Apple Macintosh Performa 6100 User Manual



Macintosh Performa

User’s Guide

Includes setup, troubleshooting, and important health-related
information for Macintosh Performa 6100 series computers

K Apple Computer, Inc.

© 1995 Apple Computer, Inc. All rights reserved.
Under the copyright laws, this manual may not be copied, in whole or in part, without the

written consent of Apple. Your rights to the software are governed by the accompanying
software license agreement.

The Apple logo is a trademark of Apple Computer, Inc., registered in the U.S. and other
countries. Use of the “keyboard” Apple logo (Option-Shift-K) for commercial purposes without
the prior written consent of Apple may constitute trademark infringement and unfair
competition in violation of federal and state laws.

Every effort has been made to ensure that the information in this manual is accurate. Apple is
not responsible for printing or clerical errors.

Apple Computer, Inc.
1 Infinite Loop
Cupertino, CA 95014-2084
[phone]

Apple, the Apple logo, AppleScript, Geoport, LaserWriter, LocalTalk, Macintosh, Performa,
and PlainTalk are trademarks of Apple Computer, Inc., registered in the U.S. and other
countries.

Apple Backup, Apple Desktop Bus, Apple Restore, AppleScript, Balloon Help, Disk First Aid,
Finder, GeoPort, Macintosh PC Exchange, Power Macintosh, PowerTalk, and QuickDraw GX
are trademarks of Apple Computer, Inc.

IBM is a registered trademark of International Business Machines Corporation.
Motorola is a registered trademark of Motorola Corporation.
NuBus is a trademark of Texas Instruments.
PowerPC and the PowerPC logo are trademarks of International Business Machines

Corporation, used under license therefrom.
Simultaneously published in the United States and Canada.
Mention of third-party products is for informational purposes only and constitutes neither an

endorsement nor a recommendation. Apple assumes no responsibility with regard to the
performance or use of these products.

The Apple Publishing System

This Apple manual was written, edited, and produced on a desktop publishing system using
Apple Macintosh computers and QuarkXPress. Technical illustrations were drawn in Adobe
Illustrator; screen shots were created and modified with system software, ExposurePro, Aldus
SuperPaint, and Adobe Photoshop. Proof pages were created on Apple LaserWriter printers and
on QMS and Tektronix color printers. Final pages were output directly to separated film on a
PostScript

Text type is Times

™

-driven imagesetter.

®

, display type is Helvetica®Narrow, and cover type is Apple Garamond,

Apple’s corporate font. Ornaments are custom symbols designed for Apple Computer.
PostScript, the LaserWriter page-description language, was developed by Adobe Systems

Incorporated.

™

Con tent s

Communications regulation information vi

Preface Welcome to Macintosh ix

1 Getting Started 1

Plugging in the computer 1
Installing an expansion card 3
Connecting the monitor 4
Connecting the mouse and keyboard 6
Connecting other equipment 6
Turning the computer on 7
Problems turning your computer on? 8
What’s next? 9
Learning the basics 10
Reviewing the basics 11
Turning the computer off 12
Where to find answers 13

iii

2 Getting Help 15

Getting answers to your questions 16
Identifying objects on the screen 24
Learning useful shortcuts 25

3 Connecting Additional Equipment 27

Connecting audio equipment 29
Expanding memory 34

4 Using Programs and Backing Up Disks 35

Installing application programs 37
Working with several programs at a time 38
Protecting the information on a disk 39
Restoring the information on your hard disk 45

5 Troubleshooting 49

When you have questions 49
When you run into trouble 49
Solutions to common problems 53
Repairing a damaged disk 6 4
Initializing a hard disk 71
Installing or reinstalling system software 73

iv

Contents

Appendix A Health, Safety, and Maintenance Tips 75

Health-related information about computer use 75
Safety instructions 80
Handling your computer equipment 81
Cleaning your equipment 85
Locking and unlocking the mouse 87

Appendix B Installing an Expansion Card 89
Appendix C Adding AV Capability to Your Macintosh Performa 97

Installing the AV software 98
Connecting the monitor cable to an AV-equipped Macintosh Performa 6100

series computer 98
An AV-equipped Macintosh Performa 6100 series computer 100
Connecting video equipment 101

Appendix D Special Keys on Your Keyboard 117

Typing special characters and symbols 119

Index 121

Contents

v

Communication s regulati on information

FCC statement

This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class B digital device
in accordance with the specifications in Part 15 of FCC rules. See instructions if interference to
radio or television reception is suspected.

Radio and television interference

The equipment described in this manual generates, uses, and can radiate radio-frequency
energy. If it is not installed and used properly—that is, in strict accordance with Apple’s
instructions—it may cause interference with radio and television reception.

This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class B digital device
in accordance with the specifications in Part 15 of FCC rules. These specifications are designed
to provide reasonable protection against such interference in a residential installation. However,
there is no guarantee that interference will not occur in a particular installation.

You can determine whether your computer system is causing interference by turning it off. If
the interference stops, it was probably caused by the computer or one of the peripheral devices.

If your computer system does cause interference to radio or television reception, try to correct
the interference by using one or more of the following measures:

m Turn the television or radio antenna until the interference stops.
m Move the computer to one side or the other of the television or radio.
m Move the computer farther away from the television or radio.
m Plug the computer into an outlet that is on a different circuit from the television or radio.

(That is, make certain the computer and the television or radio are on circuits controlled by
different circuit breakers or fuses.)

If necessary, consult an Apple-authorized service provider or Apple. See the service and support
information that came with your Apple product. Or, consult an experienced radio/television
technician for additional suggestions. You may find the following booklet helpful: Interference
Handbook (stock number 004-000-00493-1). This booklet, prepared by the Federal
Communications Commission, is available from the U.S. Government Printing Office,
Washington, DC 20402.

IMPORTANT

could void the FCC Certification and negate your authority to operate the product.
This product was tested for FCC compliance under conditions that included the use of Apple

peripheral devices and Apple shielded cables and connectors between system components. It is
important that you use Apple peripheral devices and shielded cables and connectors between
system components to reduce the possibility of causing interference to radios, television sets,
and other electronic devices. You can obtain Apple peripheral devices and the proper shielded
cables and connectors through an Apple-authorized dealer. For non-Apple peripheral devices,
contact the manufacturer or dealer for assistance.

Changes or modifications to this product not authorized by Apple Computer, Inc.,

vi

Communications Regulation Information

DOC statement

DOC Class B Compliance This digital apparatus does not exceed the Class B limits for radio
noise emissions from digital apparatus as set out in the interference-causing equipment standard
entitled “Digital Apparatus,” ICES-003 of the Department of Communications.

Observation des normes—Classe B Cet appareil numérique respecte les limites de bruits
radioélectriques applicables aux appareils numériques de Classe B prescrites dans la norme
sur le matériel brouilleur : “Appareils Numériques”, NMB-003 édictée par le ministre des
Communications.

VCCI statement

CD-ROM drive

WARNING

equipment’s manual may result in hazardous exposure.

WARNING

this product is harmful to the eyes. The use of optical instruments, such as magnifying lenses,
with this product increases the potential hazard to your eyes. For your safety, have this
equipment serviced only by an Apple-authorized service provider.

If you have an internal Apple CD-ROM drive in your computer, your computer is a Class 1
laser product. The Class 1 label, located on the computer, indicates that the drive meets
minimum safety requirements. A service warning label is on the CD-ROM drive inside the
computer.

Making adjustments or performing procedures other than those specified in your

Do not attempt to disassemble the cabinet containing the laser. The laser beam used in

Communications Regulation Information

vii

Welcome to Macintosh

Congratulations on the purchase of your new Macintosh. Your computer is
designed to give you the highest performance combined with real ease of
use—it’s easy to set up, easy to use, and easy to expand. This book will guide
you through the setup procedure, tell you how to expand your Macintosh, and
provide many tips on using your new system.

Your Macintosh computer is powered by the new † microprocessor
(or “chip”). This microprocessor was designed by Apple Computer, Inc.,
Motorola, Inc., and IBM Cor poration. The † microprocessor uses
Reduced Instruction Set Computing (RISC) technology to deliver very high
performance at the lowest possible cost. The † RISC microprocessor
represents the state of the art in microprocessor design.

Your new Macintosh will run almost all your existing Macintosh software, but
for best performa nce a nd greatest speed, look for the new application
programs designed especially for Macintosh computers with the †
microprocessor. You’ll find these programs at any software store that carries
products for Macintosh.

ix

Monitor

Keyboard cable

(sometimes built

into the keyboard

as shown here)

Macintosh Performa computer

Monitor cable

(sometimes built into the monitor)

Monitor cable adapter

Keyboard

Mouse

Computer power cord

Monitor power cord

Follow the instructions in this

chapter to set up your computer

and learn the basics.

1

Getting Started

The illustration on the facing page shows all the equipment you will need to
set up your computer and begin using it. Place your equipment on a sturdy,
flat surface near a grounded wall outlet. Before following the setup
instructions in this chapter, you may want to read “Arranging Your Office”
in Appendix A (in the section on health-related information) for tips on
adjusting your work furniture so that you’re comfortable when using the
computer.

Plugging in the computer

Before you plug your Macintosh into a wall socket (and before you connect
anything else to your Macintosh), carefully read all the setup instructions in
this chapter. Th en, begin by plugging in the computer according to the
instructions that follow. T he plug grounds the computer and protects it from
electrical damage while you are setting up.

1

When you are ready to begin, follow these steps:

1 Plug the socket end of the computer’s power cord into the recessed power socket

(marked with the symbol ≤) on the back of the computer.

2 Plug the other end of the power cord into a three-hole grounded outlet or power strip.

WARNING

This equipment is intended to be electrically grounded. Your
Macintosh is equipped with a three-wire grounding plug—a plug that
has a third (grounding) pin. This plug will fit only a grounded AC
outlet. This is a safety feature. If you are unable to insert the plug into
the outlet, contact a licensed electrician to replace the outlet with a
properly grounded outlet. Do not defeat the purpose of the grounding
plug!

Power cord socket

Computer power cord

IMPORTANT

Be sure that at least one end of the power cord is within easy

reach so that you can unplug the computer when you need to.

2

Chapter 1

3 If necessary, switch the computer off.

If you heard a tone when you plugged in the computer, the computer has
started up and you need to turn it off before proceeding. Press the on/off
switch to turn the computer off. (The on/off switch is located on the front of
the computer and is marked with the symbol I.)

On/off switch

Installing an expansion card

If you purchased an expansion card for your Macintosh, install it now. (See
Appendix B, “Installing an Expansion Card,” for instructions.) If you don’t
have an expansion card, go on to the next section, “Connecting the Monitor.”

Getting Started

3

Connecting the monitor

Monitors have two cords to connect: a power cord and a monitor cable.
Follow these steps:

1 Place the monitor on top of or next to the computer.

Keep these considerations in mind:

m Allow a few inches for air circulation around the computer and monitor.
m Make sure that the top of the screen is slightly below eye level when you’re

sitting at the keyboard.

m Position the monitor to minimize glare and reflections on the screen from

overhead lights and windows.

For further suggestions about locating your computer equipment, consult
“Ar ranging Your Office” in Appendix A (in the section on health-related
information).

2 Connect the monitor power cord to the power cord socket on the back of the monitor.
3 Plug the other end of the power cord into a three-hole grounded outlet or a power strip.

