Rockwell Automation 1606-XLE480EPC User Manual

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Page 1

Reference Manual

Bulletin 1606 Switched Mode Power Supplies

Catalog Number:

1606-XLE480EP, 1606-XLE480EPC

Index

1. Intended Use 3

2. Installation Requirements 3

3. AC-In put 4

4. DC-Input 5

5. Input Inrush Current 5

6. Output 6

7. Hold-up Time 7

8. DC-OK Relay Contact 7

9. Efficiency and Power Losses 8

10. Lifetime Expectancy and MTBF 9

11. Functional Diagrams 9

12. Terminals and Wiring 10

13. Front Side and User Elements 11

14. EMC 12

15. Environment 13

16. Protection Features 14

17. Safety Features 14

18. Dielectric Strength 14

19. Certifications 15

20. Standards Compliance 15

21. Dimensions and Weight 16

22. Accessories 17

22.1 Wall Mounting Bracket 17

22.2 Redundancy Modules 18

23. Application Notes 19

23.1 Peak Current Capability 19

23.2 Back-feeding Loads 20

23.3 External Input Protection 20

23.4 Output Circuit Breakers 20

23.5 Parallel Use to Increase Output Power 21

23.6 Parallel Use for Redundancy 21

23.7 Series Operation 22

23.8 Inductive and Capacitive Loads 22

23.9 Charging of Batteries 22

23.10 Operation on Two Phases 23

23.11 Use in a Tightly Sealed Enclosure 23

23.12 Mounting Orientations 24

Terminology and Abbreviations

•PE and symbol—PE is the abbreviation for Protective Earth and has the same meaning as the symbol .

•Earth, Ground—This document uses the term “earth” which is the same as the U.S. term “ground”.

• T.b.d.—To be defined, value or description will follow later.

• AC 230V—A figure displayed with the AC or DC before the value represents a nominal voltage with standard tolerances (usually ±15%)

included. E.g.: DC 12V describes a 12V battery disregarding whether it is full (13.7V) or flat (10V)

• 230Vac—A figure with the unit (Vac) at the end is a momentary figure without any additional tolerances included.

• 50Hz vs. 60Hz—As long as not otherwise stated, AC 230V parameters are valid at 50Hz mains frequency.

•may—A key word indicating flexibility of choice with no implied preference.

•shall—A key word indicating a mandatory requirement.

•should—A key word indicating flexibility of choice with a strongly preferred implementation.

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Bulletin 1606 Switched Mode Power Supplies

IND. CONT. EQ.

Power Supply

• AC 100-240V Wide-range Input

• Width only 65mm

• Efficiency up to 94.0%

• Excellent Partial Load Efficiency

• 20% Output Power Reserves

PLUS

• Safe Hiccup

• Easy Fuse Breaking due to High Overload Current

(typ. 80A for 15ms)

• Active Power Factor Correction (PFC)

• Minimal Inrush Current Surge

• Full Power Between -25°C and +60°C

• DC-OK Relay Contact

• Current Sharing Feature for Parallel Use

• 3 Year Warranty

Overload Mode

General Description

The Allen-Bradley Bulletin 1606-XLE power supplies are cost optimized without compromising quality, reliability and performance. Cat. No. 1606-XLE480EP offers high efficiency, electronic inrush current limitation, active PFC, and a wide operational temperature range. The small size is achieved by a synchronous rectification and further technological design details.

The Bulletin 1606-XLE line of power supplies includes all the essential basic functions. The devices have a power reserve of 20% included, which may even be used continuously at temperatures up to +45°C. Additionally, Cat. No. 1606-XLE480EP can deliver approximately 4 times the nominal output current for 15ms which helps to trip fuses on faulty output branches.

High immunity to transients and power surges as well as low electromagnetic emission, a DC-OK relay contact and a large international approval package for a variety of applications makes this unit suitable for nearly every situation.

CATALOG NUMBERS

Power Supply 1606-XLE480EP 24-28V Standard unit

1606-XLE480EPC Conformal coated

Accessories 1606-XLC Wall Mount Bracket

1606-XLSRED40HE Redundancy Module

1606-XLSREDS40HE Redundancy Module

1606-XLSRED40 Redundancy Module

Specifications

Output voltage DC 24V Adjustment range 24 - 28V Output current 20A at 24V, amb <60°C

24A at 24V, amb <45°C

17.1A at 28V, amb <60°C

20.6A at 28V, amb <45°C

Output power 480W ambient <60°C

576W ambient <45°C Output ripple < 50mVpp 20Hz to 20MHz AC Input voltage AC 100-240V -15%/+10% Mains frequency 50-60Hz ±6% AC Input current 4.36 / 2.33A at 120 / 230Vac Power factor 0.99 / 0.95 at 120 / 230Vac AC Inrush current typ. 9 / 7A peak at 120 / 230Vac Efficiency 92.7 / 94.0% at 120 / 230Vac Losses 37.8 / 30.6W at 120 / 230Vac Temperature range -25°C to +70°C operational Derating 12W/°C +60 to +70°C

between 100-85Vac, see chapter 15, Environment

page 13

Hold-up time typ. 26 / 26ms at 120 / 230Vac Dimensions 65x124x127mm WxHxD Weight 1000g / 2.2lb

Certifications

UL 508

UL 60950-1

EMC, LVD, RoHS

2 Rockwell Automation Publication 1606-RM001B-EN-P - August 2013

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Bulletin 1606 Switched Mode Power Supplies

1.Intended Use

This device is designed for installation in an enclosure and is intended for the general professional use such as in industrial control, office, communication, and instrumentation equipment.

Do not use this power supply in equipment, where malfunction may cause severe personal injury or threaten human life.

This device is designed for use in non-hazardous, ordinary or unclassified locations.

2.Installation Requirements

This device may only be installed and put into operation by qualified personnel.

This device does not contain serviceable parts. The tripping of an internal fuse is caused by an internal defect.

If damage or malfunction should occur during installation or operation, immediately turn power off and send unit to the factory for inspection.

Mount the unit on a DIN-rail so that the terminals are located on the bottom of the unit. For other mounting orientations, refer to Mounting Orientations on page 24.

This device is designed for convection cooling and does not require an external fan. Do not obstruct airflow and do not cover ventilation grid (e.g. cable conduits) by more than 15%!

