Apple Macintosh LC 630 User Manual



Macin t osh

User’ s Guide

Includes setup, troubleshooting, and important health-related
information for your Macintosh computer

K Apple Computer, Inc.

© 1994 Apple Computer, Inc. All rights reserved.
Under the copyright laws, this manual may not be copied, in whole or in part, without the

written consent of Apple. Your rights to the software are governed by the accompanying
software license agreement.

The Apple logo is a trademark of Apple Computer, Inc., registered in the U.S. and other
countries. Use of the “keyboard” Apple logo (Option-Shift-K) for commercial purposes without
the prior written consent of Apple may constitute trademark infringement and unfair
competition in violation of federal and state laws.

Every effort has been made to ensure that the information in this manual is accurate. Apple is
not responsible for printing or clerical errors.

Apple Computer, Inc.
1 Infinite Loop
Cupertino, CA 95014-2084
[phone]

Apple, the Apple logo, LaserWriter, LocalTalk, and Macintosh are trademarks of Apple
Computer, Inc., registered in the U.S. and other countries.

Apple Desktop Bus, AppleScript, Apple SuperDrive, Balloon Help, Disk First Aid, Finder,
Macintosh PC Exchange, PlainTalk, Power Macintosh, PowerTalk, and QuickDraw GX are
trademarks of Apple Computer, Inc.

Adobe, Adobe Illustrator, Adobe Photoshop, and PostScript are trademarks of Adobe Systems
Incorporated, which may be registered in certain jurisdictions.

ExposurePro is a registered trademark of Baseline Publishing, Inc.
Helvetica and Times are registered trademarks of Linotype-Hell Company.
QMS is a registered trademark of QMS, Inc.
QuarkXPress is a registered trademark of Quark, Inc.
SuperPaint is a registered trademark of Aldus Corporation.
Tektronix is a registered trademark of Tektronix, Inc.
Simultaneously published in the United States and Canada.
Mention of third-party products is for informational purposes only and constitutes neither an

endorsement nor a recommendation. Apple assumes no responsibility with regard to the
performance or use of these products.

Contents

Communications regulation information vi

1 Getting Started 1

Plugging in the computer 1
Installing an expansion card 3
Connecting a monitor 3
Connecting the mouse and keyboard 6
Connecting other equipment 7
Turning the computer on 8
Problems turning your computer on? 10
What’s next? 11
Learning the basics 12
Reviewing the basics 13
Turning the computer off 14
Where to find answers 15

2 Getting Help 17

Getting answers to your questions 18
Identifying objects on the screen 26
Learning useful shortcuts 27

iii

3 Connecting Additional Equipment 29

Where to connect additional equipment 30
Connecting an Apple PlainTalk Microphone 31
Connecting external stereo speakers 32
Expanding memory 34
Installing internal drives 34

4 Installing and Using Application Programs 35

Installing application programs 36
Working with several programs at a time 37
Backing up your files 38

5 Troubleshooting 39

When you have questions 39
When you run into trouble 39
Solutions to common problems 43
Initializing a hard disk 54
Repairing a damaged disk 59
Installing or reinstalling system software 64

iv

Contents

Appendix A Health, Safety, and Maintenance Tips 75

Health-related information about computer use 75
Safety instructions 80
Handling your computer equipment 81
Cleaning your equipment 85

Appendix B Installing an Expansion Card 87

Opening the computer 89
Installing a processor-direct slot (PDS) card 92
Installing a communication card 93
Closing the computer 95

Appendix C Special Keys on Your Keyboard 99

Index 101

Contents

v

Com municatio ns re g u lation informa ti on

FCC statement

This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class B digital device
in accordance with the specifications in Part 15 of FCC rules. See instructions if interference to
radio or television reception is suspected.

Radio and television interference

The equipment described in this manual generates, uses, and can radiate radio-frequency
energy. If it is not installed and used properly—that is, in strict accordance with Apple’s
instructions—it may cause interference with radio and television reception.

This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class B digital device
in accordance with the specifications in Part 15 of FCC rules. These specifications are designed
to provide reasonable protection against such interference in a residential installation. However,
there is no guarantee that interference will not occur in a particular installation.

You can determine whether your computer system is causing interference by turning it off. If
the interference stops, it was probably caused by the computer or one of the peripheral devices.

If your computer system does cause interference to radio or television reception, try to correct
the interference by using one or more of the following measures:

m Turn the television or radio antenna until the interference stops.
m Move the computer to one side or the other of the television or radio.
m Move the computer farther away from the television or radio.
m Plug the computer into an outlet that is on a different circuit from the television or radio.

(That is, make certain the computer and the television or radio are on circuits controlled by
different circuit breakers or fuses.)

If necessary, consult an Apple-authorized service provider or Apple. See the service and support
information that came with your Apple product. Or, consult an experienced radio/television
technician for additional suggestions. You may find the following booklet helpful: Interference
Handbook (stock number 004-000-00493-1). This booklet, prepared by the Federal
Communications Commission, is available from the U.S. Government Printing Office,
Washington, DC 20402.

