Nokia 2170 Service manual
Programme’s After Market Services
Technical Documentation
SER VICE
MANUAL
[NMP Part No. 0275396]
NHP–4 SERIES
CELLULAR
PHONES
Issue 1 04/99
MOBILE PHONES
Copyright 1999. Nokia Mobile Phones. All Rights Reserved.
Programme’s After Market Services
Technical Documentation
AMENDMENT RECORD SHEET
Amendment
Number
Date Inserted By Comments
Issue 1 04/99
Copyright 1999. Nokia Mobile Phones. All Rights Reserved.
Programme’s After Market Services
Technical Documentation
Chapter 1
Foreword
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Programme’s After Market Services
Technical Documentation
CHAPTER 1– FOREWORD
CONTENTS
Introduction 1–3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Service Manual Structure 1–3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Company Policy 1–4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Warnings and Cautions 1–5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Warnings: 1–5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cautions: 1–5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Technical Documentation
Introduction
Service Manual Structure
The service manual is structured as follows:–
The ’core’ service manual
Chapter 1: Foreword
Chapter 2: General Information
Chapter 3 System Overview
Chapter 4: System Module
Chapter 5: UIF Modules
The core section of the service manual describes those areas of the
NHP–4 series handportable phone which are common to all variants. This
includes performance specifications and detailed descriptions of each
module including common pcb parts lists. (this may be part of an appendix
if it is specific to a variant)
Appendix to the Transceiver booklets
Assembly Parts–NHP 4
Service Software – Users guide and tuning instructions.
Service Tools
Disassembly / Troubleshooting
Car Kit Installation Guide –
This document is intended for use by qualified service personnel only .
– Pictorial views of tools used.
– Diagrams and faultfinding information
duplicates user information supplied with kits.
IMPORTANT
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Programme’s After Market Services
Technical Documentation
Company Policy
Our policy is of continuous development; details of all technical modifications
will be included with service bulletins.
While every endeavour has been made to ensure the accuracy of this
document, some errors may exist. If any errors are found by the reader,
NOKIA MOBILE PHONES Ltd should be notified in writing.
Please state:
Title of the Document + Issue Number/Date of publication
Latest Amendment Number (if applicable)
Page(s) and/or Figure(s) in error
Please send to: Nokia Mobile Phones Ltd
PAMS Technical Documentation
PO Box 86
24101 SALO
Finland
Page 1–4
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Programme’s After Market Services
Technical Documentation
Warnings and Cautions
Please refer to the phone’s user guide for instructions relating to
operation, care and maintenance including important safety information.
Note also the following:
Warnings:
1. CARE MUST BE TAKEN ON INSTALLATION IN VEHICLES
FITTED WITH ELECTRONIC ENGINE MANAGEMENT
SYSTEMS AND ANTI–SKID BRAKING SYSTEMS. UNDER
CERTAIN FAULT CONDITIONS, EMITTED RF ENERGY CAN
AFFECT THEIR OPERATION. IF NECESSARY, CONSULT
THE VEHICLE DEALER/MANUFACTURER TO DETERMINE
THE IMMUNITY OF VEHICLE ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS TO
RF ENERGY.
2. THE HANDPORTABLE TELEPHONE MUST NOT BE
OPERATED IN AREAS LIKELY TO CONTAIN POTENTIALLY
EXPLOSIVE ATMOSPHERES, E.G. PETROL STATIONS
(SERVICE STATIONS), BLASTING AREAS ETC.
3. OPERATION OF ANY RADIO TRANSMITTING EQUIPMENT,
Cautions:
1. Servicing and alignment must be undertaken by qualified
2. Ensure all work is carried out at an anti–static workstation and
3. Ensure solder, wire, or foreign matter does not enter the
4. Use only approved components as specified in the parts list.
5. Ensure all components, modules, screws and insulators are
INCLUDING CELLULAR TELEPHONES, MAY INTERFERE
WITH THE FUNCTIONALITY OF INADEQUATELY
PROTECTED MEDICAL DEVICES. CONSULT A PHYSICIAN
OR THE MANUFACTURER OF THE MEDICAL DEVICE IF
YOU HAVE ANY QUESTIONS. OTHER ELECTRONIC
EQUIPMENT MAY ALSO BE SUBJECT TO INTERFERENCE.
personnel only.
that an anti–static wrist strap is worn.
telephone as damage may result.
correctly re–fitted after servicing and alignment. Ensure all
cables and wires are repositioned correctly.
