Nokia 2180 Service manual
Programme’s After Market Services
Technical Documentation
SER VICE
MANUAL
[NMP Part No.0275334]
NHD–4 SERIES
CELLULAR
PHONES
Original 11/97
MOBILE PHONES
Copyright 1997. Nokia Mobile Phones. All Rights Reserved.
Programme’s After Market Services
Technical Documentation
AMENDMENT RECORD SHEET
Amendment
Number
Date Inserted By Comments
Original 11/97
Copyright 1997. Nokia Mobile Phones. All Rights Reserved.
Programme’s After Market Services
Technical Documentation
Chapter 1
Foreword
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Page 1–1
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Technical Documentation
CHAPTER 1– FOREWORD
CONTENTS
Introduction 1–3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Service Manual Structure 1–3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Company Policy 1–4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Warnings and Cautions 1–5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Warnings: 1–5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cautions: 1–5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Technical Documentation
Introduction
Service Manual Structure
The service manual is structured as follows:–
The ’core’ service manual
Chapter 1: Foreword
Chapter 2: General Information
Chapter 3 System Overview
Chapter 4: System Module
Chapter 5: Pinouts / Schematics / Layouts
Chapter 6: UIF Modules
The core section of the service manual describes those areas of the
NHD–4 series handportable phone which are common to all variants.
This includes performance specifications and detailed descriptions of each
module including common pcb parts lists. (this may be part of an appendix
if it is specific to a variant)
Appendix to the Transceiver booklets
Assembly Parts–NHD 4NX
Quick Guide
Service Software
Service Tools
Disassembly / Troubleshooting
Nam Programming Guide
Car Kit Installation Guide –
This document is intended for use by qualified service personnel only .
– Basic users guide.
– Users guide and tuning instructions.
– Pictorial views of tools used.
– Diagrams and faultfinding information
– Instructions for Nam programming.
duplicates user information supplied with kits.
IMPORTANT
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Technical Documentation
Company Policy
Our policy is of continuous development; details of all technical modifications
will be included with service bulletins.
While every endeavour has been made to ensure the accuracy of this
document, some errors may exist. If any errors are found by the reader,
NOKIA MOBILE PHONES Ltd should be notified in writing.
Please state:
Title of the Document + Issue Number/Date of publication
Latest Amendment Number (if applicable)
Page(s) and/or Figure(s) in error
Please send to: Nokia Mobile Phones Ltd
After Sales Technical Documentation
PO Box 86
24101 SALO
Finland
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Technical Documentation
Warnings and Cautions
Please refer to the phone’s user guide for instructions relating to
operation, care and maintenance including important safety information.
Note also the following:
Warnings:
1. CARE MUST BE TAKEN ON INSTALLATION IN VEHICLES
FITTED WITH ELECTRONIC ENGINE MANAGEMENT
SYSTEMS AND ANTI–SKID BRAKING SYSTEMS. UNDER
CERTAIN FAULT CONDITIONS, EMITTED RF ENERGY CAN
AFFECT THEIR OPERATION. IF NECESSARY, CONSULT
THE VEHICLE DEALER/MANUFACTURER TO DETERMINE
THE IMMUNITY OF VEHICLE ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS TO
RF ENERGY.
2. THE HANDPORTABLE TELEPHONE MUST NOT BE
OPERATED IN AREAS LIKELY TO CONTAIN POTENTIALLY
EXPLOSIVE ATMOSPHERES EG PETROL STATIONS
(SERVICE STATIONS), BLASTING AREAS ETC.
3. OPERATION OF ANY RADIO TRANSMITTING EQUIPMENT,
Cautions:
1. Servicing and alignment must be undertaken by qualified
2. Ensure all work is carried out at an anti–static workstation and
3. Ensure solder, wire, or foreign matter does not enter the
4. Use only approved components as specified in the parts list.
5. Ensure all components, modules screws and insulators are
INCLUDING CELLULAR TELEPHONES, MAY INTERFERE
WITH THE FUNCTIONALITY OF INADEQUATELY
PROTECTED MEDICAL DEVICES. CONSULT A PHYSICIAN
OR THE MANUFACTURER OF THE MEDICAL DEVICE IF
YOU HAVE ANY QUESTIONS. OTHER ELECTRONIC
EQUIPMENT MAY ALSO BE SUBJECT TO INTERFERENCE.
personnel only.
that an anti–static wrist strap is worn.
telephone as damage may result.
correctly re–fitted after servicing and alignment. Ensure all
cables and wires are repositioned correctly.