4

Power cord socket

Monitor power cord Monitor cable

Chapter 1

4 Attach the monitor cable adapter to the monitor cable.

Monitor cable adapter

Monitor cable

5 Attach the adapter to the monitor port on the back of the computer.

The monitor port (sometimes called the high-density monitor port) is marked
with the symbol ™. To connect, firmly push the cable or adapter into the
port until you hear a click.

Monitor cable adapter: attach
a standard monitor cable to this
adapter, then connect the adapter

Monitor cable

to the monitor port.

Note: If you upgrade your Macintosh with an AV card, see Appendix C,
“Adding AV Capability to your Macintosh Performa,” for more information
about connecting a monitor.

Getting Started

5

Connecting the mouse and keyboard

1 Plug the mouse cable into the recessed port on the back of the keyboard.

The plug and the port are marked with the ◊ icon (symbol). The positions of
the port and icon on your keyboard may be different from those pictured.

By the way: A port marked with the ◊ icon is called an Apple Desktop Bus
(ADB) port.

This cable plugs into the Apple Desktop Bus (ADB) port,

◊

marked with the

icon, on the back of the computer.

Plug the mouse into the recessed port on
the keyboard. The flat part of the plug should
be pointing down, as shown here.

2 Plug the keyboard cable into the port marked with the ◊icon on the back of the

computer.

Some monitors have a port to which you can connect the keyboard or mouse.
See the information that came with your monitor.

Connecting other equipment

If you are new to the Macintosh, it’s a good idea to get some experience using
your computer before you connect other equipment, such as a printer or
scanner. To lear n basic Macintosh skills, continue with the instructions in this
chapter.

When you’re ready to connect other equipment to your Macintosh, see the
instructions in Chapter 3.

6

Chapter 1

Turning the computer on

To turn on the computer, follow these steps:

1 Turn on the computer by pressing the on/off switch on the front panel.

The switch is marked with the symbol I.
You hear a tone from the computer as it starts up.

2 Turn on your monitor.

See the information that came with your monitor for the location of the on/off
switch. On Apple monitors, the on/off switch is marked with the symbol I.

3 Check to see what’s on your screen.

m If you see the Macintosh desktop, shown here, your system software is

already set up correctly. Skip now to “

What’s Next?” later in this chapter.

Hard disk icon

Macintosh desktop

m If you see a blinking question mark, you need to install system software on

the computer’s hard disk. (System software is a set of programs the
computer uses to start itself up.)

See “Installing or Reinstalli ng System Software” in Chapter 5 of this book for
information on installing system software.

m If you see anything else on your screen, or if your screen displays nothing

at all, see the next section, “Problems Turning Your Computer On?”

Getting Started

7

Problems turning your computer on?

If you don’t see anything on the screen, check these items to see if you can
identify the problem:

m Is the computer plugged into a power source? If it is plugged into a power

strip, is the power strip turned on?

m Is the computer turned on? The power-on light on the front panel should

be on. If it isn’t on, press the on/off switch (marked with the symbol I).

m Are the keyboard and mouse cables connected correctly? (Don’t disconnect

the keyboard or mouse cable while the computer is on. You could damage
your equipment.)

m Is the monitor power cord plugged in?
m Is the monitor turned on? (Check the power-on light on the front of the

monitor.)

m Is the monitor cable attached firmly to both the monitor and computer?
m Is the brightness control on the monitor adjusted correctly? (On Apple

monitors, the brightness control is marked with the symbol ¤.)

8

Chapter 1

What’s next?

Congratulations! You’ve finished setting up your computer. Continue with one
of the following steps:

m If you are new to the Macintosh, turn to the next section, “Learning the

Basics.”

m If you are an experienced Macintosh user, tur n to Chapter 2, “Getting

Help,” to learn about Macintosh Guide, your main source of information
when you’re working with the Macintosh.

m If you want to connect additional equipment, such as a printer, to your

computer, see Chapter 3 of this book for instructions.

m If you want to install application software on your computer, see Chapter 4

of this book for information on setting up your programs and managing
memory. You’ll need this information to properly set up any software
programs specifically designed for Macintosh Performa computers that
have the new PowerPC microprocessor.

IMPORTANT

If you need to turn off your computer at any point, please see
“Turning the Computer Off” later in this chapter. It is very important to use
the correct procedure for shutting down your Macintosh before turning it off.

Getting Started

9

Learning th e basics

If you are new to the Macintosh, you should begin by looking at the
easy-to-use program called the Performa Tutorial. The two-part tutorial
teaches you the basic skills you’ll need to use your computer. To start the
tutorial, follow these steps:

1 Slide your mouse along your mouse pad or desk.

Hold the mouse as shown, with the cable pointing away from you. Don’t press
the mouse button (under your index finger). Notice that the arrow (8) on the
screen moves in the same direction that you move the mouse.

If the arrow doesn’t move, make sure that the cables connecting the mouse
and keyboard are secure and that your mouse is positioned as shown in the
illustration.

10

2 Move the mouse so that the arrow is over the button labeled “Performa Tutorial.”

If you don’t see the picture for the Performa Tutorial on your screen, put the
arrow on the word “Learning” and click (press and release) the mouse button.

Chapter 1

If you run out of room on your mouse pad or desk while moving the mouse,
pick up the mouse and place it where there’s more room. (The arrow on the
screen moves only when the mouse is in contact with the mouse pad or desk.)

3 Without moving the mouse, click the mouse button.

A window appears welcoming you to the tutorial. You can set this book aside
for now and follow the instructions on the screen. When you have completed
both parts of the tutorial, return to this book.

Reviewing the basics

The following illustration summarizes many of the basic skills and terms you
learned from the tutorial.

The strip across the

top of the screen is

called the menu bar.

The symbols and

words in it represent

menus of commands.

Icons are small pictures

that represent disks,

folders, programs, and

documents. To open

an icon, click the

icon twice quickly.

Windows are boxes

that display text,

graphics, or icons. To

bring a partially

covered window to the

front, click anywhere

in the window.

To move a window,

drag it by the title bar.

To close a window,

click the close box.

To find an answer to

a question, look in the

Guide (

To bring hidden portions of a
window’s contents into view,
click the scroll arrows.

) menu.

h

You can have several application
programs open at once. To see which
program is active or to switch from
one program to another, use this
menu (called the Application menu).

This icon represents your
computer’s internal hard disk.

To change the size or shape of
a window, drag the size box.

To throw away an item you
no longer want, drag it to the
Trash and choose Empty
Trash from the Special menu.

Getting Started

11

Turning the computer off

To turn the computer off, you choose Shut Down from the Apple (K) menu.
Detailed instructions follow. (Note: The Shut Down command is also
available in the Special menu.)

1 Move the tip of the arrow to the Apple (

2 With the tip of the arrow on the apple, press and hold down the mouse button.
3 While holding down the mouse button, move the arrow down the list of choices until the

words “Shut Down” are highlighted, then release the mouse button.

K

) menu at the top left of the screen.

12

4 Turn off the computer by pressing its on/off switch.
5 Turn off the monitor by pressing its on/off switch.

Chapter 1

Where to find answers

When you have questions about using your Macintosh, there are several
places you can look for answers.

In this book

Macintosh Performa

User’s Guide

Use this book to help you set up your computer and learn about it,
or to find solutions to problems.

In the Guide menu

The Guide menu (marked with the hicon) is your main source
of information about the Macintosh. To learn how to get different
kinds of help from the Guide menu, see Chapter 2 in this book.

In other manuals

For answers to questions about other equipment or about
application programs you have purchased, see the manuals
that came with the equipment or programs.

From Apple’s customer support hotline

If you can’t find an answer in any of the materials provided, call the
customer support hotline. (The phone number for the hotline is in
the service and support information that came with your computer.)

Getting Started

13

Use the instructions in this

chapter to learn about the help

available to you in the Guide menu.

2

Getting Help

The Guide menu is your main source of information when you’re working
with your computer. The menu is identified by a question mark (h) in the
upper-right corner of the screen.

15

Getting answers to your questions

When you have a question while working with your computer, you can get the
answer by choosing Macintosh Guide from the Guide menu.

1 Pull down the Application menu (in the upper-right corner of the screen) and choose

Finder to make it the active application program.

A checkmark in the menu indicates that the Finder is the active program.

2 Pull down the Guide menu (marked with the

h

icon) and choose Macintosh Guide.

The Macintosh Guide window appears.

Whenever you use Macintosh Guide, its window remains in front of other
windows. If the window gets in your way, you can move it by dragging its
title bar (the gray bar across the top of the window).

16

Chapter 2

3 Notice the three buttons at the top of the window: Topics, Index, and Look For.

Macintosh Guide gives you three ways of finding information:

m

Topics

lets you choose from a list of general subjects; it is like the table of

contents in a book.

m

Index

lets you choose from an alphabetical list of more specific subjects; it

is like the index in a book.

m

Look For

lets you search for information related to a specific word or phrase

that you type.
In the following sections you will practice using each method.
If you have problems while using Macintosh Guide, see “Tips for Using

Macintosh Guide” later in this chapter.

Getting answers with the Topics button

1 In the Macintosh Guide window, click the Topics button.

A list of general topics appears on the left side of the Macintosh Guide
window. (Depending on the hardware and software you have, the list of topics
may look different.)

Getting Help

17

2 Click “Setting Options” in the list of topics.

When you click any topic area, a list of related questions appears on the right
side of the Macintosh Guide window.

To get instructions,
click a question…

…and then click OK.

3 Click the question “How do I set the time and date?” and then click OK. Or double-click

the question.

A small window appears with instructions for you to follow.

18

If you want to

return to the main

Macintosh Guide

window, click here.

4 Read and follow the instructions in this window.

5 When you have completed all the steps, click the Topics button in the lower-left corner to

Chapter 2

Click here to see the next
step (if there is one).

Macintosh Guide provides step-by-step instructions to answer the question
you selected. When you have completed each step, click the right arrow in the
lower-right corner to see the next step.

return to the main Macintosh Guide window.

Now continue with the next section.

Getting answers with the Index button

1 In the Macintosh Guide window, click the Index button.

An alphabetical list of subjects appears on the left side of the window.

Slider

Scroll bar

2 Scroll through the alphabetical list until the phrase “background pattern” is visible.

You can scroll through the list either by dragging the slider to the letter B or
by using the scroll bar at the right of the list.

3 Click the phrase “background pattern” in the alphabetical list.

When you click any index entry, a list of related questions appears on the
right side of the Macintosh Guide window.

To get instructions,
click a question…

…and then click OK.

Getting Help

19

4 Click the question “How do I change the background pattern?” and then click OK. Or

If you want to

return to the main

Macintosh Guide

window, click here.

5 Read and follow the instructions in the window.

6 When you have completed all the steps, click the Topics button in the lower-left corner to

double-click the question.

A small window appears with instructions for you to follow.

Click here to see the next
step (if there is one).

Macintosh Guide provides step-by-step instructions to answer the question
you selected. When you have completed each step, click the right arrow in the
lower-right corner to see the next step.

return to the main Macintosh Guide window.

Now continue with the next section.

20

Chapter 2

1 In the Macintosh Guide window, click the Look For button.

To activate the text

box, click here.

Type a word or phrase

in the text box…

…and then click here.

2 Click the arrow button to activate the text box.
3 Type “sound” in the text box and then click Search.

Getting answers with the Look For button

A small box appears on the left side of the window, where you can type text.

