976).

accessing problems in a multiprogramming environment. These procedures include:

• Create a

• Delete a

• Open a

• Close a

• Modify access privileges

• Input/ Output to unformatted direct access

The ISA-recommended extensions are implemented as library subroutines and do not impact the structure of FORTRAN, although some extensions generate in-line code rather than function

calls.

Compiler Options. Compiler options are specified

by the letter M can format or order.

Conditional Compilation (C). The letter

as having a letter D in column I are to with the rest of the program statements. When the C option comments.

Debug-Trace Compilation (D). The letter D

entered as an option specifies that a program trace listing are output on entry and exit of subroutines and under certain defined conditions.

Free Format (F). The letter F entered

option specifies that the input program

of

Bit

testing and setting capability

file

access and

These external procedures provide a means of

be specified as a TXDS option only. Input

is

no delimiters). The options can

an option specifies that all program input records

is

not used, these records are treated as

is

generated during execution. Trace messages

I/O

program-continuation capability

I/O

control

file

contention control (S61.2-

files

and resolving file-access contention

file

files.

of

the ISA

C,

D, F, M,

free form with delimiters (commas, blanks,

0,

R,

S,

or

X.

be

entered in any

be compiled

is

The letter

Centered

as

an

not in the

21

standard format

of

columns

1-5, columns 7-80. The compi1er scans according to predefined rules.

column 6, and

the input program

calls with single arguments are also collapsed (only

calculated once).

For

example, in the following

statements the underlined parts are collapsed:

Object-Code Listing

(0).

The letter 0 entered as

an option specifies that the compiler print an objectcode listing on the compiler prompting-message response. The should not be selected until the is

debugged.

Reentrant

Object (R). The letter R entered as an

LIST FILE defined in the

0 option

FORTRAN

source

option specifies that the compiler generate an object code for the entire program that uses a base-relative addressing method and can therefore be used in reentrant applications.

Use

of

the R option should be restricted to programs that operate in unmapped processors with user-supplied operating systems. The

R option FORTRAN

is

not required to have reentrant (shared) programs under the DXIO operating

system.

Assembly

an

option specifies that the compiler generate 990 assembly-language source code instead code. The source can

Source Code (S). The letter S entered as

of

object

be

used as input to the macro

assembler to generate an object module.

Variable Cross-Reference List (X). The letter X entered as a listing

an

option specifies that the compiler print

of

the program variables on a LIST FILE

defined in the compiler prompting-message response.

Memory numeric field specifies the M option (for only). The M option

default memory size

can be calculated for a reducing the size size

of

Option (M). The letter M followed by a

TXDS

is

invoked to override the

of

4K bytes. Available memory

FORTRAN compile by

of

the dynamic task area by the

the FORTRAN compiler.

Calling Assembly-Language Subroutines.

FORTRAN programs employ standard calling sequences that allow the user to write programs that call language programs. A set the DX I

0 operating system allow the user to write

or

are called by assembly-

of

macroinstructions for

assembly-language routines that can

FORTRAN programs

su

bprograms.

or

that can call FORTRAN

Optimization. Although optimization

required by the version

of

ANSI standard, Texas Instruments

FORTRAN

optimizes its output object code to produce compact, fast code. machine language FOR

TRAN

language.

FORTRAN

is

very powerful, many

constructs can

optimizes four areas.

be

expressed in machine

FORTRAN

be

called by

is

not

Since the 990

The compiler detects common arithmetic

expressions and eliminates recalculation

of

these

expressions. Basic external and intrinsic function

3*

x =

y =

SQRT

*

SQRT

(SAM+5)/(SAM+5)

SQRT

(SAM+5)

(SAM+5) * 6

Special cases for which a single machine instruction suffices implement that instruction instead of

the usual FORTRAN expansion.

INC (increment)

is

used for

Certain function references result in code compile to evaluate the function. instead code generates

of

generating a subroutine call, a FORTRAN

an

object code:

IABS(I) generates

MOV @I,A

For

K=K+1.

example:

an

in-line

For

example,

ABS A

As

far as possible, subscript expressions are preevaluated. Essentially, each linear subscript expression has a constant part and a variable part. The constant part

is

calculated by the compiler and

does not need to be recalculated during program

execution.

Data and Variable Types.

types

of

data including integers, real numbers,

FORTRAN

recognizes

double-precision numbers, complex numbers, logical functions, constants, fixed-point integers, and

Hollerith strings. Integers and real numbers can have

variable names implicitly defined. The other data

types must have variable names that are explicitly

declared in the program. Data can be handled as

individual data multidimensional arrays. Table

and variable types allowed in

elements or grouped in

10

lists the data types

FORTRAN and their

respective range limitations.

Table 10. FORTRAN Numerical Data and Variable Types

Quantity

Simple Integer

Extended Integer Real

Number Double Precision Complex

Fixed (±iQ±s)

where: i s

Logical

Hollerith Strings

*Maximum

the receiving field.

(Ct

, C2 )

= integer value

=

scale

factor

number

of

characters

Range Restrictions

-32768

to

32767

-2147483648

78

10-

78

10-

78

10-

-32768

-31 True

to

to to to

or

10 10 10

to

+31

False

75 75 75

+32767

*

is

the number

to

2147483647

of

bytes in

28

FORTRAN Library. The FORTRAN library

includes the basic external and intrinsic functions defined in the extensions including the extensions for executive functions, process

manipulations, time and date, and procedures for access and control of and S61.2-1976).

The following library routines satisfy the

recommended extensions (S61.1-1975). Some of the extensions are basic external functions.

Start a Program. The ST ART subroutine aliows

the user to specify a specific time delay before beginning a specified task.

Start a Program at a Specified

TRNON subroutine allows the user to specify a specific time to start execution of a program.

Delay Continuation

subroutine allows the user to specify a time delay before continuing with the execution sequence.

Digital Input. The DIW subroutine allows the user

to input sets of bits from the communications-

register-unit (CRU) interface and store those bits in a specified array.

ANSI standard as

IS A-recommended

file

contention (ISA-S61.1-1975

of

a Program. The WAIT

well

Time.

as several

1/0,

ISA-

The

of

a program

bit

file

• Delete a

• Open a

•

Close a

•

Read a

• Write a

• Modify

file

(DFIL

W)

file

(OPENW)

file

(CLOSEW)

file

(RDRW)

file

(WR TRW)

file

access (NODAPW).

Pascal

Texas Instruments version of Pascal for the computer for a variety of applications. Originally designed as a language for teaching a systematic concept of programming,

use.

to useful when programs must other than the original author.

A popular application of development compiler of other ideal for scientific or engineering applications that traditionally are written in Its general-purpose structure business problems, although in this application.

is

a general-purpose language

Pascal

Its readability makes the language especially

of

is

itself written in Pascal as are a number

990-system software modules. Pascal

is

straightforward to learn and

be

maintained by users

Pascal

systems software. The Pascal

FORTRAN or ALGOL.

is

the

is

even useful for many

Pascal

is

990

well

suited

is

also

seldom found

Latched Digital Output. The DOL W subroutine

allows the user to output bits of information to the

CR

U.

The bits can be latched in either the set or

the reset condition.

Momentary Digital Output. The DOMW

subroutine allows the user to output bit groups to the CRU. The bit groups consist of momentary digital output signals. Specified bits are reset after a

delay.

Obtain Date. The DATE subroutine allows the

user

to

determine the correct calendar date if the

system date was initialized correctly.

Obtain

user to determine the correct time of day if the system time was initialized correctly.

Time.

The TIME subroutine allows the

Analog Data Handling. The analog data-handling

subroutines include optimal A to D and D to A conversion modules to sample points in an order determined by the hardware, to sample points in an order determined by the user, and to convert digital values in an order specified by the user.

The following library subroutines satisfy the

FORTRAN

and control of

• Create a

procedures (S61.2-1976) for

file

(AISQW, AIPDW, and AOW)

file

contention:

(CFIL

W)

file

AI

ISA

access

Pascal Hardware. The minimum system for

Pascal includes a byte disk drive,

enclosure, and

license. Expansion capabilities can provide large amounts of memory, multiple and a variety

Components

consists of

• Nester utility

• Configuration processor

• Pascal compiler

• Pascal run-time library

• Reverse assembler.

D

in a standard format to improve readability. The configuration processor supports the separate compilation compiler with optimizing features produces linkable object modules. The operating-system interface. The reverse assembler optionally produces assembly-language source files or listings. Figure 8 shows these software components in the programming cycle.

is

the Model 4 System. The Model 4 System

990

processor, 128K-byte memory, 10M-

911

VDT terminal, single-bay desk

DXIO multiuser disk-system software

50M-byte disk drives,

of

additional standard

of

Pascal. The Pascal system

five

major components:

The nester utility generates source code indented

of

nested program modules. The Pascal

Pascal run-time library provides

990

peripherals.

29

Nester

Utility

Configuration

Processor

Pascal

Compiler

Configu ration

Processor

Reverse

Assembler

Figure

8.

Pascal Programming Cycle

The object license for the Pascal software provides

a complete package including all of the software

components with the exception of the link editor, which

is

included with the license for the DXIO operating system. The DXIO system provides a powerful multiuser environment for Pascal.

Features

features

of

Pascal. Some

of

Pascal include:

of

the more significant

• Block-structured format that directly supports structured programming concepts (figure

• Stack allocation

of

variables for each routine

9)

• Recursive routines

• U ser-defined data structures that are adaptable to data used in application

• User-defined data types and type checking

• Excellent bit-manipulation capability.

Comparison with Standard Pascal. Texas

Instruments version of Pascal with the standard Pascal as defined by Jensen and Wirth in their

Pascal

User

Major modifications of, and extensions to, the

30

is

closely compatible

Manual and Report.

Program

M

P

Objects

Defined in

Block:

@]

M

P

Procedures

A B

a

R

Is

I

S

~

Figure

9.

Pascal Block

Accessible in

Blocks

M,

P,

A, P,A,B A,B B 0,

R,S

R

S

Structure

Are

B,

0,

R, S

Sort/Merge

The DXlO operating system supports an optional

Sortl

Merge package that can

ways. The SCI provides commands to access

Sortl

Merge in batch or interactive mode. COBOL,

FORTRAN, and BASIC programs can interface with

Sortl Merge by using the CALL statement. Both sort

and merge support record selection, reformatting on

input, and summarizing on output.

Ascending aiternate coiiating sequence can be specified. number of keys can total length process supports up to process allows full, address, key, and summary sorts.

key

order, descending

be

is

less

than

be

accessed in several

key

order,

or

Any

specified as long as their

256

characters. The merge

five

input

files.

The sort

an

Pascal defined in that document are described in the

following paragraphs.

Modifications. The precedence of Boolean

operators has been altered to that used in and FORTRAN. The CASE statement has an OTHERWISE clause, and subrange case labels are permitted. The WITH statement has a more reliable form, although no upward compatibility from Pascal has been lost. The variable that the

GOTO statement has been restricted. PUT, GET, and the file-buffer variable have been deleted from the language; the standard functions READ and WRITE have been generalized to nontext

Program parameters are no longer used for declaring files. User-defined functions may not have side effects.

Extensions. Data objects

a minimum precision. Structured jumps out of

structured statements and procedures are allowed

using the ESCAPE statement. Both array and set

types can fixed during program execution. ASSERT statements are included to aid program testing. Common

variables, which have global extent and scope as

dictated by ACCESS declarations, have been added

to the language. External procedures and functions

can

of linkages. FIXED and DECIMAL standard types

have been added. Files can

RANDOM, and standard functions that operate on

random

explicitly overridden using type transfer. Fuller type-

checking

parameters.

be

declared and communicated using a variety

files

is

included on procedure and function

FOR statement has a control

is

local to that statement. The

of

type REAL can have

"dynamic"

are provided. The type structure can be

in

that their bounds can

be

declared as

ALGOL

use

of

files.

be

Program-Development

In addition to a comprehensive set of utilities that operate in conjunction with the system, Texas Instruments provides four major

program-development tools: interactive text editor,

macro assembler, link editor, and debug package.

DXIO

Tools

operating

Interactive Text Editor

The

DXIO

operating system provides an interactive

text editor that operates from either a record-

oriented interactive device or from one of the VDTs.

Edit operations are initiated by edit command. When operations are initiated by commands, parameters are necessary and are

prompted by the DX allow modification, insertion, and deletion of entire

records or of character strings within records.

10

system. Edit operations

keys

or by

Macro Assembler

The DX 1 0 system assembler

the

990

family assemblers. In addition to accepting

990

the standard

macro assembler facility, support for FORTRAN common segments, and conditional assembly. The macro facility

provides character-string manipulation, accesses

binary values in the symbol table, and supports

macro-definition libraries. The relocatable object code produced by the assembler can

into segments. Common blocks, program segments,

and data segments are assigned separate location

counters. The link editor collects segments

same type

of assembly-language statements can

processed depending on the value of the assembler

assembly-language instructions, the

is

extended to include a macro

in

contiguous memory areas. A sequence

is

the most powerful

be

partitioned

be

conditionally

of

the

31

arithmetic or logical expression. Directives are provided to specify the amount of information in the assembly listing.

Link Editor

The DXIO system link editor accepts relocatable object code generated by the assembler or high-Ievellanguage compiler and combines the individual modules into a linked load module. References among the modules are resolved to their correct values. Common blocks, program segments, and data segments are collected, and each segment type assigned its own contiguous area

of

memory.

The link editor accepts control statements that

specify the use

of

shared procedures and the use

overlay structures. Available options include

generating a load map, searching a set

of

libraries to automatically resolve unresolved values,

and producing a partial link that leaves external

references to the link editor may may

be

program file or

The debug package

be

resolved at a later time. Output of

be

installed as an object file or

written directly into memory image in a

DXIO image file.

~_L

___

~

___

..

ueuug

racKage

is

an interactive, symbolic

is

of

object

debugging program for assembly-language tasks running under the

DXIO opera

Ling

system.

It

operates from either an interactive VDT or an interactive hard-copy terminal such as the Model ASR

Data

Terminal. The debugger allows the

733

display and modification of arithmetic-unit registers, workspace registers, and memory and provides the controlled execution task may

be

halted or started; new breakpoints are

set to halt the task when a breakpoint

of

a task. In the run mode, a

is encountered, thus allowing program debugging in near real time. In the simulate mode, a task's execution

is

analyzed between each instruction. Trap conditions, which interrogate the program counter or memory content, can be specified.