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NHD–4 Series Transceivers
Chapter 2
General Information
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NHD–4
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General Information
Technical Documentation
CONTENTS
Introduction 2–3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
List of Modules 2–4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nokia1 NHD–4NX 2–4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Units and Accessories 2–4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Basic Specifications 2–6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Technical Specifications 2–6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Modes of Operation 2–6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
DC Characteristics 2–6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
AC Characteristics 2–7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Analog Mode 2–7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Digital Mode 2–8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mechanical Characteristics 2–9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Page No
Metric Units 2–9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
English Units 2–10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
List of Figures
Figure 1. NHD–4 2–3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Introduction
NHD–4 is a dual mode handportable Cellular phone product for the North
American dual mode CDMA/AMPS system.
The transceiver consist of four modules: UI–flex, RF/system module,
battery pack and mechanics.
NHD–4 offers analog and digital mode full rate speech services defined in
IS–96 and in analog mode provides six power levels at a maximum power
level of 0.6W ERP (450mW into 50 Ohm load) in power class III. The
transceiver has a retractable antenna and a connector for external
antenna and accessories. The user communicates with the phone via
LCD–display, keyboard and some audible tones.
The transceiver will support an Analog PCMCIA Card.
NHD–4 can be connected to different accessories such as chargers,
holders, hands–free units, data–adapters and handset through the bottom
system connector.
General Information
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NOKIA1
Figure 1. NHD–4
Page 2–3
NHD–4
PAMS
General Information
Technical Documentation
List of Modules
Nokia1 NHD–4NX
Table 1. Nokia1 NHD–4NX 0500322
Name of module Type code Material
code
User interface DU8D 0200521 Nokia 1
System/RF GR1 0200519 CDMA 800 MHz Radio Module
Mechanics MNHD4NX 0260523 Nokia 1
Notes
Units and Accessories
Table 2. List of Transceivers
Name of Tranceiver Design Version Type Code Material Code
Transceiver CDMA 2180 Nokia 1 NHD–4NX 0500322
Table 3. List of Battery Packs
Design Type Technology Type Code Material
Code
Nokia1, CDMA Slim, 600 mAh NiMH BBH –1S 0670027
Nokia1, CDMA Std, 1100 mAh NiCd BBH–2H 0670030
Nokia1, CDMA Ext, 1700 mAh NiMH BBH –1H 0670028
Nokia1, CDMA Vibrator, 600 mAh NiMH BBT–1XV 0670119
Table 4. List of Chargers (
Name Type Code Material Code Notes
Fast Travel Charger ACH–4U 0675012 USA model
Cigarette Lighter Charger LCH–2 0675005 Universal
Desktop Charger CHH–2 0675022 Universal
HF Desktop Charger CHH–8 0675026 Universal
AC Adapter ACS–6U 0680018 USA model, needed for CHH–8
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Table 5. List of Mobile Installation Accessories
Name Type Code Material Code Notes
Mobile Holder MBH–6 0620009
Mobile HF Charging Holder MCH–8 0620010
HF Junction Box HFJ–3 0694009
External HF Speaker HFS–6 0692005
HF Microphone HFM–4 0690002 Original
HF Microphone HFM–10 0690009 New , ”mouse” type
Power Cable PCH–4 0730009
External Audio Handset HSU–1 0640047
Compact HF PHF–1 0700017
Power Cable LCP–2 0680022
Mounting Plate MKE–1 0650007
Swivel Kit HHS–1 0650006 3 screws
Swivel Kit HHS–6 0650019 4 screws
General Information
Cable Holder CKH–1 0620016
Table 6. List of Data Accessories
Name Type Material code Notes
PC–Link Adapter DAU–2 0750029
Data Cable DKH–1 9780084 CHH–8 → PC Link
Data Cable DKH–2 0730041 Adapter Cable
Data Cable DKH–5 0730038 HP–PC Link
Table 7. List of General Accessories
Name Type code Material code Notes
Carry Strap SWH–1 0720005
Belt Clip BCH–2 0720022
Headset HFS–11 0690010 Over the head headset
Headset HDC–2 0694017 Button headset
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General Information
Technical Documentation
Basic Specifications
Table 8. Basic Specifications
Parameter Notes
Cellular system CDMA/AMPS
TX frequency band 824.010...848.970 MHz
RX frequency band 869.010...893.970 MHz
Duplex spacing 45 MHz
Number of RF channels 832 Analog (see IS–95 6.1.1.1 for CDMA)
Channel spacing 30 kHz Analog (see IS–95 2.1.1.1 for CDMA)
Power Class III
Maximum output power 600 mW ERP (AMPS) 200 mW (CDMA)
Method of frequency synthesis Digital phase–locked loops
Frequency control VCTCXO
Receiver type IF, linear in D–mode, nonlinear in A–mode
Modulator type I/Q–baseband in D–mode, FM–modulator in A–mode
Operational Voltage 5.3V...8.8 V
Technical Specifications
Modes of Operation
NHD–4 operates in three modes:
