Apple 180 User Manual

Download

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Part I

Getting Started

Part II

Learning

Part III

Macintosh User’s Guide

for Macintosh PowerBook 160 and 180 computers

Includes setup instructions and important health-related information

Reference

Part IV

Index

K Apple Computer , Inc.

This manual and the software described in it are copyrighted, with all rights reserved. Under the copyright laws, this manual or the software may not be copied, in whole or part, without written consent of Apple, except in the normal use of the software or to make a backup copy of the software. The same proprietary and copyright notices must be affixed to any permitted copies as were affixed to the original. This exception does not allow copies to be made for others, whether or not sold, but all of the material purchased (with all backup copies) may be sold, given, or loaned to another person. Under the law, copying includes translating into another language or format.

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©Apple Computer, Inc., 1992 20525 Mariani Avenue Cupertino, CA 95014-6299 (408) 996-1010

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Contents

Preface How to Use This Book xiii

Radio and television interference xv

Part I Getting Started With

Your Computer 1

Chapter 1 Setting Up Your Macintosh

PowerBook 1

Setting up the computer 2

Step 1: Plug in the power adapter 2 Step 2: Open the display 3 Step 3: Turn on the computer 4 Trouble? 5

Installing system software 6

Continuing your work 7

What to do next 8

Learning the basics 10

Before you begin 10 Finding the tour 11 Starting the tour from the hard disk 11 Starting the tour from a floppy disk 15

Turning the Powerbook on and off 17

Off 17 Sleep 18 On 19 On/off summary 19 When you turn on your computer 20 Restarting a computer that’s already on 21 Restarting a computer that can’t be turned on normally 21

Important care and safety instructions 23

± Warning 23 s Caution 24 S Important 25

Your computer at a glance 9

Health concerns associated with computer use 26

Repetitive stress injuries 26 Arranging your work space and equipment 27

iii

n Part II Learning Macintosh 31

Chapter 3 Creating and Changing

a Document 51

Chapter 2 Working on the Desktop 31

Use the trackball 32

Point 32 Click 33 Press 34 Drag 35

Choose a command 36

Giving orders to your computer 36 Open an icon 37 Look at the contents of a window 38

Make a window the active window 38

Make a window larger or smaller 40

Move the hidden contents of a window into view 42 Close a window 44 Move a window 45

What’s on the desktop? 46

Open a program 52 Create a document 53 Save your work 53 Switch programs 54 Close a document 56

Two types of programs 57 Open a document 57 Change a document 58 Save your work so far 61

Taking a shortcut 62

Make more changes 62 Quit a program 64

Opening and closing documents and programs 65 Make a copy of a document 65 Change the name of an icon 66 Use the Trash 67

Using the keyboard 49

iv Contents

Chapter 4 Working With Disks 69

Insert a floppy disk 70

Part III Macintosh R eference 87

Floppy disks and hard disks 71 Initialize a disk 72 Copy the contents of a disk 74

Taking care of floppy disks 75 Take a floppy disk out of its drive 76 Protect the contents of disk 77 On your own: Install your programs 78

Throw away extra System Folders 79

Chapter 5 Learning More About

Your Computer 81

Open the Battery desk accessory 82 Open the PowerBook control panel 82 Use Balloon Help 83

To turn off Balloon Help 84 Use Part III of this book 85

What next? 85

Chapter 6 Setting Up Your Programs 87

Installing or updating system software 87

Before you install 88 Installing system software 88 Installing customized system software 90 Starting up with a floppy disk 91

Installing your programs 92

Installing programs without a floppy disk drive 92 Checking for computer viruses 93

Working with several programs at a time 94

Finding out what programs are open 94 Switching programs 94 Hiding and showing windows on the desktop 94 Changing the amount of memory a program uses 95

Using the Scrapbook 96

Storing items in the Scrapbook 96 Copying items from the Scrapbook 96 Deleting items from the Scrapbook 96

Contents v

Using a RAM disk 97

Creating a RAM disk 97

Erasing a RAM disk 98

Resizing or removing a RAM disk 98

Making a RAM disk the startup disk 99

Chapter 7 P ower Management 101

Monitoring the battery charge level 101

Using the battery desk accessory 101

Responding to low-power messages 102 Recharging the battery 103

Recharging with the power adapter 103

Recharging with a recharger 105 Removing or replacing the battery 106 Maximizing battery life 107 Maximizing work time 108

Ways to conserve battery power 108

Adjusting the battery conservation settings 109

Using the battery conservation options 110

Chapter 8 Using Disks 113

Preparing a new disk for use 113

Initializing a hard disk 113

Initializing a floppy disk 115 Erasing a floppy disk 116 Designating a startup disk 116

Scanning order for startup disks 117 Protecting the information on a disk 117

Locking a floppy disk 117

Locking a file 118

Backing up your files 119 If you can’t save files on a floppy disk 119 Ejecting a disk 120

If you can’t eject a floppy disk 120 Caring for disks 121

Hard disk precautions 121 Testing and repairing disks 121

If a hard disk icon doesn’t appear 121

Using Disk First Aid 122

vi Contents

Testing a hard disk 124

Chapter 9 Organizing Your Files 125

Chapter 10 Sound, Color, and Video 139

Straightening up your files 125 Using folders to organize your files 126

Creating and naming folders 126 Filing documents when you save them 127 Making items easier to find 128

Creating an alias 128

Installing an item in the Apple menu 129

Moving an item to the desktop 129 Finding an item 130

Finding an item by name 130

Finding an item using other criteria 131

Finding items that meet two criteria 133

Ways to use the Find command 132 Creating a template or stationery 134 Getting information about your files 135

Using the Info window 135

Using the View menu 136

Setting the beep sound 139 Installing a sound 140 Removing a sound 141 Recording sounds 141 Displaying colors or grays 143 Changing the highlight color or gray 144 Changing the color of window borders 145 Changing the background pattern 146 Assigning a color to an icon 147 Changing the colors in the Label menu 148 Using more than one monitor 149

Using a second monitor for presentations 150 Controlling automatic screen dimming 151 Magnifying the screen image 152

Assigning a label to a file 136 Tips on transferring files 137

Contents vii

Chapter 11 Adapting Your Computer to

Your Own Use 155

Turning off the Empty Trash warning 170 Managing memory 171

Specifying which items you want opened at startup 156 Installing an item in the Apple menu 156 Installing files in the System Folder 156

Removing files from the System Folder 157 Changing the items in the Label menu 158 Setting the time and date 158 Setting a time for the Alarm Clock to go off 159

Turning the alarm off 160 Changing time and date formats 160

Changing the date format 161

Changing the time format 162 Changing number and currency formats 163 Adjusting the way the trackball or mouse works 164 Adjusting the way the keyboard works 165

Making keyboard shortcuts easier to type 166

Adjusting the keyboard for very slow typing 166 Adjusting the blinking of a menu item 167

Checking memory use 171 Making the most of your memory 171 Adjusting the disk cache 172 Using hard disk space as memory 173 Turning on 32-bit addressing 174

Chapter 12 Printing 175

Before you print 175

Choosing a printer 175 Selecting Page Setup options 178 Updating printer software on networked computers 179

Printing your work 180

Printing the contents of a window or the desktop 181 Solutions to common printing problems 182

Controlling background printing 183

Adjusting the blinking of the insertion point 167 Changing the way the contents of windows appear 168 Changing an icon 169

viii Contents

Working with fonts 184

Working with files and folders on other computers 200 Outline fonts and bitmap fonts 184 Installing fonts 185 Removing fonts 186 Transferring fonts to a LaserWriter printer 186 Finding out about available fonts 188 Other ways to use the LaserWriter Font Utility 188

Chapter 13 Using Your Computer

on a Network 191

What networking offers 191 Setting up your computer on a network 192

Connecting to a network 193 Turning on AppleTalk 193 Naming your computer and its owner 194

Gaining access to files on shared disks 195

Before you begin 195 Connecting to a shared disk 195 Disconnecting from a shared disk 197 Connecting quickly to a shared disk 198

Creating a new folder on another computer 200 Changing your password 200 Giving folder ownership to someone else 201

Sharing your own files 202

How file sharing works 202 Turning file sharing on 202 Turning on guest access 203 Selecting a folder or disk to share 204 Naming a registered user 205 Setting a registered user’s password 206 Naming a group of users 207 Seeing who’s in a group 207 Selecting a user or group to share a folder or disk 208 Preventing specific users or guests from accessing your

computer 209 Removing a user from a group 211 Removing a user or group from your list of registered

users 211 Giving away ownership of a folder or disk on your

computer 211

Connecting automatically when you start up 198 Reconnecting a PowerBook to shared disks 199

Turning file sharing off 212 Monitoring file-sharing activity 213

Contents ix

Disconnecting someone who is connected to

your computer 213 Gaining access to your computer from another computer 214 Changing your password 215

Using access privileges 216

Understanding access privileges 216 Setting access privileges to folders and disks 217 Access privilege strategies 218 Working with privileges others have set 219 Checking your access privileges 220

Linking programs 220

Linking to a program on another computer 220 Disconnecting a program link 222 Allowing other people to link to your programs 222

Chapter 14 Expanding Your Computer

System 225

Using SCSI devices 225

Installing software 226 Setting SCSI ID numbers 226 Checking that the SCSI chain is properly terminated 228

Using your PowerBook as a SCSI disk 230

Connecting your computer as a SCSI disk 230 Simplifying the SCSI disk connection process 233 Using SCSI disk mode to reinstall system software 233 Drawing battery power in SCSI disk mode 234 Quitting SCSI disk mode 235

Using an external monitor 236

Connecting an external monitor 236 Activating the external monitor 238 Making the external monitor the main monitor 239 Working with an external monitor 240