Communications

The

3780

emulator communications-software

packages provide the 990 family

Software

of

computers with a means of remote-job-entry (RJE) communications with

an

IBM 360/370 host computer or another

3780 emulator-equipped 990 computer.

Communications consists

of

exchanging data files between master and slave stations over leased pointto-point

or

switched telephone lines (figure

10).

Figure 10. Typical Application

of

3780

Emulator

in

Distributed-Processing Environment

U sing the serve as satellite and/ or central stations distributed-processing networks or can handle remote-job or batch-data entry for processing by a host. Remote stations can be dialed manually or

automatically with internal modem. They can also unattended mode as a called station in a distributed network.

Texas Instruments software emulates the operation Data Communications Terminal. However, unlike the IBM transferred reader / punch and line printer. Any file, input device, or

output device available

be used for input or output.

Two available: the DXlO under the DXlO system software on and the TX990 the TXDS / TX990 software on FS990 systems.

Line communications follow the same binarysynchronous-communications

point-to-point exchanges used by IBM communications terminals. The supports many of the features provides several additional features.

Data Transmission. Transmission

half-duplex mode per second (bps). The transmission code although the conversion for transmission and back to is

transparent to the user. The BSC protocol

provides transmission-error checking and basic control automatically requested if errors are detected.

3780

emulators, 990 computer systems can

an

optional auto-call unit and

be

operated in

3780

emulator communications

of

the IBM

3780, the source and destination

files

are not restricted to the card

to

the user's system can

3780

emulator software packages are

3780

Emulator for operation

3780 Emulator for operation under

Features

of

the data link. Retransmission

of

3780 Emulator

(BSC) procedure for

of

at

line speeds

of

ASCII data to EBCDIC

ASCII upon reception

3780

the IBM 3780 and

of

up to 9600 bits

in

be

used to

an

3780

of

the

DS990 systems

3780

emulator

is

performed in

is

EBCDIC,

is

control character and a space count; this improves throughput space. Characters are regenerated upon reception.

EBCD I C Transparency. In transparent

transmissions, EBCDIC control characters are accepted as data without performing their control function. However, binary files cannot be transmitted or

received.

Line-Printer Emulation. Vertical-forms control

(VFC) permits vertical-carriage-control formatting printer data by a transmitting station including single space, double space, triple space, space suppression, top

of

form, and vertical tab. The remaining twelve-

channel VFC

Horizontal format control provides a horizontal-tab function allowing deletion lines; this increases throughput.

is

emulated by fixed-line spacing.

of

spaces in formatted

of

Automatic Line Turnaround. The 3780

emulator automatically switches to "receive" after

transmitting; this minimizes line time.

Multirecord Transmission. Multiple record

blocks can be transmitted; this improves throughput

by avoiding line turnaround

record.

at

the end

of

each

Device Independence. Any file or system device

can be specified to transmit or receive data. The

pathname can be specified in the data stream. The

3780

emulator performs the emulation required to

file

transmit any user file as if the

the IBM

3780 card reader.

Auto-Call Operation. Remote stations can

dialed automatically with an optional Texas Instruments auto-call unit and internal modem.

Variable-Length Records.

per record can be transmitted.

originated from

up

to 256 characters

be

Switched Network Control. Unattended

is

operation capability will automatically answer up communication line and disconnect the line connection after transmission.

provided. A

an

3780

emulator

incoming call on a dial-

Host- or Slave-Station Operation. A primary

(host) transmitting station can select an output device on a secondary (slave) receiving station, create a file, and send data to that device or file.

Space Compression/ Expansion. Consecutive

be

space characters can

nontransparent data transmission and replaced by a

suppressed from

Comparison with IBM 3780

Features supported by the

n~t

supported by the IBM

• Device independence

• Auto-call operation

• Variable-length records Several IBM

Texas Instruments version of the

Multipoint operation no physical card punch. Data directed to the card punch can be redirected to any system output device or

file.

33

3780

emulator that are

3780

include:

features are not provided by

3780

emulator.

is

not supported, and there

is

Control

File exchanges using a

as communication sessions. Communication sessions

by

are opened

initiating the controlled through interactive operator-interface commands/ system exchanges or through execution a predefined set file.

Each transfer can include up to three text character strings. Any number of these transfers can be generated.

A user configuration table transmission parameters 3780

emulator. The user can change any configuration parameter during system installation as the first step in initiating a communication session.

During data transmission, the the transfer of data from the input device/file to an input buffer. From the input buffer, the data moved to one

of blocking buffers. When the communications buffers are filled, the data communication line. Output-data transfer continues

until an end-of-file occurs, or a processor interrupt host computer.

During communication sessions, the always looks for incoming data when not transmitting. Data

3780

emulator are referred to

3780

emulator; they are

of

commands stored in a command

files

of

predefined (default)

is

supplied as part

3780

of

emulator starts

two 5 I 2-byte communications-

is

queued for transfer to the

is

reached, an unrecoverable error

is

received from the

3780

emulator

is

received from the line into the

or

the

is

of

or

alternating communications buffers and then

is

transferred to intermediate buffers for system output.

be

Data can

RJE portion

transmitted to and received from the

of

IBM 360/370 host systems. The

IBM host RJE terminal-control software supported

includes

be a 990

HASP, ASP, and JES

computer running under the DXIO or

3.

The host can also

TXDS system software.

System Requirements

The

DXIO

3780

Emulator package operates under

the

DXIO

system software (Release

the DS990 hardware configuration described in table

II.

The TX990

the TXDS or TX990 software (Release

with

the FS990 hardware configuration described in

table

12.

Components of

The TX990 loadable task containing the communications device service routine, emulator functions, operator interface, and ali tabies and buiiers. The

3780

Emulator software license includes an

executable object module (used if no configuration

parameter changes are required), concatenated object modules for all but the configuration module, and source data for the user-defined configuration-table

3780 Emulator package operates under

3780

Emulator consists of a single

3.1

or later) with

2.2

or later)

Emulator

'J

X990

Table 11. Hardware Configuration for

Computer system:

Commu nications

interface hardware including one

following:

device

Input including one

more

of

following:

Output including one more

of

following:

*Customer-furnished **Customer-furnished modem required options include (1) internal

the

device

the

of

or

the

DAA

990/10 Minicomputer

with

a mini-

mum

of

bytes

Commu nications

Interface Module, Synchronous Modem * , al

DS10, DS25, or

DS10, DS25, or DS50 Disk Files

is

required (Bell Data Coupler

12SK

of

memory

and

option-

Auto-Call

DS50 Disk Files

Unit

DS3l,

911 Terminal system console

Bell Data Set

Interface

non-TI modems**

(Bell 201A, or patible)

S04 Card Reader

S10,2230,or 2260 Printer

CBS

for

OX

10

3780

Video Display

for

B,

(2)

C,

without

20SA, B com-

automatic terminals

timing,

Emulator

733 ASR Cassette Tape

with

RS-232-C interface

new sync, (3)

without

979A Magnetic Tape

or

equivalent).

ACU.

and (4)

ErA

option.

34

Table 12. Hardware Configuration

for

TX990

3780 Emulator

Computer system:

Commu nications interface hardware including one following:

Input

device including one more

of

following:

Output including one more

of

following:

*Customer-furnished **Customer-furnished

the

device

the

of

or

the

DAA

is

required (Bell Data

modem

990/4

or Computer minimum bytes

Communications

Interface Module, Synchronous Modem*, optional Auto-Call Unit

FDSOO Files

required

990/10

with

of

4SK

of

memory

and

Floppy-Disk

options

include (1) internal

a

Coupler

911

Video Display Terminal ASR/743 KSR system console

Bell Data Set

Interface non-TI (Bell 201A, B, or

20SA, B com-

patible

S04 Card Reader

S10,2230,or

2260 Printer

CBS

for

automatic

timing,

or

733

for

modems**

C,

terminals

(2)

without

733 ASR Cassette Tape

with

RS-232-C interface

new sync, (3)

without

or

equivalent).

ACU,

and (4)

EIA

option.

module. No operating system generation

is

required for installation of this emulator. In this environment, the communications interface cannot operate shared interrupt

DXIO

The

level

with any other system device.

3780

Emulator consists of a system-

resident, device service routine (DSR) including

at

a

DSR tables and buffers and an overlaid loadable task including emulator functions, operator interface, and the remaining tables and buffers. The

DXIO

3780 Emulator software license includes object modules and source modules for configuration of the and tasks. An operating system generation

DSR

is

necessary for installation of this emulator.

Customer Information

The customer must provide Texas Instruments with the following information before purchase of the

3780

emulator communications software. This

information

• Host computer to be interfaced.

• Host operating system and telecommunications software (HASP, ASP, JES, etc.).

• Modem type and telecommunications-line network type used. Customer telecommunications lines and any other non-Texas Instruments equipment (modems, DAAs, etc.) before communications-software installation and for ensuring its proper operation.

• Any other information that might prove helpful for installation.

will

ensure that integration

is

responsible for installing

3780

is

practical.

35

36

DS990

Hardware

DS990

Hardware

The DS990 hardware supports the features of the

DXIO operating system. All DS990 systems are built around the Model minimum of correcting (ECC) memory. The 128K-byte processor supports the drive system with one or more Model

Display Terminals (VDTs). The versatility of the processor input/output (I/O) structure well-suited to the custom computer-system concept of

the DS990 system. Figure II shows the standard and

optional DS990 hardware connected to the TILINE bus and communications-register-unit (CRU) interface of the bidirectional TILINE bus interfaces the processor with memory and high-speed peripherals. The standard disk drives (Model and Model copy of the application programs, and related data bases. An optional disk drive on the TILINE (Model Disk System) and floppy-disk drive on the CRU (Model FD800 Floppy-Disk System) allow the user to partition the application software or data base to

DS50 Disk Systems) hold a complete

990/10 Minicomputer with a

128K

bytes of error-checking-and-

OX

10

operating system in a dual-disk

911

Video

is

extremely

990

processor. The high-speed,

OSlO, Model DS25,

DXIO operating system, selected

990

DS31

fit the requirements of a particular business. The optional Model 979A Magnetic-Tape Transport allows the user to maintain application data on ninetrack, IBM-compatible magnetic tape.

While the TILINE bus can transfer large blocks

data with one command from the

CRU

interface handles data ranging in size from a

single bit up to a word with one command. The standard and optional data terminals on the

Model

interactive interface with the

The optional printers (Model

2230

804

selection of

optional interface modules provide a facility for

controlling and monitoring special-purpose equipment

that may

figure

DS990 systems to accommodate additionally selected

options.

743

KSR Data Terminals) are the operator's

and Model

Card Reader provide the user with a complete

I/O

be connected to custom DS990 systems.

The optional

II,

extends the

911

VOTs and the optional

CRU (Model

2260

Line Printers) and the Model

media for the DS990 system. The

I/O

expansion chassis, shown in

990

main chassis in the larger

990

processor j the

733

ASR and

OXIO operating system.

810

Printer and Model

of

990

The coordinated

prospective user a variety

from the TMS

integrated hardware/software systems. The common

architecture and upward-compatible instruction set

permits programs to

members of the family to the Model

Minicomputer.

with a

• Advanced memory-to-memory architecture with

• Large, versatile instruction set with 16-bit-word-

• Sixteen vectored interrupt levels

• TILINE, parallel, asynchronous bus for high-speed

Processor

990

family

9900

microprocessor to the DS990

be transported from smaller

Features of the

DS990 system, include:

programmable workspaces for fast, efficient processing of multiple interactive tasks

oriented and 8-bit-byte-oriented instructions and with hardware multiply and divide

communication among the central processor unit (CPU), memory, and

990/10 minicomputer, as supplied

of

computers offers the

of

choices that ranges

I/O

controllers

990/10

• Direct access up to 64K 8-bit memory bytes

• Program-controlled hardware mapping for memory-addressing capability up to with isolation between mUltiple tasks

• Extended operation (XOP) codes for hardware or of

software implementation

• Privileged-mode instructions that protect the

operating system from errant application programs

• Line-synchronized, real-time clock input

• Command-driven speed bit, byte, and word

• Permanent read-only-memory (ROM) loader

• Thirteen-slot chassis that provides mounting space, coolIng air, dc power, and signal interconnections for 990 device controllers, and other full-sized or half-slot 990 interface boards. The chassis includes a programmer panel for operator interface with the 990

CPU boards, memory boards, peripheral-

CPU via a firmware utility program.

CR

special functions

U for medium- and low-

I/O

2048K

operations

bytes

37

Standard Disk Drives:

OSlO (Model 4 System) DS25 (Model 6 System) DS50 (Model 8 System)

I I

L

______

Model 990/10 Minicomputer

,

r------~

I I I I I I

I I I I

I I

I I I I

TILINE

CRU

DS31/DS32

Disk Drives

(optional)

Model 979A

Magnetic-Tape

Transport

(optional)

I/O

Expansion

(optional)

Chassis

~=::::j

Model

Multiple

Model

(optional)

First

911

VDT

VDTs

804 r;)

Model

Card

Reader

(optional)

FD800

Floppy-Disk

Drive

(optional)

User

Special-Purpose

Equipment

(optional)

Note: Solid line denotes standard hardware.

Dashed

line denotes optional hardware.

--------------~

---~

Figure 11. OS990 Standard and Optional Hardware

~----=------------~

~

•

I

~-------------------~

f

I~~~u

Model 743

Data Terminal

(optional)

Model 733

Data Terminal

(optional)

I I

Model 810 Model 2230 Model 2260

Printers

(optional)

L

__________________

8

_

c::::J c:::J

38

Workspace-Pointer

Register

(WP)

Memory-Resident

Workspace Registers

Absolute Memory Address

(Hexadecimal)

WP

Can be used f

indexing.

I

or

•

/

Link

or

XOP Operand Address R11

CRU I/O Base Address

Stored

Workspace Pointer

Stored

Program

Stored

""-

Status

Count

(ST)

(PC)

(WP)

RO R1 R2

R3

R4 R5 R6 R7 R8 R9 R10

R12 R13 R14 R15

WP+OO WP+02 WP+04 WP+06 WP+08 WP+OA WP+OC WP+OE WP+

10

WP + 12

WP+

14

WP+

16

WP+

18

WP+

lA WP+1C WP+

1E

Figure

12.