1. In AMPS mode it operates in analog paging and voice channels.
2. In digital mode it operates on digital synch, paging pilot and traffic
channel.
3. Test mode (Local mode) used for troubleshooting and diagnostic
testing.
DC Characteristics
Table 9. Supply Voltages and Current Consumption
Line Symbol Minimum Typical /
Nominal
VBAT 5.3 6.0 8.8 V
Maxi-
mum
Unit / Notes
VCHAR 11.0 12.0 13.5 V / chargers
VCHAR 730 800 870 mA / chargers
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AC Characteristics
Table 10. General RF Specifications
TX frequency band 824.04...848.970 MHz
RX frequency band 869.04...893.970 MHz
Duplex spacing 45 MHz
Number of RF channels 832 Analog
Channel spacing 30 kHz Analog
Analog Mode
Table 11. Transmitter Specifications for ANALOG mode
Modulation method FM
Deviation, speech and ST ±12 kHz peak
General Information
Deviation, WBD ±8 kHz peak
Deviation, SAT ±2 kHz peak
Deviation, voice and SAT ±14 kHz peak
Compressor 2:1
Output RF power (ERP from int. ant.) 26.3...6.3 dBm
Output RF power (ERP from int. ant.) 26.8...6.8 dBm
Number of power levels (2–7) 6
Carrier on/off switching time < 2ms
Frequency stability ±2.5 ppm
Harmonic and spurious emissions 43 +10*log (Po W) dB below carrier
Table 12 Receiver Specifications, for ANALOG mode
Sensitivity, 12 dB SINAD (C) –116 dBm
Hum and noise 32 dB
RSSI dynamic range 60 dB
Adjacent channel selectivity 16 dB
Alternate channel selectivity 60 dB
IMD attenuation, close spaced 65 dB
IMD attenuation, wide spaced 70 dB
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General Information
Technical Documentation
Digital Mode
Table 13. Transmitter Specifications for CDMA mode
Spurious emissions in transmit
band
Spurious emissions out off transmit
band
TX noise floor at minimum TX pow-er–54 dBm/1.23 MHz (TX gate on), –60 dBm/1.23 MHz (TX
TX noise floor with TX disabled –61 dBm/MHz for all frequencies between 824 and 849 MHz
TX noise floor at RX band with
Max. output power
TX power control method Output_power (dBm) = –73 dBm – Receive_power (dBm) +
TX power initial accuracy +/–9 dB within value as specified by TX control method
–42 dBc in a 30 KHz BW for offsets > 885 KHz from center F
–54 dBc in a 30 KHz BW for offsets > 1.98 MHz from center
F
or –60 dBm/30 KHz and –54 dBm/1.23 MHz for offsets >
885 KHz from center Frequency
FCC rules
gate off)
–173 dBm/Hz (TBD) at RX input port
TX offset (dB). Open + closed loop AGC.