Disconnecting an external monitor 241 Connecting a modem 242 Connecting a printer 243 Connecting a mouse or other ADB device 243 Using sound input and output devices 244

Built-in microphone 244

External microphone 244

Sound output devices 245 Adding memory to your computer 245

x Contents

Connecting cables 229

Chapter 15 Travel, Storage, and Service 247

Traveling with the PowerBook 247 Storing the PowerBook 248

Short-term storage (up to 2 weeks) 248

Long-term storage (more than 2 weeks) 249 Using the security feature 249 Service and support 249

If the PowerBook malfunctions or is damaged 249

How to get help 250 For more information about Macintosh computers 251

Macintosh user groups 251

Technical information 251

Quick Reference 253

Summary and Shortcuts 253

Shift-click 253

Working with icons 253

Working with windows 254

Working with menus 256

Troubleshooting 259

The PowerBook 259 SCSI devices 264 External monitors 265 Disk drives and disks 266 Modems 268 Printers 269 Networks 270 Application programs 272

Appendix A Keyboard and Character Sets 275

Using Caps Lock 276 Typing special characters and symbols 276

Appendix B Exchanging Disks and Files with

MS-DOS Computers 279

Initializing a disk in MS-DOS format 279 Converting files to and from MS-DOS format 281

Other file-conversion options 283

Keyboard shortcuts in the Finder and in directory

dialog boxes 258

Contents xi

Appendix C Map 285

Setting your location 285 Comparing locations 286 Finding a location 287 Adding or removing a location 288

Adding a location 288

Changing or removing a location 288

Part IV Index 291

xii Contents

Preface

How to Use This Book

This book has several parts.

Certain kinds of information are not included in this book.

■ Information about modems. If your computer has a built-in

modem, or if you purchase one later, you receive a separate modem manual with instructions for its use.

■ Chapter 1 explains how to set up your computer and learn

how to use it.

■ Chapters 2–5 are a tutorial designed for people who have not

used a Macintosh computer before. If you are new to the Macintosh, you should read this section of the book before you start your own work.

■ Chapters 6–15 contain reference information that will help

you as you become more proficient with your computer. Youcan turn to these chapters for information about a particular topic.

■ At the back of the book you’ll find a troubleshooting section

and an index.

■ Information about application programs. Your best source of

information about a particular program is the set of books and disks that came with that program.

■ Technical specifications for your PowerBook model. These are

on a separate sheet in the box with your computer. Turn now to Chapter 1 to set up your new PowerBook computer. Welcome to Macintosh.

xiii

Radio and television interference

The equipment described in this manual generates, uses, and can radiate radiofrequency energy. If it is not installed and used properly—that is, in strict accordance with Apple’s instructions—it may cause interference with radio and television reception.

This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class B digital device in accordance with the speciﬁcations in Part15 of FCC rules. These specifications are designed to provide reasonable protection against such interference in a residential installation. However, there is no guarantee that interference will not occur in a particular installation.

You can determine whether your computer system is causing interference by turning it off. If the interference stops, it was probably caused by the computer or one of the peripheral devices.

If your computer system does cause interference to radio or television reception, try to correct the interference by using one or more of the following measures:

■ Turn the television or radio antenna until the interference stops.

■ Move the computer to one side or the other of the television or radio.

■ Move the computer farther away from the television or radio.

■ Plug the computer into an outlet that is on a different circuit from the

television or radio. (That is, make certain the computer and the television or radio are on circuits controlled by different circuit breakers or fuses.)

Important: Changes or modifications to this product not authorized by Apple Computer, Inc., could void the FCC Certification and negate your authority to operate the product.

This product was tested for FCC compliance under conditions that included the use of shielded cables and connectors between system components. It is important that you use shielded cables and connectors to reduce the possibility of causing interference to radios, television sets, and other electronic devices. For Apple peripheral devices, you can obtain the proper shielded cables from your authorized Apple dealer. For non-Apple peripheral devices, contact the manufacturer or dealer for assistance.

If necessary, consult your authorized Apple dealer or an experienced radio/television technician for additional suggestions. You may find helpful the following booklet, prepared by the Federal Communications Commission: Interference Handbook (stock number 004-000-00345-4). This booklet is available from the U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402.

Preface xvxv

Chapter 1

Setting Up Your Macintosh P owerBook

In this chapter

n Setting up your computer n Installing system software n Learning how to use your computer

n New Macintosh users: If you have never used a Macintosh

computer before, read this entire chapter. It explains how toset up your computer, learn how to use it, and turn it on and off.

n New PowerBook users:If you have used other Macintosh

computers but are new to the PowerBook, follow the setup instructions that begin on the next page and then go to the section on turning the PowerBook on and off.

n Experienced PowerBook users:Skim this chapter for

information that applies to your computer.

n Turning the computer on and off n Important care and safety instructions n Being comfortable while you work

Important: No matter what your level of experience, please read the safety information in this chapter before beginning your own work. This information can help protect you and your computer equipment from possible harm.

Setting up the computer

Step 1: Plug in the power adapter

Plugging in the power adapter recharges the computer’s battery while you work. You should plug it in now in case the battery has drained during shipping and storage.

s Warning: Use only the power adapter that came with your

PowerBook computer. Adapters for other electronic devices (including other portable computers) may look similar, but they may damage your computer.

n Plug the power adapter into a standard electrical outlet

or power strip. Then plug the power adapter cable into the power adapter port (¯) on the back panel of the computer.

Power adapter port

2 Chapter 1: Setting Up Your Macintosh PowerBook

Step 2: Open the display

n Slide the latch to the right and lift up the display.

Position the display at a comfortable viewing angle. You can adjust the angle of the display at any time.

Chapter 1: Setting Up Your Macintosh PowerBook 3

Step 3: Turn on the computer

n Open the door to the back panel of your computer.

n Press the power button (I) to turn the computer on.

Power button

You hear a tone when you turn on the computer. It takes the computer a moment to start up.

4 Chapter 1: Setting Up Your Macintosh PowerBook

n If you see a blinking question mark on your screen, you

needto install system software on the computer’s hard disk. System software includes the programs the computer uses to start itself up. Continue with the section “Installing System Software.”

Trouble?

n The computer made a sound, but you can’t see anything on

the screen.

Adjust the brightness (¤) and contrast (O) controls until an image appears and the screen is easy to read.

Contrast control

n If you see the Macintosh desktop on your screen, the

computer is ready to use. You do not need to install system software. Continue with the section “What to Do Next.”

Brightness control

n Nothing happened when you pressed the power button.

Make sure the power adapter is firmly connected to both thecomputer and a power source. If the power adapter is plugged into a power strip, make sure the power strip is plugged in and turned on. Then try pressing the power button again.

Chapter 1: Setting Up Your Macintosh PowerBook 5

Installing system software

System software is a set of programs that your computer uses to start up and operate. To install system software on your hard disk, follow these steps.

You do not need to install system software if you see the Macintosh desktop on your screen when you turn on the computer.

1. Find the Install Me First disk provided with your computer. Insert the disk into the floppy disk drive (metal end first, label side up).

Insert metal end first.

2. Press the Return key on your keyboard to continue.

The Easy Install dialog box appears. Easy Install puts the system software that you’ll need right away onto your hard disk.

3. Press the Return key again to start installing system software.

Messages on your screen report how installation is progressing.

4. When the computer prompts you, remove the Install Me First disk and insert the next disk the computer

requests.

During installation, the computer automatically ejects a disk it has finished with and requests the next disk it needs.

5. Insert the remaining disks as the computer prompts you.

6. When you see a message reporting that installation was successful, press the Return key once more to quit the Installer program.

After a few moments, you’ll see the Welcome box of the Installer, the program that installs system software on your hard disk.

6 Chapter 1: Setting Up Your Macintosh PowerBook

If you see a message saying that installation was not successful, you need to try again. Follow the instructions on the screen.

Continuing your work

2. Roll the trackball around with your fingers.

Next you see a message that asks whether you want to continue using your Macintosh. To continue working or to learn how to use the computer, use the trackball to choose Restart.

1. Place the index and middle fingers of your dominant hand on the trackball and the thumb of the same hand on the lower trackball button. Don’t press either button yet.

Notice that the arrow (8) on the screen moves in the direction that you roll the trackball. For example, rolling the trackball to the right moves the arrow to the right.

3. Roll the trackball so the arrow rests over the word Restart.

Make sure that the tip of the arrow is inside the box with the word Restart.

continues .

Chapter 1: Setting Up Your Macintosh PowerBook 7

4. Press and release one of the trackball buttons.

Both buttons do the same thing. The screen darkens, you hear a sound, and then after a

moment the Macintosh desktop appears on the screen.

If nothing happens, try clicking the word Restart again. Make sure that the tip of the arrow is inside the box with the word Restart.

What to do next

n If you have never used a Macintosh computer before,

continue with the section “Learning the Basics.”

n If you have never used a PowerBook computer before,

continue with the section “Turning the PowerBook On and Off.” This section contains information that can help you use your computer efficiently.

n If you are an experienced PowerBook user, you are ready to

start your own work.

8 Chapter 1: Setting Up Your Macintosh PowerBook

Your computer at a glance

Elevation feet

¯ Power adapter port

Security slot

g SCSI port (HDI-30)

V Apple Desktop Bus (ADB) port

≈ Sound in port

¥ Interrupt button

™ Video out port

- Sound out port

[ Printer port W Modem port

I Power button

P Reset button

Microphone

O Contrast control ¤ Brightness control

Floppy disk drive

Chapter 1: Setting Up Your Macintosh PowerBook 9

Learning the basics

Before you begin

The PowerBook comes with a tour and a tutorial to help you start using your computer as quickly as possible.

n The Macintosh Basics tour teaches the most basic skills you

need to master before you can use your computer.

n The tutorial section of this book (Chapters 2–5) reviews the

basic skills taught in the tour, and teaches a few additional skills you’ll find helpful as you become more proficient.

