Apple 165c User Manual



Developer Note

Macintosh PowerBook 165c



Developer Note

Developer Technical Publications
© Apple Computer, Inc. 2000

Apple Computer, Inc.



© 2000, Apple Computer, Inc.
All rights reserved.

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developers to develop applications only
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Contents

Figures v

Preface

Chapter 1

About This Developer Note

Supplementary Documents vii
Conventions and Abbreviations viii

Typographical Conventions viii
Standard Abbreviations viii

Hardware

Introduction 2
Features 2
Compatibility Issues 5

Color Display 5
RAM Expansion Slot 5

Hardware Overview 6

Memory Map 6
ROM 8

ROM Wait States 8

RAM 8

RAM Wait States 9
Battery Backup 9

Color LCD Interface 9

LCD Screen 10

RAM Expansion Interface 10

1

vii

Chapter 2

Software

ROM Software 14
System Software 14

Identifying the PowerBook 165c 14
Control Panel Changes 14

13

iii

Figures

Chapter 1

Hardware

Figure 1-1
Figure 1-2
Figure 1-3
Figure 1-4
Figure 1-5

1

Block diagram of the PowerBook 165c computer 4
32-bit memory and detailed I/O map 7
32-bit and 24-bit memory map comparison 8
Location of the RAM expansion connector 11
RAM expansion card design guide 12

v

PREFACE

About This Developer Note

This document describes the Macintosh PowerBook 165c computer,
emphasizing those features that are new or different from other Macintosh
PowerBook computers. It is written primarily for experienced Macintosh
hardware and software developers who want to create products that are
compatible with this new computer. If you are unfamiliar with the Macintosh
or would simply like more technical information on the hardware, you may
want to read the related technical manuals listed in the following section.

Supplementary Documents 0

Because the Macintosh PowerBook 165c computer shares many features of the
Macintosh PowerBook 160/180 computers, you should refer to the Macintosh

PowerBook 160 and Macintosh PowerBook 180 Developer Note for information

about features not described in detail here. The Macintosh PowerBook 160 and

Macintosh PowerBook 180 Developer Note is available from APDA as part of
Macintosh Developer Notes: Number 1 , APDA part number R0451LL/A.

To supplement the information in this document, you might wish to obtain
related documentation such as Guide to the Macintosh Family Hardware , second
edition, Designing Cards and Drivers for the Macintosh Family , third edition, and

Inside Macintosh . For detailed information about the Motorola 68030

microprocessor used in the Macintosh PowerBook 165c, refer to the MC68030

Enhanced 32-Bit Microprocessor User’s Manual . All of these documents are

available through APDA.

APDA is Apple’s worldwide source for over three hundred development
tools, technical resources, training products, and information for anyone
interested in developing applications on Apple platforms. To order products
or to request a complimentary copy of the APDA Tools Catalog , contact

APDA
Apple Computer, Inc.
P.O. Box 319
Buffalo, NY 14207-0319

Telephone [phone] (United States)

800-637-0029 (Canada)
716-871-6555 (International)

Fax [phone]

AppleLink APDA

vii

n

PREFACE

America Online APDA

CompuServe 76666,2405

Internet [e-mail]

Conventions and Abbreviations 0

This developer note uses typographical conventions and abbreviations that
are standard in Apple publications.

Typographical Conventions 0

Computer-language text—any text that is literally the same as it appears in
computer input or output—appears in Courier font.

Standard Abbreviations 0

Standard units of measure used in Apple reference books include:

A amperes MB megabytes

GB gigabytes MHz megahertz

Hz hertz ms milliseconds

K 1024 ns nanoseconds

KB kilobytes V volts

mA milliamperes W watts

Standard abbreviations used in Apple reference books include:

$ n hexadecimal value

AC alternating current

ADB Apple Desktop Bus

CLUT color look-up table

DAC digital-to-analog converter

IC integrated circuit

ASIC application-specific integrated circuit

MMU memory-management unit

RAM random-access memory

RAMDAC random-access memory, digital/analog converter

ROM read-only memory

RGB red-green-blue (a video display system used by

Apple computers)

viii

PREFACE

SCSI Small Computer System Interface

SVGA super VGA (a video display system used with

PC-type computers)

VGA video graphics adapter (a video display system

used with PC-type computers)

VRAM video RAM

ix

Figure 1-0
Listing 1-0
Table 1-0

CHAPTER 1

Hardware 1

CHAPTER 1

Hardware

This chapter describes the major features of the Macintosh PowerBook 165c computer,
emphasizing the similarities and differences between it and other Macintosh PowerBook
computers.