TX duty cycle 1/1, 1/2, 1/4, 1/8 variable rate with random slots. A slot is
1.25 ms. Rate is controlled by voice activity
TX offset control method From base station with one increments or decrement every
1.25 ms (but only during active transmit slot)
TX offset control step size 1 dB +/–0.5, and +/–20% over 10 steps in same direction
TX offset range +/–32 dB (+/–24 dB step range, +/–8 dB preset offset)
Modulator type I/Q modulator, OQPSK format
Peak to rms after modulation 6 dB
I/Q Modulator phase error +/–6 deg (+/– 4 deg for D/A and filter)
I/Q Modulator gain balance +/–0.65 dB (+/–0.35dB for D/A and filter)
I/Q Modulator input level 1Vpp
Table 14 Receiver RF specification, CDMA mode
Characteristics Min Typ Max Unit
Single tone desensitization,
+/–900KHz (Note 1)
Intermodulation spurious response level
Passband amplitude response
1 kHz
615 kHz
900 kHz
>900 kHz
Passband phase error
(mean2) response
Receiver gain –12 91 dB
–30 dBm
–30 dBm
–3 dB
–5
–73
–73
0.03 rad
dB
dB
dB
2
Receiver gain tolerance range
(without gain setting)
Page 2–8
14.8 dB
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Table 14 Receiver RF specification, CDMA mode (continued)
AGC range 96 dB
AGC accuracy (output level
variation for inputs –105 to
–25 dBm)
Baseband output level,
centered on Vref 1.45V
Baseband output level variation over RX input level of
–105 to –25 dBm
I/Q Amplitude imbalance –0.75 0.75 dB
I/Q Phase imbalance –7.5 +7.5 deg
–.5 +.5 dB
1 Vpp
–0.5 0.5 dB
General Information
UnitMaxTypMinCharacteristics
Mechanical Characteristics
Metric Units
Table 15. Mechanical Characteristics in Metric Units
Unit Dimensions
(mm)
(W x H x D)
Transceiver with standard
battery pack
Transceiver with standard
battery pack
Transceiver without battery
pack
Transceiver without battery
pack
Radio module 143x50x7 48 Common
UIF module 141x50x4 22
Mechanics 62 ...
Battery pack 600 mAh 56x101x8 104 42 NiMH, standard battery
Battery pack 1100 mAh 56x101x20 162 90 NiCd
Battery pack 1700 mAh 56x101x20 188 90 NiMH
56x148x25 238 179 Nokia 1
56x148x25 241 179 US CDMA
56x148x25 134 137 Nokia 1
56x148x25 137 137 US CDMA
Weight
(g)
67
Volume
(cm3)
Notes
depends on design version
Battery pack vibra NiMH
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English Units
Table 16. Mechanical Characteristics in English Units
Unit Dimensions
(in.) (W x H x
D)
Transceiver with standard
battery pack
Transceiver with standard
battery pack
Transceiver without battery
pack
Transceiver without battery
pack
Radio module 5.6x2.0x0.28
UIF module 5.6x2.0x0.16
Mechanics 2.19 ...
Battery pack 600 mAh 2.2x4.0x0.31
Battery pack 1100 mAh 2.2x4.0x0.31
Battery pack 1700 mAh 2.2x4.0x0.31
Battery pack vibra NiMH
2.2x5.8x0.98
2.2x5.8x0.98 8.50 10.9 US CDMA
2.2x5.8x0.98
2.2x5.8x0.98 4.83 8.36 US CDMA
Weight
(oz.)