When you click Search, a list of questions related to the word or phrase you
typed appears on the right side of the Macintosh Guide window.

To get instructions,
click a question…

…and then click OK.

Getting Help

21

4 Click the question “How do I change the beep sound?” and then click OK. Or double-

If you want to close

Macintosh Guide,

click here.

5 Read and follow the instructions in the window.

6 When you have completed all the steps, click the close box in the upper-left corner to

click the question.

A small window appears with instructions for you to follow.

Click here to see the next
step (if there is one).

Macintosh Guide provides step-by-step instructions to answer the question
you selected. When you have completed each step, click the right arrow in the
lower-right corner to display the next step.

close Macintosh Guide.

22

Chapter 2

Tips for using Macintosh Guide

Here are a few tips for using Macintosh Guide effectively:

m Macintosh Guide is available only when you are in the Finder—the

desktop area where you can see the icons of disks, folders, and files.
(Other programs may also have help available in the Guide menu,
however.) If you don’t see Macintosh Guide in the Guide menu, pull
down the Application menu (to the right of the Guide menu) and
choose Finder.

m Follow the steps when you’re instructed to; don’t skip ahead or read

ahead. That way the computer can check to make sure you’ve done a
step correctly.

m Unlike most windows, the Macintosh Guide window stays in front of

other windows on the screen so that your instructions are never
covered. If you need to move the Guide window out of the way, drag
it by the title bar at the top of the window.

You can also move the window out of the way by clicking the zoom
box. Click the box once to shrink the window; click it a second time
to expand the window to its original size.

m If you need more information about an instruction or a term, click the

button labeled “Huh?” to get further explanation. (The “Huh?” button
is dimmed when no additional information is available.)

m If you want to return to the main Macintosh Guide window, click the

Topics button in the lower-left corner of the Guide window.

m When you’re finished using Macintosh Guide, click the close box in

the upper-left corner of the window.

Close box

Topics button

“Huh?” button

Title bar

Zoom box

Right arrow

Getting Help

23

Identifying objects on the screen

Sometimes you’ll see an unfamiliar item on the screen and ask yourself,
“What’s that?” You can get an answer by using a Macintosh feature known as
Balloon Help.

Balloon Help explains the function of icons, menus, commands, and other
items on the Macintosh screen in balloons like those you see in comic strips.

Follow these steps to use Balloon Help:

1 Pull down the Guide menu (marked with the

2 Point to any object on the screen that you want to identify.

h

icon) and choose Show Balloons.

A balloon appears next to the object. In the following illustration, for
example, pointing to the Trash displays a balloon that explains how to use the
Trash to throw items away.

Although balloons appear next to items when you point to them, the way
you work does not change; you can still select icons, choose commands, and
so on.

24

3 When you’re finished using Balloon Help, choose Hide Balloons from the Guide menu.

Chapter 2

Learning useful shortcuts

You can perform many tasks in the Finder more quickly if you use keyboard
or mouse shortcuts. For example, instead of clicking an icon and choosing
Open from the File menu, you can simply double-click the icon to open it.

Follow these steps to lear n keyboard and mouse shortcuts:

1 Pull down the Guide menu (marked with the

2 Click one of the category buttons.

If you want to

close the window,

click here.

h

icon) and choose Shortcuts.

The main Macintosh Shortcuts window app ears.

Another window appears, describing shortcuts for that category.

Click here to return to

the main Macintosh

Shortcuts window for

more categories.

Click here to see the next
window (if there is one).

Getting Help

25

3 Read about the shortcuts available for the category you selected.

Click the right arrow in the lower-right corner of the window to display the
next window (if there is one).

4 When you finish reading about the shortcuts for your category, click the Topics button in

the lower-left corner to return to the main Macintosh Shortcuts window. Or click the
close box in the upper-left corner to close the window.

26

Chapter 2

Read this chapter for information on

expanding your computer system

with additional hardware.

3

Monitor

Computer

Hard disk drive

(internal)

Power-on
light

Connecting Additional Equipment

The illustration shows a basic Macintosh Performa 6100 series system, ready
to use. However, you can also expand your computer system.



CD-ROM drive

CD-ROM drive
Open/Close button

Floppy disk drive

On/off switch

I

Keyboard

Mouse

27

The illustration on this page shows where equipment should be connected to
your computer.

For instructions on connecting audio equipment, see the next section,
“Connecting Audio Equipment.” For instructions on connecting video
equipment, see Appendix C, “Adding AV Capability to your Macintosh
Performa.” For instructions on connecting other equipment, see the manual
that came with the equipment.

WARNING

keyboard, or exter nal SCSI device—to your computer, make sure that
your computer is plugged in (in order to ground the computer) and
turned off. If you connect equipment with the computer turned on, you
can damage your computer and your equipment.

g

SCSI port

Connects your Macintosh to 
SCSI equipment such as external
hard disk drives and scanners.

F

Security lock port

≤

Power socket

Monitor
power socket

You can plug
some monitors
directly into the
wall instead of
this socket.

G

Ethernet port


Connects your
Macintosh to a
high-speed network.

™

High-density monitor port


Connects a monitor
to your Macintosh.

Before you connect any equipment—such as a mouse,

W

Modem port (GeoPort)


Connects an external modem or
GeoPort Adapter to your Macintosh.

[

Printer port

Connects your Macintosh to a printer 
or LocalTalk network.

V

Apple Desktop

Bus (ADB) port

Connects your Macintosh
to input devices, such as a
keyboard or a trackball.

-

Sound output port


Connects your Macintosh
to headphones, externally
powered (amplified)
speakers, or other audio
output equipment.

≈

Sound input port


Connects your Macintosh
to a professional-quality 
microphone or other audio
input equipment.

L

Interrupt switch

P

Reset switch

28

Chapter 3

Connecting audio equipment

Your Macintosh can play and record stereo sound from a variety of sources.
You can listen to or reproduce stereo sound by connecting audio equipment to
the sound input and output ports on the computer. If you have an internal
CD-ROM drive, you can also use your computer to play and record sound
from audio compact discs (CDs).

For information on using Macintosh system software to choose audio input
and output options, record an alert sound, or play audio CDs, see the “Sound”
topic of Macintosh Guide, avai lable in th e Guide (h) menu.

About your computer’s sound ports

The sound input port is marked with an icon of a microphone. The sound
output port is marked with an icon of a speaker.

Sound output port Sound input port

When audio equipment is connected to the sound input port (X), you can hear
or record the incoming sound on the computer.

When audio equipment is connected to the sound output port (-), you can
record the sound produced by the computer or play that sound through
externally powered (amplified) speakers.

Connecting Additional Equipment

29

The computer’s sound ports accept an audio connector known as a ster eo
miniplug. This connector is the type used on headphones for a personal tape

player, for example. If your equipment has a different type of connector, you
can purchase an adapter at an electronics supply store.

Stereo miniplug

Connecting audio equipment

To play or record sound with your Macintosh, you can attach a microphone,
amplifier, tape recorder, or a pair of speakers.

You need the Apple PlainTal k Microphone or a compatible microphone to
use speech-recognition technology with your Macintosh. For specific
instructions on connecting a microphone, see the next section, “Connecting
and Positioning a Microphone,” or see the information that comes with the
microphone. For specific instructions on connecting speakers, see the next
section, “Connecting External Stereo Speakers.”

30

If your Macintosh has audio-visual (AV) capabilities, you can record sound
and video simultaneously by connecting a VCR to your Macintosh. For
instructions, see “Connecting Video Equipment for Output From the
Computer” in Appendix C.

Follow these general steps to connect audio equipment to the Macintosh:

1 Make sure that the audio equipment has a cable with a stereo miniplug connector.

If it does not, attach an adapter that has a stereo miniplug.

2 Place the audio equipment near the Macintosh.
3 Shut down the Macintosh and turn off the audio equipment.

Chapter 3

4 Attach the cable to the audio equipment and to the appropriate sound port on the

Macintosh.

To hear or record incoming sound on the computer, connect the audio
equipment to the sound input port (X).

To record the sound produced by the computer or play that sound through
externally powered (amplified) speakers, connect the audio equipment to the
sound output port (-).

5 Turn on the computer and the audio equipment.

You’re now ready to begin listening to and working with sound. For more
information on working with sound, see the “Sound” topic of Macintosh
Guide, available in the Guide (h) menu.

Connecting and p ositioning a microphone

With appropriate software, you can use a microphone to give spoken
commands to your Macintosh and to record your voice or other sounds.

You need the Apple PlainTal k Microphone (or a compatible microphone)
to use speech-recognition technology with the Macintosh.

Some models of the Macintosh come with the Apple PlainTalk Microphone.
You can obtain the microphone from an Apple-authorized dealer. (You can’t
use the round microphone supplied with some other Macintosh models.)

Note: The Apple AudioVision 14 Display has the Apple PlainTalk
Microphone built in.

Connecting Additional Equipment

31

Follow these steps to connect and position the microphone:

1 Shut down the Macintosh.
2 Plug the microphone’s connector into the sound input port (X) on the back of the

computer.

3 Place the microphone at the top center of the monitor, so that the microphone’s

Apple (K) icon is facing you.

If you can’t place the microphone on top of the monitor, position the
microphone according to these guidelines:

m The microphone should be between 1 and 3 feet away from you.

32

m The microphone should be directly in front of you to minimize the

effect of background noises.

4 Turn on the computer.

You’re now ready to begin using your microphone.
To install Apple PlainTal k software, which enables you to give spoken

commands to the computer, receive computer-voice responses to your spoken
commands, and have the computer read text to you, see Chapter 4, “Using
Programs and Backing Up Disks.”

For further instructions on how to use speech, see the “Speech” topic of
Macintosh Guide, avai lable in th e Guide (h) menu.

Chapter 3

Connecting external stereo speakers

You can take advantage of your computer’s stereo sound output by attaching
externally powered (amplified) speakers.

1 Assemble the speakers and the cable you need.

You need a cable with stereo miniplugs at each end to connect one or both
speakers to the computer. (Some speakers require a dual-plug adapter.
Others, like those shown in the next illustration, accept a single stereo
miniplug and are joined by standard speaker wires.)

2 Turn off the Macintosh.
3 Plug a stereo miniplug into the sound output port (-) on the Macintosh.
4 Plug a stereo miniplug into the Audio In port on one of the speakers.

If the speakers take a dual-plug cable, connect both plugs.

5 Connect the speakers together with speaker wires, if necessary.

Your finished connections should look like this:

Sound output port

-

Externally

powered

speakers

Audio In port

6 Turn on the computer.

Now you hear the computer’s sound through the external speakers.
Note: To control the volume of your external speakers, open the Sound

control panel and choose Volumes in the pop-up menu. Use the Built-in
Headphones slider to adjust the volume for your exter nal speakers. If you are
playing an audio CD, you may also need to adjust the volume control in the
program you’re using to play CDs.

Connecting Additional Equipment

33

Expanding memor y

The random-access memory (RAM) in your computer can be expanded.
Installing additional RAM adds more memory chips to your computer and
expands its capabilities. The Technical Information booklet that came with
your computer describes how much additional memory can b e installed in
your Macintosh.

Memory for your computer is provided in packages called Single Inline
Memory Modules (SIMMs). The SIMMs must be the correct type for your
computer and should be installed in pairs of the same size into paired slots.