IMPORTANT

Only the major differences between the PowerBook 165c and the
PowerBook 160/180 are described in detail here. For a complete
understanding of the PowerBook 165c computer, refer to the

Macintosh PowerBook 160 and Macintosh PowerBook 180 Developer Note .

▲

Introduction 1

The Macintosh PowerBook 165c brings color to the Macintosh PowerBook family of
notebook computers. In addition to its vivid color display, the Macintosh
PowerBook 165c offers 33 MHz performance, video output, more room for memory
expansion cards, and a distinctive new exterior design.

Features 1

The major features of the Macintosh PowerBook 165c computer are:

Microprocessor: Motorola 68030 running at 33 MHz. A 16 MHz power saving mode

■

can be selected by the user.

Coprocessor: Motorola 68882 FPU running at 33 MHz.

■

■

Read-only memory (ROM): 1 MB.

■

Random-access memory (RAM): 4 MB of pseudostatic RAM (PSRAM).

■

RAM expansion: a RAM expansion slot accommodates RAM expansion cards of up to
10 MB, for a total of 14 MB of RAM. The RAM expansion slot is compatible with cards
designed for earlier Macintosh PowerBook models, while providing more room for
larger cards.

■

Liquid crystal display (LCD): 8-bit color video circuitry displays up to 256 colors on
the built-in 640 x 400 pixel film supertwist nematic (FSTN) LCD. The display is backlit
by two cold cathode fluorescent lamps.

■

Video output: 8-bit color video output circuitry displays up to 256 colors on all Apple
color monitors up to 16 inches in size. The Apple Portrait monitor is also supported at
up to 16 shades of gray.

The video output circuitry is identical to that of the PowerBook 160 and
PowerBook 180, supporting both dual mode and video mirror mode. In dual mode,
the LCD and external monitor are independent. In video mirror mode, the image on
the external monitor is identical to what is displayed on the LCD.

2

Introduction

CHAPTER 1

Hardware

■

Floppy disk: one internal 1.4 MB Apple SuperDrive with Super Woz Integrated
Machine (SWIM) interface.

■

Hard disk: one internal 2.5-inch SCSI hard disk drive. Disk capacities of 80 and 120 MB
are offered.

■

SCSI disk mode: by connecting an HDI-30 SCSI Disk Adapter cable, users can access
the PowerBook’s internal hard disk from another Macintosh.

■

I/O (input/output): one HDI-30 connector for external SCSI devices, one 4-pin
mini-DIN ADB port, two 8-pin mini-DIN serial ports, audio input and output jacks,
and a custom video output connector with adapter for attaching standard Apple video
cables.

■

Sound: enhanced Apple Sound Chip (ASC) audio circuitry provides sound input and
output through the built-in microphone and speaker. Stereo sound output can be
heard through the headphone jack.

Keyboard: built-in keyboard with integral 30-mm trackball.

■

■

Modem: internal 20-pin connector for an optional modem card. This slot is physically
and electrically compatible with modems designed for the PowerBook 160/180.

■

Battery: a 2.9 ampere-hour NiCad rechargeable battery is included. A 3 V lithium
battery provides backup power for the real-time clock and parameter RAM when the
main battery is removed.

■

Power supply: a new 24 W external wall-mounted recharger/power adapter is
included.

■

Security connector: a connector on the back panel allows users to attach a security
device.

Weight: 7 pounds.

■

Size: 11.3 inches wide, 9.3 inches deep, and 2.3 inches high.

■

The block diagram shown in Figure 1-1 illustrates the major hardware components of the
PowerBook 165c computer.