Workspace Pointer

990 Architecture

The

990

family memory-to-memory architecture, which offers the convenience and speed of a register-to-register architecture without the instruction-overhead penalties. The memory as works paces (figure location in a workspace register number and purpose hardware register. Any 16-word block in general memory can be used as a workspace. A workspace pointer, stored in a hardware register, locates the currently active workspace. The workspace concept makes it virtually impossible to

run out of registers; any number of workspaces can be defined in memory and reached by modifying the

workspace pointer. A dedicated workspace usually

assigned to each task or subroutine in the program.

A context switch occurs when the program suspends execution of a task, stores the intermediate results, executes another task, and usually returns to the initial task. Interrupt processing, subroutine

calling, and multiple-task interleaving are typical

of

computers uses an advanced

990

processor uses 16-word blocks of

12).

Each memory

is

assigned a workspace-

is

treated like a 16-bit, general-

is

and

Registers

examples of context switches. The workspace

990

organization of the

processor greatly reduces the instruction and memory-access overhead associated with a context switch. For example, if the

990 processor used fifteen hardware registers, fifteen store cycles would temporary operands before the context change.

be required to save all the possible

By exchanging the status, program count, and workspace pointers, the

990

processor can perform a complete context switch in three store cycles and two fetch cycles without losing operands

or

data from either task. After the context switch, the hardware workspace-pointer register contains the memory address of a

new

workspace; the previous program count, status, and workspace pointer are stored in registers

The simplicity of context switching in the

13-15

of the

new

workspace.

990 processor and the data-handling capability of the high-speed TILINE data bus make it possible to efficiently support a large, versatile, multitasking operating system such as the

DXI0 system.

39

Interrupt Structure

The

990

processor has sixteen interrupt levels,

0-15.

levels

Interrupt

level

0-2

15

numbered priority, and Interrupt

restored, power-failure-imminent, and error

interrupts. The remaining interrupt

available for assignment to peripheral devices and controllers. The

DXI0 operating system assumes standard (default) interrupt assignments to the various

110 controllers, but these assignments can

altered when a DXIO system installed.

Enabling interrupt levels by the the enabled. The interrupt mask. to interrupt as part

DXI0

operating system. An interrupt mask in

990

status register identifies the levels that are

level

of the highest priority pending

is

continually compared to the interrupt

If

the pending interrupt has a priority equal

or

greater than the lowest priority enabled, the

is

processed. The interrupt mask

of

the processing; so interrupts can

in order of priority.

level

0 has the highest

has the lowest priority.

are reserved for the power-

levels

are

is

generated and

is

dynamically managed

is

be

updated

nested

be

990

Address Space

The

990

CPU

uses

a 16-bit address word

in instructions that require memory read or write operations. The least significant bit (LSB) within the a 16-bit word. The remaining available for on-board

CPU to select the upper or lower byte of

15

address bits are

ROM-loader and expansion-

memory addresses. The address space defined

is

used

by

this

direct addressing scheme consists of up to 65,536 8-

bit bytes or 32,768 16-bit words. The word addresses

are located on even-byte boundaries.

The TILINE, which and high-speed peripheral-device controllers, 20-bit address to describe an address space of

link~

the

990

CPU, memory,

uses

1024K

a

16-bit words. Memory mapping extends the CPUaddressing capability to cover the entire TILINE address space.

Three sets of hardware mapping registers

(MAPO,

MAP I, and MAP2) convert CPU addresses to TILINE addresses. Each set of mapping registers consists of three 16-bit bias registers and three

ll-bit limit registers for a total of eighteen registers. The three limit registers divide a

32K

-word address space

CPU Address Space

0000

....

r------~

Ll

....

r---------------~

+t---------t

L2

Faoo

FCOO

y

CPU addresses represented as four

hexadecimal digits

(LS8

selects byte)

64K

Zone

TPCS

ROM

X a

1

2

3

ROM loader

is

located

on

CPU

board

TILINE Address Space

I/lIZZIZm

1-r-~-r-..,....,,....,.....,....,r-7I~--

I'---"~.J....,j~"""'_I......S.._'_I,...--

t-J,....,......,.....,,......,.."T"""'l,.....,....,...

~-r-..,.....,.,......,.-'-~""""~--

...............................................

1024K X 16

00000

.....

~t---

---"'-t

FFCOO

8 1 + L

83

+ L2 +

83

+ L3 +

82

+ L2 +

(First word in zone

1

+

15

( Last

word

in zone

in zone 3)

in

2

16

.15

15

(First

(Lastword

(First

(Last

2

zone

1)

3)

2)

Figure 13.

990

CPU/TILINE Address

40

TI LINE addresses

represented as hexadecimal digits

five

Space

with

Map

Option

into three zones on 16-word boundaries. The corresponding bias value appending trailing zeros) and maps the zone into the 20-bit TILINE address space (figure

The three mapping-register sets (each with three limit registers and three bias registers) are reserved by system software for specific functions. used

by

the DXI0 operating system. Interrupts and XOP codes trap via the TILINE peripheral control space (TPCS). MAP I is

the normal user-task map, and MAP2 long-distance instructions that provide the user with access to additional memory space.

The memory-management functions of the operating system handle memory allocation and memory mapping automatically; so mapping transparent to most users.

is

MAPO.

extended to

This map also reaches

13).

20

MAPO

is

bits (by

used for

DXIO

is

Instruction Set and Addressing Modes

The instruction set of the

readily lends itself to efficient processing through simple and effective programming (Appendix

990

instructions are divided into nine categories:

arithmetic, logical, shift, compare, branch, load and

move, control and computer with mapping), and extended operations.

Many of the

one of the operands. The general addressing modes are (I) register indirect addressing, (3) workspace-register auto-increment addressing, (4) symbolic memory

addressin~,

workspace register that contains the operand. A workspace-register address a value between zero and fifteen and refers to the sixteen workspace registers identified workspace pointer.

workspace register that contains the address of the operand. An indirect workspace register address written as a term preceded of arrays without a separate incrementing instruction.

addressing specifies a workspace register that contains the address

address

workspace register register increment for word operations.

address that contains the operand. An absolute

five

addressing modes for one or both of

workspace-register addressing,

and (5) indexed memory addressing.

Workspace-register addressing specifies the

Workspace-register indirect addressing specifies a

addressing allows sequential processing of lists or

Workspace-register indirect auto-increment

is

obtained from the workspace register, the

Symbolic memory addressing specifies the memory

CRU

990

is

990

computer family

B).

The

I/O,

long distance

instructions allow a choice

(2)

is

written as a term with

by

an asterisk. This form

of

the operand. After the

incremented. The workspace-

one for byte operations and two

(990

workspace-

by

the current

of

is

address or a symbolic name contains the operand. An absolute address or a symbolic name can used as the object

Indexed memory addressing specifies a memory

address that contains the desired operand. The

memory address workspace (index) register and a symbolic address.

990

Some

other than these

example, all of the immediate instructions

next word following the instruction as an immediate operand. Immediate instructions that require two operands derive one operand from the next word

and one from a specified workspace register. The jump instructions addressing mode. The jump instruction includes a

signed displacement value, and the resulting range of jump

is

within program-counter value. The CR instructions contents of current workspace register convention, workspace register base address, and individual relative to that base address.

of

the symbolic address.

is

the sum of the contents

instructions imply an addressing mode

five

general addressing modes. For

use

a program-counter relative

-128

to +

127

words of the current

U single-bit

use

a displacement value relative to the

R12.

RI2

contains a CRU

CR

U bits are located

of

use

I/O

be

a

the

By

Extended Operation Instructions. Extended

operation expand the basic additional instructions. The expansion to software subroutines. A bit in the steers present) or to a software

Software vectors, and software interrupt service. The thirty-two memory-word locations immediately above the interrupt vectors are

reserved for workspace pointer and a program count, which are used for a context switch to one of the subroutines. The initial workspace pointer, program count, and status are loaded into the

workspace; so the initial context can be recovered at

the end of the

address of the

new

The supervisor calls, leaving for user definition. The operating-system generation program makes specific provision for user definition of

XOP routines. These routines are incorporated when a installed. The they can under

(XOP) instructions allow the user to

990

instruction set

990

be

an additional logic board or

XOP execution to the hardware processor (if

XOP vector.

XOP vectors are similar to interrupt

XOP processing

XOP vectors. Each vector consists

XOP subroutine. The effective

XOP operand also

workspace.

DXIO

operating system reserves XOP

XOP 0 - XOP

DXIO

operating system

XOP instructions are global; that

be

used by any program that operates

DXIO control.

by

up to sixteen

computer allows this

990

status register

is

similar to

XOP

new

is

loaded into the

15

14

available

is

generated and

of

for

is,

a

41

Macroinstructions. The macro-assembler program

within the DXIO operating system allows the user to define macroinstructions that activate assemblylanguage subroutines. program requires repetitive use sequence, the sequence can be incorporated into a macroinstruction definition and activated by reference

Macroinstructions differ from XOPs in that macroinstructions are defined may be local must be defined time and can apply to all application programs.

to

the macroinstruction.

to

If

a particular application

of

an

instruction

at

assembly time and

a given application program. XOPs

at

DXIO system-generation (sysgen)

990 CPU On-Board Loader

A loader the instructions required to read other programs from requirements for a loader are (1) altered by power interruption and (2) that it either permanently resident in main memory

readily loaded by hardware action.

The 990 CPU

ROM devices. The loader panel

the DXIO operating system from a disk-storage system. The loader also can load the DXIO operating system from a an

transport. The

panel management utility, which controls the front-

panel indicators and accepts panel-switch commands.

Purchasers wish loader programs. Texas Instruments offers a variety

ill

·loatiers-

device kit, which consists

programmable read-only memories. The maximum

limit

socket space on the logic board.

is

a short, simple program that contains

an

input device to memory. The basic

that

it not be

is

supplied with a I024-byte loader

is

activated

LOAD

804 card reader, or a 979A magnetic-tape

to

of

switch to initiate a bootstrap read

733

ASR terminal cassette,

ROM

loader includes a programmer-

of

DS990 hardware-only systems may

use a different loader

-as-

standard

two device kits (1024 bytes)

price;;;hst·

or

of

two 256-word by 8-bit

to

items-

"burn"

is

by

the front-

and· offers· a

determined by

be

or

of

their own

Programmer Panel

The programmer panel contains logic, switches, and indicators that allow user control and observation Functions defined by panel firmware included in the standard disk-loader ROM. The built-in programmer-panel logic includes a switch debounce timer. The programmer-panel logic by a 20-conductor flat cable.

of

the indicator lights and switches are

is a CR

is

U device, which

of

computer operations.

connected to the

990

CPU

prevents the inadvertent halting The key can switch position. When the switch position and the key unauthorized turn-on When the switch programmer-panel switches are locked out and cannot start, stop,

operation. The programmer panel manual control from the panel can the key lock in the UNLOCK position.

be

is

in either the

removed from the lock when the

POWER

is

removed from the lock, no

of

the computer can occur.

is

in the LOCK position, the other

or

otherwise affect computer

is

of

the computer.

OFF

in the

is

or LOCK

POWER

operable, and

be

OFF

exerted with

990 Memories

DS990 systems are supplied with a minimum

128K bytes 16K

semiconductor memory. This random-access read/write memory (RAM) system storage, application-program and data storage, workspace-register execution scratch-pad areas. The DXIO operating system rolls programs and overlays between the disk and memory to manage the available memory space for best use and minimum execution time.

Additional mUltiple VDTs. However, the 990 system has a 2048K-byte maximum memory-addressing capability.

The devices used for 990 memory expansion are

the

16K read / write memory in which access time storage locations requires periodic refreshing performed automatically The refresh circuits steal one memory cycle each microseconds. The refresh operation the user.

The dynamic-RAM devices used memory are the most reliable memory components available today. However, good system design requires some form memories. The DS990 system uses ECC memory for greater reliability. A unique 6-bit Hamming code attached code permits automatic (hardware) detection and correction

bit errors.

Automatic correction

system

would otherwise require immediate service. Repair failed memory modules usually can be deferred to regular maintenance periods, thus reducing downtime.

of

error-checking-and-correcting (ECC)

is

required for operating-

I/O

buffering, and

me.i11ory

dynamic RAMs. The term

to

each 16-bit word stored in memory. This

of

to

operate normally despite a failure that

may

~

required

is

the same. A dynamic RAM

of

by

the memory-board logic.

of

error correction for large

all I-bit errors and detection

of

I-bit errors allows the

in

RAM

the stored data; this

is

in

the

of

systems with

refers to

to

any two

15.5

transparent to

990

is

of

all 2-

is

of

The three-position, key-operated LOCK, UNLOCK switch at the left side panel controls the computer system's ac power and

POWER

of

OFF,

the

The basic ECC memory consists controller board with the necessary TILINE interface logic, refresh control, error-detection-and-correction

of

an ECC

42

logic, and 65,536 bytes of memory. The 65,536 bytes are organized into 32,768 22-bit words. Sixteen-bit words are read from or written to memory over the TILINE; byte selection CPU. The 6-bit Hamming code ECC memory boards.

The ECC controller board can control an add-on expansion board in the adjacent slot via a top-edge interconnection. Switches on the controller board set the starting memory address anywhere in the TILINE address space on Correctable and noncorrectable error indicators on each ECC controller board give a visual indication for servicing ease. Noncorrectable (2-bit) errors also send an interrupt to the

The 128K-byte memory, which

DS990 systems, consists of one 64K-byte ECC controller board and one 64K-byte ECC expansion board. Additional space chassis for future memory expansion. The amount of semiconductor memory needed in a system determined by many factors. These factors include the number of simultaneously operated interactive terminals, the application programs, and the high-level languages selected. Refer to Appendixes C and D for additional information on memory-size selection.

size

is

performed

16K

990

CPU.

is

available within the

and organization_of the

in

the

is

internal to the

-byte boundaries.

is

standard for

990

is

the specified-record read or \yrite operation between 990

memory and disk or tape drive.

Some applications of the more circuit boards than can physically fit in the standard thirteen-slot chassis. Both of the systems (the CRU and the TILINE) can into additional chassis modules using the appropriate kit.