WARNING

To avoid damage to your computer, Apple recommends that
only an Apple-certified technician install additional RAM. Consult the
service and support i nformation that came with your computer for
instructions on how to contact an Apple-authorized service provider or
Apple for service. If you attempt to install additional RAM yourself, any
damage you may cause to your equipment will not be covered by the
limited warranty on your computer. See an Apple-authorized dealer or
service provider for information about this or any other warra nty
question.

It is very important that the DRAM SIMMs be correctly installed in your
Macintosh. Incor rect installation can result in errors, unpredictable results,
and damage to your equipment and data.

WARNING

Do not remove any factory-installed cards from inside your
computer. Removing a factory-installed card at an angle can damage

™

your equipment. Any NuBus

expansion cards installed in your
computer will not operate properly if the factory-installed card is
removed. If a factory-installed card needs to be removed, see an
Apple-authorized service provider.

34

Chapter 3

Read this chapter for information on

installing and using application

programs with your computer.

4

Using Programs and Backing Up Disks

Your computer came installed with several ready-to-use application programs.
You can open these programs by clicking their buttons in the Launcher.

The Apple Extras folder on your hard disk (or the Macintosh Performa CD)
contains other programs (some of which must be installed before they will
work), including the following:

m AppleScript. You need AppleScript on your hard disk in order to use

Macintosh Guide. With Apple Script you can also automate tasks in the
Finder and other scriptable programs (programs that support AppleScript).
Instructions for using AppleScript are included in the AppleScript folder.

m QuickDraw GX gives your computer more powerful printing and font

capabilities. You’ll want to install QuickDraw GX if you purchased another
program that requires it. If your computer has at least 8 megabytes of
random-access memory (RAM), you can install QuickDraw GX by
opening the QuickDraw GX folder and double-clicking the Installer icon.

m PowerTalk provides an open collaboration environ ment with a universal

mailbox and other electronic mail services. You’ll want to install PowerTalk
if you purchased another program that requires it. If your computer has at
least 8 megabytes of RAM, you can install PowerTalk by opening the
PowerTalk folder and double-clicking the Installer icon.

35

m PlainTalk is a program that enables you to use spoken commands with your

Macintosh Performa. To use PlainTalk, you need to install the PlainTalk
software (use the Installer in the PlainTal k folder inside Apple Extras) and
connect an Apple PlainTalk microphone. (See “Connecting and Positioning
a Microphone” in Chapter 3.) For information about using the PlainTal k
software, see the “Speech” topic of Macintosh Guide, available in the Guide
(h) menu.

m Video Monitor is for use with computers that have audio-visual (AV)

capabilities. If you install an AV card in your Macintosh, see the “Video”
topic of Macintosh Guide, avai lable in th e Guide (h) menu, for
information on using Video Monitor.

Your computer has several application programs already installed, as well as
some programs that you must install b efore you can use them. (You will need
to run each uninstalled application program’s Installer program before the
application program will work.) You’ll find the uninstalled programs on your
hard disk.

You may want to experiment with AppleScript, one of the programs on your
hard disk. With AppleScript you can automate tasks in the Finder and other
scriptable programs (programs that support AppleScript). Instructions for
using AppleScript are also included in the AppleScript folder.

36

Chapter 4

Installing application programs

You’ll probably want to buy and install additional application programs. See
the manuals you received with your programs for instructions on installing
and using them.

In most cases, you’ll install a n application program on your internal hard disk
from floppy disks that contain the program. The following illustration shows
how to insert a floppy disk in your computer’s floppy disk drive.

Insert the floppy disk, metal
end first, into the floppy disk
drive of your computer.

For instructions on how to eject floppy disks, see the “Disks” topic of
Macintosh Guide, avai lable in th e Guide (h) menu.

To use your programs most effectively, follow these guidelin es:
m Put only one copy of each program on your hard disk. Having more than

one copy can cause errors.

m Whenever you copy a program disk to your hard disk, be careful not to

copy a System Folder. Always check to see what you’ve copied, and drag
any extra System Folders to the Trash.

m If you have problems using a program, read the manuals you received with

the program.

m If a program malfunctions consistently, try i nstalling a fresh copy. If that

doesn’t help, find out from the software ma nufacturer whether your version
of the program is compatible with the system software you’re using.

For instructions on how to put a program into the Launcher, see the
“Launcher” index topic of Macintosh Guide, available in the Guide (h) menu.

Using Programs and Backing Up Disks

37

Working with several programs at a time

You can open as many application programs and desk accessories as your
computer’s memory allows.

All open programs are listed in the Application menu at the right end of the
menu bar. The name of the active program (the one you’re using right now)
has a checkmark next to it, and its icon appears in the menu bar.

The Finder icon

Commands to hide or
display open windows

A checkmark

indicates the active

program.

Open programs

Finding out which programs are open

If you have several programs and windows open, you can find out which
program is active and which other programs are open by pulling down the
Application menu.

Switching programs

You can switch to another open program or desk accessory by choosing its
name from the Application menu.

If a program’s icon is dimmed in the menu, that means its windows are
hidden. Choosing the program from the Application menu displays its
windows.

You can also switch to another program by clicking in a window that belongs
to an open program, or by double-clicking a program icon (or the icon of a
document that was created with the program).

38

Chapter 4

Hiding and showing windows on the desktop

You can hide all windows except those of the active program by choosing
Hide Others from the Application menu.

The other programs remain open even though their windows are hidden.
When you switch to another program, its windows become visible again.

If you want to see all the open windows, choose Show All from the
Application menu.

Protecting the information on a disk

If you had a valuable document such as a birth certificate, you’d probably
make an extra copy of it for safekeeping. Similarly, you should make a copy of
the documents you create on your computer. The extra copy is called a
backup, and the process of making the copy is called backing up.

Once you have a backup, you’re protected from accidentally losing the
information on your hard disk. In the unlikely event that something happens
to your hard disk, you can easily get the information back.

Your computer’s hard disk comes with a lot of valuable information already
stored on it, including system software and some application programs. The
Macintosh Performa CD contains a backup copy of all the system software and
application programs that came with your computer. See Chapter 5,
“Troubleshooting,” for instructions on using the CD to reinstall software.

You should regularly make backup copies of the documents you create. To make a
backup copy of the work you store on your hard disk, drag the icons for
individual files or for whole folders to the icon of another disk. You can back
up the contents of an entire floppy disk by dragging its icon to another floppy
disk or hard disk icon.

You can also purchase a backup program with additional features that make
copying faster. For example, some programs have a feature that lets you copy
only the new and changed information on your hard disk.

Your computer comes with two programs, Apple Backup and Apple Restore,
which you can use to make a set of backup floppies containing the contents of
your entire hard disk. See the following sections for instructions on using
Apple Backup and Apple Restore.

Using Programs and Backing Up Disks

39

Using Apple Backup for the first time

If you have a Macintosh Performa CD, you don’t need to use Apple Backup,
because the CD contains all the software that came with your computer.
However, if you don’t have the CD as backup, use Apple Backup to copy the
software to floppy disks, as backup.

WARNING

Do not attempt to back up your Macintosh with disks that

have been preformatted for an IBM-compatible personal computer.

To use Apple Backup for the first time, follow these steps:

1 Click the Applications grouping button in the Launcher.

The buttons for application programs available in the Launcher are grouped
under the Applications button.

2 Click the Apple Backup button in the Launcher window.

The Apple Backup program opens.

40

Chapter 4

3 Click the Continue button.

A message appears, showing you how to identify the high-density floppy
disks you need.

4 Make sure your floppy disks are high-density. Then click the Continue button.

A message appears, telling you how many disks you need to make the copy
and approximately how long it will take. Make sure you have enough time
and disks to complete the copying. If you stop the copying before it’s finished,
you’ll have to start over again from the beginning.

5 Click the appropriate button, as follows:

m If you have enough disks to copy everything, then click the Copy All

Files button.

m If you have only enough disks to copy the System information, then click

the Copy System Folder button. As soon as you buy more disks, follow the
instructions in this chapter to back up everything.

m If you don’t have enough disks for either choice, click the Quit button.

6 Insert a high-density floppy disk into the disk drive.

A message tells you when it’s time to insert another floppy disk.

7 Lock each disk as you remove it from the computer. Label the disks to indicate the order

in which you created them (for example,

Backup 1, Backup 2

, and so on).

To lock a disk, turn it label-side down and use a pen or your fingernail to slide
the tab in the lower-right corner of the disk so that the square hole is open.
(The disk has two square holes, but only one of them has a moveable tab.)

8 When a message appears telling you that you’ve finished, store the labeled and locked

floppy disks in a safe, cool place.

Using Programs and Backing Up Disks

41

Using Apple Backup to update your backup copy

If you made a backup copy of your hard disk information on floppy disks
using Apple Backup, you can keep your backup copy up-to-date by following
the instructions here. By the way: Another way to make sure you have up-to-
date information is to use a new set of floppy disks to create your backup
copy, preserving your original backup. If you are using a fresh set of floppy
disks, follow the instructions in the previous section, “Using Apple Backup
for the First Time.”

1 Get the floppy disks that you used to make a previous backup copy.

Have some extra high-density disks on hand in case there is more information
on your hard disk than there was the last time you made a copy.

2 Turn on your Macintosh, if it’s not already on.
3 Click the Applications grouping button in the Launcher.

The buttons for application programs available in the Launcher are grouped
under the Applications button.

4 Click the Apple Backup button in the Launcher window.

42

The Apple Backup program opens.

Chapter 4

5 Click the Continue button.

A message appears, showing you how to identify the high-density floppy
disks you need.

6 Make sure your floppy disks are high-density. Then click the Continue button.

A message appears, telling you how many disks you need to copy all files
on your hard disk, or to copy just the System Folder. It also tells you
approximately how long it will take to make the copy.

Copy all files or just the System Folder? Because all the information on your
hard disk is important, it’s recommended that you make a copy of all the
files on the hard disk. But if you don’t have enough disks or time right now
to make a copy of everything, you can choose to make a copy of just the
System Folder.

If you want to be doubly protected, you can make a copy of all files and then
start Apple Backup again a nd make an extra copy of the System Folder. That
way, if something goes wrong with your System Folder, you can replace it
quickly without having to copy everything back onto your hard disk.

7 Click the button that corresponds to your choice.

Make sure you have enough time and disks to complete the copying. If you
stop the copying before it’s don e, you’ll have to start over from the beginni ng.

8 Unlock your first backup floppy disk.

To unlock the disk, turn the disk label-side down and use a pen or your
fingernail to slide the tab in the lower-right corner of the disk so that it covers
the square hole. (The disk has two square holes, but only one of them has a
moveable tab.)

Using Programs and Backing Up Disks

43

9 Insert the disk into the floppy disk drive.

If you did not unlock the disk correctly, it is ejected and a message appears.
Unlock the disk, making sure that the tab snaps into place, and try again.

A message appears, telling you that the disk contains information.

10 Click the Continue button.

If there is a problem with the disk, a message appears. Otherwise, copying
takes place automatically. A sound alerts you when it’s time to insert another
disk.

11 When the disk is ejected, lock and label it.

To lock a disk, turn it label-side down and use a pen or your finger nail to
slide the tab i n the lower-right corner of the disk so that the square hole
is open.

12 Repeat steps 7 through 11 for each disk in your stack of backup disks.

Apple Backup lets you know when you’ve finished.