Keep the following installation clearances: 40mm on top, 20mm on the bottom, 5mm on the left and right sides are recommended when the device is loaded permanently with more than 50% of the rated power. Increase this clearance to 15mm in case the adjacent device is a heat source (e.g. another power supply).

SHOCK HAZARD: Do not use the power supply without proper grounding (Protective Earth). Use the terminal on the input

block for earth connection and not one of the screws on the housing.

- Turn power off before working on the device. Protect against inadvertent re-powering

- Make sure that the wiring is correct by following all local and national codes

- Do not modify or repair the unit

- Do not open the unit as high voltages are present inside

- Use caution to prevent any foreign objects from entering the housing

- Do not use in wet locations or in areas where moisture or condensation can be expected

- Do not touch during power-on, and immediately after power-off. Hot surfaces may cause burns.

WARNING: EXPLOSION HAZARDS!

Substitution of components may impair suit ability for this environment. Do not disconnect the unit or operate the voltage adjustment or S/

P jumper unless power has been switched off or the area is known to be non-hazardous. A suitable enclosure must be provided for the end

product which has a minimum protection of IP54 and fulfills the requirements of the EN 60079-15:2010

Rockwell Automation Publication 1606-RM001B-EN-P - August 2013 3

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Bulletin 1606 Switched Mode Power Supplies

Turn-on

85V

Rat ed

input range

max.

500ms

OUT

300Vac264V

Shut-down

Start-up

delay

Ri se

Time

Overshoot

- 5%

O utput Volt age

Input Volt age

24A

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

Input C urrent, typ.

20 22

a) 100Vac b) 120Vac c) 230Vac

Output Current

P ower Factor, typ.

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 24A

0.75

0.8

0.85

0.9

0.95

1.0

20 22

a) 100Vac b) 120Vac c) 230Vac

a, b

Out put C urr ent

3.AC-Input

AC input nom. AC 100-240V suitable for TN-, TT- and IT mains networks AC input range min. 100-264Vac continuous operation

min. 85-100Vac short term or with output derating (1%/V) or with reduced ambient temperature, see

Figure 15-1 on page 13

no damage between 0 and 100Vac

min. 264-300Vac < 500ms Allowed voltage L or N to earth max. 300Vac continuous, IEC 62103 Input frequency nom. 50–60Hz ±6% Turn-on voltage typ. 84Vac steady-state value, see Figu re 3-1 Shut-down voltage typ. 39Vac steady-state value at 5A load, see Fi gure 3-1

typ. 53Vac steady-state value at 10A load, see Figure 3-1

typ. 74Vac steady-state value at 20A load see Figu re 3-1

AC 100V AC 120V AC 230V

Input current typ. 5.25A 4.36A 2.33A at 24V, 20A, see Figure 3-3 Power factor

Crest factor

**)

typ. 0.99 0.99 0.95 at 24V, 20A, see Figure 3-4

typ. 1.5 1.5 1.65 at 24V, 20A Start-up delay typ. 850ms 850ms 650ms see Figure 3- 2 Rise time typ. 85ms 85ms 85ms at 24V, 20A const. current load, 0mF load capacitance,

typ. 150ms 150ms 150ms at 24V, 20A const. current load, 20mF load

Turn-on overshoot max. 200mV 200mV 200mV see Figure 3-2

*) The power fact or is the ratio of the true (or real) power to the apparent power in an AC circuit.

**) The crest factor is the mathematical ratio of the peak value to RMS value of the input current waveform.

see Figure 3 -2

capacitance, see Figure 3 -2

Fig. 3-1: Input voltage range Fig. 3-2: Turn-on behaviour, definitions

Fig. 3-3: Input current vs. output load at 24V Fig. 3-4: Power factor vs. output load

4 Rockwell Automation Publication 1606-RM001B-EN-P - August 2013

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Bulletin 1606 Switched Mode Power Supplies

Output

100mS /D IV

Input

230Vac

24Vdc

Input Current 5A / DIV

4. DC-Input

Do not operate this power supply with DC-input voltage. Use Cat. No. 1606-XLE480EP-D instead.

5. Input Inrush Current

An active inrush limitation circuit limits the input inrush current after turn-on of the input voltage and after short input voltage interruptions.

The charging current into EMI suppression capacitors is disregarded in the first microseconds after switch-on.

AC 100V AC 120V AC 230V

Inrush current

Inrush energy

Inrush delay typ. 935ms 935ms 735ms start-up delay plus rise time

*) Mains interruptions > 500ms

Fig. 5-1: Typical input inrush current behavior

at nominal load and 25°C ambient

max. 13A

typ. 11A max.

peak

s2.5A

13A

peak

s0.5A

13A

peak

temperature independent temperature independent

temperature independent

Rockwell Automation Publication 1606-RM001B-EN-P - August 2013 5

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Bulletin 1606 Switched Mode Power Supplies

Output Voltage

(Single U se, typ.)

025

28V

40A155 10 20 30 35

Adjus tment

Range

Output Current

Continuous

current Fact or y setting

Hiccup

mode

Output Voltage

(Parallel U se , ty p.)

22V

0816

23V

24V

25V

29V

26V

27V

28V

24A20124

Adjus tment

Range

Fact or y setting

Output Current

6. Output

Output voltage nom. 24V Adjustment range min. 24-28V guaranteed

max.

Factory settings typ. 24.1V ±0.2%, at full load, cold unit, in “single use” mode

typ. 24.1V ±0.2%, at full load, cold unit, in “parallel use” mode typ. 25.1V at no load, cold unit, in “parallel use” mode

Line regulation max. 10mV 85-300Vac Load regulation max. 100mV in “single use” mode: static value, 0A  20A;

typ. 1000mV in “parallel use” mode: static value, 0A  20A,

Ripple and noise voltage max. 50mVpp 20Hz to 20MHz, 50Ohm Output current nom. 20A at 24V, ambient temperature <60°C, see Figure 6 -1

nom. nom. 17.1A at 28V, ambient temperature <60°C, see Figure 6-1

nom. typ. 80A up to 15ms, output voltage stays above 20V, see Figure 6-4 , This peak current is

Output power nom. 480W continuously available

nom.

Overload behaviour cont. currentoutput voltage > 13Vdc, see Fig ure 6-1

Short-circuit current min.

max. max.

min. 70A up to 15ms, load impedance <10mOhm, see Figure 6 -4 typ. 100A up to 15ms, load impedance <10mOhm, see Figure 6- 4

Output capacitance typ. 7 000μF included inside the power supply

*) Power Boost This power/ current is continuously all owed up to an ambient temperature of 45°C. Above 45°C, do not use this power/ current longer than a duty cycle of 10% and/ or not longer than 1 minute every 10 minutes.