Features

3

CHAPTER 1

Hardware

CPU

MC68030

33 MHz

FPU

MC68882

33 MHz

Battery charger

and power

supply

Battery

Figure 1-1

Address bus

A31–0

Data bus

D31–0

A4–1

Data bus

D31–0

Block diagram of the PowerBook 165c computer

A31–0

D31–16

D31-24

A23-0

D31-16

A20-0

D31–0

D31–24

D25, 24

A31–13, 1, 0

A6–4, 2, 1

A12–9

Pangola

bus

interface

Video

controller

Address

buffers

I/O data

buffer

CPU GLU

Misc. GLU

Combo

SCC/SCSI

SWIM

D15–0

A18–0

D31–24

WD90C26

RAMDAC

CLUT

Video

RAM

D31–24

D31–24

D31–24

A12–9

D31–24

OSC

A20–2

D31–0

A20–2
D31–0

D31–0

A19–2

Manager

Channel A

Channel B

256K x 16

DRAM

WD90C55

VIA1 RTC

PSRAM

4 MB

ROM

1 MB

Power

Drivers

receivers

Internal floppy

disk connector

Internal hard disk

connector

Flat-panel

Keyboard

controller

and

display

Monitor

connector

Trackball

Apple Desktop

Bus port

Keyboard

Internal modem

connector

Port A

(modem)

Port B

(printer)

External

SCSI port

RAM

expansion

connector

Serial

ports

Sound input jack

MUX

A11–0

4

Features

Enhanced

ASC

DFAC

Filter/amp

Internal microphone

External
sound jack

Internal
speaker

▲

CHAPTER 1

Hardware

Compatibility Issues 1

Because the Macintosh PowerBook 165c is identical in most respects to the Macintosh
PowerBook 160/180 computers, most hardware and software designed for those models
will operate without modification on the PowerBook 165c. This section highlights key
areas you should investigate in order to ensure that your products work properly with
the PowerBook 165c. These topics are covered in more detail in subsequent sections.

Color Display 1

The internal display controller is optimized for 8-bit color mode. Although 1-, 2-, and
4-bit modes are supported for compatibility, they provide no significant improvement in
display performance.

The LCD controller circuitry includes a 256-entry color look-up table (CLUT) and is
compatible with software that uses QuickDraw and the Palette Manager. The controller
supports a palette of 262,143 colors. However, due to the nature of LCD technology, some
colors are dithered or exhibit noticeable flicker. Apple has developed a new gamma table
for this display that minimizes flicker and optimizes available colors. With this
gamma table in place, the effective range of the CLUT is 4096 colors.

See the section “Color LCD Interface” on page 9 for more information about the internal
display hardware and LCD screen.

The external video interface of the Macintosh PowerBook 165c computer is identical to
the PowerBook 160/180 in all respects.

Note

MacsBug version 6.2.2 does not properly restore the LCD frame buffer on
the Macintosh PowerBook 165c. The screen can be restored by forcing a
redraw. This problem will be corrected in future MacsBug versions.

◆

RAM Expansion Slot 1

The RAM expansion slot is compatible with RAM expansion cards meeting Apple design
specifications for the Macintosh PowerBook 180 and earlier models. However, the design
of the PowerBook 165c provides more physical space for RAM expansion cards than was
specified for earlier PowerBook computers. Developers must follow the design
guidelines provided in the section “RAM Expansion Interface” on page 10 to assure
compatibility with the Macintosh PowerBook 165c and future models.

WARNING

Do not exceed the design envelope shown in Figure 1-5. Cards that
exceed these specifications may damage the computer, and may be
incompatible with future PowerBook models.

Compatibility Issues

▲

5

CHAPTER 1

Hardware

Hardware Overview 1

This section discusses the hardware differences between the Macintosh PowerBook 165c
and the Macintosh PowerBook 160/180 computers.

IMPORTANT

Memory sizes, addresses, and other data are specific to each type of
Macintosh computer and are provided for informational purposes only.
To ensure that your application software maintains compatibility across
the Macintosh line and to allow for future hardware changes, you are
strongly advised to use the Macintosh Toolbox and Operating System
routines wherever provided. In particular, never use absolute addresses
to access hardware, because these addresses are not the same for all
models.

