Apple Newton Works Graphing Calculator User Manual
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1 Tap New.
Introduction
The Newton Works graphing calculator program lets you perform calculations and
display the results in a graph or table. You can copy and paste the calculations or
graph into other programs using Newton Works commands. To learn about Newton
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Works, see the chapters on Newton Works in the
Creating a new document for calculations
To create a new document in which to do calculations, do the following from inside
Newton Works:
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2 In the list that appears, tap Calculations.
A blank document and a title slip appear.
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3 If desired, type in a title for the calculation document.
Note:
This title doesn’t appear when you print a calculation document.
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4 Press Return or tap X.
Here’s an example of a typical calculation document.
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Setting preferences
You can set preferences for the graphing calculator. You can choose the default
measurement to use for angles and the default number format.
You can enter numbers in the way they’re typically expressed, with digits to the left
and right of the decimal. For example,
123.4567
–4.32
You can also enter scientific or engineering notation. For example,
1.234567E2
To set the default number format for new calculation documents, follow these steps:
1 Tap the Information button ;, then tap Calculations Prefs.
The Calculations Prefs slip appears.
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2 Tap “u Measure Angles in” and in the list that appears, tap your choice.
Introduction 3
3 Tap u Number Format and in the list that appears, tap your choice.
4 If you choose Scientific or Engineering, tap u Significant Figures and in the list that
appears, tap your choice.
4 Chapter 1
5 If you choose Fixed, tap u Decimal Digits and in the list that appears, tap your
choice for the number of digits you want after the decimal point.
To change the number format for the open calculation document follow these steps:
1 Tap Tools, then tap u Number Format.
2 Tap u Number Format and in the list that appears, tap your choice.
3 If you choose Scientific or Engineering, tap u Significant Figures, then tap the
number of significant digits to be displayed.
4 If you choose Fixed, tap u Decimal Digits and in the list that appears, tap your
choice for the number of digits you want after the decimal point.
Using operators
You can use the following operators in your calculations:
For Type this Example
Addition + 3 + 4
Subtraction – 10 – 3
Multiplication * (or a space) 43 * 2
Division / 8/2
Absolute value || |x|
Factorial ! 36!
Power ^ 2^3
Tip:
You don’t need to type the multiplication symbol (*) before an expression. A
number before a symbol or a space between symbols is interpreted as multiplication.
For example:
3sin(x) is interpreted as 3 multiplied by the sine of x.
Introduction 5
x y z is interpreted as x multiplied by y, then that product multiplied by z.
Use parentheses to avoid ambiguity about the order of calculations. The expressions
in parentheses are solved first.
For example, if you type:
3*(4+6)
then the calculation 4 + 6 will be performed first.
For more information, see “Order of Evaluation,” next.
Order of evaluation
The graphing calculator evaluates calculations in the following order:
m Calculations inside parentheses. For example, in the expression 3 * (4 + 6), 4 + 6
is evaluated first and the result (10) is multiplied by 3.
m Functions, such as sin or log
m Factorials (evaluated left to right)
m Exponent operator (evaluated right to left)
m Unary minus (for example, –a)
6 Chapter 1
m Multiplication and division (evaluated left to right). For example, in the expression
2 + 3 * 6, 3 * 6 is evaluated first.
m Addition and subtraction (evaluated left to right)
Viewing the results
To see the results of your calculation, do one of the following:
m Tap Tools and then tap Evaluate.
m Press Enter.
m Press x-Return.
The results of your calculation appear. A checkmark appears at the right of the
calculation area if you are defining a variable or function. If any errors are found, an
error message appears.
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Correcting mistakes
If you make a mistake, you can correct it by doing one of the following. (To learn
how to perform these actions, see the documentation that came with your
Newton device.)
m Position the caret to the right of the information you want to delete and press the
Delete key.
m Scrub out the information you want to delete.
m Select the information you want to delete and press the Delete key.
Note:
Error messages and results are automatically deleted when you edit the line
they are located on.
Clearing the display
To clear all calculations from a graphing calculator document, do the following:
1 Select all the calculations by pressing x-A. (Or tap Edit then tap Select All.)
2 Tap Edit, then tap Clear (or press Delete).
Introduction 7
Saving a calculation document
Like other Newton Works documents, your calculation document is automatically
saved as you enter information. There is no save command or button.