8.39
1.69
0.76
2.36
3.67
5.71
6.63
Volume
(in-
3
)
ches
10.9 Nokia 1
Nokia 1
8.36
Common
depends on design version
2.56
5.49
5.49
NiMH, standard battery
NiCd
NiMH
Notes
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NHD–4 Series Transceivers
Chapter 3
System Overview
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NHD–4
System Overview
Technical Documentation
CONTENTS
Acronyms 3–4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cellular History 3–5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
AMPS Cellular Theory 3–6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) 3–17. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Quadrature Phase Shift Keying – QPSK 3–20. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The CDMA Signal 3–22. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Processing Gain 3–22. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The CDMA Forward Link 3–24. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
V ocoder 3–25. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Convolutional Encoder 3–25. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
PAMS
Page No
Interleaver 3–26. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
PN Code Generation 3–26. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Long Code Scrambling 3–28. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Walsh Code User Channelization 3–28. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Walsh Codes 3–29. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Orthogonal Functions 3–31. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Short Code Spreading 3–37. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Forward Link Channel Format 3–37. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
CDMA Reverse Link 3–40. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Data Burst Randomizer 3–40. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Reverse Link Error Protection 3–41. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
64–ary Modulation 3–41. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Reverse Channel Long Code Spreading 3–41. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Reverse Channel Short Code Spreading 3–41. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mobile Phone Operation 3–42. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Pilot Channel 3–42. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sync Channel 3–43. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Page 3–2
Paging Channel 3–43. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
CDMA Call Initiation 3–44. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Reverse Link Open Loop Power Control 3–44. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
CDMA Call 3–45. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Reverse Link Closed Loop Power Control 3–45. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
CDMA Variable Rate Speech Coder 3–45. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mobile Power Bursting 3–45. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Rake Receiver 3–46. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
CDMA Hand–offs 3–47. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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List of Figures
Figure 1. AMPS: BS/MS/MTX 3–6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 2. AMPS: Audio 3–6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 3. AMPS: Voice/RF 3–7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 4. AMPSTX/RX: 3–7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 5. FM Modulation 3–8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 6. AMPS: Specifications 3–8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 7. AMPS: Cellular Frequencies 3–9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 8. AMP: Ch # & usage 3–9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 9. AMPS: Modulating signals 3–10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 10. AMPS: BS & Cell Set–up 3–11. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 11. AMPS TX/RX registration 3–11. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 12. AMPS: Call 3–13. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 13. AMPS: Ch reuse & SAT Freq 3–14. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 14. AMPS: Hand off 3–14. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 15. AMPS: Mode Block Diagram 3–15. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 16. AMPS: TDMA & CDMA Freq and time domain 3–17. . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 17. CDMA Capacity gains 3–18. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 18. Analog, TDMA & CDMA Structure 3–19. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 19. BPSK Modulator 3–20. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 20. I/Q Modulator 3–21. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 21. CDMA Waveforms 3–22. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 22. CDMA Forward Link 3–24. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 23. Convolutional encoder 3–25. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 24. Interleaver 3–26. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 25. PN Code generator 3–26. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 26. PN Code generator w/mask ckt. 3–27. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 27. Mask offset example 3–28. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 28. CDMA Forward Link 3–28. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 29. Walsh code example 3–29. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 30. Orthogonal Functions. 3–31. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 31. Walsh Encoding Example 3–32. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 32. Walsh Decoding Example 3–33. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 33. Definition of orthonogonality 3–34. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 34. Forward Link Channel Format 3–39. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 35. CDMA Reverse Link 3–40. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 36. CDMA Pilot & Synch Channel Timing 3–42. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 37. Mobile Power Bursting 3–46. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 38. CDMA Hand–off 3–47. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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System Overview
Acronyms
PAMS
Technical Documentation
AMPS
BS
ББББББББ
CDMA
CTIA
DAMPS
ББББББББ
DTMF
FDMA
GSM
ББББББББ
HLR
ISDN
MS
ББББББББ
MSC
MTSO
MTX
ББББББББ
NADC
Advanced Mobile Phone System
Base Station
БББББББББББББББББББББ
Code Division Multiple Access
Cellular Telecommunications Industry Association
Digital Advanced Mobile Phone System
БББББББББББББББББББББ
Dual Tone Multi Frequency
Frequency Division Multiple Access
Global System for Mobile communications
БББББББББББББББББББББ
Home Location Register
Integrated Services Digital Network
Mobile Station (Cellular phone)
БББББББББББББББББББББ
Mobile Switching Center (see MTX also)
Mobile Telephone Switching Office
Mobile Telephone Exchange (see MSC also)
БББББББББББББББББББББ
North American Digital Communications (IS–54 DAMPS)
PCH
PN Code
ББББББББ
PSTN
RF
SAT
ББББББББ
ST
TCH
TS
ББББББББ
VLR
VOCODER
VOCODER
Paging Channel
Pseudo random Noise Code
БББББББББББББББББББББ
Public Switched Telephone Network
Radio Frequency
Supervisory Audio Tone (5970, 6000 and 6030 Hz)
БББББББББББББББББББББ
Signaling Tone (10 kHz)
Traffic CHannel
Time Slot
БББББББББББББББББББББ
Visitor Location Register
VOice COder DEcodeR
VOice CODER
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System Overview
Cellular History
Mobile Radios have been in use for approximately 70 years and the cellular concept
was conceived in the 1940s. Public cellular mobile radio was not introduced in the
US until 1983.