▲

Memory Map 1

Like all Macintosh PowerBook computers that use the 68030 microprocessor, the
PowerBook 165c always operates in 32-bit addressing mode. To maintain compatibility
with software that uses 24-bit addressing conventions, the memory management unit
(MMU) in the 68030 is used to map 24-bit addresses to their 32-bit equivalent.

In 32-bit mode, the 68030 supports a 4 GB address space. In 24-bit mode, however, the
upper 8 address bits are ignored, and the maximum address space is limited to 16 MB.
The MMU remaps addresses so that RAM, ROM, VRAM, and I/O all appear within this
16 MB range. Although the address translation is transparent to software, it has the effect
of limiting the amount of addressable RAM to 8 MB.

Figure 1-2 shows the 32-bit memory map of the PowerBook 165c. Figure 1-3 compares the
24-bit and 32-bit memory maps.

6

Hardware Overview

CHAPTER 1

Hardware

$FFFF FFFF
$FEF0 FFFF

$FE00 0000

$FD00 0000

$FC00 0000

$6000 0000

$5000 0000

$4400 0000

$4000 0000

$0400 0000

$00E0 0000

$0000 0000

Figure 1-2

Reserved

Slot E (external video)

Reserved

Slot C (internal video)

Reserved

I/O

Reserved

ROM

Expansion RAM

(bus error)

Illegal

RAM

14 MB maximum,

one continuous bank

32-bit memory and detailed I/O map

Expansion I/O space

(no DSACKs)

Reserved

Reserved

Reserved

CPU GLU registers

Reserved

Reserved

Reserved

Reserved

Reserved

Reserved

Reserved

Reserved

Reserved

Reserved

Reserved

Reserved

Reserved

Reserved

SWIM

Sound

SCSI (non DRQ)

SCSI (normal mode)

Reserved (SCSI wrap)

Reserved (SCC wrap)

Reserved (VIA2 wrap)

Reserved (VIA1 wrap)

SCSI (DMA with DRQ)

SCC

VIA2

VIA1

$6000 0000

$5900 0000

$5400 0000

$5010 0000

$500C 0000

$5008 0000

$5004 0000

$5003 0000

$5002 E000

$5002 C000

$5002 A000

$5002 8000

$5002 6000

$5002 4000

$5002 2000

$5002 0000

$5001 E000

$5001 C000

$5001 A000

$5001 8000

$5001 6000

$5001 4000

$5001 2000

$5001 0000

$5000 E000

$5000 C000

$5000 A000

$5000 8000

$5000 6000

$5000 4000

$5000 2000

$5000 0000

Hardware Overview

7

CHAPTER 1

Hardware

Figure 1-3

$FFFF FFFF
$FEF0 FFFF

$FE00 0000

$FD00 0000

$FC00 0000

$6000 0000

$5000 0000

$4400 0000

$4000 0000

$0400 0000

$00E0 0000

$0000 0000

32-bit and 24-bit memory map comparison

32-bit memory map 24-bit memory map

Reserved

Slot E (external video)

Reserved

Slot C (internal video)

Reserved

I/O

Reserved

ROM

Expansion RAM

(bus error)

Illegal

RAM

14 MB maximum,

one continuous bank

$FF FFFF

$F0 0000

$E0 0000

$D0 0000

$C0 0000

$90 0000

$80 0000

$00 0000

I/O space

Slot E (external video)

Reserved

Slot C (internal video)

Reserved

ROM

RAM

8 MB maximum,

one continuous bank

ROM 1

The Macintosh PowerBook 165c ROM is identical to the ROM used in the PowerBook 160
and PowerBook 180 computers. The ROM chips have been moved from the secondary
logic board to a new RAM/ROM board to make room for the color display circuits.

A new 32K x 8-bit declaration ROM appears in NuBus

™

slot $C address space and

provides firmware support for the color LCD.