Take the Macintosh Basicstour first.

Make sure your computer is turned on. If the screen is dark, try the following steps in order until you see the Macintosh desktop on your screen.

1. Adjust the screen brightness and contrast controls.

If you see the Macintosh desktop, skip to “Finding the Tour.”

2. Press any key on the keyboard (except Caps Lock).

Pressing a key wakes the computer if it was in sleep (a powerconserving state described later in this chapter). If you see the Macintosh desktop, skip to “Finding the Tour.”

3. Press the power button on the computer’s back panel.

Pressing the power button turns the computer on if it was off. Continue with “Finding the Tour.”

10 Chapter 1: Setting Up Your Macintosh PowerBook

Finding the tour

Starting the tour from the hard disk

Your Macintosh Basicstour may be on a floppy disk, or it may be on the computer’s hard disk.

n If the Macintosh desktop appeared on the screen when you

first turned on your computer, then the system software andthe Macintosh Basics tour were installed on your computer’s hard disk at the factory. Continue with the section “Starting the Tour From the Hard Disk.”

n If you needed to install system software when you set up your

computer (as described in the previous section of this chapter), then the Macintosh Basics tour is on a floppy disk in the box with your computer. Locate the disk and continue with the section “Starting the Tour From a Floppy Disk.”

1. Roll the trackball to move the arrow over the picture labeled “Macintosh HD.”

Make sure the tip of the arrow is over the picture, not over the words “Macintosh HD.”

continues .

Chapter 1: Setting Up Your Macintosh PowerBook 11

2. Being careful not to roll the trackball, press the trackball button twice in quick succession.

3. Roll the trackball to move the arrow over the picture of the folder labeled “Macintosh Basics.”

Now your screen should look like the picture following step 3. If it doesn’t, try steps 1 and 2 again, paying special attention to the following:

n Make sure the tip of the arrow is touching the picture, not

the words beneath it.

n Be sure to press the trackball button twice. n Try pressing twice more quickly and be careful not to roll

the trackball while you press.

Make sure the tip of the arrow is over the picture, not over the words “Macintosh Basics.”

The items in the illustration below may not exactly match those on your screen. The only item you need right now is the Macintosh Basics folder.

12 Chapter 1: Setting Up Your Macintosh PowerBook

4. Being careful not to roll the trackball, press the trackball button twice in quick succession.

5. Roll the trackball to move the arrow over the picture of the man labeled “Macintosh Basics.”

Now your screen should look like the following illustration:

Make sure the tip of the arrow is over the picture of the man, not over the words “Macintosh Basics.”

continues .

Chapter 1: Setting Up Your Macintosh PowerBook 13

6. Press the trackball button twice in quick succession.

Now your screen should look like the following picture:

If you don’t see this screen, try again, paying special attention to the following:

n Make sure the tip of the arrow is touching the picture, not

the words beneath it.

7. Follow the instructions on the screen and work through the tour.

When you finish the tour, continue with “Turning the PowerBook On and Off” and read the rest of this chapter for information that can help you use your computer safely and efficiently. Then turn to Chapter 2 and begin the tutorial.

n Be sure to press the trackball button twice. n Try pressing twice more quickly and be careful not to roll

the trackball while you press.

14 Chapter 1: Setting Up Your Macintosh PowerBook

Starting the tour from a floppy disk

1. Insert the Macintosh Basicsdisk into the floppy disk drive (metal end first, label side up).

Insert metal end first.

After a moment, your screen should look like this:

continues .

Chapter 1: Setting Up Your Macintosh PowerBook 15

2. Roll the trackball to move the arrow over the picture of the man labeled “Macintosh Basics.”

If you don’t see this screen, try again, paying special attention to the following:

Make sure the tip of the arrow is over the picture of the man, not over the words “Macintosh Basics.”

3. Press the trackball button twice in quick succession.

Now your screen should look like the following picture:

n Make sure the tip of the arrow is touching the picture, not

the words beneath it.

n Be sure to press the trackball button twice. n Try pressing twice more quickly and be careful not to roll

the trackball while you press.

4. Follow the instructions on the screen and work through the tour.

When you finish the tour, read the rest of this chapter for information that can help you use your computer safely and efficiently. Then turn to Chapter 2 and begin the tutorial.

16 Chapter 1: Setting Up Your Macintosh PowerBook

Turning the P owerBook on and off

To turn the PowerBook off

Your Macintosh PowerBook can be in one of three power states: off, sleep, or on.

Off

When the PowerBook is off, the computer is not using any power or doing any work. The terms shut down and offboth refer to this state.

You should turn the computer off to

n attach other equipment to it n replace its battery n conserve power when you won’t be using it for several hours

n If the computer is on, choose the Shut Down command from

the Special menu. (The Macintosh Basics tour teaches how to choose a menu command.)

n If the computer is in sleep, wake it by pressing any key on the

keyboard (except Caps Lock), and then choose Shut Down. Important: Don’t shut down with the power button (I) on

theback panel of the computer unless a problem prevents you from choosing Shut Down. You will lose any work you didnot save, and you may experience problems with your hard disk.

Chapter 1: Setting Up Your Macintosh PowerBook 17

Sleep

Automatic sleep

When the PowerBook is in sleep, it draws enough power to maintain the information in its memory (including any open programs and documents). The computer is on, but almost completely inactive.

You should put the computer to sleep to conserve power when you take a work break.

To put the PowerBook to sleep

n If the computer is on, choose the Sleep command from the

Special menu.

If you don’t use the computer for several minutes, it goes to sleep automatically. This conserves battery power. You will notice that if you spend several minutes reading without using the computer, or if you take a break, the screen may be dark when you’re ready to resume working.

To wake the computer, press any key on the keyboard (except Caps Lock). The desktop reappears looking just the way it did before the computer went to sleep.

n If the computer is off, you need to turn it on before you can

put it to sleep.

18 Chapter 1: Setting Up Your Macintosh PowerBook

When the PowerBook is on, you can do your work.

To turn the PowerBook on

n If the computer is off, press the power button (I).

Power button

n If the computer is in sleep, press any key on the keyboard

(except Caps Lock).

On/off summary

If the And you want it to be power state is Off Sleep On

Off — — Press power button Sleep Press any key — Press any key except

to wake, and then Caps Lock (pressing choose Shut Down the power button

also works)

On Choose Shut Down Choose Sleep —

See the chapter on power management for more information about managing your computer’s power consumption.

Chapter 1: Setting Up Your Macintosh PowerBook 19

When you turn on your computer

When you turn on your PowerBook, the computer looks on the hard disk inside the computer for the system software it uses to start itself up. (A disk that contains the system software is called a startup disk.) When the computer finds the system software, it displays the icon shown and proceeds to start itself up.

When the startup process is complete, the Macintosh desktop appears on the screen. The desktop is a gray pattern with

n a menu bar across the top (containing the names and icons

of menus)

n an icon near the upper-right corner representing the startup

disk

n an icon near the lower-right corner representing the Trash

Menu bar

Startup disk icon

Trash icon

When you “wake” your computer from sleep, it does not go through the startup process because it is already on (at a reduced power level). The Macintosh desktop reappears on the screen immediately, looking just the way it did before the computer went to sleep.

20 Chapter 1: Setting Up Your Macintosh PowerBook

Restarting a computer that’s already on

You need to restart your computer—turn it off and back on again immediately—when you want to make certain changes to your control panels, use a newly installed system software file, or start up the computer from a different disk.

n Choose Restart from the Special menu.

When you choose Restart, the computer prompts you to save your work, closes all open programs, and restarts itself.

Restarting a computer that can’t be turned on normally

If your system crashes (a rare event resulting from temporary software problems), or if a computer with a properly installed and charged battery does not respond when you try to turn it on, you should be able to restart it using one of the methods described in this section. Try them in the order given. All these methods will cause you to lose any work you have not saved.

n Press and release the reset button.

You can press the button with a pen, a paper clip, or a similar object.

Restarting the computer with the reset button does not affect your RAM disk (if you created one) or its contents.

Reset buttonInterrupt button

Choosing Restart does not affect your RAM disk (if you created one) or its contents.

You also need to restart if you see a “system error” message on the screen (indicating a temporary software problem). In this case, use the trackball to click the Restart button that appears.

continues .

Chapter 1: Setting Up Your Macintosh PowerBook 21

n Hold down the power button for 5 seconds.

When you let go, the computer turns itself off. Turning the computer off with the power button erases the contents of a RAM disk.

n Restart from a floppy disk.

1. Insert the Disk Toolsdisk into the floppy disk drive.

2. Press the power button. If the computer turns on, there is probably a problem with

your hard disk. You may be able to fix the problem yourself (using the Disk First Aid program or another disk repair program; see the chapter on disks in the reference section). Or you can take the computer to your authorized Apple service provider.

n If you have an Apple HDI-30 SCSI Disk Adapter cable,

connect your PowerBook to a desktop Macintosh and start it up as a SCSI disk.

Your PowerBook can be connected to a desktop Macintosh and used as an external SCSI disk drive.

The procedure has two parts. First you need to connect your computer to a desktop Macintosh. Then you need to reinstall system software on your computer’s hard disk. Chapters 14 and 6, respectively, contain specific instructions.

22 Chapter 1: Setting Up Your Macintosh PowerBook

Important care and safety instructions

For your own safety and that of your equipment, read and follow all the instructions in this section. Keep these instructions available for reference by you and others.

n Always handle batteries carefully. n Do not drop, puncture, disassemble, mutilate, or incinerate

the battery.

n Recharge batteries only as described in this manual and only

in ventilated areas.