990

processor require

990

be

extended

1/0

Communications Register Unit

The communications register unit (CRU) general-purpose This versatile, command-driven, synchronous system has proved to developed for low- and intermediate-speed applications. The

between the data terminals, card readers, printers, the programmer panel, and other low- and mediumspeed devices.

The

CR and one for output. Each bit addressable. Direct addressing of

output bits

system. A single

write to) an individual bit or a group of up to bits.

110 system for the

be

the most flexible system yet

CRU provides communications

CPU and device controller for VDTs,

U has two 4096-bit registers: one for input

is

individually

CPU input and

is

the

key

to the versatility of the CRU

990

instruction can read from (or

990

is

the

processor.

1/0

16

990 TILINE

The TILINE data bus. This bus, which three million 16-bit word transfers per second, links the

990

controllers.

Bus relationship between TILINE devices. such

as address and control signals a 16-bit word. Each word transfer an exchange of "handshaking" control signals.

Master devices, such as the access to the bus. A reservation scheme allows busaccess operations to partially overlap, reducing the

overhead time to transfer control between masters.

Conflicts between masters attempting to reserve the bus are resolved by a positional priority scheme based. on chassis-slot location.

The high-speed "smart" peripheral controllers for

the

DS

979A magnetic-tape system are TILINE devices that

act as masters and as slaves at different times. They act as slaves when they accept a set of eight to

sixteen setup and command parameters from the

CPU, and they act as masters when they perform

is

a multiuser, asynchronous, parallel

is

capable of more than

CPU, memories, and high-speed peripheral

communications are based on a master-slave

Slave devices,

990

memory, respond to a 20-bit word

by

supplying or accepting

is

accompanied

990

CPU, compete for

10,

DS31, DS25, or DS50 hard disks and the

990

by

990

The bit CR U address to produce a group select signals, which are hard-wired to the available half-slot locations

address decoding on the individual full-sized logic

boards and imposes a positional addressing scheme. The chassis if system requirements exceed the available space for logic boards.

TILINE

The TILINE peripherals are high-speed which transfer data to and from rates that approach the instruction execution rate of the

990 DSIO, DS25, 979A magnetic-tape system. nonvolatile mass-memory storage to supplement the semiconductor memory in the

Each

more electromechanical recording/ reproducing devices (disk drive or tape transport), a recording medium (disk pack, disk cartridge, or magnetic tape), and a

microprocessor-based "smart" controller, which occupies a full slot in the

CPU performs partial decoding of the

of

module-

in

the chassis. This simplifies

CR

U interface can

be

extended to additional

Peripherals

I/O

990

memory at

computer. These systems include the DS31,

and DS50 hard-disk systems and the

All

are used for

990

computer.

of

the TILINE peripherals consists of one or

990

chassis.

12-

systems

43

The 990 processor commands a data-transfer operation and specifies the parameters operation by sending a block the controller. Upon receipt the

"smart" transfer operation (which may involve severalthousand The controller handles the addressing, format conversions, signal transfers that are unique external device, and from semiconductor memory.

controller manages the entire data-

data

words) without additional instructions.

TILINE

of

this control block,

data

of

the

8 control words to

transfers to

to

the

and

DS990 system has

Every hard-disk system to provide nonvolatile mass storage for the operating-system software, high-level-language compilers/ interpreters, utilities, application programs, and user files. The system dynamically manages the 990 semiconductor memory by rolling programs and data from disk memory as they are needed and then rolling them

to

back tasks. Sections rolled in and rolled out as needed.

features:

• Automatic track switching across head and

• Automatic verification

• Cyclic-redundancy (CRC) polynomial error

• Variable-record format (from one sector to full

system include the size

requirements, the complement

~selected~alld

Appendixes D and E for assistance in determining disk requirements.

recording and reproducing files

nature. Typical applications system include backup archival recording in an inexpensive format,

transportation and

DX10 operating system can be transported on

magnetic tape for transfer to a high-speed disk

system, but the DXIO system cannot be executed

directly from the tape system because

sequential nature

disk to conserve memory space for active

All

of

the hard-disk systems provide the following

cylinder boundaries

on

every disk access

checking of record headers and

track).

The total amount

is

determined by many factors. These factors

The 979A magnetic-tape system

data

reduction from sequential processes. The

DX10 disk-based operating

of

the operating system itself are

of

the user's

. systeiri·soffware requirements. Refer

of

programs and

of

at

least one high-speed

of

track, sector,

data

disk storage required by a

data

base, file backup

of

high-level languages

is

that

of

the magnetic-tape

of

critical files and programs,

data

magnetic tape.

and

useful for

are sequential in

between sites,

of

the

to

format

to

Model DS31 Disk System

The Model DS31 Disk System, shown in figure is

a relatively small-capacity disk unit that stores up

14,

Figure 14. Model

to 2.8K bytes in the popular 2315-type, single-platter, removable cartridge. The cartridge 203 tracks per surface for a total There are twenty-four sectors per track with

bytes

of

data

storage per sector.

Single-track seek time seek time time

latency (time for one-half revolution) milliseconds. The burst-transfer rate per second.

The microprocessor-based occupies one full slot in the interfaces with the disk controller accepts an 8-word block and parameter words before initiating and then independently executes the operation. This simplified control structure

who design custom device service routines. transparent to users

As~hown

controller operates· one overlapped seek capability allows other disks to the next desired track while one transferring data. This feature can significantly increase system throughput and DXIO user. The DS31 disk drive front-loading unit in a rack-mounted chassis. A DS31 power supply, which mounts of

the

The DXIO operating system type cartridges, and the DS31 disk can be used as the system disk. However, Texas Instruments recommends the disk for use in general of

the faster access and greater storage capacity.

The DS31 disk system development applications with multiple users

independently developing program files. Multiple DS31 disk drives allow mUltiple users to insert and

is

70

milliseconds, and maximum seek

is

135

milliseconds. The average rotational

in

figure

cabin~t,

supplies power for two disk drives.

TILINE

DS

10

DS31

Disk System

is

formatted into

of

406 tracks.

is

15

milliseconds, average

is

20

is

195K bytes

"smart" controller

990 chassis and

parallel bus. The DS31

of

command

an

operation

is

convenient for users

It

of

the DXIO operating system.

15,

a

singl~

P~}l

<lis)e

to

four

disk drives.

of

is

transparent

is

a compact,

on

is

available

disk as the smallest system

DXI0-based systems because

is

most useful for program-

An

the disks

the rear rails

on

288

is

.

to

2315-

seek is

the

44

r-------r------r------.

I I I I

II

I

990 COMPUTER CHASSIS I Power Supply I I Power Supply

DS31

I I I

DS31

I

1-+-----,

r--------

I I

DS31

Interface

DS31

Disk Drive

I

L.....-_-+I~-.......-

L

__________________________________

I

remove disk cartridges without interfering with each other and without halting and reloading the operating system. The 2315-type cartridge convenient size (both in physical dimensions and in storage capacity), economically priced.

Service organizations that provide batch services,

such as bookkeeping and subscription maintenance,

to multiple customers also can benefit from adding

OS31 disks to a standard OS990 Model or

Model 8 System. Individual OS31 cartridges for each customer provide a convenient and economical means of keeping individual customer data separated. Individual cartridges are easily identifiable and transportable.

DS31

Single Master

is

easily stored, and

Kit

Figure 15. DS31 Controller

is

a

is

4,

Model

6,

I I

I

DS31

Disk Drive I

I

DS31

Disk Drive

DS31

Disk Drive

I :

I I I

I

L.p~3~

Sec~dary...!

with

Four Disk Drives

The OSlO disk controller occupies a full slot in the 990 chassis and interfaces with the TILINE parallel bus. The two disk platters in a disk drive are treated as separate logical units; that separate 8-word block words

is

used to control transfers to each platter.

There

is

no automatic "spillover" of data from one

platter to the other. Because carriage, independent overlapped seeks are not available with a controller can operate two

total

of

18.8M bytes on four platters.

The

OXI0 5440-type cartridge for the users will find it convenient to transfer the operating system to the nonremovable disk so it serves as the

DS31

Secondary I

~t~Pow~

OSlO disk system. A OSlO disk

operating system

SUPpl~~_

of

control and parameter

of

OS

10

OSlO disk drive. Most

r,: --:-

J Termmator I

the common head

disk drives for a

is

available

is,

on

~

a

,

I

..J

I

Model DSIO Disk System

The Model OSlO Oisk System, shown in figure provides mass storage for the OS990 Model 4 System. A data recording. disk drive; the other removable disk cartridge. Each platter has a formatted storage capacity of 4.7M bytes for a total storage capacity of 9.4M bytes per disk drive. The disk format per track, and each surface).

The nonremovable and disk-cartridge platters share

a common rotating-spindle and moving-arm

read / write head carriage. Single-track seek time

7.5

milliseconds, average seek time and maximum seek time rotational latency

OS

10

disk drive uses two platters for

One

of

the platters

is

contained in a 5440-type,

is

288

bytes per sector, twenty sectors

816

tracks per platter

is

60

milliseconds. Average

at

2400 rpm

is

12.5

is

built into the

(408

is

35

milliseconds,

milliseconds.

16,

tracks on

is

Figure 16. Model DS10 Disk System

4S

system disk. This frees the removable cartridge for

user programs and data.

Installing and removing a requires access to the top of the disk drive. The DS I

0 disk drive Model 4 System. An optional "quietized" pedestal available for the DSIO disk drive. Texas Instruments recommends this pedestal for low-noise, office-type

environments and for applications that require

frequent cartridge changes.

If

a single DS DS990 Model 4 System, the operating system must be

stopped and reloaded when disk cartridges are exchanged. This creates an inconvenient situation for multiple users doing program-development work. Additional disk drives are recommended for such environments. The controller has a built-in capability for the addition addition

DS31 disk drives may

of a DS31

is

slide-mounted

10

disk drive

of

a second DSIO disk drive. The

disk controller and one or more

Model DS25

5440-type cartridge

in

is

used, as in the basic

be beneficial.

and

a basic DS990

is

Model DS50 Disk Systems

The Model DS25 and Model DS50 Disk Systems, shown in figure and high-capacity mass-storage systems. A DS25 disk drive provides 22.33M bytes of storage, and a disk drive provides 44.6M bytes of storage. Both

17,

are physically similar high-speed

DS50

drive types

removable disk pack. The disk pack has three recording platters and two protective outer platters. The three recording platters provide surfaces and one prerecorded servo surface.

The DS25 disk system provides surface for a total of system provides 4075 thirty-eight sectors with sectors are logically interlaced for better system loading and throughput characteristics.

Single-track seek time seek time time 3600 high-quality, certified, and error-mapped pack per Texas Instruments source specifications. The operating system has specific provisions for errormapped disk packs. Certified error-free packs are also available.

The disk controller occupies a full slot chassis and interfaces with the TILINE. A single disk controller can operate up to four DS25 disk drives or four DS50 disk drives, but DS25 and

DS50 disk drives cannot controller. The basic DS990 Model 6 System supplied with two DS25 disk drives on separate

pedestals. Expansion from 44.66M bytes of storage

to 67M or 89.32M bytes requires only one or two

additional disk drives and connecting cables. The

DS990 Model 8 System

disk drives on separate pedestals. Expansion from

89.2M bytes of storage to l33.8M or 178.4M bytes

requires only one or two additional

and connecting cables.

use

a high-quality, certified 3336-type

five

recording

408

tracks per

2040

tracks. The DS50 disk

815

tracks per surface for a total of

tracks. For either unit, tracks are divided into

288

bytes per sector. The

is

6 milliseconds, average

is

30

milliseconds, and maximum seek

is

55

milliseconds. Average rotational latency

rpm

is

8.3

milliseconds. The disk pack

be

intermixed on the same

is

supplied with two DS50

DS50 disk drives

is

DXIO

in the

is

a

990

at

Figure 17. Model OS25/0S50 Disk System

The

DXIO

operating disk for the DS990 Model 6 System and on a DS50 disk for the DS990 Model 8 System. DXIO updates will

be

written on a customer-supplied disk during the active period of the software subscription. This disk must meet the certification and error-mapping specifications of the disks supplied with the

DS25/

DS50 disk drives.

The storage capacity of these large disks make the DS990 Model 6 and Model 8 Systems ideal for applications that require large data bases numbers of programs on-line for interactive operations.

The

DXIO operating system enables mUltiple users to simultaneously develop software terminals. have an individual dedicated disk pack so programs under development cannot programs. The

46

If

possible, each software developer should

DS31

system

disk, which

issupptied

at

interactive

be overwritten by errant

is

available as an

011

or

a DS25

large

option, provides an economical, transportable, and easily stored vehicle for an individual user's work. As

the work of individual users comes to function, it

can

be

integrated onto a DS25 or DS50 disk pack.

A DS25 or

to an individual user, but there are two drawbacks.

First, a certified disk pack represents a significant expenditure if there are fifteen or twenty individual disk packs involved. Second, it

have a large mass of work on a single disk when

unproven programs are added. A safer development strategy calls for the deveiopment of reasonably sized program modules, which are backed up on off-line disks or tapes at each stage of development and integration. This strategy lends itself perfectly structured or "top-down" programming concepts,

which form a rational basis for large-software system design.

DS50 disk pack also can

is

not desirable to

be

dedicated

to

Model 979A

Magnetic-Tape Transport

is

fully supported for sequential files. The magnetic-

is

tape system for users who require large amounts of data storage/ backup or who deal primarily with sequential available on magnetic tape for initial system loading.

The 979A magnetic-tape transport

8oo-bits-per-inch, nonreturn-to-zero-format and

bits-per-inch, phase-encoded-format versions. Both versions formats with 12.7-millimetre (l/2-inch) tape on 267millimetre at

953

millimetres per second second) and features vacuum-column buffering for gentle tape handling.

Two models of single-board controllers are available for the 979A transport. The controller can operate up to four 8oo-bpi transports. The 1600-bpi controller can operate any mix of and 1600-bpi transports; again, the maximum capability

a viable addition to the DS990 system

files.

The DXIO operating system

is

use

industry-compatible nine-track tape

(10-1/ 2-inch) reels. The transport operates

(37.5

inches per

is

four transports.

is

available in

800-bpi (only)

1600-

800-

The Model in figure system transporting, and backing up the system, files

prevents the random access necessary for system execution. However, with the loaded onto a system disk, the magnetic-tape system

979A

Magnetic-Tape Transport, shown

18,

cannot dynamically run the operating

..