PLUS

**) Hiccup performed. This cycle is repeated as long as t he overload exists. If the overload has been cleared, the device will op erate normally. See Figure 6-3 ***) Discharge current of output capacitors is not inclu ded. ****) This is the maximum output voltage which can occur at the clockwise end position of the potentiometer due to tolerances. It is not guaranteed value which can be achieved. The typ ical value is about 28.5V (in “single use” mode).

Mode At heavy overloads (when output voltage falls below 13V), the power supply delivers continuous output current for 2s. After this, the output is switched off for approx. 18s before a new star t attempt is automatically

Fig. 6-1: Output voltage vs. output current, typ. Fig. 6-2: Output voltage in “parallel u se” mode, typ.

30V

24A

20.6A

576W

Hiccup 35A

45A 15A

****)

***)

PLUS

mode

at clockwise end position of potentiometer

see Figure 6- 1

see Figure 6-2

at 24V, ambient temperature <45°C, seeFigure 6 -1

at 28V, ambient temperature <45°C, see Figure 6-1

available once every five seconds. Refer to Pea k Curren t Capabi lity on page 19 for more peak current measurements.

Power Boost

**)

output voltage < 13Vdc, see Figure 6-1

® *)

load impedance <10mOhm, see Figure 6 -3

load impedance <10mOhm, see Figure 6 -1 average (R.M.S.) current, load impedance 50mOhm, see Figure 6-3

Fig. 6-3: Short-circuit on output, Hiccup

6 Rockwell Automation Publication 1606-RM001B-EN-P - August 2013

PLUS

mode, typ.

Fig. 6-4: Dynamic overcurrent capability, typ.

Page 7

Bulletin 1606 Switched Mode Power Supplies

Output Cur r ent

42A

18s

S hort -cir cuit

Normal

operation

Normal

operation

Ou tput Voltage

(dynamic behavior, < 15ms)

28V

100A4020 60 8010 30 50 70 90

Adjus tment

Range

Output Current

80ms

90 120 155 190 230Vac

Input Voltage

Hold-up Time

24V, 20A, typ.

24V, 10A, min.

24V, 10A, typ.

24V, 20A, min.

- 5%

Hol d-up Time

Zero Transition

O utput Volt age

Input Volt age

100ms

0.9* V

ADJ

1ms

10%

open

OUT

= V

ADJ

openclosed closed

1ms

7. Hold-up Time

AC 100V AC 120V AC 230V

Hold-up Time typ. 65ms 65ms 65ms at 24V, 10A, see Figure 7-1

min. 54ms 54ms 54ms at 24V, 10A, see Fig ure 7-1 typ. 26ms 26ms 26ms at 24V, 20A, see Fi gure 7-1 min. 21ms 21ms 21ms at 24V, 20A, see Fig ure 7-1

Fig. 7-1: Hold-up time vs. input voltage Fig. 7-2: Shut-down behavior, definitions

8. DC-OK Relay

This feature monitors the output voltage, which is produced by the power supply itself. It is independent of a back-fed voltage from a unit connected in parallel to the power supply output.

Contact closes As soon as the output voltage reaches 90% of the adjusted output voltage level. Contact opens As soon as the output voltage dips more than 10% below the adjusted output voltage.

Contact ratings max. 60Vdc 0.3A, 30Vdc 1A, 30Vac 0.5A resistive load

Isolation voltage Refer to Dielectric Strength

Short dips will be extended to a signal length of 100ms. Dips shorter than 1ms will be ignored.

min. 1mA at 5Vdc min. permissible load

Fig. 8-1: DC-ok relay contact behavior

on page 14.

Rockwell Automation Publication 1606-RM001B-EN-P - August 2013 7

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Bulletin 1606 Switched Mode Power Supplies

Eff i ci ency

4 6 8 101214 1820 24A

94%

100Vac

120Vac

230Vac

Out put Current

16 22

Power Losses

02 68 1214 24A

60W

18 20

4 10 16

Output C urrent

120Vac

100Vac

230Vac

Ef f iciency

120 180 230 264Vac

Input Volta ge

95%

100

Power Losses

120 180 230 264Vac

Input Volta ge

50W

100

9. Efficiency and Power Losses

AC 100V AC 120V AC 230V

Efficiency typ. 92.0% 92.7% 94.0% at 24V, 20A

Average efficiency

Power losses typ. 6.5W 3.9W 2.6W at 24V, 0A

*) The average efficiency is an assumption for a typical application where the power supply is loaded with 25% of the nominal load for 25% of the time, 50% of the nominal load for another 25% of the time, 75% of

the nominal load for another 25% of the time and with 100% of the nominal load for the rest of the time.

Fig. 9-1: Efficiency vs. output current at 24V, typ Fig. 9-2: Losses vs. output current at 24V, typ.

typ. 91.6% 92.4% 94.0% at 24V, 24A (Power Boost) typ. 91.3% 92.0% 93.3% 25% at 5A, 25% at 10A,

25% at 15A. 25% at 20A

typ. 21.1W 20.1W 17.0W at 24V, 10A typ. 41.7W 37.8W 30.6W at 24V, 20A typ. 52.8W 47.4W 36.8W at 24V, 24A (Power Boost)

Fig. 9-3: Efficiency vs. input voltage at 24V, 20A, typ.

Fig. 9-4: Losses vs. input voltage at 24V, 20A, typ.

8 Rockwell Automation Publication 1606-RM001B-EN-P - August 2013

Page 9

Bulletin 1606 Switched Mode Power Supplies

Output

Over -

Voltage

P rotection

PFC

C onv e rter

Output

Voltage

R e gulator

Power

C onv e rter

Output

Filter

Output Voltage Monitor

Output

Power

Manage r

Temper -

ature

Shut-

down

Input Fuse Input Filter Input Rectifier Ac tive Inrus h Limiter

OUT

DC-ok C ontac t

DC-ok LED

Single / Parallel

DC-ok Relay

10. Lifetime Expectancy and MTBF

AC 100V AC 120V AC 230V

Lifetime expectancy

**)

MTBF

SN 29500, IEC 61709 468 000h 484 000h 537 000h

**)

MTBF

MIL HDBK 217F

*) The Lifetime expectancy shown in the table indicates the minimum operating hours (service life) and is determined by the lifetime expectancy of the built-in electrolytic capacitors. Lifetime expectancy is

specified in operational hours and is calculated according to the capacitor’s manufacturer specification. The manufacturer of the electrolytic capacitors only guarantees a maximum life of up to 15 years (131 400h). Any number exceeding this value is a calculated theoretical lifetime which can be used to compare devices.