13 Store the disks in a safe, cool place.

44

Chapter 4

Restoring the information on your hard disk

If information on your hard disk becomes damaged or lost, you can restore
it if you have a backup copy of the information. The Macintosh Performa CD
contains copies of all the system software and application programs that came
with your computer. See the Macintosh Performa CD booklet for instructions
on using the Macintosh Performa CD.

If you used Apple Backup to copy the information on your hard disk to floppy
disks, you can use the Apple Restore program to put that information back on
your hard disk. You can also use Apple Backup and Apple Restore to replace
only the System Folder (the folder that contains the software the Macintosh
uses to operate). See the following section, “Using Apple Restore,” for
instructions.

Using Apple Restore

To restore information from the backup floppy disks you made with Apple
Backup, follow these steps:

1 Make sure your Macintosh is turned off.
2 Insert the
3 Turn on your Macintosh.
4 Immediately press and hold down the

the same time).

Macintosh Performa CD

into your computer’s CD-ROM drive.

x

(Command), Shift, Option, and Delete keys (all at

This key combination tells your computer not to use its inter nal hard disk as
its startup device.

5 As soon as the smiling Macintosh appears on your screen, release the keys.

Your computer recognizes the CD as its startup device, and in a few seconds
the Macintosh desktop with a Launcher appears.

Using Programs and Backing Up Disks

45

6 Click the Apple Restore button in the Launcher to open the Apple Restore program.

In a moment you’ll see this screen:

7 Read the information on the screen and click the Continue button.

46

Chapter 4

8 Insert your first backup floppy disk.

Restoring proceeds automatically. If there is a problem with the disk, you see
a message describing the problem.

IMPORTANT

If at any time during the restore process you see a message
reporting that the hard disk is damaged or unreadable, see “Repairing a
Damaged Disk” in Chapter 5.

9 Respond to any messages you see on the screen.

If Apple Restore finds an item on your hard disk that is newer than an item
with the same name on the floppy disk, it asks whether you want the older
version of the item to replace the newer version. Use the following guidelines
to decide whether or not to replace the item:

m If the item is system software, click Replace Newer Version.
m If the item is one of your own files, click Keep Newer Version.
m If, after the restore proced ure, you still have problems with the disk,

repeat the restore procedure and, this time, replace all newer items with
the older items.

A sound alerts you when it’s time to insert another floppy disk.

10 Repeat steps 8 and 9 for each disk in your stack of backup disks.

Apple Restore lets you know when you have finished.

11 Restart your Macintosh and make sure that everything is back on your hard disk.

If the Macintosh does not start up, or if it is not working properly, see
“Repairing a Damaged Disk” in Chapter 5. If you are able to repair the disk,
then try again to restore the i nformation on your hard disk.

If repairing the disk doesn’t help, you may need to reinstall system software.
See “Installing or Reinstalli ng System Software” in Chapter 5.

12 Store your backup disks in a safe, cool place.

Using Programs and Backing Up Disks

47

Consult this chapter if you experience

problems using your computer.

5

Troubleshooti ng

When you have questions

If you want to know how to do a particular task with your computer, refer to
Macintosh Guide in the Guide (h) menu. For instructions on using
Macintosh Guide, see Chapter 2 of this manual.

When you run into trouble

While you’re using your computer, you may occasionally see a bomb icon
or an error message, or you may have a problem such as the pointer (8)
“freezing” on the screen. If you have trouble with your computer, take a few
minutes to read the information in this chapter. If your problem is related to a
particular procedure, you should also look for information on that procedure
in Macintosh Guide, available in the Guide (h) menu. For additional
troubleshooting information and a list of common questions relating to your
system software, see the “Troubleshooting” topic of Macintosh Guide.

If you are unable to access Macintosh Guide (for example, if your screen
is “frozen”), refer to this chapter to see if you can resolve the problem.

49

Take your time

When you see an error message, you don’t have to take action immediately.
The message stays on the screen until you click the OK button or turn off the
Macintosh.

To help diagnose and correct the problem, gather as much information on the
situation as you can before starting over.

m Make a note of exactly what you were doing when the problem occurred.

Write down the message on the screen. Also list the programs you were
using and the names of any items you know have been added to the System
Folder since the system software was installed. This information will help
a service person diagnose the problem. (It is helpful to keep a printed copy
of the items in your System Folder. For instructions on printing the
contents of a folder, see the “Printing & Fonts” topic of Macintosh Guide,
available in the Guide [h] menu.)

m Check the screen for any clues. Is a menu selected? What programs and

document icons are open? Note anything else that seems relevant.

m If you were typing text and were not able to save it before the problem

occurred, you can write down the parts of the text still visible on the
screen so that some of your work will be easy to replace.

50

m Ask other Macintosh users about the problem you’re having; they may have

a solution for it.

If you need repair ser vice, consult the service and support information that
came with your computer for instructions on how to contact an Apple­authorized service provider or Apple for assistance.

Chapter 5

Start over

Often you can eliminate a problem simply by clearing the computer’s memory
and starting over.

If you can, save any open documents before restarting the Macintosh. If your
system is frozen and do es not respond to anything you do, or if you have a
“bomb” message on the screen, saving may not be possible. You can try
pressing x-Option-Esc to quit the program in use when the problem
occurred; if this works, you can then save the documents open in other
programs before restarting.

To restart your Macintosh, try the following steps:

1 If you can, choose Restart from the Special menu or from the dialog box that’s on

screen.

Dialog boxes contain messages from the computer. If something goes wrong,
a message may appear on the screen, asking you to restart the computer.

2 If you can’t choose Restart, hold down the

Power key (marked with a triangle).

x

and Control keys while you press the

This key combination restarts the computer. (Use this key combination only
when you can’t choose Restart from the Special menu.)

3 If nothing happens, turn off your computer with the power switch, wait at least 10

seconds, and then turn it on again.

4 If the power switch doesn’t turn off the computer, unplug your Macintosh.

If you suspect that the problem is with other equipment, such as a printer or
an external hard disk that’s attached to your computer, tur n that equipment off
for 10 seconds or longer, then turn it on again and restart the Macintosh.

Troubleshooting

51

Rebuild your desktop regularly

A process known as “rebuilding the desktop” helps your Macintosh keep
track of data on your disks. It’s a good idea to rebuild the desktop of your
disks once a month or so, especially your startup disks. (Although you usually
use the hard disk in your computer as a startup disk, you can also start up
from any other disk that has system software installed.)

To rebuild the desktop of your internal hard disk disk, follow these steps:

1 Hold down the Option and xkeys while you start up your computer.

Do not release the keys until you see a message asking whether you want to
rebuild the desktop.

2 Click OK.

You can also use this procedure to rebuild the desktop of an external hard disk
or a floppy disk. Simply turn on the external hard disk or insert the floppy
disk into a floppy disk drive before you turn on the computer.

52

Chapter 5

Solutions to common problems

The computer is turned on, but the screen is dark.

One of the following is probably the cause:
m You have a screen saver program that darkens the screen when the

computer has not been used for a certai n period.
Press a key or move the mouse to turn off the screen saver.

m The screen control buttons (¸) are not adjusted properly.

Press the top screen control button to lighten the screen.

m The Macintosh is not getting power.

Check that the computer’s power cord is firmly connected to the computer
and plugged into a grounded electrical outlet, and that the outlet has power.

If you are displaying video from your computer on a television screen, it is
normal for your computer monitor to be dark.

The computer’s clock keeps time inaccurately.

Your computer has a clock that runs continuously. When the computer is
turned off, a battery keeps the clock running. If your clock begins to keep
time inaccurately, have your Apple-authorized service provider replace
the battery.

Troubleshooting

53

When you start up, a disk icon with a blinking question mark appears in the middle
of the screen.

This icon indicates that your Macintosh cannot find the system software it
needs to start up. One of the following is probably the cause:

m Your computer may be having a problem recognizing external equipment

that uses the Small Computer System Interface (SCSI).
Turn off all external SCSI equipment and disconnect the first SCSI device

in the chain from your computer’s SCSI port. Then restart the computer.
If the computer starts up after you disconnect your SCSI equipment, refer
to the manuals that came with the equipment for information on the proper
way to connect SCSI equipment and assign SCSI ID numbers.

If you have a printer connected to your computer’s SCSI port, make sure
your printer is not supposed to be connected to the printer port instead.
Check the manuals that came with your printer for information on how to
connect it properly.

m System software is not installed on the startup hard disk, the system

software is damaged, or the hard disk is not working properly.

54

Insert the Macintosh Performa CD. Then follow the rest of the instr uctions
on repairing a disk to test your startup hard disk and repair any damage.

If repairing the disk doesn’t help, follow the instructions in “Installing or
Reinstalli ng System Software” later in this chapter to reinstall system
software on your startup hard disk.

Chapter 5

When you try to start up from a floppy disk, a disk icon with an X appears in the middle
of the screen, and the floppy disk is ejected.

This icon indicates that the floppy disk you tried to start up from is not a
startup disk.

Wait a few seconds. The computer should start up from its internal hard
disk. Make sure you insert floppy disks only after the computer has begun
starting up.

A “sad Macintosh” icon appears, and the computer won’t start up.

This icon indicates that your Macintosh cannot start up because of a problem
with the system software or the computer hardware.

Eject any floppy disks by turning off the computer and then holding down the
mouse button while you turn the computer on again. Try starting up with the
Macintosh Performa CD. (For instructions on how to start up your computer
from the CD-ROM disc, see “Starting Up From a CD-ROM Disc” in the
section “Repairing a Damaged Disk” later in this chapter.) If the “sad
Macintosh” icon appears again, consult the service and support information
that came with your computer for information on contacting an Apple­authorized service provider or Apple for assistance.

Troubleshooting

55

The hard disk icon does not appear on the desktop.

If you don’t see a hard disk icon on the desktop, try the following:
m If the hard disk is internal, shut down your computer, wait at least 10

seconds, and then turn it on again.

m If the hard disk is external, make sure that it is turned on and that its cable

is connected firmly; then restart the Macintosh.

m Check the ID numbers of all SCSI equipment connected to your computer.

See the manuals that came with your SCSI equipment for information on
setting SCSI ID numbers.

m If the hard disk is your startup disk, star t your computer with the Macintosh

Peforma CD. (For instr uctions on how to start up your computer from the

CD-ROM disc, see “Starting Up From a CD-ROM Disc” in the section
“Repairing a Damaged Disk” later in this chapter.) Then follow the rest of
the instructions on repairing a disk to test your star tup hard disk and repair
any damage.

If repairing the disk doesn’t help, follow the instructions in “Installing or
Reinstalli ng System Software” later in this chapter to reinstall system
software on your startup hard disk.

Icons do not appear correctly on your screen.

56

You need to rebuild the desktop—a process that helps your Macintosh keep
track of files and folders on your hard disks. For instructions, see “Rebuild
Your Desktop Regularly” in the section “When You Run Into Trouble” earlier
in this chapter.

If icons do not appear correctly after you rebuild the desktop, restart your
computer while pressing the Shift key to temporarily turn off system
extensions. When you see the “Welcome to Macintosh—extensions off”
message, release the Shift key and press the Option and x keys until you see a
message asking if you want to rebuild the desktop.

Chapter 5

Your Macintosh can’t read a floppy disk.