In the beginning of the twentieth century, mobile radios were limited to shipboard
use due to the high power requirements and bulky tube radio technology.
Automotive systems in the 1920s operated on 6 volt batteries with a limited storage
capacity.
One of the first useful means of automotive mobile radio occurred in 1928 by the
Detroit police department. Transmission was broadcast from a central location and
could only be received by the mobile police radios.
Introduction of the first two way mobile application was delayed until 1933. This
simplex AM (Amplitude Modulation) push to talk system was introduced by the
police department in Bayonne, New Jersey. The first FM (Frequency Modulation)
mobile transmission (two frequency simplex) was used by the Connecticut State
Police at Hartford in 1940.
The first step towards mobile radio connection with the land line telephone network
was established in St. Louis in 1946. It was called an “urban” system and only
supported three channels.
In 1976, New York City had only 12 radio channels that supported 545 subscribers
with a waiting list of 3700.
In the 1970s, available cellular spectrum was constrained to frequencies above 800
MHz due to equipment design limitations and poor radio propagation characteristics
at frequencies above 1–GHz, this resulted in the allocation of the 825–890 MHz
region.
In 1974, 40 MHz of spectrum was allocated for cellular service and in 1986, an
additional 10 MHz of spectrum was added to facilitate expansion. The present
frequency assignments for the US Cellular system mobile phone is
824.040–848.970 MHz transmit and 869.040–893.970 MHz receive These bands
have been frequency divided (FDMA) into 30 kHz channels. This results in a
maximum capacity of 832 channels. These channels were then divided into two
groups with 416 channels assigned to each system.
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AMPS Cellular Theory
R. F. Communication
BS
MTX
AMPS_1
Figure 1. AMPS: BS/MS/MTX
PAMS
Technical Documentation
Phone
Land Line Comms
The main objective of a cellular system is to provide communications to many
mobile users. Communication between the Base Station and Mobile Phone is via a
Radio Frequency (RF) link. A Mobile Telephone Exchange (MTX) is the interface
between usually several base stations and Land line communications. The MTX
has a number of functions that include, controlling mobile phone transfers between
base stations, regulating mobile phone power output, establishing mobile phone
identity and billing for the air time.
300Hz–3000Hz
MIC
INFO
AMPS_2
Figure 2. AMPS: Audio
Audio signals
Cellular phones are designed to transmit audio signals in a frequency range of 300
Hz to 3000 Hz. This range of frequencies contains most of the intelligibility
necessary for one person to understand what another is saying. As the figure
above shows one person wants to talk to another who is some distance away.
Cellular phones allow communication between two or more people almost without
geographical restrictions.
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System Overview
High frequency signals will radiate electromagnetic waves from an antenna.
Generally the higher the power the further the waves radiate. Our voice
information is at a low frequency, these frequencies will not radiate. The solution is
to put our information onto a high frequency carrier wave.
Phone
AMPS_3
Figure 3. AMPS: V oice/RF
These signals can then be radiated out an antenna and carry our information to the
receiver.
The function of placing information on a carrier wave is called MODULATION.
Carrier
Generation
800 MHz
Transmiter
Modulator
Audio
Amp
AMPS_4
RF
Amplifier
Receiver
Demodulator
Figure 4. AMPSTX/RX:
In AMPS mode information is placed on the carrier by changing the carrier’s
frequency. The modulating signal causes the carrier ’s frequency to increase and
decrease. This is called Frequency Modulation (FM), and changes to the carrier
frequency are known as deviation.
The receiver picks up RF signals, amplifies them and then retrieves (Demodulates)
information from the RF carrier. Demodulating changes in RF carrier frequency
recovers the original modulating audio frequencies.