**) MTBF stands for Mean Time Between Failure, which is calculated according to statistical device failures, and indicates reliability of a device. It is the statistical representation of the likelihood of a unit to fail and

does not necessarily represent the life of a product.

The MTBF figure is a statistical representation of the likelihood of a device to fail. A MTBF figure of e.g. 1 000 000h means that statistically one unit will fail every 100 hours if 10 000 units are installed in the field. However, it can not be determined if the failed unit has been running for 50 000h or only for 100h.

145 000h

410 000h

150 000h

425 000h

168 000h

475 000h

at 24V, 10A and 40°C

at 24V, 10A and 25°C

64 000h 70 000h 88 000h at 24V, 20A and 40°C

180 000h

198 000h

249 000h

at 24V, 20A and 25°C

38 000h 46 000h 61 000h at 24V, 24A and 40°C

109 000h

130 000h

171 000h

at 24V, 24A and 25°C

at 24V, 20A and 40°C 770 000h 796 000h 882 000h at 24V, 20A and 25°C 254 000h 261 000h 290 000h at 24V, 20A and 40°C;

Ground Benign GB40 355 000h 361 000h 395 000h at 24V, 20A and 25°C;

Ground Benign GB25

56 000h 57 000h 64 000h at 24V, 20A and 40°C;

Ground Fixed GF40

75 000h 77 000h 86 000h at 24V, 20A and 25°C;

Ground Fixed GF25

11. Functional Diagrams

Fig. 11-1: Functional Diagram

Rockwell Automation Publication 1606-RM001B-EN-P - August 2013 9

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Bulletin 1606 Switched Mode Power Supplies

Load

Power Supply

+ +

- -

Output

Power

Supply

+ +

- -

Out put

max 25A!

continuous

Dis tribution Terminal s

Load

Power

Supply

+ +

- -

Output

Power

Supply

+ +

- -

Output

12. Terminals and Wiring

The terminals are IP20 Finger safe constructed and suitable for field- and factory wiring.

Input and output DC-OK-Signal

Type

Solid wire

Stranded wire American Wire Gauge AWG20-10 AWG26-14 Max. wire diameter 2.8mm (including ferrules) 1.5mm (including ferrules) Wire stripping length 7mm / 0.28inch 7mm / 0.28inch Screwdriver 3.5mm slotted or cross-head No 2 3.5mm slotted (to open the spring) Recommended tightening torque 1Nm, 9lb.in not applicable

Instructions:

a) Use appropriate copper cables that are designed for minimum operating temperatures of:

60°C for ambient up to 45°C and 75°C for ambient up to 60°C minimum 90°C for ambient up to 70°C minimum.

b) Follow national installation codes and installation regulations!

c) Ensure that all strands of a stranded wire enter the terminal connection!

d) Do not use the unit without PE connection.

e) Unused terminal compartments should be securely tightened.

f) Ferrules are allowed.

screw terminals spring-clamp terminals

0.5-6mm

0.5-4mm

0.15-1.5mm

Daisy chaining:

Daisy chaining (jumping from one power supply output to the next) is allowed as long as the average output current through one terminal pin does not exceed 25A. If the current is

higher, use a separate distribution terminal block as shown in Figure 12-2

Fig. 12-1: Daisy chaining of outputs Fig. 12-2: Using distribution terminals

10 Rockwell Automation Publication 1606-RM001B-EN-P - August 2013

Page 11

13. Front Side and User Elements

Fig. 13-1: Fig. 13-1 Front side

A Input Terminals (screw terminals)

N, L Line input

PE (Protective Earth) input

Output Terminals (screw terminals, two pins per pole)

+ Positive output – Negative (return) output

Output voltage potentiometer

Open the flap to adjust the output voltage. Factory set: 24.1V

DC-OK LED (green)

On, when the output voltage is >90% of the adjusted output voltage

DC-OK Relay Contact (quick-connect spring-clamp terminals)

The DC-OK relay contact is synchronized with the DC-OK LED. See DC-OK Relay

on page 7 for details.

Bulletin 1606 Switched Mode Power Supplies

“Parallel Use” “Single Use” selector

Set jumper to “Parallel Use” when power supplies are connecte d in parallel to increase the output power. In order to achieve a sharing of the load current between the individual power supplies, the “parallel use” regulates the output voltage in such a manner that the voltage at no load is approx. 4% higher than at nominal load. See Parallel Use to Increase Output Power

on page 21. A missing jumper is equal to a “Single Use” mode.

Rockwell Automation Publication 1606-RM001B-EN-P - August 2013 11

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Bulletin 1606 Switched Mode Power Supplies

14. EMC

The power supply is suitable for applications in industrial environment as well as in residential, commercial and light industry environment without any restrictions. A detailed EMC report is available on request.

EMC Immunity

Electrostatic discharge EN 61000-4-2 contact discharge

Electromagnetic RF field EN 61000-4-3 80MHz-2.7GHz 20V/m Criterion A Fast transients (Burst) EN 61000-4-4 input lines

Surge voltage on input EN 61000-4-5 L  N

Surge voltage on output EN 61000-4-5 +  -

Surge voltage on DC-OK EN 61000-4-5 DC-OK signal  PE 2kV Criterion A Conducted disturbance EN 61000-4-6 0.15-80MHz 20V Criterion A Mains voltage dips EN 61000-4-11 0% of 100Vac

Voltage interruptions EN 61000-4-11 0% of 200Vac (=0V) 5000ms Criterion C Voltage sags SEMI F47 0706 dips on the input voltage according to SEMI F47 standard

Powerful transients VDE 0160 over entire load range 750V, 1.3ms Criterion C

Criterions: A: Power supply shows normal operation behavior within the defined limits. C: Temporary loss of function is possible. Power supply may shut-down and restarts by itself. No damage or hazards for the power supply will occur.

EMC Emission

Conducted emission input lines

Conducted emission

output lines Radiated emission EN 55011, EN 55022 Class B Harmonic input current EN 61000-3-2 fulfilled for class A equipment Voltage fluctuations, flicker EN 61000-3-3 This device complies with FCC Part 15 rules.