For more information on Newton Works, see the chapters on Newton Works in the
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Filing a calculation document
If you are using the full Newton System, you can file calculation documents into
folders using the Folder button. When you create a new calculation document, it is
automatically stored in the current folder you are viewing. You can file calculation
documents into other folders at any time.
Note:
If you are using your eMate in Classroom Mode, you can’t file items
into folders.
1 Go to the calculation document you want to file.
2 Tap the Folder button F.
The folder slip appears.
3 Tap the name of the folder you want the item to be stored in, then tap File.
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If you move a document to a folder you’re not currently viewing, the document will
disappear from your screen.
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For more information on filing a document (or multiple documents), see the chapter
on organizing information in the
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Viewing your calculation documents
You may want to see a list of all the calculation documents you created, especially if
you’re trying to find a particular document.
m To see a list of items press Overview.
An overview appears.
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m Press Scroll Up or Scroll Down or the Up and Down Arrow keys on your keyboard
to move up and down in the list.
m If desired, tap an item in the list to go to it.
Printing, beaming, and faxing
You can print, fax, and beam calculation documents. For more detailed information,
see the chapter on printing, faxing, and beaming in the
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Reinstalling the
Newton Works graphing calculator software
If you inadvertently delete the Newton Works graphing calculator, you can reinstall
the software using the
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CD that came with your eMate. For more
information, see the documentation that came with the CD, and the documentation
that came with the Newton Connection Utilities software.
Introduction 9
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Using Functions and Variables
This chapter describes how to use the built-in functions of the graphing calculator
and how to create your own functions and variables.
Using the built-in functions
The graphing calculator has several built-in functions that you can use with your
calculations. These functions are grouped as follows:
m Integer
m Math
m Tr igonometry
m Series
m Hyperbolic
m Financial
You can enter functions by typing function names on the keyboard or by selecting the
functions from a list.
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To use any of the built-in functions, do one of the following:
m Type the function name on the keyboard, or
1 Tap Tools, and then tap Functions.
The function slip appears. (Your slip may not look exactly like the illustration.)
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2 Tap the diamond u at the top of the slip.
3 In the list that appears, tap the type of function you want (Integer, Math, Trig, Series,
Hyperbolic, Advanced, or Financial).
12 Chapter 2
Functions of that type are shown.
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4 Tap the function that you want to use in your calculation, then tap Insert.
The function appears and the caret is placed between the parentheses.
5 If desired, tap X to close the function slip.
6 Enter the arguments for the function.
Using the integer functions
The Integer list contains the following functions:
Function Abbreviation Description
Ceiling Ceiling(x) Returns the smallest integer greater than x
Floor Floor(x) Returns the largest integer less than x
Round Round(x) Returns the nearest integer to x (rounds to even
integers on x.5 values)
Truncate Trunc(x) Returns the numbers to the left of the
decimal point of x
Examples
y(x) = Ceiling(2.3x+3.6)
y(x) = Round(3*x/4)
mymodulus(x,y) = x–y*Trunc(x/y)
Using Functions and Variables 13
Using the math functions
The Math list contains the following functions:
Function Abbreviation Description
Square Root Sqrt(x) Returns the square root of x
Natural logarithm Ln(x) Returns the natural logarithm of x
Exponential Exp(x) Returns the exponential (inverse of the
natural logarithm) of x
Gamma Gamma(x) Returns the gamma of x (Factorial(x – 1) for
positive integers)
Logarithm Log(x) Returns the logarithm of x, base 10
Modulus Mod(x,y) Returns the modulus of x with respect to y
(that is, the remainder of x/y)
Remainder Remainder(x,y) Returns x – y * round(x/y)
Factorial Factorial(x) Returns the factorial of x
Using the Remainder function
14 Chapter 2
The Remainder function is not simply the remainder of x/y (the modulus function is).
The Remainder function returns x – y * round(x/y). A different definition is
x – remainder(x,y), which gives the closest value to x that is evenly divisible by y.
Examples
y(x) = 0.5*ln((1+x)/(1–x))
y(x) = 1/sqrt(4*x^2+1)
y(x) = exp(x)/(1–exp(2*x))
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