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Programme’s After Market Services
NHP–4 Series Transceivers
Chapter 2
General Information
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NHP–4
PAMS
General Information
Technical Documentation
CONTENTS
Introduction 2–3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Module Description 2–3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
List of Modules 2–4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Units and Accessories 2–5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Basic Specifications 2–6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Technical Specifications 2–7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Modes of Operation 2–7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
DC Characteristics 2–7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
AC Characteristics 2–7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Digital Mode 2–8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mechanical Characteristics 2–10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Metric Units 2–10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
English Units 2–10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
System Connector 2–11. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
List of Figures
Figure 1. Module Layout 2–4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 2. System Connector 2–11. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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NHP–4
Technical Documentation
Introduction
NHP–4 is a CDMA mode handportable Cellular phone product for the
North American CDMA system.
NHP–4 offers digital mode full rate speech services defined in ANSI
J–STD–008. The transceiver has a retractable antenna and a connector
for accessories. The user communicates with the phone via LCD–display,
keyboard and some audible tones.
NHP–4 can be connected to different accessories such as chargers,
holders, hands–free units, data–adapters and handset through the bottom
system connector.
Module Description
The transceiver electronics consist of the Radio Module (RF + Baseband
blocks) and the UIF Module. The UIF Module is connected to the Radio
Module with a 30 pin connector. BaseBand blocks and RF blocks are
interconnected with PCB wiring. The Radio Module receives power from
the Battery via a 4 pin connector located at the bottom of the PCB. The
Transceiver is connected to accessories via a bottom system connector
with charging and accessory control.
General Information
The Radio Module provides the MCU and DSP environments, Logic
control IC (CDMA ASIC), memories, audio processing and RF control
hardware (CDRFI). On board power supply circuitry delivers operating
voltages for both BaseBand and UIF modules.
The UIF Module is a flex circuit with 4 blocks–– keyboard, display, buzzer,
and audio (earphone and microphone). The buzzer block contains a high
current amplifer circuit to drive the buzzer. LEDs are provided for
keyboard and LCD back lighting.
The RF block is designed for a hand portable phone, which operates in
CDMA PCS systems. The purpose of the RF module is to receive and
demodulate a radio frequency signal from the base station and to transmit
a modulated RF signal to the base station. The RF parts are designed for
power class II.
The system part provides MCU and DSP environments, memories, audio
processing, and RF control hardware. On board power supply circuitry
delivers operating voltage for both system and RF parts.
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NHP–4
PAMS
General Information
HANDS FREE
BA TTER Y
CHARGER
M2BUS
DBUS
Technical Documentation
EXT ANTENNA
Baseband / RF MODULE