If you see a message that a floppy disk is unreadable, try one of the following:
m If the disk has never been used, you may simply need to initialize it. For

instructions, see the “Disks” topic of Macintosh Guide, available in the
Guide (h) menu.

m The disk may be damaged. See “Repairing a Damaged Disk” later in this

chapter for information on testing and repairing disks.

m If the disk is a high-density disk previously used on another computer, the

disk may have been formatted incorrectly as an 800K disk rather than as a
1440K (high-density) disk. If so, use the other computer to copy the disk’s
contents onto a properly formatted disk.

If you are trying unsuccessfully to use a DOS floppy disk, consider the
following:

m When formatting floppy disks on a DOS computer for use in a Macintosh,

users need to format standard double-sided disks as 720K disks and high­density disks as 1440K disks. Because DOS computers allow standard
double-sided disks to be formatted in 1440K format and high-density disks
to be formatted in 720K format, it’s possible that your disk has been given
a format that won’t work in a Macintosh.

If you think your DOS floppy disk might have a format that doesn’t work
in a Macintosh, use a DOS computer to copy the contents of your DOS
floppy disk onto another DOS floppy disk that has been properly formatted
for use in a Macintosh.

Troubleshooting

57

A dialog box with a bomb appears.

Your system has a software problem.
m Write down what you were doing when the message appeared and the text

of the message.

m Restart your Macintosh. (See “Star t Over” in the section “When You Run

Into Trouble” earlier in this chapter for instructions.) Most software
problems are temporary, a nd restar ting usually corrects the problem.

m Check the startup disk and application program you were using when the

dialog box appeared. Make sure that all programs, desk accessories, and
system extensions you’re using are compatible with the system software.
Reinstalli ng the system software may correct the problem.

m Sometimes incompatible system extensions or control panels can cause

system software problems. Restart while holding down the Shift key; this
temporarily turns off all system extensions. If your computer works
normally after you do this, use the Extensions Manager control panel to
turn on extensions and control panels one at a time. Restart after you turn
on each extension. This proced ure should identify incompatible extensions
and control panels.

For information on using the Extensions Manager control panel to manage
system extensions, see the “Setting Options” topic of Macintosh Guide,
available in the Guide (h) menu.

58

m If the problem recurs, you may need to reinstall system software. See

“Installing or Reinstalling System Software” later in this chapter for
instructions.

The pointer (8) doesn’t move when you move the mouse.

One of the following situations is probably the cause.
m Your system has a software problem. Try one or more of the following:

Press x-Option-Esc to quit the application program in use when the
problem occurred. If this works, you can save the documents open in other
programs before restarting.

Restart your Macintosh. See “Star t Over” in the section “When You Run
Into Trouble” earlier in this chapter for instructions.

Chapter 5

Check the startup disk and program you were using when the problem
occurred. Make sure that all programs, desk accessories, and system
extensions you’re using are compatible with the system software. Try starting
up the computer with the Macintosh Performa CD. (For instructions on how
to start up your computer from the CD-ROM disc, see “Starting Up From a
CD-ROM Disc” in the section “Repairing a Damaged Disk” later in this
chapter.) If your computer starts up normally, there may be an extension
conflict.

Sometimes incompatible system extensions or control panels can cause
system software problems. Restart while holding down the Shift key; this
temporarily turns off all system extensions. If your computer works
normally after you do this, use the Extensions Manager control panel to
turn on extensions and control panels one at a time. Restart after you turn
on each extension. This proced ure should identify incompatible extensions
and control panels.

For information on using the Extensions Manager control panel to manage
system extensions, see the “Setting Options” topic of Macintosh Guide,
available in the Guide (h) menu.

If the problem recurs, you may need to reinstall system software. See
“Installing or Reinstalling System Software” later in this chapter for
instructions.

m The mouse is not connected properly.

Turn the computer off using the power switch, check that the mouse and
keyboard cables are connected properly, and then restar t the computer.

m Signals from the mouse are not reaching the computer, either because the

mouse needs cleaning or because there is something wrong with the
mouse.

Clean the mouse according to the instructions in Appendix A of this book.
If you have another mouse or pointing device, try connecting and using it.

(Turn off the computer before connecting it.) If the new device works, there
is probably something wrong with the mouse you replaced.

If none of these procedures solves the problem, consult the service and
support information that came with your computer for instructions on how to
contact an Apple-authorized service provider or Apple for assistance.

Troubleshooting

59

Typing on the keyboard produces nothing on the screen.

One of the following is probably the cause:
m Your system has a software problem.

Restart your Macintosh. For instructions, see “Start Over” in the section
“When You Run Into Trouble” earlier in this chapter.

Check the startup disk and application program you were using when the
problem occurred. Make sure that all programs, desk accessories, and
system extensions you’re using are compatible with the system software.

If the problem recurs, you may need to reinstall system software. See
“Installing or Reinstalling System Software” later in this chapter for
instructions.

m You haven’t selected any text or set the inser tion point (9).

Make sure the program you wa nt to type i n is the active program. Then
place the pointer (8

) i n the active window and click to set an insertion

point (9) or drag to select text (if you want to replace the text with your
typing).

m The keyboard is not connected properly.

Turn off the computer using the power switch, then check that the keyboard
cable is connected properly at both ends.

60

If you have a keyboard with an ADB port (marked with the ◊ icon) on
each end, turn off the Macintosh using the power switch and plug the
keyboard cable into the other ADB port on the keyboard. (You may have to
unplug the mouse to do this.) T h en restar t the computer.

m The keyboard is damaged.

If you have access to another keyboard, try using it instead. (Turn the
computer off before connecting it.) If the new keyboard works, there is
probably something wrong with the one you replaced.

If none of these procedures solves the problem, consult the service and
support information that came with your computer for instructions on how to
contact an Apple-authorized service provider or Apple for assistance.

Chapter 5

You can’t start an application program or it quits unexpectedly. Or, when you try to open
a program, you see a message that not enough memory is available.

One of the following is probably the cause:
m The Macintosh ran out of memory.

Quit the programs that you have open and then open the program you want
to use, or restar t your Macintosh.

Use the Memory control panel to tur n on virtual memory. For more
information on virtual memory, see the “Memory” topic of Macintosh
Guide, available in the Guide (h) menu.

m The program needs more memory.

Use the program’s Info window to give it more memory. For more
information on increasing a program’s memory, see the “Memory” topic of
Macintosh Guide, avai lable in th e Guide (h) menu.

m The program requires special hardware and your computer doesn’t have the

hardware installed.
Check the documentation that came with the program to find out if the

program requires a Macintosh with special hardware. Then check the
Technical Information booklet that came with your Macintosh to find out if
your computer is equipped with such special hardware, or if the hardware
can be installed. Consult your Apple-authorized service provider for
information on installing special hardware in your computer.

m The program is incompatible with your computer.

Check the documentation that came with the program or call the program’s
publisher to find out if you can use the application with your computer.

Troubleshooting

61

You see a message that an application program can’t be found.

The following dialog box appears if you try to open a document that was
created with software that is not on your hard disk.

Normally, you see this message if you try to open a document that came from
another Macintosh with software that is different from yours.

m Some documents can be opened by more than one application program.

Try starting a program that you thin k might be able to open the document,
then choose Open from the program’s File menu to try to open the
document.

m Purchase and install the correct software to use the document, or find out

if the creator of the document can convert it to a form that one of your
programs can use.

m Don’t try to open the files in your System Folder. Most of the files in your

System Folder are used by your computer for internal purposes and are not
intended to be opened.

62

m Rebuild your desktop by holding down the Option and x keys while

starting up your computer. Keep holding down the keys until you see a
message asking whether you want to rebuild the desktop. Click OK.

m If the document is from a DOS computer, use the PC Exchange control

panel to specify which Macintosh program will open the document. For
information about working with DOS documents on your Macintosh, see
the “Using DOS Files & Disks” topic of Macintosh Guide, available in the
Guide (h) menu.

Chapter 5

You experience problems using a document from a DOS computer.

If you can’t open a DOS document using a Macintosh program, try the
following:

m Open the document from within the program by choosing Op en in the

program’s File menu.

m Use the PC Exchange control panel to change the document’s type to one

that can be opened by the program.

If a DOS document is displayed incorrectly, or you see strange codes or
characters in the document, try one of the following:

m Your application program may have special procedures for opening and

saving documents with different file formats. See the information that

came with your program, or call the program’s publisher.
m Try op ening the do cument i n a nother program.
Note: Some characters that can be displayed on the Macintosh are not

accurately displayed on DOS computers.
For more information about working with DOS documents on your

Macintosh, see the “Using DOS Files & Disks” topic of Macintosh Guide,
available in the Guide (h) menu.

Troubleshooting

63

Repairing a damaged disk

If you see a message reporting that a disk is damaged or unreadable, you may
need to repair the disk.

Try these suggestions first

If you can’t start up from a hard disk or you don’t see the hard disk icon on the
desktop, try the following:

m If the hard disk is internal, shut down your Macintosh, wait at least 10

seconds, and then turn it on again.

m If the hard disk is external, make sure that it is turned on and that its cable

is connected firmly; then restart the Macintosh.

m If the hard disk is your startup disk, start up with a different startup disk.

(See the following section, “Starting Up From a CD-ROM Disc.”)
If, after you start up from a different disk, your hard disk’s icon appears on

your desktop, reinstall system software on the hard disk. (See “Installing or
Reinstalli ng System Software” later in this chapter.)

If your hard disk’s icon does not appear on your desktop, you may need to
initialize the disk. (See “Initializing a Hard Disk” later in this chapter.)

64

m Check the ID numbers of all SCSI equipment connected to your computer.

Each device must have a unique ID number. Th e computer itself has the
ID number 7, and the internal CD-ROM drive has the ID number 3. The ID
numbers 0, 1, 2, 4, 5, a nd 6 are available for additional SCSI devices.

Also check that the chain of devices is terminated properly. For
information on setting SCSI ID numbers and terminating a SCSI chain,
see the manuals that came with your SCSI equipment.

m If none of these suggestions solves the problem, test the disk by following

the instructions given later in this section.

Chapter 5

Starting up from a CD-ROM disc

To test, repair, or initialize a hard disk, or to install system software on a hard
disk, you need to start up your computer from another disk. You can start up
your computer using the Macintosh Performa CD that came with your
computer.

The procedure for starting up from the CD varies depending on the condition
of the system software on your hard disk. To find out which procedure to use,
you must turn on your Macintosh.

The steps that follow tell how to start up from a CD-ROM disc, depending on
what you see on your screen.

If you see a blinking question mark on your screen

The blinking question mark means that your Macintosh is unable to find
usable system software on your hard disk.

1 Press the Open/Close button of your CD-ROM drive to open the CD-ROM tray.
2 Place the

Macintosh Performa CD

disc in the tray with the disc label facing up.

Make sure the disc is lying flat in the tray.

3 Push the tray in, or press the Open/Close button, to close the tray.

Your Macintosh recognizes the CD as a startup disk, and in a few seconds the
Macintosh desktop with a Launcher appears.

Troubleshooting

65

If you see the Macintosh desktop

1 Press the Open/Close button of your CD-ROM drive to open the CD-ROM tray.
2 Place the

Macintosh Performa CD

disc in the tray with the disc label facing up.

Make sure the disc is lying flat in the tray.

3 Push the tray in, or press the Open/Close button, to close the tray.

If the Macintosh Performa CD icon does not appear on your screen, follow
the steps in the next section, “Problems Starting Up From the CD?”

If the Macintosh Performa CD icon appears on the right side of your screen,
continue with these steps.