± W arning

n Electrical equipment may be hazardous if misused. Operation

of this product, or similar products, must always be supervised by an adult. Do not allow children access to the interior of any electrical product and do not permit them to handle any cables.

n Do not use the computer in or near water. n Do not use cables that are frayed or otherwise damaged. Hold

a cable by its connector (the plug, not the cord) when connecting or disconnecting it.

n Transport batteries either inside the computer or in the

protective case provided with each battery. Do not transport unprotected batteries.

n Do not short-circuit the battery terminals (that is, do not

allow a metal object such as a paper clip or key chain to touch the terminals). Doing so may cause an explosion or a fire.

Chapter 1: Setting Up Your Macintosh PowerBook 23

s Caution

n If you have a problem with your computer and nothing

presented in the manuals that came with the computer solves the problem, take the computer to your authorized Apple dealer or service provider. Attempting to repair the computer yourself may void the limited warranty. Contact your authorized Apple dealer or service provider for additional information about this or any other warranty question.

n Do not attempt to open the computer’s case. There are no

user-serviceable parts inside. Take the computer to an authorized Apple service provider if necessary.

n Do not drop or jar the computer.

n Do not move the computer when you can hear its hard disk

spinning. When you put the computer to sleep, wait until the screen is blank before moving the computer.

n Use only the power adapter supplied with your computer.

Adapters designed for other electronic devices may look similar, but they may not work with your equipment and may damage the computer.

n Never force a connector into a port. Make sure that the

connector matches the port and that it’s right side up. If the connector and port do not join easily, they do not match.

24 Chapter 1: Setting Up Your Macintosh PowerBook

n Do not use the computer in wet or dusty environments.

Important

n Keep dirt and liquids away from the ports on the back panel,

the keyboard, and the trackball. If you spill any food or liquid onto the computer, shut it down immediately and unplug it before cleaning up the spill. Depending on what you spilled and how much got into the computer, you may have to bring the computer to an authorized Apple service provider for cleaning.

n Do not touch the screen with any sharp or pointed objects. n Use only the battery supplied with your computer. Batteries

designed for other portable computers may look similar, but they may not work with your computer and may damage it.

n When recharging the battery, use only the power adapter

supplied with your computer. Adapters designed for other electronic devices may not work with your equipment and may damage the computer or the recharger.

n Do not leave batteries in hot locations (such as the trunk of a

car).

n If the computer has been in a cold place for several hours, let

it warm up to room temperature before you use it.

n Use the computer only in environments where the

temperature range is between 50°F/10°C and 104°F/40°C.

n Do not expose the computer to very low (less than

–13°F/–25°C) or very high (more than 140°F/60°C) temperatures.

n If necessary, clean the outside surfaces of your computer

equipment with a damp (not wet) cloth or paper towel.

n Clean the screen with soft, lint-free paper or cloth and a mild

glass cleaner. Do not spray the glass cleaner (or any other liquid) directly onto the screen.

Chapter 1: Setting Up Your Macintosh PowerBook 25

Health concerns associated with

Repetitive stress injuries

computeruse

Muscle soreness, eye fatigue, and other discomforts and injuries sometimes associated with computer use can result from performing any number of activities. Misuse of the same muscles during multiple activities can create a problem that might not otherwise exist. For example, if you engage in nonwork activities that involve repetitive stress on the wrist—such as bicycling—and also use your computer’s keyboard improperly, you may increase your likelihood of developing wrist problems. Preventing health problems requires careful attention to the way you use your body at all times.

The most common health effects associated with using a computer are musculoskeletal discomfort and eye fatigue. Any activity that involves sitting for long periods of time, including using a computer, can make your muscles sore and stiff.

To prevent discomfort and fatigue:

n Arrange your work space so the furniture is properly adjusted

for you and doesn’t contribute to an awkward, inappropriate working posture.

n Take frequent short breaks to give your muscles and eyes a

chance to rest and refresh.

Repetitive stress injuries (RSIs) can occur when a certain muscle or tendon is repeatedly overused and forced into an unnatural position. The exact causes of RSIs are not understood, but it is thought that awkward posture, the amount of repetition, the force used in the activity, and your physiology and lifestyle may all contribute to their occurrence.

One RSI often discussed in connection with computer use is a wrist problem called carpal tunnel syndrome, which may be aggravated by improper use of computer keyboards. This nerve disorder results from excessive pressure on the median nerve as it passes through the wrist to the hand. The information on the next few pages can help you recognize hand positions that may cause discomfort.

Since the effects of repetitive movement associated with computer use can be compounded by those of other work and leisure activities to produce or aggravate physical problems, proper use of your computer system must be considered just one element of a healthy lifestyle. No one can guarantee that you won’t have problems even when you follow the most expert advice on using computer equipment. You should always check with a qualified health specialist if muscle, joint, or eye problems occur.

26 Chapter 1: Setting Up Your Macintosh PowerBook

Arranging your work space and equipment

Keyboard and trackball

The suggestions in this section can help you work more comfortably with your computer.

Chair

Whenever possible, use an adjustable chair that provides firm, comfortable support.

n Adjust the height of the chair so your thighs are horizontal,

your feet flat on the floor, and the backs of your knees slightly higher than the seat of your chair.

n The chair should support your lower back. Follow the

manufacturer’s instructions for adjusting the backrest.

n When you use the keyboard and trackball, your shoulders

should be relaxed. Your upper arm and forearm should form aright angle, with your wrist and hand in roughly a straight line.

Not thisThis

n Use a soft touch on the keyboard and keep your hands

andfingers relaxed. Avoid rolling your thumbs under yourpalms.

This Not this

n Change hand positions often to avoid fatigue.

Chapter 1: Setting Up Your Macintosh PowerBook 27

n If you prefer, you can adjust the angle of the keyboard by

rotating the elevation feet at both ends of the back panel until they snap into position.

The back of the keyboard is slightly elevated when the feet are in use. Otherwise, the keyboard is level.

Mouse

Built-in display

n Adjust the angle of the display to minimize glare and

reflections from lights and windows. Make sure there is enough light to read the screen easily.

n You may need to adjust the brightness and contrast of the

screen when you take the computer from one work location to another, or if the lighting in your work area changes.

Contrast control

Brightness control

If you use a mouse, position it at the same height as your keyboard. When you slide the mouse, move your entire arm. Avoid resting your arm on the desk and bending your wrist as you move the mouse.

28 Chapter 1: Setting Up Your Macintosh PowerBook

n Clean the screen regularly (see “Important Care and Safety

Instructions”).

External monitor

General suggestions

If you sometimes use an external monitor, these suggestions may be helpful.

n If possible, arrange the monitor so the top of the screen is at

or slightly below your eye level while you’re working. The best distance from your eyes to the screen is up to you, although most people seem to prefer 18 to 28 inches (45 to 70 cm).

n Position the monitor to minimize glare and reflections from

lights and windows. You may want to use a monitor stand so you can adjust the viewing angle.

n Wherever you’re working, take a moment to think about

whether you feel comfortable, and change position if necessary.

n Occasionally rest your eyes. From time to time focus your eyes

on a distant object, and blink often while you work.

n Some computer users may develop discomfort in their arms,

wrists, or hands if they do intensive work without breaks. If you begin to develop chronic pain or discomfort in your arms, wrists, or hands, consult your health specialist.

Chapter 1: Setting Up Your Macintosh PowerBook 29

Chapter 2

Working on the Desktop

Before you begin

You should have already

In this chapter

Review basic trackball skills:

n Moving the pointer n Choosing a command n Opening an icon n Looking at the contents of a window

And learn:

n How to close a window n How to move a window n What the icons on your desktop represent

n set up your computer according to the instructions in

Chapter1

n gone through the Macintosh Basics tour supplied with your

computer

Make sure your computer is on.

Use the trackball

Point

Your computer has a two-button trackball. You use the ball itself to control the movements of a pointer on the screen. The pointer you’ll see most often is an arrow (8).

You use the buttons to initiate actions that you want the computer to perform. Both trackball buttons do the same thing. You can always use whichever one you prefer.

You point to an object on the screen by rolling the trackball so the pointer is positioned over that object. When the pointer is an arrow, the tipof the arrow must be exactly over the object.

Practice pointing to different objects on the Macintosh desktop, such as the startup hard disk icon near the upper-right corner, the Trash icon near the lower-right corner, and the Help menu icon near the right end of the menu bar.

Much of the work you do on the Macintosh uses four trackball actions: pointing, clicking, pressing, and dragging.

(If you want to return to the Macintosh Basics tour for more practice with the trackball, see Chapter 1 for instructions.)

32 Chapter 2: Working on the Desktop

Click

You click an object on the screen by pressing and quickly releasing a trackball button while the pointer is over that object.

Practice clicking different objects on the Macintosh desktop, such as the startup hard disk icon near the upper-right corner and the Trash icon near the lower-right corner.

When you click an icon, it becomes highlighted(the icon is darkened).A highlighted icon is said to be selected. A selected icon is the object of whatever action you choose next.

Chapter 2: Working on the Desktop 33

Press

You press by holding down a trackball button without moving the trackball.

Practice pressing the menu names and icons in the menu bar— start with the Apple (K) menu icon at the left side, through the menu names, and across to the Help and Application menu icons at the right side. Pressing a menu name or icon “pulls down” the menu. Read the items in each menu you pull down.

34 Chapter 2: Working on the Desktop

Drag

You drag an object on the screen by pointing to that object and holding down a trackball button while you roll the trackball.

Practice dragging the startup hard disk icon and the Trash icon around the Macintosh desktop. When you drag an icon, an outline of the icon follows the pointer on the screen. When you release the trackball button, the icon itself moves.

When you’re finished practicing, drag the icons back to their original positions. Then click once in the middle of the desktop. (Clicking anywhere outside a selected icon returns that icon to its original “unselected” state.)