SPEAKERMICROPHONE
UIF MODULE
BUZZER
Figure 1. Module Layout
List of Modules
Table 1. Nokia1 NHP–4
Name of module Type code Material
code
Transceiver CDMA PCS1900 0501146
User interface DU8D 0200521
System/RF GR2 0200996
Mechanics MNHP4 0261xxx Variable dependant on cover colour as listed
0261387 Woodgrain Nokia
0261789 Red Nokia
0261799 Blue Nokia
0261915 Woodgrain Primeco
Notes
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NHP–4
Technical Documentation
General Information
Units and Accessories
Table 2. List of Battery Packs
Design Type Technology Type Code Material
Code
Nokia1, CDMA Slim, 600 mAh NiMH BBH –1S 0670027
Nokia1, CDMA Std, 1100 mAh NiCd BBH–2H 0670030
Nokia1, CDMA Ext, 1700 mAh NiMH BBH –1H 0670028
Nokia1, CDMA Vibrator, 600 mAh NiMH BBT–1XV 0670119
Table 3. List of Chargers
Name Type Code Material Code Notes
Fast Travel Charger ACH–4U 0675012 USA model
Cigarette Lighter Charger LCH–2 0675005 Universal
Desktop Charger CHH–2 0675022 Universal
HF Desktop Charger CHH–8 0675026 Universal
AC Adapter ACS–6U 0680018 USA model, needed for CHH–8
Table 4. List of Mobile Installation Accessories
Name Type Code Material Code Notes
Mobile Holder MBH–6 0620009
Mobile HF Charging Holder MCH–8 0620010
HF Junction Box HFJ–3 0694009
External HF Speaker HFS–6 0692005
HF Microphone HFM–4 0690002 Original
HF Microphone HFM–10 0690009 New , ”mouse” type
Power Cable PCH–4 0730009
External Audio Handset HSU–1 0640047
Compact HF PHF–1 0700017
Power Cable LCP–2 0680022
Mounting Plate MKE–1 0650007
Swivel Kit HHS–1 0650006 3 screws
Swivel Kit HHS–6 0650019 4 screws
Cable Holder CKH–1 0620016
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NHP–4
PAMS
General Information
Table 5. List of Data Accessories
Name Type Material code Notes
PC–Link Adapter DAU–2 0750029
Data Cable DKH–1 9780084 CHH–8 → PC Link
Data Cable DKH–2 0730041 Adapter Cable
Data Cable DKH–5 0730038 HP–PC Link
Table 6. List of General Accessories
Name Type code Material code Notes
Carry Strap SWH–1 0720005
Belt Clip BCH–2 0720022
Headset HFS–11 0690010 Over the head headset
Headset HDC–2 0694017 Button headset
Technical Documentation
Basic Specifications
Table 7. Basic Specifications
Parameter Notes
Cellular system CDMA PCS
TX frequency band 1850.000 ... 1910 MHZ
RX frequency band 1930.000 ... 1990 MHZ
Duplex spacing 80 MHZ
Number of RF channels 1200
Channel spacing 50 kHz
Power Class II
Maximum output power +23 DBM 200 MW (CDMA)
Method of frequency synthesis 4 Synthesizerz and 1 multiplier
Frequency control VCTCXO
Receiver type 1 IF
Modulator type I/Q–baseband
Operational Voltage 5.3V...8.8 V
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PAMS
NHP–4
Technical Documentation
Technical Specifications
Modes of Operation
NHP–4 operates in two modes:
1. In digital mode it operates on digital sync, paging pilot and traffic
channel.
2. Test mode (Local mode) used for troubleshooting and diagnostic
testing.
DC Characteristics
Table 8. Supply Voltages and Current Consumption
Line Symbol Minimum Typical /
Nominal
VBAT 5.3 6.0 8.8 V
Maxi-
mum
General Information
Unit / Notes
VCHAR 11.0 12.0 13.5 V / chargers
VCHAR 730 800 870 mA / chargers
CURRENT CONS. 250 365 900 mA / in digital talk mode
CURRENT CONS 8 12 16 mA / dig. idle (Slotted mode)
Slot cycle : 2.56s
AC Characteristics
Table 9. General RF Specifications
TX frequency band 1850.000 ... 1910 MHz
RX frequency band 1930.000 ... 1990 MHz
Duplex spacing 80 MHz
Number of RF channels 1200
Channel spacing 50 kHz
Spurious emissions In transit band at ant conn. < –61 dBm (1MHz resolution bandwidth)
Spurious emissions In receive band at ant conn. < –81 dBm (1 MHz resolution bandwidth)
Spurious emissions outside RX and TX band at
ant conn.