Operation is subjected to following two conditions: (1) this device may not cause harmful interference, and (2) this device must accept any interference received, including interference that may cause undesired operation.

**)

According generic standards: EN 61000-6-1 and EN 61000-6-2

8kV

air discharge

output lines DC-OK signal (coupling clamp)

L  PE, N  PE

+ / -  PE

40% of 100Vac 70% of 100Vac 0% of 200Vac 40% of 200Vac 70% of 200Vac

80% of 120Vac (96Vac) 70% of 120Vac (84Vac) 50% of 120Vac (60Vac)

According generic standards: EN 61000-6-3 and EN 61000-6-4 EN 55011, EN 55022, FCC Part 15, CISPR 11, CISPR 22 Class B

IEC/CISPR 16-1-2, IEC/CISPR 16-2-1 limits for DC power port according EN 61000-6-3

15kV

4kV 2kV 2kV

2kV 4kV 1kV 2kV

0Vac, 20ms 40Vac, 200ms 70Vac, 500ms 0Vac, 20ms 80Vac, 200ms 140Vac, 500ms

1000ms 500ms 200ms

fulfilled

Criterion A Criterion A

Criterion A Criterion A Criterion A

Criterion A Criterion A Criterion A Criterion A

Criterion A Criterion C Criterion A Criterion A Criterion A Criterion A

Criterion A Criterion A Criterion A

*) tested with constant current loads, non pulsing **)for information only, not mandatory for EN 61000-6-3

Switching Frequencies

Switching frequency 1 70kHz to 130kHz PFC converter, input voltage and output power dependent Switching frequency 2 80kHz to 140kHz Main converter, output power dependent

12 Rockwell Automation Publication 1606-RM001B-EN-P - August 2013

The power supply has two converters with two different switching frequencies included.

Page 13

15. Environment

short term

Bulletin 1606 Switched Mode Power Supplies

Operational temperature

-25°C to +70°C (-13°F to 158°F) reduce output power according to Figure 15-1

Storage temperature -40 to +85°C (-40°F to 185°F) for storage and transportation Output de-rating 6.4W/°C

12W/°C

**)

Humidity Vibration sinusoidal

5 to 95% r.h.

2-17.8Hz: ±1.6mm; 17.8-500Hz: 2g

45°C to 60°C (113°F to 140°F) 60°C to 70°C (140°F to 158°F) IEC 60068-2-30 IEC 60068-2-6

2 hours / axis

Shock

30g 6ms, 20g 11ms

IEC 60068-2-27

3 bumps / direction, 18 bumps in total

Altitude 0 to 2000m (0 to 6 560ft) without any restrictions

2000 to 6000m (6 560 to 20 000ft) reduce output power or ambient temperature,

see Figure 15-2

IEC 62103, EN 50178, overvoltage category II Altitude de-rating 30W/1000m or 5°C/1000m > 2000m (6500ft), see Figure 15-2 Over-voltage category III IEC 62103, EN 50178, altitudes up to 2000m

II altitudes from 2000m to 6000m Degree of pollution 2 IEC 62103, EN 50178, not conductive LABS compatibility The unit does not release any silicone or other LABS-critical substances and is suitable for use in paint shops. Audible noise At load currents below 2A some audible noise will be emitted from the power supply

*) Operational temperature is the same as the ambient temperat ure and is defined as the air temperature 2cm below the unit.

**) Do not energize while condensation is present

Fig. 15-1: Output current vs. ambient temp. Fig. 15-2: Output current vs. altitude

See AC-Input on page 4 for de-rating requirements for input voltages between 85Vac and 100Vac.

Rockwell Automation Publication 1606-RM001B-EN-P - August 2013 13

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Bulletin 1606 Switched Mode Power Supplies

Input DC -ok

Eart h, PE

O utput

16. Protection Features

Output protection Output over-voltage protection typ. 30.5Vdc

Electronically protected against overload, no-load and short-circuits

In case of an internal power supply defect, a redundant circuit limits the maximum

max. 32Vdc

output voltage. The output shuts down and automatically attempts to restart. Degree of protection IP 20 EN/IEC 60529 Penetration protection > 5mm e.g. screws, small parts Over-temperature protection yes Output shut-down with automatic restart Input transient protection MOV (Metal Oxide Varistor) Internal input fuse included not user replaceable

*) In case of a protection event, audible noise may occur.

17. Safety Features

Input / output separation

Class of protection I PE (Protective Earth) connection required Isolation resistance > 5MOhm input to output, 500Vdc PE resistance < 0.1Ohm Touch current (leakage current) typ. 0.14mA / 0.37mA 100Vac, 50Hz, TN-,TT-mains / IT-mains

*) double or reinforced insulation

SELV IEC/EN 60950-1 PELV IEC/EN 60204-1, EN 50178, IEC 62103, IEC 60364-4-41 double or reinforced insulation

typ. 0.20mA / 0.55mA 120Vac, 60Hz, TN-,TT-mains / IT-mains typ. 0.35mA / 0.87mA 230Vac, 50Hz, TN-,TT-mains / IT-mains max. 0.17mA / 0.46mA 110Vac, 50Hz, TN-,TT-mains / IT-mains max. 0.26mA / 0.67mA 132Vac, 60Hz, TN-,TT-mains / IT-mains max. 0.46mA / 1.08mA 264Vac, 50Hz, TN-,TT-mains / IT-mains

18. Dielectric Strength

The output voltage is floating and has no ohmic connection to the ground. Type and factory tests are conducted by the manufacturer. Field tests may be conducted in the field using the appropriate test equipment which applies the voltage with a slow ramp (2s up and 2s down). Connect all inputterminals together as well as all output poles before conducting the test. When testing, set the cut-off current settings to the value in the table below.

Fig. 18-1: Dielectric strength

Type test 60s 2500Vac 3000Vac 1500Vac 500Vac

Factory test 5s 2500Vac 2500Vac 1000Vac 500Vac Field test 5s 2000Vac 2000Vac 1000Vac 500Vac

Cut-off current setting > 15mA > 15mA > 20mA > 1mA

To fulfil the PELV requirements according to EN60204-1 § 6.4.1, we recommend that either the + pole, the – pole or any other part of the output circuit sha ll be connected to the protective earth system. This helps to avoid situations in which a load starts unexpectedly or can not be switched off when unnoticed earth faults occur.

