1 Introduction
The Newton Works graphing calculator program lets you perform calculations and display the results in a graph or table. You can copy and paste the calculations or graph into other programs using Newton Works commands. To learn about Newton Works, see the chapters on Newton Works in the Apple eMate 300 User’s Manual.
Creating a new document for calculations
To create a new document in which to do calculations, do the following from inside Newton Works:
1Tap New.
2In the list that appears, tap Calculations. A blank document and a title slip appear.
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3If desired, type in a title for the calculation document.
Note: This title doesn’t appear when you print a calculation document.
If desired, type a title here.
When you’re finished, tap here or press Return.
4Press Return or tap X.
Here’s an example of a typical calculation document.
Enter the calculations
in the math window.
View the output in tabular format.
Tap the Information button to get help, set preferences, or find out more about the graphing calculator application.
Tap New to create a new calculation document.
If you plot the calculation, it appears here.
Tap the Routing button to print, send, duplicate, or delete a calculation document.
Tap the Folder button to file the calculation document into a folder.
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Setting preferences
You can set preferences for the graphing calculator. You can choose the default measurement to use for angles and the default number format.
You can enter numbers in the way they’re typically expressed, with digits to the left and right of the decimal. For example,
123.4567
–4.32
You can also enter scientific or engineering notation. For example,
1.234567E2
To set the default number format for new calculation documents, follow these steps:
1Tap the Information button ;, then tap Calculations Prefs. The Calculations Prefs slip appears.
Tap here and in the list that appears, tap a default measurement.
Tap here and in the list that appears, tap a default format.
2 Tap “u Measure Angles in” and in the list that appears, tap your choice.
Introduction 3
3 Tap u Number Format and in the list that appears, tap your choice.
4If you choose Scientific or Engineering, tap u Significant Figures and in the list that appears, tap your choice.
5If you choose Fixed, tap u Decimal Digits and in the list that appears, tap your choice for the number of digits you want after the decimal point.
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To change the number format for the open calculation document follow these steps:
1Tap Tools, then tap u Number Format.
2Tap u Number Format and in the list that appears, tap your choice.
3If you choose Scientific or Engineering, tap u Significant Figures, then tap the number of significant digits to be displayed.
4If you choose Fixed, tap u Decimal Digits and in the list that appears, tap your choice for the number of digits you want after the decimal point.
Using operators
You can use the following operators in your calculations:
For |
Type this |
Example |
|
Addition |
+ |
3 + 4 |
|
Subtraction |
– |
10 |
– 3 |
Multiplication |
* (or a space) |
43 |
* 2 |
Division |
/ |
8/2 |
|
Absolute value |
|| |
|x| |
|
Factorial |
! |
36! |
|
Power |
^ |
2^3 |
Tip: You don’t need to type the multiplication symbol (*) before an expression. A number before a symbol or a space between symbols is interpreted as multiplication. For example:
3sin(x) is interpreted as 3 multiplied by the sine of x.
Introduction 5
x y z is interpreted as x multiplied by y, then that product multiplied by z.
Use parentheses to avoid ambiguity about the order of calculations. The expressions in parentheses are solved first.
For example, if you type:
3*(4+6)
then the calculation 4 + 6 will be performed first. For more information, see “Order of Evaluation,” next.
Order of evaluation
The graphing calculator evaluates calculations in the following order:
mCalculations inside parentheses. For example, in the expression 3 * (4 + 6), 4 + 6 is evaluated first and the result (10) is multiplied by 3.
mFunctions, such as sin or log
mFactorials (evaluated left to right)
mExponent operator (evaluated right to left)
mUnary minus (for example, –a)
mMultiplication and division (evaluated left to right). For example, in the expression 2 + 3 * 6, 3 * 6 is evaluated first.
mAddition and subtraction (evaluated left to right)
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Viewing the results
To see the results of your calculation, do one of the following:
mTap Tools and then tap Evaluate.
mPress Enter.
mPress x-Return.
The results of your calculation appear. A checkmark appears at the right of the calculation area if you are defining a variable or function. If any errors are found, an error message appears.
function
calculation error
Correcting mistakes
If you make a mistake, you can correct it by doing one of the following. (To learn how to perform these actions, see the documentation that came with your Newton device.)
mPosition the caret to the right of the information you want to delete and press the Delete key.
mScrub out the information you want to delete.
mSelect the information you want to delete and press the Delete key.
Note: Error messages and results are automatically deleted when you edit the line they are located on.
Clearing the display
To clear all calculations from a graphing calculator document, do the following:
1Select all the calculations by pressing x-A. (Or tap Edit then tap Select All.)
2Tap Edit, then tap Clear (or press Delete).