Chapter 2: Working on the Desktop 35

Choose a command

Choosing a command involves using a combination of the trackball actions you’ve reviewed.

1. Point to the Special menu title in the menu bar.

2. Press to pull down the Special menu.

3. Drag to the first item in the menu (the Clean Up Desktop command) so it becomes highlighted, and then release the trackball button.

Giving orders to your computer

Telling the Macintosh to do something involves two steps:

1. selecting an object on the screen, and

2. choosing the action you want to perform on that object.

When you select an object, you’re telling the Macintosh toact upon that object.

The objects you can select include an icon on the Macintosh desktop, a sentence in a word-processing program, and a picture in a graphics program—to give just three examples.

Most of the actions you can perform on the selected object are listed in the menus at the top of the screen. The items, or actions, in the menus are called commands. When you choose a command, you are telling the computer to take theaction you’ve chosen on the selected object.

So—you tell your Macintosh what to do by using a very simple “language” with only two kinds of words:

When you choose Clean Up Desktop, the hard disk icon and the Trash return to their original positions (as long as they’re already close).

36 Chapter 2: Working on the Desktop

n nouns (the objects), and n verbs (the actions)

and with only one rule:

n First the noun, then the verb (to this object, do that

action). In Macintosh terms: select an object, then choose a command.

Open an icon

Opening an icon is your first exercise in telling the computer what you want it to do.

1. Click the startup hard disk icon to select it.

The icon is in the upper-right corner of the screen. Unlesssomeone has changed its name, the icon is called “Macintosh HD.” Make sure that the icon is highlighted (darkened), which means that it’s selected.

2. Point to the File menu title in the menu bar.

3. Press to pull down the File menu.

4. Drag to the Open command (the second item in the File menu) so it becomes highlighted, and then release the trackball button.

When you choose the Open command, the selected icon opens into a window (in this case, the Macintosh HD window). The icon becomes filled in with a pattern ofdots, indicating that it has been opened.

v Different icons? The Macintosh HD window on your screen

may contain items not shown above. The differences are not important; you can still do the exercises in this chapter and the next. v

Chapter 2: Working on the Desktop 37

Look at the contents of a window

Every window has several features that help you view the window’s contents. But before you can work with the contents of a window, you need to make that window the active window.

Make a window the active window

You can have several windows open on your screen at one time,but only one window can be the active window. An active window is one in which you can select objects and choose actions to perform on those objects.

The Macintosh HD window is currently on your Macintosh desktop. (The window appeared when you opened the Macintosh HD icon.) You’re going to open another window now.

1. Click the Trash icon near the lower-right corner of the screen to select it.

Make sure that the icon is highlighted, which means that it’sselected to be the object you’ll act upon next.

2. Point to the File menu title in the menu bar.

3. Press to pull down the File menu.

38 Chapter 2: Working on the Desktop

4. Drag to the Open command so it becomes highlighted, and then release the trackball button.

When you choose the Open command, the Trash icon opens into a window (the Trash window). The Trash icon becomes filled in with a pattern of dots, indicating that it has been opened.

Active window

You should now have two windows on your Macintosh desktop: the Macintosh HD window and the Trash window. The Trash window is the active window. An active window has a series of solid lines at the top of the window.

continues .

Chapter 2: Working on the Desktop 39

5. Click anywhere in the Macintosh HD window to make it the active window.

Notice that the solid lines now appear at the top of the Macintosh HD window. (The area containing the window title and the solid lines is called the title bar.) When windows overlap, the active window is the one that’s on top.

Active window

Make a window larger or smaller

Sometimes you want to make a window larger, so you can see more of its contents, or smaller, so it takes up less space on your screen. You can change a window’s size by dragging its size box orby clicking its zoom box.

1. Point to the size box in the lower-right corner of the (active) Macintosh HD window.

Size box

40 Chapter 2: Working on the Desktop

2. Drag the size box in any direction, and then release the trackball button.

3. Click the zoom box near the right end of the title bar.

While you drag, an outline follows the pointer to indicate the window’s new size. The new size takes effect when you release the trackball button.

Zoom box

The window “zooms” to a size that shows all the items in thewindow.

4. Click the zoom box again.

The window zooms back to its previous size (the size that you chose in step 2).

Chapter 2: Working on the Desktop 41

Move the hidden contents of a window into view

2. Point to the File menu title in the menu bar.

As you work with your computer, you’ll encounter windows containing more than you can view on the screen at one time. You can view contents that are out of sight, as described in the following steps.

1. Check that the Macintosh HD window is active, then click the System Folder to select it.

Make sure that the icon is highlighted, which means that it’sselected.

3. Press to pull down the File menu.

4. Drag to the Open command so it becomes highlighted, and then release the trackball button.

When you choose the Open command, the System Folder icon opens into a window (the System Folder window).

You should now have three windows on your Macintosh desktop: the Macintosh HD window, the Trash window, and the System Folder window. (One or more of these windows may be covered by the others.) The System Folder window is the active window because you opened the System Folder most recently.

5. Point to the size box in the lower-right corner of the System Folder window.

42 Chapter 2: Working on the Desktop

6. Drag the size box diagonally (up and to the left) to make the window about half its current size, and then release the trackball button.

Vertical scroll bar

7. Press the scroll arrow at the right end of the horizontal scroll bar.

Scroll arrow

The contents of the window scroll past, bringing into view the icons that were out of sight on the right.

8. Press the scroll arrow at the left end of the horizontal scroll bar.

The contents of the window scroll past, bringing back into view the icons that were out of sight on the left.

Horizontal scroll bar

The bars across the bottom and along the right side of the System Folder window should now be gray, indicating that the window has contents that are not currently visible. The gray bars are called scroll bars.

continues .

Chapter 2: Working on the Desktop 43

9. Drag the scroll box toward the middle of the horizontal scroll bar, and then release the trackball button.

Scroll box

Now you see the icons near the middle of the window.

The vertical scroll bar, scroll box, and scroll arrows work the same way. Try them.

Close a window

When you no longer need to see the contents of a window, youcan close it by clicking the close box.

1. In the (active) System Folder window, point to the close box near the left end of the title bar.

Close box

2. Click the close box.

The window closes, and the System Folder icon no longer has a pattern of dots in it.

44 Chapter 2: Working on the Desktop

There are now two windows on the desktop: the Macintosh HD window and the Trash window. (One may be hidden by the other.)

Move a window

You can move a window anywhere on the screen by dragging its title bar. By changing the position and size of windows, you can arrange your Macintosh desktop in whatever way is best for you.

1. Point to the title bar of the (active) Macintosh HD window.

Position the pointer anywhere on the title bar except over the close box or the zoom box.

Title bar

Notice how the Macintosh HD window, because it is the active window, stays on top of the Trash window if and when the two windows overlap.

3. Close the Macintosh HD window by clicking the close box near the left end of the window’s title bar.

If you can’t see the close box, drag the window until you can.

2. Drag in any direction, and then release the trackball button.

When you drag, an outline of the window follows the pointer on the screen. When you release the trackball button, the window moves to the position you’ve chosen.

continues .

Chapter 2: Working on the Desktop 45

The window closes, and the Macintosh HD icon reappears in its previous form.

What’s on the desktop?

The Trash window (the remaining window on the Macintosh desktop) becomes the active window.

4. Close the Trash window by choosing Close Window from the File menu.

You choose Close Window by pointing to the File menu title,pressing to pull down the menu, dragging to the Close Window command, and, with the command highlighted, releasing the trackball button.

Of course, you can also close the window by clicking its closebox.

Just as a desk’s large flat surface is its work space, the Macintosh “desktop” is the work space on your computer. The desktop metaphor gives you a familiar way of thinking about how to use the Macintosh.

Aside from the field of gray that represents the “surface” of your work space, the Macintosh desktop has icons, windows, and menus.

n Icons represent containers. n Windows let you view what’s inside the containers. n Menus list actions that you can apply to selected containers

or their contents.

Icons represent containers

Icons can contain other icons, or they can contain information. For example, the startup hard disk icon contains the System

Folder icon. The System Folder icon contains the programs (also represented by icons) that in turn contain the information the Macintosh needs to start itself up and work properly.

46 Chapter 2: Working on the Desktop

Different types of icons represent different types of containers. Hard disks and floppy disks are like filing cabinets. You use disks

to store files—your programs and the documents you create with them.

Shared disks are like filing cabinets containing office supplies or information that you share with others in your work group. Your Macintosh needs to be connected to a network before you can use shared disks.

Folders are like folders in a file drawer. You use folders to organize your files.

Programs are files containing instructions to the computer that let you do certain types of work.

Chapter 2: Working on the Desktop 47

Documents are files containing words, pictures, numbers, sounds—whatever you create with your programs.

The Trash is a container for files that you no longer want.

Windows let you see what’s inside containers

Windows let you see what’s inside all these containers. Whenyou open a disk icon, the window that appears shows you what’s on the disk. When you open the document icon representing a memo, the window that appears shows you thememo.

Changing the size of a window or viewing its contents does notchange the contents. The contents remain the same; only your view changes.

Menus offer you choices

Like the menus in a restaurant, Macintosh menus let you choose. You choose among different actions that the computer can perform on containers (icons), or on their contents (such as words in a memo).

48 Chapter 2: Working on the Desktop

Using the keyboard

You use the keyboard to type text and numbers, just as you would on a typewriter. (For touch typists, your keyboard has raised dots in the middle of the D key and the K key to help position your fingers on the home row.)

Depending on the program you’re using, you can use special keys on the keyboard to give commands to the computer and to modify certain things that you do with the trackball. Macintosh PowerBook computer keyboards have two types of special keys: modifier keys and arrow keys.

Modifier keys

All Macintosh keyboards have four modifier keys: Shift, x (Command), Option, and Control.