< –47 dBm (30 kHz resolution bandwidth)
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PAMS
General Information
Technical Documentation
Digital Mode
Table 10. Transmitter Specifications for CDMA mode
Transmitter Type One IF at 208.1 MHz, Linear
TX Channel Filtering FIR in ASIC, 3dB BW from 1KHz to 615KHz
TX Spurious Filtering 4th order for D/A anti–aliasing, 2 ceramic RF filters and Du-
plex for receive band noise and spurious attenuation
TX Power Class II
TX Power Amplifier type HBT MMIC
Linear TX output power range –50dBm to 23dBm minimum in a 1.23MHz BW
Maximum TX power control Adaptive limiter so TX power is limited to 23 dBm
TX duty cycle 1/1, 1/2, 1/4, 1/8 variable rate with random slots. A slot is
1.25mS. Rate is controlled by voice activity
Adjacent channel power –42dBc in a 30KHz BW for offsets > 1.25 MHz from center F
Spurious emissions out off transmit
band
TX noise floor at minimum TX pow-er–54dBm/1.23MHz (TX gate on), –60dBm/1.23MHz (TX gate
TX noise floor at RX band with
Max. output power
TX power control method Output_power (dBm) = –73dBm – Receive_power (dBm) +
TX power initial accuracy +/–9dB within value as specified by TX control method
FCC rules
off)
–173dBm/Hz at RX input port
TX offset (dB). TX is slotted mode
TX offset control method From base station with one increments or decrement every
1.25mS (but only during active transmit slot)
TX offset control step size 1dB +/–0.5, and +/–20% over 10 steps in same direction
TX gain control range 85 dB IF + 15 dB RF
Modulator type I/Q modulator, OQPSK format
I/Q Modulator phase error +/–6 deg (+/– 4 deg for D/A and filter)
I/Q Modulator gain balance +/–0.65dB (+/–0.35dB for D/A and filter)
Table 11 Receiver RF specification, CDMA mode
Characteristics Symbol Min Typ Max Unit
RX frequency range 1930 1990 MHz
IF frequency 128.1 MHz
1st LO frequency 2059.35 2116.85 MHz
2nd LO frequency 128.1 MHz
Receiver IF bandwidth 1.2288 MHz
Input signal level –104 –25 dBm
Input dynamic range 79 dB
Noise figure NF 10 dB
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Technical Documentation
Table 11 Receiver RF specification, CDMA mode (continued)
Reference noise bandwidth
(total receiver)
Single tone desensitization,
1.25MHz
Intermodulation spurious response level, 1.25/2.05MHz
Passband amplitude response
1 KHz
615 KHz
1250 KHz
>1250 KHz
Mean Square Passband
phase response, 1–630 KHz
(with base station phase
equalizer)
–30
(Pin=–101)
–43
(Pin=–101)
–21
(Pin=–79)
–77
–75
General Information
UnitMaxTypMinSymbolCharacteristics
1.2288 MHz
dBm
dBm
–3
–4
0.03 rad^2
dB
dB
dB
dB
Receiver gain 12 91 dB
Receiver gain tolerance range.
Without gain setting or A/D
AGC range
includes RF gain step and cal
AGC accuracy (output level
variation for inputs –104 to
–25 dBm)
Baseband output level
(single–ended), RL>10KOhm
Baseband output level variation over RX input level of
–104 to –25 dBm
I/Q Amplitude imbalance –0.75 0.75 dB
I/Q Phase imbalance –7.5 +7.5 deg
Table 12 Reverse CDMA channel signals
103
(105
w/AtoD)
–.5 +.5 dB
–0.5 0.5 dB
110 dB
48 mVrms
8
(9
w/AtoD)
dB
Parameter Value / Notes
Bandwidth Occupied +/– 900 KHz –42 dBc In A Bandwidth Of 30
KHz
Spurious Emission in 1.23 MHz
–80 dBm
Band In Mobile Receive Band
Convolutionally Encoded, Block Interleaved, Modulated By 64–Ary
Orthogonal Modulation And Direct–Sequence Spread
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NHP–4
PAMS
General Information
Technical Documentation
Mechanical Characteristics
Metric Units
Table 13. Mechanical Characteristics in Metric Units
Unit Dimensions
(mm)
(W x H x D)
Transceiver with standard
battery pack
Transceiver with standard
battery pack
Transceiver without battery
pack
Transceiver without battery
pack
Radio module 143x50x7 48 Common
UIF module 141x50x4 22
56x148x25 238 179 Nokia 1
56x148x25 241 179 US CDMA
56x148x25 134 137 Nokia 1
56x148x25 137 137 US CDMA
Weight
(g)
Volume
(cm3)
Notes
Mechanics 62 ...
67
Battery pack 600 mAh 56x101x8 104 42 NiMH, standard battery
Battery pack 1100 mAh 56x101x20 162 90 NiCd
Battery pack 1700 mAh 56x101x20 188 90 NiMH
depends on design version
English Units
Table 14. Mechanical Characteristics in English Units
Unit Dimensions
(in.) (W x H x
D)
Transceiver with standard
battery pack
Transceiver with standard
battery pack
Transceiver without battery
pack
Transceiver without battery
pack
Radio module 5.6x2.0x0.28
UIF module 5.6x2.0x0.16
Mechanics 2.19 ...