ROM Wait States 1

ROM accesses by the CPU require 4 processor wait states (7 clock cycles at 33 MHz),
which is equivalent to 180 ns per access.

RAM 1

The PowerBook 165c includes 4 MB of 85 ns pseudostatic RAM, consisting of eight
512K x 8-bit chips. The RAM chips are contained on a new RAM/ROM board to provide
room for the color display circuitry on the secondary logic board.

8

Hardware Overview

9

CHAPTER 1

Hardware

The RAM expansion slot is located on the RAM/ROM board, and supports up to 10 MB
of PSRAM, for a total of 14 MB. See the “RAM Expansion Interface” section on page 10
for information about designing RAM expansion cards.

RAM is always contiguous because only one size of RAM chip (4 Mbits) is used. As a
result, software does not have to “stitch” memory. The RAM array is located in the
system memory map between addresses $0000 0000 and $00DF FFFF, except following a
system reset or sleep cycle, when it is overlaid by system ROM. However, the overlay is
removed following access to normal ROM space, and the RAM space is then accessible.
Both RAM and ROM memory spaces provide DSACK signals to the processor even if
memory is not actually installed. The RAM data path is 32 bits wide.

RAM Wait States 1

RAM accesses require 2 wait states when using 85 ns PSRAM exclusively. Installing
100 ns expansion RAM causes the memory controller to insert an additional wait state in
all memory accesses (both main and expansion).

Battery Backup 1

Both main and expansion RAM are backed up when the computer is in the sleep state, as
long as the battery is charged or the power adapter is plugged in. RAM contents are not
maintained when the computer is turned off or when the battery is removed.

Color LCD Interface 1

The color display circuitry in the Macintosh PowerBook 165c emulates a NuBus video
card installed in slot $C. This circuitry includes the LCD controller chip set, 512 KB of
DRAM, and a declaration ROM. The PowerBook 165c is compatible with software that
uses QuickDraw and the Palette Manager. Color table animation is also supported.

The LCD controller chip set consists of the WD90C26 controller and WD90C55 display
driver, both made by Western Digital, and the Pangola bus interface chip, an Apple
custom ASIC that translates signals between the WD90C26 and the 68030 bus. Pangola
also handles the frame buffer conversion necessary to support 1-, 2-, and 4-bit color
modes with the Western Digital controller.

The WD90C26 contains a 256-entry CLUT, RAMDAC, frame buffer controller, and flat
panel control circuitry. Although the CLUT supports a palette of 262,143 colors, many of
the possible colors do not look acceptable on the display. Due to the nature of LCD
technology, some colors are dithered or exhibit noticeable flicker. Apple has developed a
new gamma table for this display that minimizes flicker and optimizes available colors.
With this gamma table in place, the effective range of the CLUT is 4096 colors.

The frame buffer appears to the 68030 as a continuous RAM array of 512 KB beginning at
$FC04 0000. The data path is 16 bits wide and byte addressable. The frame buffer is
controlled by the WD90C26, which allocates 1 byte per pixel in all color modes. Because

Color LCD Interface

CHAPTER 1

Hardware

the WD90C26 manages its frame buffer differently than QuickDraw expects, Pangola
must perform byte packing and unpacking to support color modes other than 8-bit.

For example, in 1-bit mode QuickDraw expects that each byte in the frame buffer
represents eight pixels. For every byte QuickDraw writes to the frame buffer in 1-bit
mode, Pangola unpacks the bits and sends 8 bytes to the WD90C26. Similarly, Pangola
must pack 8 bytes into 1 byte each time QuickDraw reads a byte from the frame buffer in
1-bit mode.

Because the WD90C26 is optimized for 8-bit color mode, there is little advantage to
selecting a reduced bit depth. Apple recommends that application developers use 8-bit
mode whenever possible on the Macintosh PowerBook 165c.

Applications that manipulate the frame buffer directly must do so at a consistent bit
depth because Pangola always interprets pixel data based on the current video mode. For
example, attempting to write 8-bit data to the frame buffer while in 1-bit mode will
corrupt the frame buffer because Pangola will unpack each byte as described above.
Sending 1-bit data to the buffer while in 8-bit mode produces similar results because
Pangola will not perform the necessary conversion.