Pressed by itself, a modifier key does nothing. You need to press it in combination with another key (or while using the trackball). The modifier key causes the other key or trackball to give a different (“modified”) result.

You type a capital letter, for example, by pressing the Shift key with a letter key. Most programs let you choose commands by pressing the x key with certain letter keys.

Arrow keys

All Macintosh keyboards have four arrow keys: Up Arrow, Down Arrow, Left Arrow, and Right Arrow.

Many programs let you use the arrow keys as well as the trackball to move the pointer on the screen.

shift

ctrl option

Modifier keys Arrow keys

shift

Chapter 2: Working on the Desktop 49

Chapter 3

Creating and Changing

n What “keyboard shortcuts” are and how to use them n How to quit a program

a Document

In this chapter

n How to open a program n How to use a program to create a document n Why it’s important to save your work, and how to save it n How to switch between programs n How programs and system software differ from each other n How to close a document n How to open a document n How to change a document

n How to make a copy of a document n How to change the name of a document n How to use the Trash

Before you begin

Make sure that your computer is on.

Open a program

Your computer comes with a simple word-processing program called TeachText. You’re going to use this program to create a document.

When you open the TeachText program, there is one dramatic change on your desktop:

n A window called “Untitled” appears.

There are also two subtle changes:

1. Open the Macintosh HD icon.

(Click the icon to select it, and then choose Open from the File menu.)

The Macintosh HD window appears, showing you the contents of your hard disk. The contents include the TeachText program.

2. Open the TeachText icon.

If you can’t find the TeachText icon, use the scroll bars to bring it into view.

To open the icon, click the icon to select it, and then choose Open from the File menu.

n The menu bar shows the menu names for the TeachText

program.

n The Application menu icon in the right corner of the menu

bar becomes the TeachText icon.

TeachText iconTeachText menus

The untitled window is empty because you haven’t put anything in it. In the next few sections, you’re going to write a short document, save it, and give it a name.

52 Chapter 3: Creating and Changing a Document

Create a document

Save your work

The untitled window is like a blank sheet of paper. In the upper-left corner of the empty document is a blinking vertical line (9). This line is called the insertion point,because it marks theplace where the text you type will be inserted.

As you type, use your computer keyboard as you would a typewriter keyboard, except:

n If you make a mistake, press the Delete key to backspace

overit.

n Don’t press the Return key when you get to the end of a line.

Keep typing, and words will move to the next line automatically.

Type the following text:

All people are born free and equal. Endowed with reason and conscience, they should act towards each other in a spirit of togetherness.

You will be changing this text later in this chapter.

Work that you do in a program exists only in the computer’s memory until you save it onto a disk. Since work that exists only in memory is lost when you shut down the computer, you need to save your work so you can come back to it later. If you don’t save your work, it disappears—like thoughts that are lost unless you write them down.

1. Choose Save from the File menu.

The box that appears (called a dialog box) lets you name the document and save it on your hard disk.

continues .

Chapter 3: Creating and Changing a Document 53

2. Type “Opening Lines”.

Because the word “Untitled” is selected (highlighted) when the dialog box appears, all you have to do to name your document is start typing. Whatever you type replaces the selected text.

3. Click Save.

Switch programs

You can have several programs open on your Macintosh desktop at one time (how many depends on how much memory your computer has and how much memory the programs use). But only one program at a time can be the active program. The active program is the one that’s “on top of” other open programs—in the same way that the active window is on top of other windows.

The Opening Lines window is now the active window, and TeachText is the active program. But TeachText is not the only program that’s open.

Since you turned on your computer, you’ve been working with the Finder program. The Finder displays the Macintosh desktop. The Finder is always open when your Macintosh is on, so right now it is open but not active.

1. If the Opening Lines window covers most of your screen, make the window smaller by dragging its size box up and to the left, and then release the trackball button.

The window is now titled “Opening Lines” and the document has been stored on your hard disk.

54 Chapter 3: Creating and Changing a Document

After you resize the window, you should be able to see your hard disk icon in the upper-right corner of the desktop.

2. Make the Finder the active program by clicking the Macintosh HD icon, or clicking anywhere on the desktop outside the Opening Lines window.

The Finder becomes the active program. Notice:

3. Make the Opening Lines window active by clicking anywhere inside it.

(Part of the window may be hidden by the Macintosh HD window.)

n The Macintosh HD window appears on top of the

Opening Lines window.

n The menu bar shows the Finder’s menu titles. n The Application menu icon at the right end of the

menubar becomes the Finder icon.

You may also notice the Opening Lines icon in the MacintoshHD window, representing the document you justcreated and saved.

When you click, the Opening Lines window comes back to the top. It’s now the active window again, and TeachText is the active program.

You make a window active by clicking any visible part of it. The program that “owns” the window becomes active when the window becomes active.

Here is another way to make a program active:

4. Make the Finder the active program by choosing Finder from the Application menu at the right end of the menu bar.

continues .

Chapter 3: Creating and Changing a Document 55

You choose Finder by pointing to the Application menu icon, pressing to pull down the menu, dragging to highlight the name Finder, and then releasing the trackball button.

The Finder becomes the active program, and the MacintoshHD window becomes the active window.

5. Make TeachText the active program by choosing TeachText from the Application menu.

TeachText becomes the active program, and the Opening Lines window becomes the active window.

Close a document

When you close a document, you do not close the program that you used to create it. (Closing a program is called quitting.) The program remains open and active until you quit the program or make another program active.

1. If the Opening Lines window is not the active window, click anywhere inside it to make it active.

2. Close the Opening Lines window.

You can either click the close box near the left end of the title bar, or choose Close from the File menu.

The Opening Lines window closes but TeachText is still the active program. Notice:

n The menu bar still shows the TeachText menu titles. n The Application menu icon at the right end of the menu bar

is still the TeachText icon.

All open programs are listed in the Application menu. You can use the Application menu to choose which program to make active. The icon in the menu bar is always the icon of the currently active program.

56 Chapter 3: Creating and Changing a Document

Two types of programs

Programs that you use to do your work on the computer are called application programs,or applications,because they’re ways of applying computer technology to the work that you do.

Word-processing programs, for example, are applications that enable you to write memos, novels, or whatever you need to write. And if your work involves creating illustrations, designing buildings, composing music, or keeping track of large amounts of data, there are application programs for those kinds of work, too.

Because most Macintosh programs work in similar ways, youcan transfer much of what you learn in one application to other applications.

Programs that the computer uses to do its work (in contrast to your work) are called system software, or sometimes the

operating system.

Between you and the system software is a program called the Finder,which displays the Macintosh desktop. It’s called the Finder because, like the viewfinder in a camera, it gives you a view of all the objects— disks, programs, folders, and documents—on your desktop.

Open a document

When you open a document, the program you used to create that document becomes the active program.

1. If you closed the Macintosh HD window, open the Macintosh HD icon now.

(Click the icon to select it, and then choose Open from the File menu.)

The Macintosh HD window appears, showing you the contents of your hard disk. The contents include the TeachText program and the TeachText document you created called Opening Lines.

The next step describes a different way to open an icon.

continues .

You use the Finder to tell the system software what you want it to do for you: which disks you want to use, which documents and programs you want to open, and where you want files to be stored.

Chapter 3: Creating and Changing a Document 57

2. Open the Opening Lines icon by double-clicking it.

To double-click an icon, you click it twice in rapid succession without moving the pointer. (Use the trackball to position the pointer over the icon, and then click one of the trackball buttons twice.) Double-clicking an icon has the same effect as selecting the icon and then choosing the Open command.

Change a document

The Opening Lines window shows you the text you typed. In this section you’ll make some changes to the text using techniques that work in most Macintosh programs.

Keep two things in mind:

n The insertion point—the blinking vertical line—marks the

place where text will appear.

n A pointer called an I-beam (it looks like this: 9) replaces the

arrow pointer (8) when you’re working with text. You control the I-beam pointer with the trackball in the same way that you control thearrow pointer.

When you open Opening Lines, TeachText becomes the active program. Notice that:

n the Opening Lines window appears n the menu bar shows the TeachText menu titles n the Application icon at the right end of the menu bar is the

TeachText icon

58 Chapter 3: Creating and Changing a Document

1. Locate the insertion point. It should be in the upperleft corner of the document.

2. Locate the I-beam pointer (9). If you don’t see it, roll the trackball slightly. The pointer moves as the trackball moves.

Now you’re ready to change the text.

3. Move the I-beam pointer to the immediate left of the word “people” (after “All”).

4. Drag horizontally, selecting the word “people”, and then release the trackball button.

To drag, hold the trackball button down while you roll the trackball. The selected word is highlighted (surrounded by black).

If you select more or less than you intended to, go back to step 3 and try again.

5. With “people” selected, type the words “human beings”.

The words you type replace the word you selected. (Press the Delete key to backspace over any typing errors.)

6. Move the I-beam pointer between the word “equal” and the period (to the immediate left of the period).

7. Click the trackball button once.

Clicking moves the insertion point to the spot where you positioned the I-beam. Whatever you type next is inserted atthat point.

8. Press the space bar once, and then type the words “in dignity and rights”.

continues .

Chapter 3: Creating and Changing a Document 59

Now you’ll rearrange some text.

9.Move the I-beam pointer to the immediate left of the word “they” (after “conscience,”).

10.Drag horizontally, selecting the word “they”, and then release the trackball button.

11.With “they” selected, choose Cut from the Edit menu.

Choosing Cut removes the selected material from the document and stores it in a temporary file called the Clipboard.

12.Move the I-beam pointer to the immediate left of the word “Endowed”.

13.Click to place the insertion point.

14.Choose Paste from the Edit menu.

60 Chapter 3: Creating and Changing a Document

When you choose Paste, your computer takes whatever’s in the Clipboard and puts it into the document at the location of the insertion point.