Battery pack 600 mAh 2.2x4.0x0.31
2.2x5.8x0.98
2.2x5.8x0.98 8.50 10.9 US CDMA
2.2x5.8x0.98
2.2x5.8x0.98 4.83 8.36 US CDMA
Weight
(oz.)
8.39
1.69
0.76
2.36
3.67
Volume
(in-
ches3)
10.9 Nokia 1
Nokia 1
8.36
Common
depends on design version
2.56
NiMH, standard battery
Notes
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NHP–4
Technical Documentation
Table 14. Mechanical Characteristics in English Units (continued)
Unit
Battery pack 1100 mAh 2.2x4.0x0.31
Battery pack 1700 mAh 2.2x4.0x0.31
Battery pack vibra NiMH
Dimensions
(in.) (W x H x
D)
Weight
(oz.)
5.71
6.63
(in-
ches3)
5.49
5.49
NiCd
NiMH
System Connector
Charging Connectors
Battery Connector
1
2
+
34
18
916
–
4
General Information
NotesVolume
123
System Connector
Figure 2. System Connectors
Table 15. List of Connectors
Connector Name Notes
Battery 4 connector pins
Charging Portable chargers: 3.8 mm DC plug and
contacts for Desk Stand
System/Data Centronix type, 16 pin, M2BUS, power
supply and audio signals.
ANTENNA
UIF 30 pin flex connector –
(not shown in picture)
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NHP–4
S
19200 bits/s is in use in
S
/
System
CHAR
age (unloaded)
System
DSYN
PAMS
General Information
Pin /
Conn
1 /
System GND
2 /
System
3 /
System AGND
4 /
ystem
5 /
System M2BU
Line
Sym-
bol
XMIC
JCON
N
TDA
S
Minimum Typical /
3.0 V 3.15 V 3.30 V State ”1”
–.3 V 0.0 V 0.63 V State ”0”
0 V 0.0 V 0.7 V Input low
3.0V 4.9 V Input high
0 V 0.0 V 0.35V Output low
3.6V 4.65V 4.9 V Output high
Table 16. System Connector
Maximum Unit / Notes
Nominal
Digital ground
200
mV
rms
420
mV
rms
Analog ground
level
level
level
level
Technical Documentation
External audio input
from accessories or
handsfree microphone
DBUS data to the accessories
Serial bidirectional data
and control bus
Isink < 5 mA, baud rate
9600 bits/s. Baud rate
field test environment
6 /
ystem HOOK
7 /
System PHFS/
8 /
9 /
System
10 /
System XEAR/
RXD2
TXD2
+
GND Digital ground
HF–
PWR
–.3V 0.0 V 0.63V Hook on
2.5 V 3.15V 3.3 V Hook off
–.3V 0.0 V 0.63V Output low
level
2.5 V 3.15V 3.30V Output high
level
–.3V 0.0 V 0.63V Output low,
power off
2.5V 3.15V 3.30V Output high,
power on
–.3V 0.0 V 0.63V Output low
level
2.5V 3.15V 3.30V Output high
level
10.0V 12 V 13.5V
730 mA 800 mA 870 mA Vin < 11 V
130
mV
rms
410 mV-
rms
nom. DC–
level 2.0V
HOOK indication
Flash data
Hands–free device
power on/off
Flash data
Battery charging volt-
External output to accessories or handsfree
speaker and HF box
power turn on/off
11 /
Page 2–12
C
2.5V 3.15V 3.30V State ”1”
–.3V 0.0 V 0.63V State ”0”
DBUS sync
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PAMS
S
S
System
CHAR
age
transceiver
jack for LCH–2 or ACH–4
CHH–2
NHP–4
Technical Documentation
Table 16. System Connector (continued)
Pin /
Conn
12 /
ystem
13 /
System VAHS
14 /
System
15 /
ystem DCLK
16 /
Sym-
bol
RDA
VF 11.4 V 12.0V 12.6V Programming voltage for flash
+
MinimumLine
2.5V 3.15V 3.30V State ”1”
–.3V 0.0 V 0.63V State ”0”
2.5V 3.15V 3.30V Headset voltage
2.5V 3.15V 3.30V State ”1”
–.3V 0.0 V 0.63V State ”0”
10.0V 12 V 13.5V
730mA 800mA 870mA Vin < 11 V
General Information
Unit / NotesMaximumTypical /
Nominal
DBUS data from the
accessories
DBUS–clock
Battery charging volt-
Table 17. Battery Connector
Pin /
Conn
1 /
Battery
2 /
Battery
3 /
Battery
4 /
Battery
Pin /
Conn
1 / Char VCHAR
2 / Char GND
3 / Char VCHAR
4 / Char GND
Line
Symbol
VBAT 4.0 V 6.0 V 8.6 V Battery voltage for transceiver
BSI
BTEMP Battery temperature indicator, voltage at 25 oC
GND Power supply ground
Line
Symbol
Minimum
136 160 184 600 mAh
201 237 272 800 mAh
316
441 519 596 1700 mAh
Minimum
11.0 V 12.0 V 13.5 V
11.0 V 12.0 V 13.5 V
Typi-
cal /
Nom
372
Table 17. Battery Connector
Typi-
cal /
Nom
Maxi-
mum
427
Maxi-
mum
(NiMH)
(NiMH)
1200 mAh (Ni-
Cad)
(NiMH)
22 kohm pull–up resistor in transceiver
3.8 mm DC
No Load
Metal plates for charging in
Unit / Notes
Battery size indication.