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AMPS_5
Frequency Modulation
+8 kHz
Unmodulated Carrier
1 kHz
Mod
Tone
–8kHz
Figure 5. FM Modulation
The figure above represents the effect of a 1 kHz audio modulating tone on an RF
carrier. The RF carrier in Figure 5 has a deviation of 8 kHz. A carrier deviation of
8 kHz means the frequency swings from plus 8 kHz to minus 8 kHz about the center
frequency.
When using Frequency Modulation (FM) how far from the center frequency the
carrier is deviated relates to how strong (loud) the modulating signal is. For
example if you whispered at the microphone the carrier might deviate only 1 or 2
kHz. On the other hand someone shouting at the microphone of their cellular
phone might cause it to deviate the maximum amount of 12 kHz. The standard
convention is that the positive part of the modulating signal will cause the carrier to
deviate to a higher frequency. While a negative modulation signal will cause the
carrier to go lower in frequency.
The rate, how fast the carrier frequency changes from high to low frequency, is
determined by the modulating signal’s frequency.
Advanced Mobile Phone System ––– AMPS
Full Duplex Operation
TX to RX Spacing = 45 MHz
Channel Width = 30 kHz
832 Channels total for the 800 MHz band
AMPS_6
Figure 6. AMPS: Specifications
The above information describes what AMPS stands for along with a “Nuts and
Bolts” description of the 800 MHz AMPS cellular system
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AMPS_7
824.040MHz
Cellular Frequency Band
TX RX
RX
Phone
848.970MHz
Base Station
869.040MHz 893.970
TX
System Overview
MHz
Figure 7. AMPS: Cellular Frequencies
The 800 MHz cellular band consists of two 25 MHz wide frequency blocks. The
individual channel transmit and receive frequencies are spaced 45 MHz apart and
each channel is 30 kHz wide. Note that the transmit frequencies for a Base Station
are the receive frequencies for a cellular phone and vice–versa.
AMPS_7
824.040
Cellular Frequency Band
TX RX
Phone
848.970
869.040
893.970
MHz
RX
AMPS_8 A = A system provider channels
B = B system provider channels
MHz
Base Station
MHz
MHz
TX
Figure 8. AMP: Ch # & usage
The 800 MHz cellular phone band was divided into two parts by the FCC for
competitive reasons. When cellular phone service was first started channel
numbering was from 1 to 799. Later when the bottom 33 channels were added a
nonconsecutive channel numbering scheme was used. Cellular phones that were
in use when only 799 channels were available would have tuned to an incorrect
frequency if the channel numbering had been changed when the new channels were
added. Close examination will show that both “A” and “B” providers have an equal
number of channels.
When cellular phones were first introduced they scanned all available channels.
Present day cellular phone’s scan only the Control Channels. Most phones will
scan only the “A” or “B” control channels even though they are capable of scanning
all 42 channels. Air time is less expensive if only the phone’s Home channels are
used.
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Modulating Signals
SAT
5.97 kHz 6.0 kHz 6.03 kHz
To varify a constant RF
connection from BS & Phone
2 kHz
ST Signalling tone
10 kHz
Off–hook, On–hook
Hook Flash, Hand–off
8 kHz
Supervisory Audio Tone
Type:
Frequency:
Purpose:
Deviation:
Type:
Frequency:
Purpose:
Deviation:
AMPS_9
Data
(FSK) 10 kbps
Instructions & Information
between Base Station & Phone
8 kHz
V oice
300 Hz – 3 kHz
Person – Person
communication
12 kHz
Type:
Frequency:
Purpose:
Deviation:
Type:
Frequency:
Purpose:
Deviation:
Figure 9. AMPS: Modulating signals
As figure 9 illustrates an AMPS cellular phone can have four different types of
modulation.
DATA MODULATION
The first type of modulation a cellular phone uses when communicating with a Base
Station is Data. Data from the phone includes ESN, MIN, phone number to be
dialed and home system identification. Base Station data includes registration
conformation, notification of calls to the mobile, traffic channel assignment and
commands to adjust the mobile’s power output.