15.Press the space bar once, type “are”, and then press the space bar once again.

16.Move the I-beam pointer between the letters t and h in the word “they”.

17.Click the trackball button to place the insertion point.

18.Press the Delete key once and then type a capital T.

Save your work so far

The changes you’ve made so far are not part of Opening Lines until you save them. You save them by telling the computer to record them in the Opening Lines document that’s stored on your hard disk.

It’s important to remember that no change is “official” until yousave it onto a disk. Your work could be lost if power to thecomputer were interrupted or if a problem caused the computer to stop working properly.

Choose Save from the File menu.

Save regularly, and save often.

Chapter 3: Creating and Changing a Document 61

Taking a shortcut

You can choose some menu commands by using the keyboard instead of the trackball. A keyboard shortcutis a combination of keys that you press at the same time to get the same result as choosing a command from a menu. One of the keys you press is always the x key or another modifier key.

For example, instead of choosing Save from the File menu, you can hold down the x (Command) key on the keyboard while you press the S key. Pressing x-S is a keyboard shortcut equivalent to choosing Save from the File menu.

Make more changes

The changes you’ve made so far are now part of the document that’s stored on your hard disk.

1. Move the I-beam pointer (9) between the letters E and n in the word “Endowed”.

You can see the available keyboard shortcuts by pressing a menu title and looking at the commands in the menu. The keyboard shortcuts are listed next to the commands.

62 Chapter 3: Creating and Changing a Document

2. Click once to place the insertion point.

3. Press the Delete key once and then type a lowercasee.

4. Move the I-beam pointer to the immediate right of the comma after the word “conscience”.

5. Press the Delete key once, press the space bar once, and then type “and”.

6. Move the I-beam pointer to the immediate left of “each other”.

7. Click the trackball button once.

Clicking moves the insertion point to the place where you positioned the I-beam.

8.Move the I-beam pointer to the immediate right of the “each other”. Do not drag. Do not click the trackball button yet.

9.Hold down the Shift key on your keyboard and click to select the words “each other”.

Holding down the Shift key while you click selects the text between the insertion point and wherever you click.

10.With “each other” selected, type “one another”.

continues .

Chapter 3: Creating and Changing a Document 63

11.Select the word “togetherness” by double-clicking it.

Quit a program

Quitting a program closes the program as well as any open documents that were created using that program. (Simply closing a document leaves the program open and active.)

1. Make sure that the Opening Lines window is active.

2. Quit the TeachText program.

To select a word by double-clicking it, position the I-beam pointer over the word and then click twice in rapid succession, without moving the pointer.

12.With “togetherness” selected, type “brotherhood”.

You may now have extra spaces or no spaces between words. If so, position the I-beam pointer where you need to delete or add a space, click to place the insertion point, and press the Delete key or the Space bar as necessary.

13.Choose Save from the File menu.

You can either choose Quit from the File menu, or press thex key and the Q key together.

If a message asks whether you want to save any changes, click Save.

The Opening Lines document and the TeachText program are closed, and the Finder becomes the active program.

64 Chapter 3: Creating and Changing a Document

Opening and closing documents and programs

Doing this Also causes this

Opening a document Opens the program that created

that document

Making a document Makes the program that “owns” window active that document active

Closing a document Simply closes that document;does

notclose the program that created that document (the program continues to use memory)

Quitting a program Prompts you to save your work,

then closes the program that created the active document (memory becomes available for other programs)

Make a copy of a document

You’ll often want to make a copy of a document so you can preserve the original and modify the copy. To practice making a copy of a document, you’ll use the “Opening Lines” document you created.

1. If you closed the Macintosh HD window, open the Macintosh HD icon now.

(Click the icon to select it, and then choose Open from the File menu.)

The Macintosh HD window appears, showing you the contents of your hard disk. The contents include the TeachText program and the TeachText document you created called Opening Lines.

2. Click the Opening Lines icon to select it.

continues .

Chapter 3: Creating and Changing a Document 65

3. Choose Duplicate from the File menu.

A new icon, labeled “Opening Lines copy”, appears in the hard disk window. Notice that the icon is selected.

Change the name of an icon

You can change the name of any icon, using any characters except a colon (:). If you change an icon’s name and then open it, you’ll see that the name of its window has also changed.

1. Drag the “Opening Lines copy” icon away from the original icon so that the two icons do not overlap.

2. Click the name (not the icon) “Opening Lines copy.” Do this even if the icon is already selected.

When the name is selected, it is highlighted and a box appears around it. Notice that when you point to the selected name, the arrow pointer becomes an I-beam.

Other ways to make a copy of a file are outlined in the summary chapter in the reference section of this book.

66 Chapter 3: Creating and Changing a Document

3. With the name selected, type “Article 1”.

Whatever you type replaces the selected text.

4. Press the Return key.

Pressing Return saves the new name.

Now you have two identical documents with different names. You can revise one without changing the other.

Use the Trash

When you no longer need a file or a folder, you can throw it away by dragging its icon to the Trash. Practice using the Trash by throwing away the “Article 1” document, which you created when you made a copy of the “Opening Lines” document.

1. If you closed the Macintosh HD window, open the Macintosh HD icon now.

(Click the icon to select it, and then choose Open from the File menu.)

The Macintosh HD window appears, showing you the contents of your hard disk. The contents include the TeachText program and two documents, one called Opening Lines and the other called Article 1 (you may have to use the window’s scroll bars to see them).

continues .

Chapter 3: Creating and Changing a Document 67

2. Drag the Article 1 icon to the Trash icon until both icons are highlighted, and then release the trackball button.

If the Macintosh HD window is blocking the Trash icon, move the window by dragging its title bar.

Both icons are highlighted when the tip of the arrow pointer reaches the Trash icon.

3. Open the Trash icon.

(Click to select the icon, and then choose Open from theFile menu, or click the Trash twice in quick succession.)

The Trash window appears. Anything you drag to the Trash stays there until you empty the Trash.

You can retrieve items from the Trash by clicking to select them and then choosing Put Away from the File menu. (Oryou can drag the items back to where they were.)

4. Choose Empty Trash from the Special menu.

A message appears asking you to confirm that you want to permanently remove the contents of the Trash.

5. Click OK.

Clicking OK empties the Trash—in other words, its contents are erased from the disk.

Notice that the Trash icon no longer bulges, indicating that itis empty.

6. Close the Trash window by clicking its close box.

When you release the trackball button, the Article 1 icon “disappears” into the Trash. When you put an object in the Trash, the Trash icon bulges to indicate that it is no longer empty.

68 Chapter 3: Creating and Changing a Document

Chapter 4

Working With Disks

In this chapter

Before you begin

You need a new floppy disk to follow the steps in this chapter. Youshould be able to get floppy disks from wherever you got your computer.

n What hard disks and floppy disks are for, and how they differ n How to insert and remove a floppy disk n How to prepare a disk for use n How to copy the contents of a disk n How to protect a floppy disk and its contents n How to put programs onto your computer

Make sure that your computer is on.

Insert a floppy disk

Your computer’s floppy disk drive can accommodate 3.5-inch (89-millimeter) floppy disks of two types:

Follow these steps to insert your new disk into the disk drive.

1. W rite “Practice” on a blank disk label.

2. Attach the label to your new floppy disk.

n high-density disks, which can hold up to 1.4 megabytes (MB)

of information

n double-sided disks, which can hold up to 800 kilobytes (K)

ofinformation

(The next page explains kilobytes and megabytes.)

Double-sided (800K) disk

Second hole

High-density disk symbol

High-density (1.4 MB) disk

The molding of the disk’s plastic case indicates where the label goes. Do not affix the label over the metal shutter.

3. Hold the disk with your thumb on the label and the metal shutter pointing away from you.

4. Push the disk into the floppy disk drive, label side up and metal shutter first.

Insert metal end first.

The next section, “Initialize a Disk,” explains what to do about the message that appears on your screen.

70 Chapter 4: Working With Disks

Floppy disks and hard disks

Both floppy disks and hard disks function like filing cabinets: you use them to store information. You can store much more on a hard disk than on a floppy disk, however, and the computer can retrieve information from a hard disk much faster.

Floppy disks and hard disks are represented by different icons.

The disk whose icon is closest to the upper-right corner of your desktop is the startup disk,which contains the information the Macintosh uses to operate.

Your hard disk is sealed into the hard disk drive inside your computer. Floppy disks, in contrast, can be taken in and out of floppy disk drives so you can easily transfer information from one computer to another.

A floppy disk is made of thin, flexible material with a magnetic coating. To protect it and make it easier to handle, the floppy disk itself is enclosed in a rigid plastic case, which gives the floppy disk its “non-floppy” character. Floppy disks are sometimes called diskettes.

10,000 pages

5,000 pages

300 pages

200 pages

1 page

40 MB20 MB1.4 MB800K4K

Floppy disks Hard disks

Even the smallest hard disks can hold the equivalent of a few thousand pages of information. High-density floppy disks can hold 1.4 megabytes (MB) of information—about 300 typewritten pages. Double-sided floppy disks can hold 800 kilobytes (K) of information—about 200 typewritten pages. (A megabyte is about 1,000 kilobytes.)

Chapter 4: Working With Disks 71

Initialize a disk

Every new disk needs to be prepared for use. Preparing a new disk is called initializing it. In the same way that lines are drawn on a newly paved parking lot to mark off parking spaces, the initializing process creates organized areas on the disk where the computer can store information. Your computer’s hard disk was initialized at the factory, but you need to initialize any new floppy disks you want to use.

If you inserted a double-sided disk, this dialog box appears:

1. Read the message on your screen.

The computer requests information from you or warns you about the consequences of an action by presenting a message in the form of a dialog box.