Magnetic tapes can

but the sequential nature of magnetic-tape

be

used for storing,

DXIO operating

DXIO operating system

CRU

Many parallel data-transfer capability command-driven CRU system provides communications between the low- to medium-speed peripheral units (i.e., the data terminals, VDTs, printers, floppy-disk storage units, 990 communications devices, and special-purpose processcontrol and instrumentation devices).

While the operations of these devices may appear rapid, they are slow with respect to the instruction execution rate of the rate (compared to the computer clock rate) allows these devices to multiplexed, serial data channel (the CRU).

Each device has an associated controller that performs the data format and signal-level conversions peculiar to that device. The controller logic board can occupy a full-slot or half-slot location in the computer chassis or CR U expansion chassis.

Peripherals

I/O

devices do not require the high-speed,

of

the TILINE. The

990

processor and the

programmer panels, card readers,

990

computer. This low data

be

efficiently serviced

by

a single

990

Figure 18. Model

979A

Magnetic-Tape Transport

Model 911

Video Display Terminal

A minimum DS990 system has a Model Display Terminal (VDT) and a dual-port controller (to allow expansion to two VDTs). Additional VDTs and controllers can The

DXIO

operating system has been optimized for rapid response in multiterminal applications. The VDT, shown in figure display, and interactive program control.

47

be

easily added to the system.

19,

is

used for d.lta entry,

911

Video

• Special-function bit that accompanies each character in memory to specify high or

low display intensity or, as a software flag, to indicate a protected field

• Programmable-function keys.

Figure 19. Model 911 Video Display Terminal

The

911

VOT provides the following features:

• High-resolution display screen

• Instant data display

• Uppercase and lowercase ninety-six-character set is

(keyboard

•

1920-character display (twenty-four lines by eighty

full ASCII)

characters)

• Separated keyboard (cable-connected)

• Standard ten-key numeric pad

The basic

VOT kit, shown in figure

20,

consists of a display unit, keyboard assembly, controller circuit board, and connecting cables.

The

911

VOT features a 305-millimetre (l2-inch) diagonal, high-resolution screen, housed in a lightgray console. Oriving circuitry for the display unit consists

of

all solid-state components mounted on a circuit board next to the tube. Natural convection cooling without a fan ensures the quiet operation necessary for an office environment.

Bright, easily readable, Gothic-font, uppercase and

lowercase alphabetic, numeric, and special

(+,

-, *,

etc.) symbols are formed as 5 x 7 dot-matrix characters. Optional graphic symbols use the entire

7 x

10

character space. The screen capacity

is

either twelve horizontal lines of eight characters per line (960

characters) or twenty-four horizontal lines of

eighty characters per line

(1920

characters). A special-function bit accompanying each character in memory specifies high or low display intensity or, as a software flag, indicates a protected display field. Cursor blinking

is

implemented through software

selection.

Note:

Optional

in

lengths

extension

up

to

610

990

CRU Chassis

Section

cables

are

metres

911 VDT

Keyboard

available

(2000

feet).

Assembly

\+---~--

Figure 20. Basic VDT Kit

Identical Controller/Display Interfaces

I

{

Cable

Alarm Enable

Video Data

Keyboard Data

From Controller Modem Audio

To

Controller Terminal Status

5-m

(16.4-ft.)

Interconnection

911

Video Display Unit

48

+-

HOME

INS

I

CHAR t CH

DEL

-+

,~

________________________

F1

F2 F3

Special Control

F4

F5 F6

~A~

__________________

F7

Fa

-=

CMD

_____

,

7

a 9

4

5

6

1

2

3

0

•

~

Cursor Control

and

Edit

~------------------------v~------------------------~~

Figure 21. Model 911 Keyboard

Data Entry

For maximum versatility in keyboard positioning

and system operation, the keyboard

the display unit of the

128-character set

is

extended

911

VDT. The full ASCII

in

is

separate from

capability with thirty-two additional codes for special characters and functions. The eighty-eight keys, shown are arranged

in

four groups, consisting of data-entry,

in

figure

21,

cursor-control and edit, numeric, and special-control keys.

Data-entry keys have a conventional keyboard

arrangement.

Pressing data

..

entry keys

in

the unshifted mode initiates transmission of lowercase serial ASCII characters. or UPPERCASE LOCK data-entry

ASCII characters.

keys

initiates transmission of uppercase

Pressing the CONTROL key

Pressing either the

key

simultaneously with the

SHIff

simultaneously with a selected special symbol or function

key

initiates serial transmission of the special symbol or function. The cursor-control and editing entries. The numeric-entry accounting industry's standard ten-key pad. the REPEAT key

keys

permit the operator to edit and modify

keys

key

simultaneously with any data-entry

causes the data entry to

are arranged in the

Pressing

be

repeated ten times

per second.

The

REPEAT, SHIFT, UPPERCASE LOCK, and

CONTROL

keys

do not send a code to the computer. Each of the other eighty-three keys has an associated

key

switch and electronics to produce the

full ASCII 128-character set and extended code capabilities when pressed individually or in conjunction with the SHIFT,

or CONTROL

The

911

if more than one

keys.

VDT's N-key rollover feature ensures that

key

is

UPPERCASE LOCK,

pressed, the codes for these

'--v--"

Numeric

keys are sent to the computer in the order the keys

are pressed without loss of data.

911

The

VDT controller

is

implemented on a full-

sized printed-circuit board that plugs into the chassis

of a

990

computer or an expansion chassis. The controller interfaces the keyboard and display unit with the available

990

CRU 110 bus. The controllers are

in

either single- or dual-port versions. Use

of dual-port controllers in multi terminal installations

conserves available chassis space.

The controller receives data for display from the computer and provides a self-contained display-image memory. Keyboard data from the

VDT from the controller to the computer, which determines appropriate action (such as write character to display-image memory, move cursor, or edit text) and stores this information in a selfcontained display-image memory. The controller

reads the data from its memory and generates the ASCII codes for the ninety-six standard display symbols, including uppercase and lowercase alphabetic, numeric, and special-symbol characters. The controller can generate thirty-two additional symbols with optional logic or can generate custom symbols and international-language fonts as another option. The controller rewrites (refreshes) the image on the screen fifty times per second, keeping the image uniformly bright and free of flicker.

Any change in the memory-stored data due to a

keyboard entry or computer output

is reflected in the display. The computer can fill the display screen with a completely characters) in

less

than

40

new

display (1920

milliseconds. This

eliminates the time-consuming line-by-line buildup of

Pad

is

transferred

(+,

-,

or

sixty

instantly

*,

etc.)

49

displays that terminals. Instant display applications in which display mUltiple pages for presentation to the operator. The operator can rapidly leaf through the pages without waiting for the terminal to present the selected display.

Device service routines for the 9 included in the DXIO operating system. The number of

VDTs and the controllers (determined by chassis slot) are specified when the DXIO system Each additional VDT expands the memory-resident section bytes; this required by the application program itself.

memory space available for application programs relatively small, the DXIO operating system must perform

operations, slowing overall system-response time.

is

characteristic

CRU

of

the DXIO operating system by about

is

in addition

an

excessive number

of

less-advanced

is

especially convenient for

is

organized into

II

VDT are

base addresses

is

generated and installed.

to

the memory space

of

disk roll-in/ roll-out

the VDT

1500

If

the

is

Model 810 Printer

The Model 810 Printer, shown in figure 22, multicopy impact printer, which features Instruments unique wire-matrix printhead and microprocessor-controlled bidirectional printing. S peed second. Throughput, which line length, varies from sixty lines per minute for full 132-character lines ten-character lines.

and look-ahead techniques. As the printhead reaches the end microprocessor examines the upcoming line and calculates the time to print with left-to-right motion and . with selected for minimum head travel and print time.

of

the 8 I 0 printer

Maximum throughput

of

one line, the printer's built-in

righhto,.left motion. The print direction

is

150

characters per

is

determined by average

to

440 lines per minute for

is

achieved by line buffering

is

Texa.s

a

is

Features

for use with the DS990 systems, include:

• Full ASCII character set with both uppercase and lowercase letters.

• Compressed-character printing. A full 132-column width can be printed on a 203-millimetre (8-inch) line length.

• Vertical-forms control (VFC). Up programmable vertical-forms programs may be

resident in nonvolatile storage. These programs can be entered from the 990 computer switches in the printer.

• Sprocket-type paper drive with adjustable width from 76 to

• Multicopy forms with up to six parts.

The 990 computer controls the printer and sends data module full-duplex, RS-232-C circuit, half-sized printedcircuit board computer. The interface module receives serial and commands from the EIA levels, and scnds them interface module also receives status from the printer and routes these signals to the computer. The halfsized interface board can be installed in either side of

a 990

chassis slot.

Optional extension cables, which are available in increments up to 305 metres (1,000 feet), provide versatility in locating a printer application.

The 810 printer

can be placed on top

cu~t()IJlt!~:s~pjlli_~~t

operating-system software, the 810 printer provides reliable hard copy at a very low price.

of

the 810 character printer, as supplied

to

eight

381

millimetres

at

a 4800-baud burst rate via the interface

to

the printer for printing. The interface

that

installs in a

CRU

slot

or

in a 990

is

a compact, tabletop unit that

of

t~J)l~

..

(3

to

15

CR

U slot

CR

U, converts them

to

the prini.t:r. The

I/O

expansion-

to

fit the customer's

the DS990 desk

O$_ratingwith.

inches).

or

of

or

the

from

the 990

data to

on a

__

DXI0

is

a

Figure 22. Model 810 Printer

To

operate a printer, software routines must

provide initialization, character transfer, and end-of-

data

reporting. Stand-alone software programs for printer operation can be easily designed and implemented; however, output than operational tests) calling the device service routine operating system.

is

to

the printer (other

normally accomplished by

of

the DXIO

Model 2230 and

Model

The Model 2230 and Model 2260 Line Printers, shown in figure 23, are free-standing, heavy-duty, drum-type impact printers, which are ideally suited for applications requiring high throughput and

so

2260 Line Printers

Line-Printer

nterface Card

I

(%

slot)

\

Ac

Power Cord

3.6m

(12ft)

Figure 23. Model 2230

consistent print quality. The printers print respectively, using a sixty-four character, 136-column format. These line printers produce a clear, crisp, straight printout on single- to six-part continuous forms in widths of inches).

The

2230

processing and business applications. The line

printers allow easy access for forms loading, ribbon

changing, normal maintenance, and repair. A fault-

indicator panel provides easy identification of operator-correctable problems. The self-contained line printers virtually eliminate operator and environmental discomfort by reducing acoustical noise to

Reliability and maintainability are also important features of the printers consist of the reliable Mark hammer, servo-controlled paper and ribbon-feed system, and rugged print drum. The electronics and major subassemblies are of modular construction to aid in rapid fault isolation and repair. The quick access and functional packaging result mean-time-to-repair. An internal self-test provides a built-in means for exercising the line printer off-line by allowing the selection of various test patterns and line formats.

*The unit dbA refers to decibels with respect to the "A" weighting curve from the American National Standard Specifications for sound-level meters (S1.4-1971).

less

300

and

than

2260

2230

and

Model 2260 Line Printers

2230

and

2260

and

600

lines per minute,

102

to

425

millimetres

line printers are ideal for data

79

dbA*.

and

2260

line printers. The line

IV

print

in

a minimum

(4

line

to

16.75

Standard features

printers include the following:

• ASCII sixty-four-character set with numbers, uppercase letters, and most commonly used symbols

• Tape-controlled vertical-format unit (VFU), consisting of a paper-tape reader and associated electronics, to enable handling of a variety of form lengths and to allow rapid paper slewing within individual forms

• Static eliminator to ease feeding and stacking problems caused by low-humidity conditions. This extends the operating range to humidity.

• Floor-mounted paper receptacle to facilitate paper collection and stacking

• Sprocket-type multiple-forms capability with adjustable width from

16

inches).

The interface module for the printer a half slot in the signals are transmitted to the interface board on the

CR card to the processor over the

printers are incorporated in the system and are activated by simplified logical-unit-

number routines for the line printers are easy to design and write.

is

a small printed-circuit board that occupies

U bus. Printer status

Device service routines for the

(LUNa)

Model

The Model figure 24, full-duplex data terminal, which with the solid-state thermal printhead printing of eighty-column lines per second. A typewriter-style, limited ASCII keyboard allows operator entries from the data terminal. A twin-tape cassette unit enables offline editing and cassette read/write/ copy. The interface board requires a half slot in the and interfaces with the

The loader ROM supplied with the

load programs from a cassette in the terminal. This capability testing programs that are not compatible with the operating system. For example, disk diagnostics can be loaded via a

The

tape-cassette form, but device service routines in the

733

is

a Silent

DS990 systems. Texas Instruments unique

DXI0 operating system

of

the

2230

and

2260

10

percent relative

127

to 406 millimetres

2230

or

2260

990

chassis. Print data and control

is

routed from the interface

CR

U bus.

2230

and

DXIO operating

references. Stand-alone service

733

ASR

ASR Data Terminal, shown in

700

733

ASR data terminal.

Data

automatic send/receive,

gives

CRU bus.

is

useful for entering and

Terminal

is

available for use

virtually silent

at

thirty characters

990

733

is

not available in

line

(5

line

2260

line

733

ASR

990

chassis

CPU will

ASR data

to

51

Figure 24. Model 733 ASR Data Terminal

DXI0

system support the use

terminal as an

110 terminal.

of

the

733

ASR data

Figure 25. Model 743

KSR

Data Terminal

Model

The Model figure

25,

which

is

The solid-state thermal printhead gives virtually silent printing characters per secono. A sixty-four-character subset of

ASCII forms the printer character set. A typewriter-style, limited operator entries from the The interface board requires a half slot chassis and interfaces with the

Device

terminal are included in the DXIO operating system.

For

users who have occasional need for hard-copy

output, the

economical means of obtaining hard copy from the

DS990 system. full

ASCII printing, forms entry,

printing, the

The Model a tabletop, light- to medium-duty, 4OO-card-perminute reader that takes standard-sized, eighty-

column punched or marked cards. Card capacity

1000

in the input hopper and

hopper. A fiber-optic read station, which

automatically by each incoming card, provides

excellent accuracy and reliability. The interface board occupies a half slot

743

KSR Data Terminal

743

KSR Data Terminal, shown in

is

a Silent

available for use with the DS990 system.

of

servicerotitines for the

743

S10

Model 804

S04

700,

full-duplex data terminal,

eighty-column lines

ASCII keyboard allows

743

KSR data terminal.