IMPORTANT

could void the FCC Certification and negate your authority to operate the product.
This product was tested for FCC compliance under conditions that included the use of Apple

peripheral devices and Apple shielded cables and connectors between system components. It is
important that you use Apple peripheral devices and shielded cables and connectors between
system components to reduce the possibility of causing interference to radios, television sets,
and other electronic devices. You can obtain Apple peripheral devices and the proper shielded
cables and connectors through an Apple-authorized dealer. For non-Apple peripheral devices,
contact the manufacturer or dealer for assistance.

Changes or modifications to this product not authorized by Apple Computer, Inc.,

vi

Communications Regulation Information

DOC statement

DOC Class B Compliance This digital apparatus does not exceed the Class B limits for radio
noise emissions from digital apparatus as set out in the interference-causing equipment standard
entitled “Digital Apparatus,” ICES-003 of the Department of Communications.

Observation des normes—Classe B Cet appareil numérique respecte les limites de bruits
radioélectriques applicables aux appareils numériques de Classe B prescrites dans la norme
sur le matériel brouilleur : “Appareils Numériques”, NMB-003 édictée par le ministre des
Communications.

VCCI statement

CD-ROM drive

WARNING

equipment’s manual may result in hazardous exposure.

WARNING

this product is harmful to the eyes. The use of optical instruments, such as magnifying lenses,
with this product increases the potential hazard to your eyes. For your safety, have this
equipment serviced only by an Apple-authorized service provider.

If you have an internal Apple CD-ROM drive in your computer, your computer is a Class 1
laser product. The Class 1 label, located on the computer, indicates that the drive meets
minimum safety requirements. A service warning label is on the CD-ROM drive inside the
computer.

Making adjustments or performing procedures other than those specified in your

Do not attempt to disassemble the cabinet containing the laser. The laser beam used in

Communications Regulation Information

vii

Monitor

Keyboard cable

(sometimes built

into the keyboard

as shown here)

Macintosh computer

Keyboard

Mouse

Monitor cable

(sometimes built into the monitor)

Monitor power cord

(sometimes built into the monitor)

Computer power cord

Follow the instructions in this

chapter to set up your computer

and learn the basics.

1

Getting Started

The illustration on the facing page shows all the equipment you will need to
set up your computer and begin using it. Place your equipment on a sturdy,
flat surface near a grounded wall outlet. Before following the setup
instructions in this chapter, you may want to read “A rranging Your Office” in
Appendix A (in the section on health-related information) for tips on
adjusting your work furniture so that you’re comfortable when using the
computer.

Plugging in the computer

Before you plug your Macintosh into a wall socket, carefully read all the
setup instructions in this chapter. T hen, before you connect anything to your
Macintosh, follow the instructions in this section to plug it in. The plug
grounds the computer and protects it from electrical damage while you are
setting up.

1

When you are ready to begin, follow these steps:

1 Plug the socket end of the computer’s power cord into the recessed power cord socket

(marked with the symbol ≤) on the back of the computer.

2 Plug the other end of the power cord into a three-hole grounded outlet or power strip.

Choose a power outlet to which you have easy access.

WARNING

This equipment is intended to be electrically grounded.Your
Macintosh is equipped with a three-wire grounding plug—a plug that
has a third (grounding) pin. This plug will fit only a grounded AC
outlet. This is a safety feature. If you are unable to insert the plug into
the outlet, contact a licensed electrician to replace the outlet with a
properly grounded outlet. Do not defeat the purpose of the grounding
plug!

Power cord plug Power cord socket

2

Chapter 1

IMPORTANT

Be sure that at least one end of the power cord is within easy

reach so that you can unplug the computer when you need to.
If the computer starts up: If you hear a tone, the computer has started up and

you need to turn it off before proceeding. Press the power button (also called
the standby power button) located on the back of the computer to turn the
computer off.

Installing an expansion card

If you purchased any expansion cards for your Macintosh, install them now.
(For instructions, see Appendix B, “Installing an Expansion Card,” as well as
the documentation that came with the cards.) If you don’t have an expansion
card, go on to the next section, “Connecting a Monitor.”

Connecting a monitor

You can connect many types of monitors to your Macintosh. To connect a
monitor from a manufacturer other than Apple, refer to the instructions that
came with the monitor.

Connecting the monitor power cord

Monitors have two cords to connect—a power cord and a monitor cable.
To connect the monitor power cord, follow these steps:

1 Place the monitor where you will be using it.

You may place it on top of your computer. Keep these considerations in mind:
m Allow a few inches for air circulation around the sides of the computer

and monitor.

m Make sure that the top of the screen is slightly below eye level when you’re

sitting at the keyboard.

m Position the monitor to minimize glare and reflections on the screen from

overhead lights and windows.

m Consult “Ar ranging Your Office” in Appendix A for suggestions on

locating your computer equipment.

Getting Started

3

2 Connect the monitor power cord to the monitor.

On some monitors, the cord is already attached.

3 Plug in the monitor power cord.

Be sure to plug the power cord into a three-hole grounded outlet or power
strip.