ABCD

14 Rockwell Automation Publication 1606-RM001B-EN-P - August 2013

Page 15

19. Certifications

IND. CONT. EQ.

EC Declaration of Conformity The CE mark indicates conformance with the

- EMC directive 2004/108/EC,

- Low-voltage directive (LVD) 2006/95/EC and

- RoHS directive 2011/65/EU.

UL 508 Listed for use as Industrial Control Equipment;

U.S.A. (UL 508) and Canada (C22.2 No. 107-1-01); E-File: E56639

UL 60950-1

Edition

Recognized for use as Information Technology Equipment, Level 5; U.S.A. (UL 60950-1) and Canada (C22.2 No. 60950-1); E-File: E168663

20. Standards Compliance

EN 61558-2-17 Safety of Power Transformers EN/IEC 60204-1 Safety of Electrical Equipment of Machines EN/IEC 61131-2 Programmable Controllers EN 50178, IEC 62103 Electronic Equipment in Power Installations SEMI F47-0706 Ride-through compliance for the semiconductor industry

Bulletin 1606 Switched Mode Power Supplies

Rockwell Automation Publication 1606-RM001B-EN-P - August 2013 15

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Bulletin 1606 Switched Mode Power Supplies

21. Dimensions and Weight

Weight 1000g / 2.2lb DIN-Rail Use 35mm DIN-rails according to EN 60715 or EN 50022 with a height of 7.5 or 15mm.

The DIN-rail height must be added to the unit depth (127mm) to calculate the total required installation depth.

Installation Clearances See Installation Requirements

Fig. 21-1: Front view Fig. 21-2: Side view

on page 3

16 Rockwell Automation Publication 1606-RM001B-EN-P - August 2013

Page 17

22. Accessories

22.1 Wall Mounting Bracket (Cat. No. 1606-XLS)

This bracket is used to mount the power supply onto a flat surface without utilizing a DIN-Rail.

Bulletin 1606 Switched Mode Power Supplies

Rockwell Automation Publication 1606-RM001B-EN-P - August 2013 17

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Bulletin 1606 Switched Mode Power Supplies

24V 20A

Load

Failure

Monitor

L N PE

24-28V 480W Power Supply

+ +

- -

24V 20A

DCOK

AC Input

Output

Redundancy Module

Input1Input

Output

+-+

L N PE

+ +

- -

24V 20A

DCOK

AC Input

Output

24-28V 480W Power Supply

I I

also possible

1606-XLSREDS40HE

1606-XLE480EP

1606-XLSRED40HE

22.2 Redundancy Modules

1606-XLSRED40HE – (2x 20A Inputs, 1x 40A output)

The redundancy modules in the HE-series are specially designed for power supplies, which feature the HiccupPLUS overload behavior. The1606XLSRED40HE is the preferred redundancy module for the 1606-XLE480EP power supply. It is equipped with two input channels, which are individually decoupled by utilizing mosfet technology. Using mosfets instead of diodes reduces the heat generation and the voltage drop between input and output. The1606-XLSRED40HE does not require an additional auxiliary voltage and is self-powered even in case of a short circuit across the output.

Due to the low power losses, the unit is very slender and only requires 36mm width on the DIN-rail.

1606-XLSRED40– (2x 20A Inputs, 1x 40A output)

The1606-XLSRED40 redundancy module is a unit, that is also suitable in combination with power supplies, which have a continuous current overload behavior. Size and performance are the same as the1606-XLSRED40HE. The 1606-XLSRED40 is more complex than the 1606-XLSRED40HE units and therefore higher in cost. The terminal arrangement of the 1606-XLSRED40 are different then the 1606-XLSRED40HE. The output terminal is located on top and the input terminals are on the bottom of the unit in order for a better match to the power supplies of the XLS series that do not feature the HiccupPLUS overload behavior.

1606-XLSREDS40HE – (1x 40A input, 1x 40A output)

The single channel redundancy modules in the HE-series are specially designed for power supplies, which feature the HiccupPLUS overload behavior. The 1606-XLSREDS40HE is a 40A single channel redundancy module, which is equipped with a plug connector on the output. The plug connector allows replacing the power supply or the redundancy module while the system is running. The plug connector avoids that the output wires can touch and short the load circuit.

The 1606-XLSREDS40HE is very slender and only requires 46mm width on the DIN-rail. It also utilizes mosfet technology instead of diodes for low heat generation and a minimal voltage drop between input and output. It does not require an additional auxiliary voltage and is self-powered even in case of a short circuit across the output.

Typical 1+1 Redundant Configuration for 20 A with a dual redundancy module.

Typical N+1 or 1+1 Redundant Configuration for 20 A with multiple 1606XLSREDS40HE redundancy modules.

Failure

Monitor

1606-XLE480EP

24-28V 480W Power Supply

DCOK

AC Input

L N PE

+ +

Output 24V 20A

- -

Output

1606-XLSREDS40HE

Redundancy

Module

Input

1606-XLE480EP

24-28V 480W Power Supply

DCOK

AC Input

L N PE

+ +

Output 24V 20A

- -

Output

1606-XLSREDS40HE

Redundancy

Module

Input

24V 20A Load

18 Rockwell Automation Publication 1606-RM001B-EN-P - August 2013

L N

Page 19

Bulletin 1606 Switched Mode Power Supplies

10ms/DIV

Output Voltage

Out put Current

24V

40A

16V

15ms

1ms/DIV

Output Volt age

Out put Cur rent

24V

100A

18V

10ms/DIV

Out put Volt age

O u tpu t Current

24V

90A peak

18V

15ms

23. Application Notes

23.1 Peak Current Capability

The power supply can deliver peak currents (up to several milliseconds) which are higher than the specified short term currents.

This helps to start current demanding loads. Solenoids, contactors and pneumatic modules often have a steady state coil and a pick-up coil. The inrush current demand of the pick-up coil is several times higher than the steady-state current and usually exceeds the nominal output current (including the PowerBoost). The same situation applies when starting a capacitive load.

The peak current capability also ensures the safe operation of subsequent circuit breakers of load circuits. The load branches are often individually protected with circuit breakers or fuses. In case of a short or an overload in one branch circuit, the fuse or circuit breaker need a certain amount of overcurrent to open in a timely manner. This avoids voltage loss in adjacent circuits.