4 Choose Control Panels from the Apple (
5 Double-click the Startup Disk icon.

K

) menu.

The Startup Disk control panel window appears.

6 Click the CD icon to select it as your startup disk.
7 Choose Restart from the Special menu.

Your computer recognizes the CD as its startup disk, and in a few seconds the
Macintosh desktop with a Launcher appears.

66

Chapter 5

Problems starting up from the C D ?

If you’ve followed the steps in the previous sections and the Macintosh
Performa CD icon does not appear on your screen, follow these steps:

1 Insert the
2 Choose Restart from the Special menu.
3 Immediately press and hold down the Command (

Macintosh Performa CD

into your computer’s CD-ROM drive.

x

), Shift, Option, and Delete keys.

The Macintosh Performa CD icon appears on the desktop.

4 Choose Control Panels from the Apple (
5 Double-click the Startup Disk icon.

K

) menu.

The Startup Disk control panel window appears.

6 Click the CD icon to select it as your startup disk.
7 Close the Startup Disk control panel window.
8 Press and hold down the Control, Command (

x

), and Power keys.

Troubleshooting

67

Testing a SCSI hard disk

You can test an Apple SCSI hard disk with the Apple HD SC Setup program,
which is on the Macintosh Performa CD that came with your computer.

1 Start up your computer from the

Macintosh Performa CD

.

See “Starting Up From a CD-ROM Disc” earlier in this section.

2 Open the Apple HD SC Setup program.

3 Click Drive until the disk you want appears.

SCSI ID number of the currently selected hard disk

Name of the currently selected hard disk

4 Click Test.

68

5 When a message tells you that testing is complete, click Quit.

If the test reveals a problem, you may be able to correct it by using Disk First
Aid or another disk repair program (see the instr uctions in the next section),
or you may need to reinitialize the disk (see “Initializing a Hard Disk” later in
this chapter). Consult an Apple-authorized service provider for assistance if
necessary.

Chapter 5

How to repair a hard disk or floppy disk

You can repair some types of disk damage by using the Disk First Aid
program, which is on the Macintosh Performa CD that came with your
computer.

1 Start up your computer from the

Macintosh Performa CD

.

See “Starting Up From a CD-ROM Disc” earlier in this section.

2 Open the Disk First Aid icon.

3 Click the icon of the disk you want to test.

Disk icons appear in a box at the top of the Disk First Aid window.

Troubleshooting

69

4 Click Repair to begin testing and repairing the disk.

You can’t repair the startup disk or the disk that contains the Disk First Aid
program, but you can test these disks by clicking Verify. If the program
reveals a problem with either of these disks, start up the computer from
another disk so that you can repair the damaged disk.

If you want to test and repair another disk, click its icon and then click Repair.

5 When testing and repair are done, choose Quit from the File menu.

If Disk First Aid cannot correct the problem

m Try repairing the disk again. Sometimes repeating the process corrects the

problem.

m Use another disk repair or recovery program. Some disk repair programs

let you recover information from a damaged disk.

m Consult an Apple-authorized service provider for help.
m Once you have recovered all the i nformation you can and backed it up,

erase (reinitialize) the disk. For instructions on reinitializing a floppy disk,
see the “Disks” topic of Macintosh Guide, available in the Guide ( h) menu.
For instructions on reinitializing a hard disk, see the next section,
“Initializing a Hard Disk.”

70

If initialization doesn’t work, discard the damaged disk (if it’s a floppy
disk), or take it to your Apple-authorized service provider for repair (if it’s
a hard disk). Bring the Macintosh Performa CD (which you received with
your computer) with you to the ser vice provider.

Chapter 5

Initializing a h ard disk

You initialize an Apple SCSI hard disk by using a program called Apple HD
SC Setup, which is on the U tilities floppy disk that came with your computer.
If your computer came with a CD-ROM drive and you didn’t receive floppy
disks, you can find Apple HD SC Setup on the Macintosh Performa CD.

1 Start up your computer from the

Utilities

disk or the

Macintosh Performa CD.

See “Starting Up From a CD-ROM Disc” or “Star ting Up From a Floppy
Disk” in the section “Repairing a Damaged Disk,” earlier in this chapter.

2 Open the Apple HD SC Setup icon.

3 Click Drive until the disk you want to initialize appears.

You cannot initialize the disk that you used to start up your computer or the
disk that contains the Apple HD SC Setup program.

SCSI ID number of the currently selected hard disk
(The number of the internal hard disk is 0.)

Name of the currently selected hard disk

4 Click Initialize.

Troubleshooting

71

5 Click Init to initialize the hard disk.

Click here to initialize the disk.

6 If a message appears asking you to name the disk, type a name and then click OK.
7 Click Quit when you see a message reporting that initialization was successful.

If a message reports that initialization failed, try again. If initialization fails
a second time, take the disk to your Apple-authorized service provider for
repair.

72

Chapter 5

Installing or reinstalling system software

System software is the set of programs and other files that your computer uses
to start itself up, keep track of your files, and run the application programs
you use. System software is kept in the System Folder. When you turn on your
computer, it looks for a star tup disk, which is a disk that contains the system
software. T h e startup disk is usually the hard disk that’s i nside your computer,
though another hard disk or a floppy disk can also be a startup disk.

When should you install or reinstall system software?

Your Macintosh came with all the necessary system software installed on its
internal hard disk, so you don’t need to install system software on that disk
unless you encounter software problems.

If you have a new hard disk or a newly initialized hard disk that doesn’t
contain system software, or if you want to upgrade to a more recent version of
system software on a hard disk, you’ll need to install system software. See the
next section, “How to Install or Reinstall System Software.”

If your hard disk already has system software installed on it but there is a
problem with the disk or the software, you may see this icon in the middle of
the screen:

If this icon appears, first try testing your startup hard disk and repairing any
damage. To do this, follow the instructions in “Repairi ng a Damaged Disk”
earlier in this chapter. If repairing the disk doesn’t help, you may need to
reinstall system software.

How to install or reinstall system software

You can install or reinstall system software by following the instructions in
the Macintosh Performa CD booklet that came with your computer.

If you’ve used Apple Backup to back up the contents of your hard disk, you
can use Apple Restore to reinstall system software. For instructions, see
“Restoring the Information on Your Hard Disk” in Chapter 4.

Troubleshooting

73

Appendix A
Health, Safety, and Maintenance Tips

For your own safety and that of your equipment, follow all the instructions in
this chapter. Keep these instructions available for reference by you and others.

Health-related information about computer use

Muscle soreness, eye fatigue, and other discomforts and injuries sometimes
associated with using computers can occur from performing any number of
activities. In fact, misuse of the same muscles during multiple activities can
create a problem that might not otherwise exist. For example, if you engage in
nonwork activities that involve repetitive stress on the wrist—such as
bicycling—and also use your computer’s keyboard improperly, you may
increase your likelihood of developing wrist problems. Some individuals are
at greater risk of developing these problems because of their health,
physiology, lifestyle, and general exposure to stress. Work organization and
conditions, such as workstation setup and lighting, also play a part in your
overall health and comfort. Preventing health problems is a multifaceted task
that requires careful attention to the way you use your body every hour of
every day.

Read this appendix for important

health and safety instructions,

as well as tips on keeping your

computer in good working order.

The most common health effects associated with using a computer are
musculoskeletal discomfort and eye fatigue. We’ll discuss each area of
concern below.

75

Musculoskelet al discomfort

As with any activity that involves sitting for long periods of time, using a
computer can make your muscles sore and stiff. To minimize these effects, set
up your work environ ment carefully, using the guidelin es that follow, and take
frequent breaks to rest tired muscles. To make working with your computer
more comfortable, allow enough space in your work area so that you can
change position frequently and maintain a relaxed posture.

Another type of musculoskeletal concern is repetitive stress injuries (RSIs),
also known as cumulative trauma disorders (CTDs). These problems can
occur when a certain muscle or tendon is repeatedly overused and forced into
an unnatural position. The exact causes of RSIs are not totally understood, but
in addition to awkward posture, such factors as the amount of repetition, the
force used in the activity, the individual’s physiology, workplace stress level,
and lifestyle may affect the likelihood of experiencing an RSI.

RSIs did not suddenly arise when computers were invented; tennis elbow and
writer’s cramp, for example, are two RSIs that have been with us for a long
time. Although less common than other RSIs, one serious RSI discussed more
often today is a wrist problem called carpal tunnel syndrome, which may be
aggravated by improper use of computer keyboards. This nerve disorder
results from excessive pressure on the median nerve as it passes through the
wrist to the hand.

76

This section offers advice on setting up your work area to enhance your
comfort while you use your computer. Since the effects of repetitive
movements associated with using a computer can be compounded by those of
other work and leisure activities to produce or aggravate physical problems,
proper use of your computer system must be considered as just one element
of a healthy lifestyle.

No one, of course, can guarantee that you won’t have problems even when you
follow the most exper t advice on using computer equipment. You should
always check with a qualified health specialist if muscle, joint, or eye
problems occur.

Appendix A

Eye fa ti g ue

Eye fatigue can occur whenever the eyes are focused on a nearby object for a
long time. This problem occurs because the eye muscles must work harder to
view an object that’s closer than about 20 feet (6 meters). Improper lighting
can hasten the development of eye fatigue. Although eye fatigue is annoying,
there’s no evidence that it leads to permanent damage.

Whenever you’re engaged in an activity that involves close-up work—such as
reading a magazine, doing craft work, or using a computer—be sure to have
sufficient glare-free lighting and give your eyes frequent rest breaks by
looking up and focusing on distant objects. Remember to have your eyes
examined regularly.

To prevent discomfort and eye fatigue:
m Arrange your work space so that the furniture is properly adjusted for you

and doesn’t contribute to an awkward working posture.
m Take frequent short breaks to give your muscles and eyes a chance to rest.

Arranging your office

Here are some guidelines for adjusting the furniture in your office to
accommodate your physical size and shape.

m An adjustable chair that provides firm, comfortable support is best. Adjust

the height of the chair so your thighs are horizontal and your feet flat on

the floor.

The back of the chair should support your lower back (lumbar region).

Follow the manufacturer’s instructions for adjusting the backrest to fit your

body properly.
m When you use the computer keyboard, your shoulders should be relaxed.

Your upper ar m and forearm should form an approximate right angle, with

your wrist and hand in roughly a straight line.

Health, Safety, and Maintenance Tips

77

Shoulders relaxed

Forearms and hands

in a straight line

Forearms level

or tilted up slightly

Lower back supported

You may have to raise your chair so your forearms and hands are at the
proper angle to the keyboard. If this makes it impossible to rest your feet
flat on the floor, you can use a footrest with adjustable height and tilt to
make up for any gap between the floor and your feet. Or you may lower
the desktop to eliminate the need for a footrest. Another option is to use a
desk with a keyboard tray that’s lower than the regular work surface.

m Position the mouse at the same height as your keyboard. Allow adequate

space to use the mouse comfortably.

m Arrange the monitor so the top of the screen is slightly below your eye

level when you’re sitting at the keyboard. The best distance from your eyes
to the screen is up to you, although most people seem to prefer 18 to 28
inches (45 to 70 cm).

m Position the monitor to minimize glare and reflections on the screen from

overhead lights and windows. You may want to use a tiltable monitor
stand. The sta nd lets you set the monitor at the best angle for viewing,
helping to reduce or eliminate glare from lighting sources you can’t move.