KSR data terminal

For

users who need mUltiple copies,

printer

is

remarkably economical.

Card

Card Reader, shown in figure

500

in

the 990 chassis and interfaces

at

CR

U bus.

743

KSRdata

is

the most

or

higher speed

Reader

in the output

thirty

in

the 990

is

26,

cleaned

is

Figure 26. Model 804

with the

includes device service routines for the reader. Punched cards are still the most commonly used input media for batch-processed jobs.

CR

U bus. The DX

Card

Reader

10

operating system

S04

card

Model FD800

Floppy-Disk System

The Model

figure

FS990 systems. The TX990/TXDS operating system

executes from a floppy disk. The

FDSOO

27,

serves as the prime mass-storage device for

Floppy-Disk System, shown in

FDSOO

floppy-disk

52

Figure 27. Model FD800 Floppy-Disk System

system does not have the storage capacity, speed, or TILINE interface necessary to execute the operating system or to support DXIO logical

However, the FD800 floppy disk can

110 device for physical records

a printer, keyboard, or ASR terminal. Original equipment manufacturers who develop software for

FS990-based applications or for intelligent terminals may wish to

the

DXIO Instruments-supplied utilities, a floppy disk can added to the DS990 system to transport developed programs to the smaller system.

FD800 floppy disks feature seventy-seven tracks with twenty-six sectors and a total capacity of Adjacent-track seek time average rotational latency floppy-disk controller uses the low- to medium-speed

CRU interface rather than the high-speed TILINE.

The average controller-to-host data-transfer rate

5K bytes per second. This transfer rate by the CR software.

use

the software-development power of

software in a DS990 system. With Texas-

256K

U I

10

activity and the application

in

the same sense as

128

bytes per sector for bytes per diskette. is

8 milliseconds, and

is

83

milliseconds. The

DXIO

be

used as an

is

determined

files.

be

is

The floppy-disk interface plugs into the interfaces with up to four floppy-disk drives. The chassis unit consists of a chassis with power supply that accommodates two floppy-disk drives.

990

chassis (the CRU bus) and

is

a full-sized card that

Communications Equipment

The

990

communications modules available for the

DS990 system are shown in figure

990

the of an asynchronous accessory auto-call unit. The communications interface module can which include modems and data-access arrangements.

an RS-232-C interface with full modem control signals for synchronous and asynchronous modems.

Baud rates of

4800, and

requirement. Character bits with programmable parity (odd, even, or none). Other features include a line-break detection

programmable detection, stop-bit selection and programmable self-test.

requires a half slot in the

interfaces with the

Computer Communications System Installation and

Operation Manual

modem and the

202-equivalent

capable of a full-duplex operation over a four-wire

private line or a half-duplex operation over a

network. The modem provides a loop-back for the

communications interface module, a choice

or

synchronous modem, and an

be

used with

990

The

communications interface module provides

75,

110, 150,

9600

meet almost any communication

size

200,

is

I generation, 250-millisecond timer,

SYN, DLE stripping, false-start-bit.

(l,

The

990

communications interface module

990

CRU bus. The Model

also covers the

990

synchronous modem.

990

The

asynchronous-modem kit provides a Bell-

(l200-baud) modem with auto-answer,

28.

They include

Bell

data sets,

300,

1200,

2400,

selected from 5 to 9

1-1 I 2,

or 2 stop

chassis and

990

asynchronous

bItS),

990

DDD

990

COMPUTER CHASSIS

I~

Half

Slot--..

r-------

I 1 Communications I

I Interface Module

I I

-,

I I

I

L

___

-----1-"1

Bell Data

103A, 103F,

201,202,208,

or Equivalent

I

I I

L

_________________

Bell Data-Set Interface

Figure 28. 990 Communications Modules

53

Set

~

ToDAA

990

COMPUTER CHASSIS

~Half

Communications Interface Module

1

J

990 Modem

I

Auto-Call

I

Built-in Modems

Slots--+-

Kit

and

Auto-Call

I

1

I

test. The module requires a half slot chassis and interfaces with a interface module (not included) via the top-edge connector and cable. The modem must to the chassis.

990 provides a for synchronous communication. The modem provides an internal clock and loop-back for a selftest.

990

communications interface module in the

990 synchronous-modem kit

The

asynchronous-modem kit, except this kit

Bell-201

The auto-call kit provides for

pulse

or

tone signals to telephone-switching circuitry.

CPU test of an auto-call module

The access to internal states. The module plugs into a half slot in the synchronous or asynchronous modem by a top-edge cable. The auto-call module must modem in the chassis.

A communications-software package from Texas Instruments. This package requires considerable customizing to meet the needs individual customer.

C-equivalent (2400-baud) modem

990

chassis and interfaces with a

990

in

the

990

communications

be

adjacent

is

similar to the

CPU calling via dial

is

provided by

be

adjacent to a

is

available

of

an

processor and devices that require TTL interface

signals. The jumper-wire option card provides options for sixteen inputs and sixteen outputs or fifteen inputs, fourteen outputs, and one maskable interrupt.

An interrupt request can

the state of the interrupt mask. A module requires a

990

half slot in the CRU bus. Top edge mates with a ribbon-cable connector.

chassis and interfaces with the

TTY

/EIA

be

polled regardless

Terminal

of

Interface Module

The Teletypewriter/Electronics Industries Association

(TTY / EIA) terminal interface module interfaces processors with terminal devices, such as VDTs and printers, that use EIA-standard RS-232-C or milliampere TTY current-loop interfaces. (Modems

be

should interface module because several data-set control signals are omitted from the TTY I EIA module occupies a half slot in the chassis and interfaces with the following baud rates can on the card:

interfaced via the communications

TIY

lElA

module.) The

CR

U bus. The

be

110,

300,

1200,

selected

4800, and

by

jumper wires

9600.

990

20-

990

Special

Special interface devices include units that are not

supported by device service routines under the operating system. They are not supported because they are application dependent or because they interface with equipment that Instruments standard line of these peripheral devices prepare a device service routine and link it to the DXIO operating system or to the appropriate

application .program.

Interface

will

Devices

is

not part

I/O

devices.

require the user to

of

Use

Texas

DXIO

of

EIA Data Modules

The Electronics Industries Association (EIA) data modules provide a general-purpose, 16-bit, parallel I/O

interface between the

external device(s) that requires EIA signal levels. The

jumper-wire option card provides options

inputs and sixteen outputs or fifteen inputs, fourteen outputs, and one maskable interrupt.

An interrupt request can the state half slot in the

CRU bus.

of

the interrupt mask. A module requires a

990

processor and any

of

sixteen

be

polled regardless

chassis and interfaces with the

of

TTL Data Modules

The transistor-transistor-Iogic provide two-way parallel interface between the

(TIL)

data modules

990

32-Bit Input/Transition

Detection Module

The 32-bit inputl transition detection module

monitors up to thirty-two TTL input lines. Any or all of the lines can the

990

CPU. The module can generate an interrupt when a transition occurs on any line and can supply the address and current state A programmable mask determines which lines

ge!J.~r~te

board can slot occupies only a half slot. The module two edge mates with two ribbon-cable connectors on the termination-panel cables.

aflint~rruPt

be

in

the

990

CR

U channels dedicated to a full slot. The top

be

read (sixteen at a time)

of

the interrupting line.

on

transitio~

masked. The module requires a full

chassis, although it physically

or

the

uses

by

entire

all thirty-

32-Bit Output-Data Module

The 32-bit output-data module provides thirty-two

be

buffered output lines; each line can a single line or as a member of a group of two to sixteen lines. Open-collector transistors on the output can sink volts in the channels dedicated to the slot. The module interfaces

with two ribbon-cable connectors on the terminationpanel cables.

200

milliamperes and hold off up to

dc.

This half-sized module requires a full slot

990

chassis because it

uses

addressed as

50

all thirty-two CR U

54

Digital-

II

0-

Termination-Panel

Module

The digital-I/O-termination-panel module provides the necessary space for terminating sixteen digital I/O

channels. The panel consists of sixteen cells, one per channel. Each resistors, capacitors, diodes, jumper wires, and optical isolators. Connection to digital-input or digital-output cards Connection to external devices terminal panel, schematic for the panel, rack-mounting kit, assembly drawing for the rack-mounting kit, and cable. When used with the 32-bit input module or the 32-bit output module, two kits per module are required to terminate all available channels. This kit is modules.

strips, one per cell. The kit contains a

not compatible with the sixteen

cell

provides pads for installing

is

by means of a ribbon cable.

is

by means of

I/O

TTL data

D I A Converter

Modules

The D / A converter modules generate one to four analog output signals. each channel

CRU to any value in output range within a 12-bit resolution. For the voltage option, the output stage regulates voltage into 2K-ohm or larger resistance. For the current option, the output stage regulates

current into

selected output ranges are as follows:

is

500-ohm or smaller resistance. Switch-

Output voltage (or current) of

independently commanded via a

second. On-board switches select a ±10.24, ±5.12,

o to 10.24, or 0 to 5.12 voltage range. A module

requires a half slot in the with the

990

DS990 computer systems are supplied with the

990/10 minicomputer shown in figure

minicomputer

The

thirteen-slot chassis shown in figure provides dc power, cooling fans, mounting slots, and interconnections for the and peripheral controllers/interfaces. The integral front panel provides a keylock control and a complete programmer panel.

Each chassis slot has two connectors

which mate with edge connectors on the horizontally

CRU bus.

Chassis Considerations

is

slide-mounted in the DS990 desk.