The extra current (peak current) is supplied by the power converter and the built-in large sized output capacitors of the power supply. The capacitors get discharged during such an event, which causes a voltage dip on the output. The following two examples show typical voltage dips:

Fig. 23-1: - Peak load with 2x the nominal current for 50ms, typ.

Fig.23-2: - Peak load with 5x the nominal current for 5ms, typ.

40A Peak load (resistive) for 50ms Output voltage dips from 24V to 16V.

Fig.23-3: - 90A Peak load, typ.

Please note: The DC-OK relay triggers when the voltage dips more than 10% for longer than 1ms.

100A Peak load (resistive) for 5ms Output voltage dips from 24V to 18V.

High Overload Current (typ. >90A for 15ms) enables easy fuse tripping

Peak current voltage dips typ. from 24V to 16V at 40A for 50ms, resistive load

typ. from 24V to 18.5V at 100A for 2ms, resistive load typ. from 24V to 18V at 100A for 5ms, resistive load

Rockwell Automation Publication 1606-RM001B-EN-P - August 2013 19

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Bulletin 1606 Switched Mode Power Supplies

MC B

Power Supply

Load

Wire length

S1... Fault simulation switch

23.2 Back-feeding Loads

Loads such as decelerating motors and inductors can feed voltage back to the power supply. This feature is also called return voltage immunity or resistance against Back- E.M.F. (E

lectro Magnetic Force).

This power supply is resistant and does not show malfunctioning when a load feeds back voltage to the power supply. It does not matter whether the power supply is on or off.

The maximum allowed feed-back-voltage is 35V DC.

23.3 External Input Protection

The unit is tested and approved for branch circuits up to 30A (UL) and 32A (IEC). An external protection is only required if the supplying branch has an ampacity greater than this. Check also local codes and local requirements. In some countries local regulations might apply.

If an external fuse is necessary or utilized, minimum requirements need to be considered to avoid nuisance tripping of the circuit breaker. A minimum value of 10A B- or C-Characteristic breaker should be used.

23.4 Output Circuit Breakers

Standard miniature circuit breakers (MCB’s or UL 1077 circuit breakers) are commonly used for AC-supply systems and may also be used on 24V branches.

MCB’s are designed to protect wires and circuits. If the ampere value and the characteristics of the MCB are adapted to the wire size that is used, the wiring is considered as thermally safe regardless of whether the MCB opens or not.

To avoid voltage dips and under-voltage situations in adjacent 24V branches which are supplied by the same source, a fast (magnetic) tripping of the MCB is desired. A quick shutdown within 10ms is necessary corresponding roughly to the ride-through time of PLC's. This requires power supplies with high current reserves and large output capacitors. Furthermore, the impedance of the faulty branch must be sufficiently small in order for the current to actually flow. The best current reserve in the power supply does not help if Ohm’s law does not permit current flow. The following table has typical test results showing which B- and C-Characteristic MCBs magnetically trip depending on the wire cross section and wire length.

Fig.23-4 Test circuit

Maximal wire length*) for a fast (magnetic) tripping:

0.75mm² 1.0mm² 1.5mm² 2.5mm² C-2A 29m 40m 56m 82m C-3A 26m 35m 50m 77m C-4A 21m 28m 36m 53m C-6A 8m 10m 14m 25m C-8A 4m 7m 11m 18m C-10A 1m 2m 3m 6m B-6A 17m 24m 35m 53m B-10A 12m 16m 23m 32m B-13A 9m 13m 20m 29m B-16A 4m 7m 9m 17m B-20A 1m 1m 2m 2m

*) Don’t forget to consider twice the distance to the load (or cable length) when calculating the total wire length (+ and – wire).

20 Rockwell Automation Publication 1606-RM001B-EN-P - August 2013

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Bulletin 1606 Switched Mode Power Supplies

Uni t A

Uni t B

Load

23.5 Parallel Use to Increase Output Power

The 1606-XLE480EP power supplies can be paralleled to increase the output power. The output voltage of all power supplies shall be adjusted to the same value (±100mV) in “Single use” mode with the same load conditions on all units, or the units can be left with the factory settings. After the adjustments, the jumper on the front of the unit shall be moved from “Single use” to “Parallel use”, in order to achieve load sharing. The “Parallel use” mode regulates the output voltage in such a manner that the voltage at no load is approx. 4% higher than at nominal load. See Output “Single use” mode. Factory setting is “Single use” mode.

If more than three units are connected in parallel, a fuse or circuit breaker with a rating of 30A or 32A is required on each output. Alternatively, a diode or redundancy module can also be utilized.

Energize all units at the same time to avoid the overload Hiccup

seconds), if the output was in Hiccup

Keep an installation clearance of 15mm (left / right) between two power supplies and avoid installing the power supplies on top of each other. Do not use power supplies in parallel in mounting orientations other than the standard mounting orientation (terminals on bottom of the unit) or in any other condition where a derating of the output current is required (e.g. altitude, above 60°C, …).

on page 6. If no jumper is plugged in, the unit is in

PLUS

mode. It also might be necessary to cycle the input power (turn-off for at least five

PLUS

mode due to overload or short circuits and the required output current is higher than the current of one unit.

Pay attention that leakage current, EMI, inrush current, harmonics will increase when using multiple power supplies.

23.6 Parallel Use for Redundancy

Power supplies can be paralleled for redundancy to gain higher system availability. Redundant systems require a certain amount of extra power to support the load in case one power supply unit fails. The simplest way is to put two power supplies in parallel. This is called a 1+1 redundancy. In case one power supply unit fails, the other one is automatically able to support the load current without any interruption. Redundant systems for a higher power demand are usually built in a N+1 method. E.g. five power supplies, each rated for 20A are paralleled to build a 80A redundant system. For N+1 redundancy the same restrictions apply as for increasing the output power, see also Chapter 23.5, Parallel Use to Increase Output Power

Please note: This simple way to build a redundant system does not cover failures such as an internal short circuit in the secondary side of the power supply. In such a case, the defective unit becomes a load for the other power supplies and the output voltage can not be maintained any more. This can be avoided by utilizing redundancy modules, which have decoupling devices (diodes or mosfets) included. Further information and wiring configurations can be found in chapter 22.3- Redundancy Modules

on page 18.

Recommendations for building redundant power systems:

Use separate input fuses for each power supply.

Set the power supply into “Parallel use” mode.