Direct A/D result
100 k pull–up resistor in
Unit / Notes
IMPORTANT: These inputs are not to be used as power input pins.
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General Information
Technical Documentation
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NHP–4 Series Transceivers
Chapter 3
System Overview
Issue 1 04/99
NHP–4
System Overview
Technical Documentation
CONTENTS
Acronyms 3–4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cellular History 3–5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) 3–6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Quadrature Phase Shift Keying – QPSK 3–9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The CDMA Signal 3–10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Processing Gain 3–11. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The CDMA Forward Link 3–12. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
V ocoder 3–13. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Convolutional Encoder 3–13. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Interleaver 3–14. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
PAMS
Page No
PN Code Generation 3–14. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Long Code Scrambling 3–16. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Walsh Code User Channelization 3–16. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Walsh Codes 3–17. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Orthogonal Functions 3–18. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Short Code Spreading 3–24. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Forward Link Channel Format 3–24. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
CDMA Reverse Link 3–27. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Data Burst Randomizer 3–27. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Reverse Link Error Protection 3–28. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
64–ary Modulation 3–28. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Reverse Channel Long Code Spreading 3–28. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Reverse Channel Short Code Spreading 3–28. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mobile Phone Operation 3–29. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Pilot Channel 3–29. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sync Channel 3–30. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Paging Channel 3–30. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Page 3–2
CDMA Call Initiation 3–31. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Reverse Link Open Loop Power Control 3–31. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
CDMA Call 3–32. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Reverse Link Closed Loop Power Control 3–32. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
CDMA Variable Rate Speech Coder 3–32. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mobile Power Bursting 3–32. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Rake Receiver 3–33. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
CDMA Hand–offs 3–34. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Issue 1 04/99
PAMS
NHP–4
Technical Documentation
System Overview
List of Figures
Figure 1. TDMA & CDMA Freq and time domain 3–6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 2. CDMA Capacity gains 3–7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 3. TDMA & CDMA Structure 3–8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 4. BPSK Modulator 3–9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 5. I/Q Modulator 3–10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 6. CDMA Waveforms 3–10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 7. CDMA Forward Link 3–12. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 8. Convolutional encoder 3–13. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 9. Interleaver 3–14. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 10. PN Code generator 3–14. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 11. PN Code generator w/mask ckt. 3–15. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Page No
Figure 12. Mask offset example 3–16. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 13. CDMA Forward Link 3–16. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 14. Walsh code example 3–17. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 15. Orthogonal Functions. 3–18. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 16. Walsh Encoding Example 3–19. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 17. Walsh Decoding Example 3–20. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 18. Definition of orthonogonality 3–21. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 19. Forward Link Channel Format 3–26. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 20. CDMA Reverse Link 3–27. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 21. CDMA Pilot & Synch Channel Timing 3–29. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 22. Mobile Power Bursting 3–33. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 23. CDMA Hand–off 3–34. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Issue 1 04/99