The data is Frequency Shift Keyed on the RF carrier. This is one way digital one’s
and zero’s can be modulated on an analog carrier. The 10 kHz data stream is
always transmitter by its self and not in combination with any other signal when in
the AMPS mode.
Supervisory Audio Tone (SAT)
SAT is used to insure that an RF link is being maintained between the mobile and
base station. The base station will transmit its assigned SAT frequency to the
mobile phone. When the mobile receives the SAT signal it will check to see that it is
the assigned frequency and then re–transmit SAT back to the base station. If either
the base station or the mobile fails to receive SAT the call will be terminated. SAT is
added to voice so a normal voice channel will have both voice and SAT. The user
does not hear SAT tones because they are filtered out with bandpass filters that only
allow voice frequencies to pass through.
Voice
Voice is transmitted in a range of frequencies of 300 Hz to 3 kHz. Remember that
SAT is also transmitted at the same time. The nominal deviation for Voice is 2.9
kHz and the maximum deviation for Voice is 12 kHz. Combining SAT and Voice
together will give a total maximum deviation of 14 kHz that the phone should never
exceed. If a mobile phone exceeds maximum deviation it will start interfering with
calls in adjacent channels.
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Signaling tone (ST)
Signaling tone is a plain 10 kHz tone. ST is used for signaling the base station
when the mobile phone is “off hook”, conversation is ended “on hook”, hook flash,
and handoff acknowledgment. When the mobile is being called,and is ringing, but
has not been taken “off hook” a continuous ST is transmitted to the base station.
When the mobile is taken “off hook”, answered, the ST is no longer sent. To
hang–up the “end” key is pressed, the mobile then sends out a 1.8 second burst of
ST. If during a conversation a mobile user wants “additional” service a
number/command is loaded into the mobile call memory and the “send” key is
pressed, the mobile will transmit ST for 400 ms. The base station responds will a
data acknowledgment, the mobile then sends its “additional” service request. When
a hand–off between base stations becomes necessary the MTX generates a
hand–off order and sends it to the mobile. The mobile stores this information and
sends a 50 ms burst of ST to the base station then changes to the new base station
and traffic channel. When the MTX detects SAT on the new channel the old base
station channel is shut down.
Base Station & Cell Set–up
X
Control Ch #
Traffic Ch #’s
Base Station
333
101 – 150
A4D7
ID
313
1 – 50
B9CE
320
201 – 250
8FB2
315
151 – 200
BC43
327
51 – 100
796F
Ch
333
313
329
327
330
315
322
AMPS_10
Info Rxd
A4D7
B9CE
–––––––
796F
–––––––
BC43
–––––––
Level
–100 dBm
–109 dBm
–120 dBm
–118 dBm
–120 dBm
–116 dBm
–120 dBm
Figure 10. AMPS: BS & Cell Set–up
When a cellular phone is first turned on it will scan the control channels. The phone
will record several different items of information, the channel number, Base Station
ID, System ID (SID) and the signal level of each Base Station received. In the
example Base Station A4D7 on control channel 333 was the strongest signal at a
level of –100 dBm. The mobile phone will then lock on control channel 333. Once
this is done the mobile phone is said to be “In Service”
TX Registration
BS
1.
2. Data ESN/MIN
3.
4.
Figure 11. AMPS TX/RX registration
Channel 333
Data A4D7 ”Service”
Data ESN/MIN OK
Data A4D7
AMPS_11
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Line 1 in figure 11 is the state the mobile phone was at in figure 10. The mobile has
found the strongest control channel and is “In service”.
In line 2 the mobile phone transmits it’s ESN/MIN to the Base Station (only if not in
its home area) using 10 kbytes/s data via the control channel.
Line 3 shows the Base Station sending the mobile phone a data transmission
confirming TX registration. At this time the Cellular Mobile Telephone Exchange
knows the mobile phone is ON and operating and which Base Station is currently in
contact with the mobile phone. This is important if the mobile phone gets a call
from another phone. The cellular system needs to know where each operating
mobile is in order to route calls to them.
Line 4 shows the Base Station back to continuously transmitting its ID. The mobile
phone stays on channel 333 and shows “In service”. Periodically the mobile will
rescan the control channels to make sure that it is still locked on the strongest
control channel.
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