Monitor the individual power supply units. Therefore, use the DC-OK relay contact of the XLE480EP power supply.

It is desirable to set the output voltages of all units to the same value (± 100mV) or leave it at the factory setting.

Rockwell Automation Publication 1606-RM001B-EN-P - August 2013 21

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Bulletin 1606 Switched Mode Power Supplies

Uni t A

Uni t B

Load

Ear th (see notes)

23.7 Series Operation

Power supplies of the same type can be connected in series for higher output voltages. It is possible to connect as many units in series as needed, providing the sum of the output voltage does not exceed 150Vdc. Voltages with a potential above 60Vdc are not SELV any more and can be dangerous. Such voltages must be installed with a protection against touching.

Earthing of the output is required when the sum of the output voltage is above 60Vdc.

Avoid return voltage (e.g. from a decelerating motor or battery) which is applied to the output terminals.

Keep an installation clearance of 15mm (left / right) between two power supplies and avoid installing the power supplies on top of each other. Do not use power supplies in series in mounting orientations other than the standard mounting orientation (terminals on bottom of the unit).

Pay attention that leakage current, EMI, inrush current, harmonics will increase when using multiple power supplies.

23.8 Inductive and Capacitive Loads

The unit is designed to supply any kind of loads, including capacitive and inductive loads. If extreme large capacitors, such as EDLCs (electric double layer capacitors or “UltraCaps”) with

a capacitance > 0.5F are connected to the output, the unit might charge the capacitor in the Hiccup

PLUS

mode (See Output on page 6 ).

23.9 Charging of Batteries

The power supply can be used to charge lead-acid or maintenance free batteries. (Two 12V batteries in series)

Instructions for charging batteries:

a. Set output voltage (measured at no load and at the battery end of the cable) very precisely to the end-of-charge voltage.

End-of-charge voltage 27.8V 27.5V 27.15V 26.8V Battery temperature 10°C 20°C 30°C 40°C

b. Use a 30A or 32A circuit breaker (or blocking diode) between the power supply and the battery.

c. Ensure that the output current of the power supply is below the allowed charging current of the battery.

d. Use only matched batteries when putting 12V types in series.

e. The return current to the power supply (battery discharge current) is typ. 23mA when the power supply is switched off (except in case a

blocking diode is utilized).

22 Rockwell Automation Publication 1606-RM001B-EN-P - August 2013

Page 23

Bulletin 1606 Switched Mode Power Supplies

240V

+10%

max.

Fuse

L N

Power Supply

internal

fuse

23.10 Operation on Two Phases

The power supply can also be used on two-phases of a three-phase-system. Such a phase-to-phase connection is

allowed as long as the supplying voltage is below 240V

+10%

. Use a fuse or a circuit breaker to protect the N input.

The N input is internally not protected and is in this case connected to a hot wire. Appropriate fuses or circuit

breakers are specified in section “External Input Protection”.

23.11 Use in a Tightly Sealed Enclosure

When the power supply is installed in a tightly sealed enclosure, the temperature inside the enclosure will be higher than outside. In such situations, the inside temperature defines the ambient temperature for the power supply.

The following measurement results can be used as a reference to estimate the temperature rise inside the enclosure.

The power supply is placed in the middle of the box, no other heat producing items are inside the box

Rockwell Automation Publication 1606-RM001B-EN-P - August 2013 23

Page 24

Bulletin 1606 Switched Mode Power Supplies

Pow er

Supply

OUTPUTINPUT

Output C urrent

10 20 30 40

60°C

24A

Ambient Temperature

Pow er

Supply

OUTPUTINPUT

Output C urrent

10 20 30 40

60°C

24A

Ambient Temperature

Output C urrent

10 20 30 40

60°C

24A

Ambient Temperature

Pow er

Supply

OUTPUTINPUT

Output C urrent

10 20 30 40

60°C

24A

Ambient Temperature

Pow er

Supply

OUTPUTINPUT

Output C urrent

10 20 30 40

60°C

24A

Ambient Temperature

23.12 Mounting Orientations

Mounting orientations other than all terminals on the bottom require a reduction in continuous output power or a limitation in the maximum allowed ambient temperature. The amount of reduction influences the lifetime expectancy of the power supply. Therefore, two different derating curves for continuous operation can be found below:

Curve A1Recommended output current. Curve A2Max allowed output current (results in approximately half the lifetime expectancy of A1).

Fig.23-5:

Mounting Orientation

(Standard

orientation)

Fig.23-6:

Mounting Orientation

(Upside down)

Mounting Orientation

(Table-top mounting)

Mounting Orientation

(Horizontal cw)

Mounting Orientation

(Horizontal ccw)

Enclosure:Rittal Typ IP66 Box PK 9522 100, plastic, 254x180x165mm Load: 24V, 16A; (=80%) load is placed outside the box Input:230Vac Temperature inside enclosure: 53.5°C (in the middle of the right side of the power supply with a distance of 2cm) Temperature outside enclosure: 25.3°C Temperature rise:28.2K

24 Rockwell Automation Publication 1606-RM001B-EN-P - August 2013

Fig.23-7:

Fig.23-8:

Fig.23-9:

Page 25

Page 26

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Rockwell Automation provides technical information on the Web to assist you in using its products. At http://www.rockwellautomation.com/support code and links to software service packs, and a MySupport feature that you can customize to make the best use of these tools. You can also visit our Knowledgebase at http://www.rockwellautomation.com/knowledgebase information, support chat and forums, software updates, and to sign up for product notification updates.

, you can find technical manuals, technical and application notes, sample

for FAQs, technical

For an additional level of technical phone support for installation, configuration, and troubleshooting, we offer Te c h C o nn e c t representative, or visit http://www.rockwellautomation.com/support/

support programs. For more information, contact your local distributor or Rockwell Automation

Installation Assistance

If you experience a problem within the first 24 hours of installation, review the information that is contained in this manual. You can contact Customer Support for initial help in getting your product up and running.

United States or Canada 1.440.646.3434

Outside United States or Canada Use the Worl dwide Lo cato r at http://www.rockwellautomation.com/rockwellautomation/support/overview.page, or contact your local

Rockwell Automation representative.

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Rockwell Automation tests all of its products to help ensure that they are fully operational when shipped from the manufacturing facility. However, if your product is not functioning and needs to be returned, follow these procedures.

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Outside United States Please contact your local Rockwell Automation representative for the return procedure.

distributor to complete the return process.

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