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NHP–4
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System Overview
Acronyms
PAMS
Technical Documentation
AMPS
BS
ББББББББ
CDMA
CTIA
DAMPS
ББББББББ
DTMF
FDMA
GSM
ББББББББ
HLR
ISDN
MS
ББББББББ
MSC
MTSO
MTX
ББББББББ
NADC
Advanced Mobile Phone System
Base Station
БББББББББББББББББББББ
Code Division Multiple Access
Cellular Telecommunications Industry Association
Digital Advanced Mobile Phone System
БББББББББББББББББББББ
Dual Tone Multi Frequency
Frequency Division Multiple Access
Global System for Mobile communications
БББББББББББББББББББББ
Home Location Register
Integrated Services Digital Network
Mobile Station (Cellular phone)
БББББББББББББББББББББ
Mobile Switching Center (see MTX also)
Mobile Telephone Switching Office
Mobile Telephone Exchange (see MSC also)
БББББББББББББББББББББ
North American Digital Communications (IS–54 DAMPS)
PCH
PN Code
ББББББББ
PSTN
RF
SAT
ББББББББ
ST
TCH
TS
ББББББББ
VLR
VOCODER
VOCODER
Paging Channel
Pseudo random Noise Code
БББББББББББББББББББББ
Public Switched Telephone Network
Radio Frequency
Supervisory Audio Tone (5970, 6000 and 6030 Hz)
БББББББББББББББББББББ
Signaling Tone (10 kHz)
Traffic CHannel
Time Slot
БББББББББББББББББББББ
Visitor Location Register
VOice COder DEcodeR
VOice CODER
Page 3–4
Issue 1 04/99
PAMS
NHP–4
Technical Documentation
System Overview
Cellular History
Mobile Radios have been in use for approximately 70 years and the cellular concept
was conceived in the 1940s. Public cellular mobile radio was not introduced in the
US until 1983.
In the beginning of the twentieth century, mobile radios were limited to shipboard
use due to the high power requirements and bulky tube radio technology.
Automotive systems in the 1920s operated on 6 volt batteries with a limited storage
capacity.
One of the first useful means of automotive mobile radio occurred in 1928 by the
Detroit police department. Transmission was broadcast from a central location and
could only be received by the mobile police radios.
Introduction of the first two way mobile application was delayed until 1933. This
simplex AM (Amplitude Modulation) push to talk system was introduced by the
police department in Bayonne, New Jersey. The first FM (Frequency Modulation)
mobile transmission (two frequency simplex) was used by the Connecticut State
Police at Hartford in 1940.
The first step towards mobile radio connection with the land line telephone network
was established in St. Louis in 1946. It was called an “urban” system and only
supported three channels.
In 1976, New York City had only 12 radio channels that supported 545 subscribers
with a waiting list of 3700.
In the 1970s, available cellular spectrum was constrained to frequencies above 800
MHz due to equipment design limitations and poor radio propagation characteristics
at frequencies above 1–GHz, this resulted in the allocation of the 825–890 MHz
region.
In 1974, 40 MHz of spectrum was allocated for cellular service and in 1986, an
additional 10 MHz of spectrum was added to facilitate expansion. The present
frequency assignments for the US Cellular system mobile phone is
824.040–848.970 MHz transmit and 869.040–893.970 MHz receive These bands
have been frequency divided (FDMA) into 30 kHz channels. This results in a
maximum capacity of 832 channels. These channels were then divided into two
groups with 416 channels assigned to each system.
Issue 1 04/99
Page 3–5
NHP–4
System Overview
Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
PAMS
Technical Documentation
Amplitude
RX Ch1 RX Ch...n TX Ch 1 TX Ch...n
Amplitude Time
Amplitude
Time
Time
Channelization – FDMA
Channelization – TDMA
3
2
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3
2
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TX Ch...nTX Ch 1RX Ch...nRX Ch1
Channelization – CDMA
Forward Link B.S. M.S.
PN Offset 1 PN Offset 2 PN Offset 512
. . .
Frequency
3
2
1
Frequency
PN Sequence
(short code)
Channelization – CDMA
Amplitude
Time
CDMA01.DRW
Reverse LinkM.S. B.S.
Allows Channalization
and privacy
42
2
possible
PN Sequence
(long code)
Figure 1. TDMA & CDMA Freq and time domain
With FDMA Channelization (Analog AMPS), a channel is 30 kHz wide, this where all
the signal’s transmission power is concentrated. Different users are assigned
different frequency channels. FDMA is the acronym for Frequency Division Multiple
Access. Interference to and from adjacent channels is limited by the use of
bandpass filters that only pass signal’s within a specified narrow frequency band
while rejecting signals at other frequencies. The analog FM cellular system AMPS,
uses FDMA.