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Saving a calculation document
Like other Newton Works documents, your calculation document is automatically saved as you enter information. There is no save command or button.
For more information on Newton Works, see the chapters on Newton Works in the
Apple eMate 300 User’s Manual.
Filing a calculation document
If you are using the full Newton System, you can file calculation documents into folders using the Folder button. When you create a new calculation document, it is automatically stored in the current folder you are viewing. You can file calculation documents into other folders at any time.
Note: If you are using your eMate in Classroom Mode, you can’t file items into folders.
1Go to the calculation document you want to file.
2Tap the Folder button F. The folder slip appears.
3Tap the name of the folder you want the item to be stored in, then tap File.
If you move a document to a folder you’re not currently viewing, the document will disappear from your screen.
Tap the name of the folder where you want to file the item.
When you’re ready, tap File.
For more information on filing a document (or multiple documents), see the chapter on organizing information in the Apple eMate 300 User’s Manual.
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Viewing your calculation documents
You may want to see a list of all the calculation documents you created, especially if you’re trying to find a particular document.
mTo see a list of items press Overview. An overview appears.
This symbol represents calculation documents.
mPress Scroll Up or Scroll Down or the Up and Down Arrow keys on your keyboard to move up and down in the list.
mIf desired, tap an item in the list to go to it.
Printing, beaming, and faxing
You can print, fax, and beam calculation documents. For more detailed information, see the chapter on printing, faxing, and beaming in the Apple eMate 300
User’s Manual.
Reinstalling the
Newton Works graphing calculator software
If you inadvertently delete the Newton Works graphing calculator, you can reinstall the software using the eMate Connectivity CD that came with your eMate. For more information, see the documentation that came with the CD, and the documentation that came with the Newton Connection Utilities software.
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2 Using Functions and Variables
This chapter describes how to use the built-in functions of the graphing calculator and how to create your own functions and variables.
Using the built-in functions
The graphing calculator has several built-in functions that you can use with your calculations. These functions are grouped as follows:
mInteger
mMath
mTrigonometry
mSeries
mHyperbolic
mFinancial
You can enter functions by typing function names on the keyboard or by selecting the functions from a list.
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To use any of the built-in functions, do one of the following:
m Type the function name on the keyboard, or
1Tap Tools, and then tap Functions.
The function slip appears. (Your slip may not look exactly like the illustration.)
Tap the function category you want.
2Tap the diamond u at the top of the slip.
3In the list that appears, tap the type of function you want (Integer, Math, Trig, Series, Hyperbolic, Advanced, or Financial).
Functions of that type are shown.
Functions appear in this area.
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4Tap the function that you want to use in your calculation, then tap Insert. The function appears and the caret is placed between the parentheses.
5If desired, tap X to close the function slip.
6Enter the arguments for the function.
Using the integer functions
The Integer list contains the following functions:
Function |
Abbreviation |
Description |
Ceiling |
Ceiling(x) |
Returns the smallest integer greater than x |
Floor |
Floor(x) |
Returns the largest integer less than x |
Round |
Round(x) |
Returns the nearest integer to x (rounds to even |
|
|
integers on x.5 values) |
Truncate |
Trunc(x) |
Returns the numbers to the left of the |
|
|
decimal point of x |
|
|
|
Examples
y(x) = Ceiling(2.3x+3.6)
y(x) = Round(3*x/4)
mymodulus(x,y) = x–y*Trunc(x/y)
Using Functions and Variables |
13 |
Using the math functions
The Math list contains the following functions:
Function |
Abbreviation |
Description |
Square Root |
Sqrt(x) |
Returns the square root of x |
Natural logarithm |
Ln(x) |
Returns the natural logarithm of x |
Exponential |
Exp(x) |
Returns the exponential (inverse of the |
|
|
natural logarithm) of x |
Gamma |
Gamma(x) |
Returns the gamma of x (Factorial(x – 1) for |
|
|
positive integers) |
Logarithm |
Log(x) |
Returns the logarithm of x, base 10 |
Modulus |
Mod(x,y) |
Returns the modulus of x with respect to y |
|
|
(that is, the remainder of x/y) |
Remainder |
Remainder(x,y) |
Returns x – y * round(x/y) |
Factorial |
Factorial(x) |
Returns the factorial of x |
|
|
|
Using the Remainder function
The Remainder function is not simply the remainder of x/y (the modulus function is). The Remainder function returns x – y * round(x/y). A different definition is
x – remainder(x,y), which gives the closest value to x that is evenly divisible by y.
Examples
y(x) = 0.5*ln((1+x)/(1–x))
y(x) = 1/sqrt(4*x^2+1)
y(x) = exp(x)/(1–exp(2*x))
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