LCD Screen 1

The PowerBook 165c uses a high-contrast 640 x 400 pixel FSTN color display with .30 mm
dot pitch. The display is backlit by two CCFL bulbs located at the top and bottom of the
panel.

The inherent differences between LCD and CRT technologies make it a challenge to
precisely match colors displayed on the LCD with those on an external monitor. The
PowerBook 165c gamma table provides good color matching while minimizing flicker.
Developers should use the supplied gamma table unless there is a specific need to replace
it. Using a gamma table developed for RGB systems will produce poor results.

RAM Expansion Interface 1

The PowerBook 165c accommodates RAM expansion cards from 2 MB to 10 MB in
capacity, for a total of 14 MB RAM. The RAM expansion interface is electrically identical
to that of the PowerBook 180. However, the design of the PowerBook 165c provides more
physical space for RAM expansion cards than was specified for earlier PowerBook
computers, making it easier for developers to design high capacity cards.

The RAM expansion slot is located on the RAM/ROM board, in the same position as
earlier PowerBook models. Figure 1-4 shows the location of the RAM expansion
connector. Figure 1-5 shows the mechanical design guide for PowerBook 165c
RAM expansion cards. Refer to the Macintosh PowerBook 160 and Macintosh PowerBook 180

Developer Note for electrical design guidelines.

10

RAM Expansion Interface

CHAPTER 1

Hardware

Figure 1-4

RAM expansion connector

Secondary logic board

Location of the RAM expansion connector

RAM/ROM

board

Battery

Modem connector

Back

20

1

270

Main logic board

CPU heat sink

21

Floppy drive

Hard drive

Front

RAM Expansion Interface

11

CHAPTER 1

▲

Hardware

4

5.71

S

42.0

B0.2

Figure 1-5

16.0

9.0

17.0

5

REF

21.0

to conn

C

L

RAM expansion card design guide

4

47.54

51.0

- A -

2

PCB

S

A0.2

5

3

4

Pin 1

- B -

1

2

3

4

5

4

1.14

3

3.00 maximum component height in
indicated area.

1.50 maximum component height in
indicated area.

1.00 maximum component height in
indicated area.

No components or exposed conductors
permitted in indicated area.

AMP connector, P/N 104652-7 or
equivalent.

9.0

17.0

3

REF

3

1

REF

16.0

REF

2.5

2

21.0

to conn

Dimensions are in millimeters.

C

2.5

L

12

1

2

25.5

to conn

C

L

WARNING

Do not exceed the design guidelines shown in Figure 1-5. Cards that
exceed these specifications may damage the computer, and may be
incompatible with future PowerBook models.

RAM Expansion Interface

▲

Figure 2-0
Listing 2-0
Table 2-0

CHAPTER 2

Software 2

CHAPTER 2

Software

This chapter describes the new ROM and system software features of the
PowerBook 165c computer.

ROM Software 2

The PowerBook 165c uses the same ROM software as the PowerBook 160/180 computers.
Support for the color display is provided by the video driver located in the declaration
ROM. All other software modifications are incorporated into the system software.

System Software 2

The PowerBook 165c computer is shipped with System 7.1 software. A system enabler
file, included on the “Install Me First” disk, contains extensions to the system software
necessary to support the PowerBook 165c. The system enabler file must be installed in the
System Folder for the computer to boot.

Identifying the PowerBook 165c 2

The correct method for software to identify the Macintosh model it is running on is by
using the Gestalt Manager routines described in Inside Macintosh .

The gestaltMachineType value returned by the PowerBook 165c is 50. This value can
be used to obtain the machine name string as described in Inside Macintosh .

Control Panel Changes 2

The PowerBook and PowerBook Display control panels have been updated to support
the color display and new power management profile of the PowerBook 165c. The only
change visible to the user is that the PowerBook Display control panel does not turn off
the backlight completely. With the backlight off, users may mistakenly think the
computer is shut down, so the PowerBook Display control panel dims the backlight to a
low level.

14

ROM Software