The US 800 MHz cellular system divides the allocated spectrum into 30 kHz
bandwidth channels. Narrowband FM modulation is used with AMPS, resulting in 1
call per 30 kHz of spectrum. Because of interference, the same frequency cannot
be used in every cell.
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Issue 1 04/99
PAMS
NHP–4
Technical Documentation
System Overview
The frequency reuse factor is a number representing how often the same frequency
can be reused. To provide acceptable call quality, a Carrier–to–Interference ratio
(C/I) of at least 18 dB is needed. Practical results show that in most cases to
maintain a 18 dB (C/I) a frequency reuse factor of 7 is required. Please note that C/I
is carrier to interference, not signal to noise ratio The resulting capacity is one call
per 210 kHz of spectrum in each cell.
With TDMA, a channel consists of a time slot in a periodic train of time intervals
making up a frame. A given signal’s energy is confined to one of these time slots.
The IS–54B TDMA standard provides a basic modulation efficiency of three voice
calls per 30 kHz of bandwidth. The resulting capacity is one call per 70 kHz of
spectrum or three times that of the analog FM system.
With CDMA each signal consists of a different pseudo random binary sequence that
modulates the carrier, spreading the spectrum of the waveform. A large number of
CDMA signals share the same frequency spectrum. The signals are separated in
the receivers by using a correlator that accepts only signal energy from the selected
binary sequence and de–spreads its spectrum simultaneously. The other users’
signals, whose codes do not match, are not de–spread and as a result, contribute
only minimally to the noise and represent a self–interference generated by the
system. The forward link (B.S. to M.S.) “channels” are separated by offsets in the
short code PN sequence. Reverse link channels are separated by different long
code PN sequences. A detailed description of the forward and reverse links is
given later.
CDMA = 1.5 MHz 1 CDMA channel + 1.2288MHz
Capacity varies between 30 to 40 calls per CDMA
channel. Actual capacity depends Rho, processing
gain, error correction coding gain of M.S. vs signals
in cell and external cell signals.
AMPS = 1.5 MHz / 30kHz = 50 Channels
Capacity = 50 Channels / 7 (1 in 7 Frequency Reuse)
AMPS = 7 calls
DAMPS = 1.5 MHz / 30 kHz = 50 Channels
Capacity = 50 Channels / 7 x 3 Time Slots
DAMPS = 21 calls
GSM = 1.5 MHz / 200 kHz = 7 Channels
Capacity = 7 Channels / 7 x 8 Time Slots
GSM = 8 calls
Figure 2. CDMA Capacity gains
CDMA Capacity
Why should NOKIA go to so much trouble to develop CDMA? CAPACITY! To see
how CDMA increases capacity over present 800 MHz systems (AMPS and DAMPS)
lets look at a 1.5 MHz span of frequencies and compare. A CDMA frequency
channel is 1.2288 MHz wide however to provide guard bands in order to reduce
potential interference with adjacent analog channels a total of 1.5 MHz will be used.
Issue 1 04/99
Page 3–7
NHP–4
System Overview
Technical Documentation
PAMS
The AMPS, DAMPS, and GSM capacity examples assume that only one channel
out of every seven can be used. In a crowded metropolitan area, cellular base
stations are arranged like the top part of Figure 3 Each base station is surrounded
by seven others so only one out every 7 channels can be used or adjacent channel
interference will occur. However, such is not the case for CDMA because all users
on a “CDMA Channel” operate on the same frequency. I’ve just used the word
“Channel” in a different way. Users in a given CDMA channel are separated by
different PN code sequences. According to information at the present time there
four designated CDMA frequency channels, so users on a given frequency channel
operate on the same frequency and are separated by different PN code sequences
which are also called “Channels”.
2
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7
1
6
5
7
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6
4
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7
1
6
5
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7
3
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CDMA Cell Structure
Transmission range of
any given celll
1
1
ANALOG & TDMA Cell Structure
Transmission range of
any given cell
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3
1
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1
1
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CDMA03.DRW
Page 3–8
Figure 3. TDMA & CDMA Structure
Issue 1 04/99
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