45–70 cm (18–28 in.)



Top of the screen at or slightly
below eye level (You may need
to adjust the height of your
monitor by placing something
under it or by raising your
work surface.)

Screen positioned to avoid
reflected glare

78

Clearance under work surface

Thighs horizontal

Feet flat on the floor

Appendix A

Avoiding fatigue

m Change your seated position, stand up, or stretch whenever you start to feel

tired. Frequent short breaks are helpful in reducing fatigue.
m Use a light touch when typing or using a mouse and keep your hands and

fingers relaxed.
m Some computer users may develop discomfort in their ha nds, wrists, or

arms after intensive work without breaks. If you begin to develop chronic

pain or discomfort in your hands, wrists, or arms, consult a qualified

health specialist.
m Allow adequate work space so that you can use your keyboard and mouse

comfortably. Place papers or other items so you can view them easily while

using your computer. A document stand may make reading papers more

comfortable.
m Eye muscles must work harder to focus on nearby objects. Occasionally

focus your eyes on a distant object, and blink often while you work.
m Clean your screen regularly. Keeping the screen clean helps reduce

unwanted reflections.

What about electromagnetic emissions?

There has been recent public discussion of the possible health effects of
prolonged exposure to extremely low frequency (ELF) and very low
frequency (VLF) electromagnetic fields. Such fields are associated with
electromagnetic sources such as television sets, electrical wiring, and some
household appliances—as well as computer monitors.

Apple has reviewed scientific reports and sought the counsel of government
regulatory agencies and respected health organizations. Based on the
prevailing evidence and opinions, Apple believes that the electric and
magnetic fields produced by computer monitors do not pose a health risk.

In response to those customers who wish to reduce their exposure to
electromagnetic fields, Apple has lowered the emission levels of our products.
We are also actively encouraging further scientific research so we can
continue to promote the health and safety of our customers and employees.

Health, Safety, and Maintenance Tips

79

Safety instructions

For your own safety and that of your equipment, always take the following
precautions.

Turn off the computer completely and disconnect the power plug (by pulling
the plug, not the cord) if any of the following conditions exists:

m the power cord or plug becomes frayed or otherwise damaged
m you spill something into the case
m your Macintosh is exposed to rain or any other excess moisture
m your Macintosh has been dropped or the case has been otherwise damaged
m you suspect that your Macintosh needs service or repair
m you want to clean the case (use only the recommended procedure

Be sure that you always do the following:

m Keep your Macintosh away from sources of liquids, such as wash basins,

m Protect your Macintosh from dampness or wet weather, such as rain, snow,

described later in this chapter)

bathtubs, shower stalls, and so on.

and so on.

80

Appendix A

m Read all the installation instructions carefully before you plug your

Macintosh into a wall socket.

m Keep these instructions handy for reference by you and others.
m Follow all instructions and war nings dealing with your system.

WARNING

Electrical equipment may be hazardous if misused. Operation
of this product, or similar products, must always be supervised by an
adult. Do not allow children access to the interior of any electrical
product and do not permit them to handle any cables.

Handling your computer equipment

Follow these guidelines for handling your computer and its components:
m When setting up your computer, place components on a sturdy, flat surface,

and carefully follow all setup instructions.

m When connecting or disconnecting a cable, always hold the cable by its

connector (the plug, not the cord).

m Turn off your computer and all its components b efore connecting or

disconnecting any cables to add or remove any component. Failure to do so
could seriously damage your equipment.

m Never force a connector into a port. If the connector and port do not join

with reasonable ease, they probably don’t match. Make sure that the
connector matches the port and that you have positioned the connector
correctly in relation to the port.

m Take care not to spill any food or liquid on the computer, keyboard, mouse,

or other components. If you do, turn your computer off immediately and
unplug it before cleaning up the spill. Depending on what you spilled and
how much of it got into your equipment, you may have to bring your
equipment to an Apple-authorized service provider.

m Protect the computer and its components from direct sunlight and rain or

other moisture.

m Keep all ventilation openings clear and unobstructed. Without proper air

circulation, components can overheat, causing damage or un reliable
operation.

WARNING

This equipment is intended to be electrically grounded. Your
Macintosh is equipped with a three-wire grounding plug—a plug that
has a third (grounding) pin. This plug will fit only a grounded AC
outlet. This is a safety feature. If you are unable to insert the plug into
the outlet, contact a licensed electrician to replace the outlet with a
properly grounded outlet. Do not defeat the purpose of the grounding
plug!

Health, Safety, and Maintenance Tips

81

Handling the monitor

Follow these procedures for handling a monitor:
m Turn down the screen brightness control if you leave the computer turned

on for extended periods. If the brightness is not turned down, the image on
the screen could “burn in” and damage the screen.

You can also use a “screen saver” program, which dims or varies the image
on the screen when the computer has been idle for a specified period of
time. These programs are available from independent suppliers and user
groups.

m Make sure that the ventilation openi ngs on the computer and the monitor

are clear and unobstructed.

m Some large monitors cannot safely be placed on top of the computer.

Check the instructions that came with the monitor for setup information.

m If there is interference on the monitor’s screen or on a television or radio

near your computer, move the affected equipment farther away.

Handling the keyboard

Take care not to spill any liquid on the keyboard. If you do, turn off your
computer immediately.

82

m If you spill liquid that is thin and clear, unplug the keyboard, turn it upside

down to let the liquid drain out, and let it dry for 24 hours at room
temperature. If, after you take these steps, the keyboard doesn’t work, take
it to an Apple-authorized service provider for repair.

m If you spill liquid that is greasy, sweet, or sticky, un plug the keyboard and

take it to an Apple-authorized service provider for repair.

Appendix A

Handling floppy disks

Store disks at
temperatures

°

between 50
and 125

125° F (52° C)

°

F (10° C)

50

Do not touch the
exposed part of the
disk behind the 
metal shutter.

F

°

F.

Do not use a
pencil or an 
eraser on a disk
or disk label.

Keep disks away 
from magnets.




Keep disks dry.

Avoid exposing
disks to extremely
hot temperatures.

Ejecting a disk

For instructions on ejecting a floppy disk, a CD-ROM disc, or a removable
media disk, see the “Disks” topic of Macintosh Guide, available in the Guide
(h) menu.

Health, Safety, and Maintenance Tips

83

If you can’t eject a floppy disk

If you can’t eject a floppy disk in the usual way, try the following in order:
m Hold down the x and Shift keys and press the number 1 key on your

keyboard to eject a disk in the internal disk drive.

m Turn off the computer. If the disk isn’t ejected, then hold down the button

on your mouse or other pointing device while you turn the computer on
again.

m Locate the small hole near the disk drive’s opening, and carefully insert the

end of a large straightened paper clip into it. Push gently until the disk is
ejected. Do not use excessive force.

If nothing works, take the computer or disk drive to your Apple-authorized
service provider to have the disk removed.

84

Power s upply

The power supply in your computer is a high-voltage component and should
not be opened for any reason, even when the computer is off. If the power
supply needs service, contact your Apple-authorized dealer or service
provider.

Appendix A

Cleaning your equipment

Follow these general rules when cleaning the outside of your computer and
its components:

m Use a damp, soft, lint-free cloth to clean the computer’s exterior. Avoid

getting moisture in any openings.

m Don’t use aerosol sprays, solvents, or abrasives.

Cleaning the computer case

To clean the case, do the following:

1 Turn off the computer completely and then disconnect the power plug. (Pull the plug, not

the cord.)

2 Wipe the surfaces lightly with a clean, soft cloth dampened with water.

Cleaning the monitor

To clean the screen, put household glass cleaner on a soft cloth and wipe the
screen. Don’t spray the cleaner directly on the screen, because the liquid
might drip into the monitor or computer.

Cleaning the mouse

The mouse contains a small ball that must roll smoothly for the mouse to
work properly. You can keep this ball free of dirt and grease by using the
mouse on a clean, lint-free surface and cleaning it occasionally.

You need a few cotton swabs and a clean, soft, lint-free cloth.

1 Turn off your computer.

Health, Safety, and Maintenance Tips

85

2 Turn the mouse upside-down and turn the plastic ring on the bottom counterclockwise

to disengage it.

If you have an older mouse, you may need to press the plastic ring (rather
than turn it) to disengage it.

3 Turn the mouse right-side up with one hand and catch the ring and the ball with your

other hand.

4 Clean the three small rollers inside the mouse with a cotton swab moistened with water.

Rotate the rollers to clean all around them.

86

5 Wipe the mouse ball with a clean, soft, dry, and lint-free cloth.
6 If necessary, wash the mouse ball with warm soapy water (use a mild soap such as a

dishwashing liquid) and then dry the mouse ball thoroughly.
7 Gently blow into the mouse case to remove any dust that has collected there.
8 Put the ball and the ring back in place.

Your mouse should roll smoothly across your mouse pad or desk. If it doesn’t,

repeat these instructions carefully.

Appendix A

Locking and unlocking the mouse

Some mouse devices can be locked so that the ball can’t be removed. A
locking mouse has a small hole on the plastic ring.

To lock the mouse, follow these steps:

1 Insert a straightened paper clip into the hole on the plastic ring.

Insert a straightened paper clip into this hole.

(The hole may be located here on your mouse.)

2 Press down on the paper clip while you turn the ring clockwise.

Turn the ring a very short distance, until it stops. When the recessed area on
the ring is not lined up with the recessed area surrounding the ring, the mouse
is locke d.

Recessed area on ring

Recessed area surrounding ring

The mouse ring is locked when the recessed area on the ring
does not line up with the recessed area surrounding the ring.

Health, Safety, and Maintenance Tips

87

To unlock the mouse, follow these steps:

1 Insert a straightened paper clip into the hole on the plastic ring.

Insert a straightened paper clip into this hole.

(The hole may be located here on your mouse.)

2 Press down on the paper clip while you turn the ring counterclockwise.

Turn the ring a very short distance. When the recessed area on the ring is

lined up with the recessed area sur rounding the ring, the mouse is unlocked.

88

Recessed area on ring

Recessed area surrounding ring

The mouse ring is unlocked when the recessed area on the
ring lines up with the recessed area surrounding the ring.

Appendix A

Read this appendix for

instructions on installing an

expansion card in your computer.

Appendix B
Installing an Expansion Card

You can install a printed circuit board (called a card) for video and graphics
applications, networking and communications, additional processing power,
or other purposes. The card requires an adapter, which allows it to fit into a
connector, called an expansion slot, inside the computer.

The Macintosh Performa 6100 series computer can accept one NuBus
expansion card and adapter. To purchase an expansion card and a NuBus
adapter card, contact an Apple-authorized dealer.

IMPORTANT

NuBus cards that are more than 7 inches in length.

WARNING

specifically for your model of the computer. Failure to do so could
damage the card and your computer.

IMPORTANT

service provider. Check the information that came with the card.

A Macintosh Performa 6100 series computer does not accept

Be sure to use the Macintosh NuBus Adapter Card designed

Some cards may need to be installed by an Apple-authorized

89

Follow these steps to install a n expansion card.

1 Turn off and unplug the computer.

Make sure the computer is turned off and unplugged.

2 Remove the cover from the computer.

Pull up on the two latches at the rear corners of the case.

Lift up on the latches.

Tilt the cover and slide it toward the front panel. Then lift the cover off.

90

Tilt the back of the cover toward the
front of the computer and lift it off.

Appendix B