990/10 minicomputer

990

is

packaged in the

990

CPU boards, memory,

-

.

~~~-,

...

I J I \

,I,

.!!L~

e~

.:.

....... ~ .....

chassis and interfaces

29.

The

30.

The chassis

(P 1 and P2),

!!!!!!I!!!!!!

~!!'!I!!!!!!!!

___

•

Voltage Range

±10.24 V ±5.12 V

o

to

10.24 V

o

to

5.12 V

The maximum settling time to one-half LSB microseconds for voltage output. The volts per microsecond. A module requires a half slot in the

990

chassis and interfaces with the CRU bus.

AID

Current Range

±20.48 ±10.24

o o

to to

MA MA

20.48

10.24

Converter

MA MA

slew

rate

is

10

Modules

The A/ D converter modules provide sixteen to sixtyfour analog input lines. When commanded by the CPU, a module reads a channel and represents the voltage as a 12-bit binary number. used for single-ended channels; a pair of input lines

is

used for differential channels. The maximum

is

throughput rate

27,500 single-ended channels per

One input line

is

Figure 29. Model

mounted logic boards. Most interconnections between logic boards are made backpanel that links the chassis-slot connectors. The back panel etch continues the control signals from slot 1 to all other slots in the chassis. distributes two and ECC array boards, require additional interconnections. These board pairs, which are installed in adjacent slots,

jumper boards on top-edge (outside) connectors.

Cable connections to external devices (printers, terminals, and disk drives) are also made at connectors on the logic boards.

dc

power. Some logic boards, such as the

990

CPU boards or the ECC memory controller

990/10

Minicomputer

by

use

cables or special

an etched

It

also

t'lp-edge

55

177.80 mm

(7 in.)

.==~=[J

..............

-.-

•••••

I

Piug-in

Circuit Boards

_I~~

311.15 mm I

(12.25 in.)

A fixed CR U base address half-slot location, except the first slot location. Interrupt wires from each half-slot location (except slot

1) are routed to an interrupt jumper connector.

Interrupt assignments and CRU-base-address assignments must

opt:rating-sysiem generaiion. Default vaiues that

correspond to the standard assumed by the sysgen program. Interrupt assignments, CR

locations are entered on a chassis map when the system

--

482.60 mm I

(19 in.)

Figure 30. Model

Thirteen-Slot Chassis

be

U base addresses, and board

is

assembled.

---

990/10

Minicomputer

is

assigned to each

known at the time of

DS990 configuration are

DXI0

Slot 8 controller, another TILINE controller. port 9 I I VDT controller supplied with any system. Slot

is

available for the addition of another disk

a 979A magnetic-tape controller, or

Slot 9 holds the dual-

DS990

10

and slot 6 are available for the addition of another 9 I I VDT controller; this raises the system capability to six VDTs. floppy-disk controller if an selected. Slot

12

holds the optional half-slot printer

FD800 floppy disk

and card-reader interface boards. optional EIA interface, which or

743

KSR data terminal.

Slot I I holds the

Slot

13

is

used for a

is

holds the

733

ASR

This standard configuration meets the most common user needs but remains within conservative chassis-design guidelines for dc-power consumption and heat dissipation. configuration usually requires an chassis. An additional memory array board can added in slot

Standard DS990 Configuration

5.

110 expansion beyond this

110 expansion

be

I 990/10 AU2

990iiO

2

ECC

3

ECC

4

ECC

5

911

6

AUi

Memory Controller

Memory Array

Memory Array*

VDT

Controller (5

and

6)

*

Standard Chassis Configuration

DS990 Systems

in

Figure

990 chassis. The chart shows which logic boards are

instaHec!

addresses and interrupt assignments are omitted. The

two 990

The basic

next two slots. Memory byte ECC controller board and one 64K-byte memory array board.

type follows:

~--

31

is

a standard configuration chart for the

in-each

--

of

the

.

thirteensiots~··eRU

-base

_.

CPU boards occupy the first pair of slots.

128K

bytes of ECC memory occupy the

is

partitioned into one 64K-

Slot 7 holds the memory-disk controller. The disk

is

determined by the DS990 model number, as

08990

Model Number

4

6 8

Primary Maximum Drives

Disk Type Per

DS10 2 I DS25 4

DS50 4

Controller

~

Controller

Disk

7

Other

TI

8

911

9

10

911

·FfojipY::DTsl(-COnfrolTer···-

n

Printer*

12 13

Figure 31. Standard

LINE Controller*

VDT

Controller

VDT

Controller (3

*Options

to

990

(1

and

2)

and

4)*

Card

Reader*

EIA

Terminal*

basic

DS990·system

Chassis Configuration Chart

Dc-Power Considerations

Direct-current operating power for the is

furnished by a chassis-mounted power supply. Operating voltages available are maximum), -5,

+

12,

and

-12

volts.

Direct-current operating voltages are distributed to the logic boards by backplane wiring to the connectors at each slot location. Voltages that are

+5

(40-ampere

990

computer

S6

critical to memory-refresh operations are distributed

1-7.

separately in slots voltages on the memory boards also

Selecting one of the standard configurations specified in this data sheet power-supply ratings are not exceeded.

use

plan to

install custom logic modules should perform powerdrain calculations. Standard charts to aid these calculations are included in the

Family Catalog.

nonstandard configurations or plan to

CRU and TILINE

If

the standard thirteen-slot chassis does not provide enough available mounting slots or meet user requirements, expansion to one or more additional chassis becomes desirable. The TILINE bus and different chassis, or they can both the same chassis.

a 4O-ampere power supply. Except for the front panel, it expansion chassis has a simplified front panel with keylock control. switches and data indicators featured on the programmer panel. The expansion chassis can equipped with slides for rack mounting or with a dust cover for tabletop

expander board in the main chassis and a full-slot CRU buffer in each expansion chassis. The CRU buffer must chassis, leaving slots interface modules. Center card guides allow the division of full slots into half slots (up to a

CRU bus

An expansion chassis

is

identical to the main

CRU bus expansion requires a full-slot CRU

be

installed in slot 1 of the expansion

The distribution of these

is

split.

will

assure that the

Users who

990

Computer

I/O

Expansion

dc

power to

can.

be

extended individually into

be

extended to

is

a thirteen-slot chassis with

990

chassis. The

It

does not have the operator-entry

use.

2-13

available for CRU

be

maximum of twenty-four). A single CRU expander can service two expansion chassis. The transfer rate in the

reduced to 250K bytes per second. A 3.7-metre foot) cable from the expander to the buffer allows convenient positioning of the chassis.

TILINE bus expansion to a single chassis requires

two full-slot TILINE couplers, one in the expansion

chassis. The expansion chassis provides up to twelve

full slots for memory or TILINE controllers.

TILINE devices

boards. TILINE transfers to expansion modules require an additional

It

is

electrically possible to chain TILINE expansion chassis, but the 0.5-microsecond penalty for a coupler pair makes expansion in a "star" more desirable. Each expansion chassis in the "star" requires a separate TILINE coupler in the main chassis. The 3.7-metre (12-foot) coupler-to-coupler cable allows convenient positioning of the expansion chassis.

In practice, the need for

is

chassis reet with no expansion or with a single combination CRU /TILINE expansion chassis.

Users with unusual to the Model data sheets for the individual contact Texas Instruments for assistance. Appendixes

F and G provide additional information on chassis and cabinet selection and planning. A list of the contents and shipping, information on site requirements, and lists of available documentation are provided in Appendixes H, I,

quite rare. Most user requirements can

of

the system kits, information on packing

CRU expansion chassis

CR

U expansion

cannot

990

be

packaged on half-slot

0.5

microseconds to complete.

mUltiple expansion

I/O

requirements should refer

Family Chassis Data Sheet and to

I/O

J, and

K,

respectively.

CRU data-

is

(l}~

be

devices or should

57

58

Customer-

SUPp'ort

Services

Customer-Support

Services

Texas Instruments has specifically developed a broad range of customer services to accommodate the

diverse needs of a growing customer base that

It

represents all segments of the marketplace. Texas Instruments goal to all minicomputer products and services for our customers. Therefore, the services presented in this section cover all phases of computer-system project implementation. Services can

Hardware

Installation of all standard hardware products forty-eight United provides the following services:

• Proper unpacking of all equipment

• Verification of shipment completeness

• Signal-cabling connection between central processor unit (CPU) and peripherals

• Verification of hardware operational status

• Loading and execution of hardwaredemonstration-test (HDT) software.

Technically skilled and trained personnel familiar with the technical and operational details of the equipment perform the installation in accordance with correct configuration and start-up procedures. This approach (I) minimizes installation and start-up time,

(2)

simplifies multi site concurrent installations and start-up at customer sites where no technical staff exists, and system before on-line

Software

Installation

is

States. Hardware installation

(3)

ensures functional operation of

Installation

be

the complete source of

be

selected to best suit

990

computer-family

available within the contiguous

use.

is

application and customer requirements. requirements develop, please consult with the local

Texas Instruments field sales engineer.

Texas Instruments customer services encompass the following areas: hardware installation, software installation, education classes, and telephone hot line.

DX

10 software options (such as DXIO

The service does not include linking customer-

generated device service routines, application

programs, or system modifications. apply if nonstandard equipment the system. Customers who own equipment are advised to let the Texas Instruments systems analyst check the unencumbered system and software before additional hardware connected and the final sysgen

Hardware

Three types of hardware-maintenance arrangements are available nationwide from Texas Instruments: maintenance-agreement service (basic, extended, and full coverage), on-call service, and fixed-price repair service. parts inventory locally stocked in accordance with the local base of system configurations and backed

by

up offices and the Texas Instruments Austin, Texas, factory.

r.ardware maintenance, software update,

operating system and standard DS990

DXIO

COBOL) purchased

FORTRAN or

at

the same time.

is

will

be attaching their

is

Maintenance

Service personnel are supplied with a spare-

additional parts inventories at the district

As

unique

It

also does not

interfaced with

performed.

is

Texas Instruments performs a generation (sysgen) operation in the factory for the items specified in the customer's purchase order (unless the hardware-only version the hardware has been installed and checked customer's site, a Texas Instruments systems analyst

will

initiate operation of the

and verify that the factory-generated system runs

properly at the site. The systems analyst sysgen the system as indicated and verify proper operation of the

applies only to a

DXIO

DS990 system with the licensed

DXIO

operating system. This service

system-

is

specified). After

at

operating system

will

re-

the

The range of service coverage, shown in tables

and

14,

allows customers to select the best service plan for each application. Nationwide service personnel and computerized dispatching coordinate every effort to meet the needs of Texas Instruments customers.

Maintenance Agreement

The basic-coverage monthly rate for the

is

maintenance-agreement service computer-family product in the itemized price list.

S9

shown for each

13

990

Table 13. Maintenance-Agreement Service

Coverage

Basic Coverage

Extended Coverage

Full Coverage Transportation

Coverage

Shop

Standard

Overtime Fieid Rate

Rate

Field Rate

Description

Service 5:00

Service 8:00 8:00

Service All travel

charges for

on

equipment

p.m., Monday through Friday, excluding holidays.

on

equipment

a.m.

to

midnight, Monday through Friday, and during

a.m.

to

5:00

on

equipment

by

automobile and commercial surface and air carriers. This rate includes

travel time

Table

Service on requiring service

Service 5:00

Service 5:00 8:00

equipment

on

equipment

p.m., Monday through Friday.

on

equipment p.m., Monday through Friday. Service a.m. and after

for eight hours during

for sixteen consecutive hours during

p.m.

on

Saturday, excluding holidays.

twenty-four hours per day, seven days per week.

in

transit as well as travel expenses.

14.

On-Call Service

Description

during normal

to

a Texas Instruments service center.

for

up

to

exceeding eight hours during

5:00

p.m., Monday through Friday, and any time on Saturday.

shop

hours if

eight hours during

the

period from

on

equipment

8:00

a.m.

to

the

period from

the

period from

the

customer delivers equipment

the

period from

the

period from

during

8:00

a.m.

8:00

a.m.

the

periods before

to

Sunday and

Rate

Living Expenses

Transportation Fees

Holiday

Service on

Memorial Day, Independence Day, Labor Day, Thanksgiving Day, Friday after

Thanksgiving Day, Christmas Day, Texas

All travel

equipment

by

automobile and commercial surface and air carriers.

Extended and full coverages are offered only where Texas Instruments can ensure adequate availability

personnel to maintain acceptable service and

of. response time. Service calls resulting from failures or problems not the fault

will

equipment

be

of

Texas Instruments

separately invoiced

at

Texas

Instruments then-current standard service rates.

The maintenance-agreement service covers all

routine maintenance (including labor, travel, and material) except those customer responsibilities such as cleaning tape-transport heads, air filters, printheads, and other first-line maintenance items as specified in the equipment manuals. Customer care equally important to ensure trouble-free operation and optimum performance levels.

On-Call Service

For customers who prefer service on an on-call basis (service performed outside the hours of an agreement and service for customers not covered by a service

on

Sundays

or

holidays (New Year's Day, Good Friday,

Instruments floating holiday).

agreement), Texas Instruments customer engineers are available

at

Texas Instruments then-current standard service rates for labor, travel, aIid subsistence as described in the 990 Computer Family

Price

List. Rates are subject to change without

notice. Instruments office hours effort basis. Material

On-call service outside local Texas

will

be

provided on a best-

will

be

charged

at

Instruments then-current price.

Customers covered

by

Texas Instruments

hardware-maintenance service are benefited in several

ways.

Highly skilled, expertly trained Texas

is

Instruments customer engineers provide the maintenance service. the board 990

level

computer-family products are designed and/

Service work

to maximize system availability.

is

performed

selected with reliability and board-level service as the

primary guidelines. Maintenance-agreement-service customers have priority in both service scheduling and spare parts during peak periods of service

requests.

Texas

at

All

or

60

Fixed-Price Repair Service

The fixed-price repair service who stock their own spares computer-family products and service their own equipment. Factory fixed-price repair enables the doit-yourself customer to receive a quality repair. repairs are made equipment and facilities especially designed for making component-level repairs. To ensure a quality repair, Texas Instruments inspects all work for material and workmanship before it the customer.

When an assembly by Texas Instruments and no request has been made for the return of the same-serial-number assembly, Texas Instruments repair the defective assembly. Repair or exchange

most assemblies

days.

Fixed-price repair service offers the following

services:

• Replacement assemblies

refurbished parts of equal quality and

of

defects in material and workmanship for a

period of thirty days from date of shipment to

customer.

• Exchange assemblies are shipped from Texas

Instruments upon receipt of defective part from

customer.

• Complete factory unit testing of each assembly

performed Instruments material and workmanship

specifications.

For an additional per part charge, two options are available.

Instruments the same-serial-number assembly. This option applicable when the customer has made modifications to the assembly. to customer-made modifications are necessary to test the returned assembly in accordance with Texas Instruments test specifications, labor and material will standard shop rate and an additional charged for handling. The returned assembly should be tagged that return of the same-serial-number assembly

required.

A forty-eight-hour, fixed-price expedite option available for an expedite charge of This expedite option

orders only and replacement assemblies. The customer calls the fixedprice repair center for an authorization number and

Upon receipt

be

charged

by

skilled technicians using test

is

will,

will

be

in

strict accordance with Texas

will

repair and return· to the customer

at

Texas Instruments then-current

the customer to specifically indicate

is

subject to the availability of

is

for those customers

of

standard

deemed acceptable for repair

at its option, exchange or

accomplished within fourteen

will

be

of

written notice, Texas

If

removals or repairs

for single-part emergency

is

returned to

of

new

$25

990

or

will

be

is

will

be

per part.

All

of

free

is

provides shipping, billing, and purchase-order information. Subject to the availability of the

will

replacement parts, Texas Instruments the customer with delivery information. not available, Texas Instruments estimated date of availability.

Benefits of fixed-price repair service include:

• Lowest-cost equipment service when customer maintains an on-site spare-parts inventory and a technical staff

• Increased system uptime due to minimum time required for service response and exchange of defective assemblies