If you inserted a high-density disk, this dialog box appears:

2. If you inserted a high-density disk, click Initialize. If you inserted a double-sided disk, click Two-Sided.

Another dialog box appears:

This dialog box appears because you can initialize old disks as well as new ones—and the computer doesn’t know whether the disk in the drive is old or new. Initializing erases all information on a disk. In this case, because the floppy disk is new, there is no information on it to erase.

72 Chapter 4: Working With Disks

3. Click Erase.

5. Click OK.

A third dialog box appears:

4. Type “Practice”.

If you make any typing errors, press the Delete key to backspace over them.

The computer takes about a minute to initialize the disk. Messages appear on the screen to let you know how the process is going.

When initialization is finished, the disk’s icon appears directly below the Macintosh HD icon (the startup hard disk icon) near the upper-right corner of the desktop.

Chapter 4: Working With Disks 73

Copy the contents of a disk

Most programs you’ll use with your Macintosh are supplied on floppy disks. You can use a program more efficiently if you first install it on your hard disk. You install most programs by copying them from the floppy disk to your hard disk.

To practice copying the contents of a floppy disk to your hard disk, use your practice disk (even though there’s nothing on it).

1. Drag the Practice floppy disk icon to the Macintosh HD icon until both icons are highlighted, and then release the trackball button.

Both icons are highlighted when the tip of the arrow pointer reaches the Macintosh HD icon.

When you release the trackball button, the Macintosh copies the contents of the Practice disk onto Macintosh HD (your hard disk). Because there is nothing on the Practice disk, the copying happens very quickly.

Now, find the copy of Practice you just created.

2. Open the Macintosh HD icon.

To open the icon, click the icon to select it and then choose Open from the File menu. (You choose Open by pointing to the File menu title, pressing to pull down the menu, dragging to the Open command, and then releasing the trackball button.)

The Macintosh HD window appears, showing you the contents of the hard disk. The contents should include a new folder called Practice, which the computer created when it copied the contents of the Practice disk to Macintosh HD.

You may have to make the window larger or use the scroll bars to see the Practice folder.

74 Chapter 4: Working With Disks

3. Open the Practice folder icon.

To open the icon, click the icon to select it and then choose Open from the File menu.

The folder holds the contents of the floppy disk you’ve copied. In this case, the folder is empty because there’s nothing on the Practice disk.

4. Close all the windows on the Macintosh desktop.

You close a window (when it’s the active window) by either clicking its close box or choosing Close Window from the File menu.

Taking care of floppy disks

Follow the care instructions that came with your disks, and remember three key points:

n Keep floppy disks away from magnets. Because

information is stored on the disk in the form of magnetic signals, a magnetic field can destroy that information. Televisions and monitors, telephones, loudspeakers, and certain kinds of lighting fixtures all contain magnets.

n Protect disks from extremes of temperature and humidity. n Do not open the disk’s metal shutter. Touching the disk

inside the shutter could damage it.

Chapter 4: Working With Disks 75

Take a floppy disk out of its drive

You take a floppy disk out of its drive when you no longer need to get information from or store information on that disk.

1. Click the Practice floppy disk icon to select it.

Click the icon, not its name.

2. Eject the floppy disk by choosing Put Away from the File menu.

You choose Put Away by pointing to the File menu title, pressing to pull down the menu, dragging to the Put Away command, and releasing the trackball button.

76 Chapter 4: Working With Disks

Put Away returns the object you’ve selected to its original place. In this case, it ejects the floppy disk from the disk drive so you can put it away.

Protect the contents of a disk

You can lock a floppy disk so its contents cannot be changed in any way. When a disk is locked, you can look at the files it contains, but you cannot modify the files on it, delete them, or store any new files.

Use your practice disk to practice locking and unlocking a floppydisk.

1. Hold the practice disk with your thumb on the label and the metal shutter pointing away from you, as though you were going to insert the disk into a drive.

3. Turn the disk over and lock it by sliding the tab so that the square hole is open.

2. Find the square hole in the near-left corner of the floppy disk.

A moveable tab on the back side of the disk should be blocking the hole, indicating that the disk is unlocked.

If you’re using a high-density disk, you’ll notice an additional square hole, across the label from the first hole. This second hole has no tab and is always open.

Locked

Use your thumbnail or a push pin to move the tab.

4. Unlock the disk by sliding the tab back so that the square hole is blocked.

You are unlocking your practice disk now so you can use it to store files in the next chapter.

Chapter 4: Working With Disks 77

Unlocked

On your own: Install your programs

If you have a floppy disk drive and disks containing programs that you plan to use with your Macintosh, you can install the programs on your hard disk now (or you can wait until later and continue with the next chapter).

The general instructions in this section describe how to copy the contents of a program disk to your hard disk.

Important: Some programs need to be installed in a particular way. If your programs came with specific instructions, follow them instead of the instructions in this section.

1. Lock the program disk.

The program disk contains your master copy of the program. Locking the disk protects its contents but doesn’t keep you from copying the contents onto another disk.

2. Insert the program disk into your floppy disk drive.

3. Drag the program disk icon to the Macintosh HD icon (your hard disk icon) until both icons are highlighted, and then release the trackball button.

Both icons are highlighted when the tip of the arrow pointer reaches the Macintosh HD icon.

When you release the trackball button, messages appear on the screen to let you know that the computer is copying the contents of the program disk onto your hard disk.

When copying is finished, the contents of the program disk appear on your hard disk in a folder that has the same name as the program disk.

4. Eject the program disk by selecting it and choosing Put Away from the File menu.

5. Open the Macintosh HD icon.

The Macintosh HD window shows you the contents of your hard disk. Among its contents is the program folder, which contains the same items as the original disk.

78 Chapter 4: Working With Disks

6. Click the program folder to select it.

Throw away extra System Folders

7. Choose Open from the File menu.

The folder window appears, showing you the contents of the program folder. The folder has the same contents as the program disk.

8. Look for a System Folder in the program folder.

Some program disks contain a System Folder so they can be used as startup disks. (A startup disk, by definition, is a disk that has a System Folder on it.) If the program disk you’ve copied has a System Folder, you now have two System Folders on your hard disk. For the computer to work properly, you must throw away any extra System Folders.

Your startup disk must have only one System Folder on it. Whenever you copy the contents of a program disk to your hard disk, make sure that you have not copied an extra System Folder. If you have, throw the extra System Folder away.

1. Drag the extra System Folder from the program folder to the Trash.

2. Choose Empty Trash from the Special menu.

A message alerts you that you’re about to throw away the contents of the Trash (in this case, the extra System Folder).

3. Click OK to confirm that you want to throw away the contents of the Trash.

4. Close the window by clicking its close box.

Chapter 4: Working With Disks 79

Chapter 5

Learning More

Before you begin

Make sure that your computer is on.

About Your Computer

In this chapter

n How to open the Battery desk accessory n How to open the PowerBook control panel n How to use the Balloon Help system n Where to look for information about your computer and

its software

This short chapter introduces you to the Battery desk accessory and the PowerBook control panel, with which you can monitor and control your computer’s power consumption.

This chapter also tells you where to find answers to other questions you may have about your computer.

Open the Battery desk accessory

Open the PowerBook control panel

The Battery desk accessory tells you approximately how much power is left in the battery as you use the computer.

To open the Battery desk accessory:

n Choose Battery from the Apple (K) menu.

You can leave the Battery desk accessory open to keep track of the battery charge while you work. The desk accessory works like a fuel gauge (the solid bars indicate how much power is left).

The PowerBook control panel lets you control the balance between power consumption and system performance (it also lets you control other PowerBook features).

To open the PowerBook control panel:

1. Choose Control Panels from the Apple (K) menu.

For more information on how to use the Battery desk accessory, go to the power management chapter in Part III of this book.

82 Chapter 5: Learning More About Your Computer

2. Open the PowerBook icon.

Use Balloon Help

Balloon Help explains icons, menus, commands, and other objects on the Macintosh screen, using balloons similar to those in comic strips. Each balloon points to the object it explains.

Many Macintosh programs also have Balloon Help.

(Click the icon once to select it, then choose Open from the File menu. Or double-click the icon.)

The PowerBook control panel appears. You drag the Battery Conservation slider to the left to improve performance (but battery power is used up more quickly) or to the right to conserve power (but the computer may work more slowly).

For more information on how to use the PowerBook control panel, go to the power management chapter in Part III of this book.

Turn on Balloon Help

1. Point to the Help icon near the right end of the menu bar.

2. Press to pull down the Help menu.

3. Drag to highlight the Show Balloons command, then release the trackball button.

When Balloon Help is turned on, balloons containing explanatory text appear next to objects that you point to onthe screen.

continues .

Chapter 5: Learning More About Your Computer 83

4. To show a balloon describing your startup hard disk, point to the hard disk icon.

A balloon appears next to the icon. Balloons do not affect how you work with your computer. You still select icons, choose commands, and so on.

5. Click your hard disk icon to select it.

You can select the icon even with the balloon showing.

6. Point to the File menu.

A balloon appears next to the menu title.

7. Press to pull down the File menu.

Turn off Balloon Help

Balloons can block items on the screen as you work, so you may wish to turn them off when you're finished reading.

m Choose Hide Balloons from the Help menu.

The balloon disappears when you pull down the menu.

8. Slowly drag to highlight the Open command, and then release the trackball button.

Notice that a balloon appears next to a command if you pause briefly as you drag past it.

The hard disk window becomes the active window. To see more balloons, you can point to different parts of the window and to different icons in the window.

84 Chapter 5: Learning More About Your Computer

(Point to the Help icon in the menu bar, press to pull down the Help menu, drag to highlight the Hide Balloons command, and then release the trackball button.)

Apple 180 User Manual

Specifications and Main Features

Frequently Asked Questions

User Manual