• Optional repair and return assemblies for an additional charge.

Software

The

990

licensed software includes a one-year software subscription service providing software updates in the year following purchase. The option for annual renewal available for a sixty-day period after the initial oneyear term lapses. The subscription service provides an updated version of the software and a one-year SUbscription service for customers who allow the subscription service to lapse.

The subscription service specifically listed for that product. The media provided or

DS50 disk. Software subscription updates on DS25 and packs supplied requested. Subscription updates on DS50 disk packs are available for additional charge by including an order for a pack.

Subscribers

of

an impending software-update release to send in a disk pack for update. Texas Instruments liable for loss or damage to the disk packs before arrival arrangements should condition in transit. Disks inspection by Texas Instruments, and disks found to be Customers only, and Texas Instruments postage.

software any additional features available through noncurrent software releases

at

unacceptable

Subscribers are encouraged to remain under the

Update

of

the subscription service

by

Texas Instruments except for the DS25

DS50 disk media

by

the customer unless otherwise

will

have sixty days after notification

Texas Instruments; thus, suitable

be

made to protect their

will

be

returned to the customer.

will

pay for postage to Texas Instruments

SUbscription service to receive the benefit of

or

new

software releases. Support for

will

of

customer-modified

is

provided on the media

will

be

new

DS25 or DS50 disk

will

be subject to

will

pay for return

improvements made

will

be

provide

If

parts are

provide an

is

will

issued on disk

new

DS25 or

will

not

limited to

be

61

correcting any deficiencies deemed necessary by Texas Instruments and

will

be

available for only six

months from the date of the most recent release.

Customer-Support Line

(Hot

Line)

Education Classes

Texas Instruments offers regularly scheduled courses in programming and hardware maintenance to users of

990 computers. The courses are conducted at the Digital Systems Division Education and Development Center in Austin, Texas. Courses include both classroom lecture and laboratory projects. The following subjects are some of the regularly scheduled courses:

• Introduction to

• Programming the 990/10 Using DXIO

• 990

Hardware Maintenance

• CRU Peripheral Interface Kits Maintenance

• TILINE Peripheral Interface Kits Maintenance

• Introduction to the 990/9900 Computer Family

• TMS 9900 Software Development.

Texas Instruments educational classes benefit customers in several and/ or software technical staff receives applicable

+A~~ft~,..n.l

........

au

...............

A,I

....

u ..........

experience before hardware installation and operation. Technical understanding of Texas Instruments hardware and software before application-system design and development enhances successful project implementation.

"'n+:.n.

".vu

990

Assembly Language

ways.

Customer hardware

.........

...1

1.

__

....1

~l1U

....

l1~l1U.,-VU

__

1_1...

___

14UU141.Ul,

...

___

•

The Customer-Support Line (hot line)

is

a telephone number for customers to use for direct contact with the factory. A selected staff

of

senior engineers and programmers provides technical assistance on all Texas Instruments computer-system products. The hot line makes available the software-design, hardware-design, and manufacturing-engineering expertise

of

the entire manufacturing facility.

62

Appendixes

The following eleven appendixes provide detailed information about the include SCI commands, requirements, recommended memory and disk configurations, disk requirements, 990 computer chassis and selection and planning, DS990 system kit contents, space, power, and environmental requirements, packing and shipping, and documentation. further information, consult a Texas Instruments field sales engineer.

I/O

Appendix SCI

Table interpreter (SCI) commands available with the DXIO operating system. The SCI than ranging from setting the time of day compiles to backing up disks.

Commands

15

lists all standard system command

170

procedures that provide system functions

Appendix

990

The instruction set of the 990 computer family

readily lends itself to efficient processing through simple and effective programming. Table instruction set of the

Instruction

Appendix

Memory

Table

17 system-memory requirements (in bytes) for all of the available

requirements are in addition to these requirements. Each line item in the form following paragraphs.

Item

1.

DXI0

operating system contains the anchors for the data structures that are necessary for the operating system to run.

Items 2-13. Physical-Device Support. These items cover the memory requirements for the anchors for the actual physical devices that are included in the system.

Requirements

is

a memory-estimating form that gives

DS990 options. Note that user-memory

Operating System. The base portion

DS990 system. Appendixes

990 instructions, memory

expansion chassis planning, cabinet

For

A

is

a collection

or

initiating

of

more

B

Set

16

lists the

990 computer family.

C

is

explained in the

of

the

each request. A suggested quantity for this item two tasks. The quantity entered for this item answer to the sysgen question MANAGEMENT TASKS: (2)".

Item

15.

System Overlay Area. The DXIO operating system supports system overlays. The number of overlay areas affects the response time for nonmemory-resident functions. A smaller number of overlay areas will require more disk accesses to perform area. A suggested minimum quantity for this item two overlay areas. The quantity entered for this item is

(2)".

Support (Items 1-15). This item represents the base

operating-system table support (for devices) and other low-level support. This number does not include the table space for task support, additional I/O

operating system provides common routines that support device 1/ the routines necessary to support physical devices.

Under the communications-emulator package requires a COMMCOM module in the Device phase structures and code and serves as an interface for the communications physical-device the standard the communications-package manuals.

Tables. Table areas are required for each communications link supported by the DX operating system.

system provides routines that support supervisor calls (SVCs). This number includes the size

routines that support the standard supervisor calls used

These subtotals are the sizes for the standard DX supported devices. Only one copy device service routine will be included in the system even when more than one physical device same type

an

operation that uses the system overlay

the answer to the sysgen question "OVERLAYS:

Item

16.

Sum

of

the Base Operating-System

buffers, and intertask buffer area.

Item

17.

Device

18.

Item

COMMCOM module are documented in the

Item

Items

IBM

DXIO operating system, the

of

the system. COMMCOM contains data

19.

IBM

20.

SVC Support. The DXIO operating

by

DXIO software.

21-30. Physical Device Service Routines.

is

I/O

Support. The

O.

This number includes the size

3780

Communications

DXI0

I/O

3780 Communications-Support

connected to the system.

"FILE-

DXI0

I/O

IBM

I/O

Support

I/O

support and

modules. Details concerning

of

the

of

the necessary

is

Support.

3780

IBM

10

of

the

is

the

is

of

3780

10-

Item

14.

Disk File-Management Task. The filemanagement task processes all (I/O)

requests. With additional copies of this task, several concurrently, yielding faster average processing of

file

I/O

requests can

file

be

processed

input/ output

The communications device support for the DXIO operating system includes modules that control a communications link using the

synchronous, communications-line discipline. They

interface with standard

63

DXI0

IBM

I/O

support via

binary,

specialized modules included in the Device Support

phase

of

the DX

10

operating system. One

I/O

device-service-routine module will support mUltiple communications links

of

the same type. Refer to the

communications-package manuals for additional

details.

functions necessary for the operation system. This item reflects the size tasks that the operating system uses.

of

the DX

of

memory-resident

If

the user adds

10

any memory-resident tasks to the system program file, then the size

of

the user's task(s) should be

added to this number.

Item 31. Sum

20). This total by determining the largest value adding items 18-23. physical-device

of

SVC and

is

a composite value that

I/O

of

It

includes the SVC and

I/O

support for a

Support (Items 17-

is

derived

items 24-35 and

DXI0

operating

system having standard devices and supervisor calls.

Item 32. File-Management Support. The DXIO

operating system supports four standard file types:

relative-record, sequential, program, and image files. This item standard files the

33

for optional key-indexed file support.

is

the size required

DXI0

to

support the

system uses. Refer to item

Item 33. Key-Indexed Files. Optionally, the DXIO operating system supports key-indexed files. This item must

be

included

to

have key-index ed-file

support. The answer entered for the sysgen question

"KIF?

(NO)" must

be

"yes" to include key-indexed-

file logic in the newly generated system.

Item 34. DBMS 990. Detailed information on the data-base management system for 990 computers (DBMS

990) will be available in the next revision

of

this manual.

Item 35. Largest Physical Record on Disk. The

DXI0

operating system supports a default record size for blocked files. This item reflects the largest physical-record size for blocked files. This number also should include the largest logical record (task

record)

that

is

within the largest blocked physical

record (disk record). The number entered for the sysgen question should only be the size

"BUFFER

of

MANAGEMENT:

the largest blocked

(lK)"

physical record.

Item 36. Sum

of

File-Management Support (Items

32, 33, 34, and 35). This item represents the memory

size required for the

DXI0

standard disk-file support

and also includes the support for specialized files.

Item 37. Size

is

a region

It

is

used for intertask communications and coordination and using this area. This this item this area. Therefore, it

of

Common. The task common area

of

system memory accessible to all tasks.

is

directly controlled by the tasks

is

an optional item. The size

is

directly related

to

the tasks that will use

is

difficult to estimate a

of

useful size for this item without knowing the tasks that will use the area.

Item 38. Memory-Resident System Tasks. The DXI0 memory

operating system requires some tasks to be in

at

all times. These tasks perform specific

Item 39. Size 37, and 38). The maximum size operating system depends on the separate sizes

of

the Largest Item (Items 31, 36,

of

the DXlO

of the different parts but does not depend on the sum of

these parts. Therefore, the DXlO operating system can be much larger than the limiting bound of 63,488 bytes described in item 40.

Item 40.

is

bounded by hardware limitations. The number given for this item device service routine.

number

calculations can

Item 41. Sum partial sum This calculated subtotal includes all code necessary for the

DXI0

is

the bound from which the remaining

Limit. The

is

be

made.

of

Items

of

the required

DXI0

operating system

a maximum bound for a

For

practical purposes, the

16

and

39.

This total

DXI0

operating system.

of

the executable

DXI0

system to operate. It

is

does not include the dynamic table space or buffer

space that

Item 42. Difference positive subtotal to table space,

subtotal

is

needed to support any active task.

of

Item 40 and Item 41. This

is

the size available

I/O

buffers, and intertask.

is

a negative number, then items

to

be

allocated

If

1-41

this

must

be recalculated, an arithmetic error has occurred, or

the specified system has exceeded the allowable size.

Item 43. Additional 110 Buffers. The buffers for

I/O

operations through physical devices are allocated in the system table area. Additional space may needed for these buffers if many Initiate are

made·

to

the system. Buffets for special devices should also buffer area. This number

question

be

included in the amount of additional

is

the answer to the sysgen

"I/O

BUFFERS: (0)".

I/O

be

calls

Item 44. Intertask Buffers. Tlle intertask communications buffers (other than common) are taken f;om the system table area. This number

maximum amount

of

memory that the

DXI0

is

the

operating system can use for intertask communications buffers. This parameter must defined when

system. This number

Sort/

Merge

is

to be run on the

is

the answer to the sysgen

be

question "INTERTASK: (l00)".

Item 45. Active Foreground Tasks. An active

foreground task in the

DXI0

operating system

is

a process that requires operator interaction but does not allow operator interaction with other tasks at the same time. This item amount

of

system table area required to support

is

an estimate

of

the

an

a

64

Table 15.

SCI

Command Index

Command

AA AB*

AF Append File AGL AL ALGS

AS ASB* AT AUI

BACC*** BATCH** BD BL

CC CD CF CFDIR CFIMG CFKEY CFPRO CFREL CFSEQ CKS Copy CL* CM CSF CSK CSM

DA DB DCOPY* DD DF DL* DO

DP DPB*

DS* DSB* DT DUI DXTX*

EBATCH** EC ENDKEY**

FB*

FL FS*

FW*

Description

Add

Alias

Assign

Breakpoint

Assign

Global LUNO

Assign

LUNO

Assemble System

Assign

Synonym

Assign

Simulated Breakpoint Activate Task Assign

User Break Apart COBOL Compiler

Begin Batch Execution Backup Directory Backspace

Copy /Concatenate Copy Directory Create File

Create

Directory File

Image

Create

Key-Irtdexed File

Program File

Create Create

Relative-Record File

Create

Sequential File

KIF Copy Lines Create

Message

Create System Files

Copy Sequential Copy Sequential Media

Delete AI Delete Breakpoint Diskette Copy/Restore Delete Directory Delete File Delete Lines Delete Overlay Delete Procedure Delete

Breakpoint Delete String Delete Simulated Breakpoint Delete Task Delete DX10 File

End Batch Execution Error Count End CFKEY Specification

Find Byte Forward Find String Find Word

ias

and

User

Space

and

Link

Generated

I D

LUNO

File

to

Sequential File

to

Key

from Pathname

Proceed

to

from

I D

Diskette File

LUNO

Utility

Command Description

HO HT

IBMUTL IDT IF* IGS INV

10

IP

IS* ISL ISO IT IV

KBT* KEY** KO KT

LB* LC LD LLR LM LS LSB* LTS LUI

MAD MADU MD MFN MFP MIR* MKF ML*

MLP

MM* MOE* MPE*

MPF

MPI

MR*

MRF* MRM* MS* MSG MT* MTE* MTS MUI MVI

MWR*

Halt

Output

Halt Task IBM Conversion

Initialize Date Insert File I nstall Generated System Initialize New Volume Install Overlay

at Device

Utility

and

Instal! Procedure

Initialize

Initialize Install System Overlay Install Task Install Volume

Kill

CFKEY

Kill Kill Task

List Breakpoints List Commands List Directory List Logical Record List Memory List Synonyms List Simulated Breakpoints

List Terminal Status List

Modify Modify Map Diskette Modify Modify Modify Internal Registers

Map Key-Indexed Files Move Lines Modify Modify Modify Modify Map Program File Modify Modify Modify Modify Modify

Send a Message

Modify

Modify Modify Modify Modify

Modify

the System System Log

Background Task

Key Specification

Output

User

at Device

IDs

Absolute Diskette Allocable Diskette

File

Path

name

File Protection

LUNO Protection Memory Overlay Entry Procedure Entry

Program

Roll

Relative

Right Margin Synonym

Tab Settings Task Entry Terminal Status

User Volume Information

Workspace

Image

to

ID

Time

Unit

File

Registers

6S

Table 15.

SCI

Command Index (Continued)

Command

PB* PF PGS

Q QD* QE* Q$SYN

RAL RD RGL RL RO RPGCONV

Description Command

Proceed from Breakpoint Print File Patch Generated System

Quit

SCI

Quit Debug

Mode

Quit Text Editor

Erase

Secret Synonyms

Release

all

LUNOs Restore Directory Release Global

Release

LUNO

LUNO Resume Output at RPG

II

Diskette Conversion

Utility RPGEDIT RS* RST* RT*

RWL SAD

SADU

SBS*

RPG

II

Source Editor Replace String Resume Simulated Task Resume Task Rewind

LUNO

Show Absolute Diskette Show Aiiocabie Diskette Unit Show Background Status

SOT Show Date and Time SF SIR* SIS SL* SMS SOS

Sp* SPI

SRF ST*

STl

STS SV*

SVS SWR*

TGS TXCM TXCP* TXDF TXDX* TXFD* TXMD* TXSF*

UV VB VC WAIT*

File

Show Show Internal

I/O

Show Show

Line

Registers

Status

Show Memory Status

Show Output Status

Show

Panel Show Program I Show

Relative

mage

to

File

Simulate Task

Show

Terminall-nformation

Show Task Status Show Value Show Volume Status Show Workspace

R~gisters

Test Generated System Compress Diskette Change Diskette

Delete Diskette

File

File Diskette File to DX10 Format Diskette Map

Diskette

System File

Set

Unload Volume Verify Backup Verify Copy

Wait

for Background

Device

File

Protect

File

XANAL

* XB* XBB* XBSM* XCC XCCF*

XCP XCPF*

XCT XCTF*

XCU*

XD* XE* XES

XFC

XFCF*

'-Ir""T"

Ar

I

XFTF*

XGEN*

XHT XLE

XMA XPS

XRPGB XRPGC XRPGCF

XRPGT XRPGTF

XSB* XSM* XSMF*

XT XTS XTU*** XTUM***

Foreground

*

**

Batch

***

With

Analyze DX10

Conversion

Scaling

EXI:!(;Ult!

Execute G Program

only

source packages

Description

Crash

File Execute Batch Execute Business

SCI

BASIC Execute Batch Sort/Merge Execute Execute

in Execute Execute

COBOL COBOL

Foreground

COBOL COBO

Compiler

Program

L Program

in

Foreground Execute Execute

COBOL COBOL

Task Task

in

Foreground Execute 2.2 to 3.0

Initiate Debug

DX10

Mode Initiate Text Editor Initiate Text Editor with

Execute FORTRAN Compiler Execute FORTRAN Compiler

in

Foreground

FORTRAN

Task

Execute FORTRAN Task in

Foreground

EN

990-Auto-Sysgen

Execute and Halt Task Execute Linkage Editor

Execute

Macro

Assembler

Execute Patch Synonym Processor

Bind

RPG

II

Program

Execute

RPG

II

Compiler

II

Compiler

in

Foreground txecu-te R PG-lf Task

Execute

" Task

in

RPG

Foreground Execute Scientific

BASIC Execute Sort/Merge Execute Sort/Merge

in

Foreground

Execute Task

Execute Task and Suspend

SCI

Execute Transliteration Utility

Execute Transliteration Utility Using

MIRA

only

66

Table

16.990

Instruction Set

Texas Instruments DS990 General Information Manual

Specifications and Main Features

Frequently Asked Questions

User Manual