Monitor power socket

4

Monitor power cord

Chapter 1

Connecting the monitor cable

After you plug in the monitor power cord, you connect the monitor cable to
the computer’s monitor port.

To connect the monitor cable, follow these steps:

1 Attach the monitor cable to the monitor.

On some monitors, the cable is already attached (as shown below).

2 Attach the monitor cable to the monitor port on the back panel of the computer.

The monitor port is marked with the ™ icon (symbol).

™

Monitor port

Monitor cable

Getting Started

5

Connecting the mouse and keyboard

You have a choice of several keyboards for your Macintosh. The way you
connect the mouse and keyboard depends on whether the keyboard has a
separate cable or a built-in cable.

Connecting a keyboard with a separate cable

1 Plug the mouse cable into the port on either side of the keyboard.

Most right-handed people prefer to use the mouse with their right hand; most
left-handed people prefer to use their left hand. Plug the mouse into the port
on the side you prefer.

The plug and the port are marked with the ◊ icon (symbol). Align the
symbols before you insert the plug. (The positions of the por t and icon on
your keyboard may be different from those pictured here.)

By the way: A port marked with the ◊ icon is called an Apple Desktop Bus
(ADB) port.

ADB icon

6

Chapter 1

2 Plug the keyboard cable (both ends are the same) into the other port on the keyboard.

If you plugged the mouse cable in on the right, for example, plug the keyboard
cable in on the left.

3 Plug the keyboard cable into the port marked with the

computer.

◊

icon on the back of the

Some monitors have a port to which you can connect the keyboard or mouse.
See the information that came with your monitor.

Connecting a keyboard with a built-in cable

1 Plug the mouse cable into the recessed port on the back of the keyboard.

The plug and the port are marked with the ◊ icon (symbol). The positions of
the port and icon on your keyboard may be different from those pictured.

By the way: A port marked with the ◊ icon is called an Apple Desktop Bus
(ADB) port.

Plug the mouse into the recessed port on
the keyboard. The flat part of the plug should
be pointing down, as shown here.

This cable plugs into the Apple Desktop Bus (ADB) port
on the back of the computer. The ADB port on the

◊

computer is marked with the

icon.

2 Plug the keyboard cable into the port marked with the ◊icon on the back of the

computer.

Some monitors have a port to which you can connect the keyboard or mouse.
See the information that came with your monitor.

Connecting other equipment

If you are new to the Macintosh, it’s a good idea to get some experience using
your computer before you connect other equipment, such as a printer or
scanner. To learn basic Macintosh skills, continue with the instructions in this
chapter.

When you’re ready to connect other equipment to your Macintosh, see the
instructions in Chapter 3.

Getting Started

7

Turning the computer on

Follow these steps to turn the computer on:

1 Turn on the monitor.

See the information that came with your monitor for the location of the power
button.

2 Turn on your computer by pressing the Power key.

The Power key is at the top of the keyboard. You can recognize this key by the
triangle outline on it (P).

You hear a tone from the computer as it starts up.

8

Chapter 1

3 Check to see what’s on your screen.

m If you see the Macintosh desktop, as in the illustration below, your system

software has already been installed, and your computer is ready to use.
Skip now to the section “What’s Next?” later in this chapter.

Hard disk icon

Macintosh desktop

m If you see a blinking question mark, you need to install system software on

your computer’s hard disk. (System software is the set of programs your
computer uses to start itself up.) See “Installing or Reinstalling System
Software” in Chapter 5 for information on how to install system software.

m If you see anything else on your screen, or nothing at all, see the next

section, “Problems Turning Your Computer On?”

Getting Started

9

Problems turning your computer on?

If you don’t see anything on the screen, check these items to see if you can
identify the problem:

m Is the computer plugged into a power source? If it is plugged into a power

strip, is the power strip tur ned on?

m Is the computer turned on? The power-on light on the front panel should

be on. If it isn’t on, press the standby power button on the computer’s back
panel (marked with the symbol I).

m Are the keyboard and mouse cables connected correctly? (Don’t disconnect

the keyboard or mouse cable while the computer is on. You could damage
your equipment.)

m Is the monitor power cord plugged in?
m Is the monitor turned on? (Check the power-on light on the front of the

monitor.)

m Is the monitor cable attached firmly to both the monitor and computer?
m Is the brightness control on the monitor adjusted correctly? (On Apple

monitors, the brightness control is marked with the symbol ¤.)

10

Chapter 1

What’s next?

Congratulations! You’ve finished setting up your computer. Now continue
with one of the following steps:

m If you are new to the Macintosh, turn to the next section, “Learning the

Basics.”

m If you are an experienced Macintosh user, turn to Chapter 2, “Getting

Help,” to learn about Macintosh Guide, your main source of information
when you’re working with the Macintosh.

m If you want to connect other equipment, such as a printer, to your

computer, see Chapter 3, “Connecting Additional Equipment.”

Before you begin working with your computer, b e sure to read the important
health and safety information in Appendix A.

IMPORTANT

If you need to turn off your computer at any point, please see
“Turning the Computer Off” later in this chapter. It is very important to use
the correct procedure for shutting down your Macintosh before turning it off.

Getting Started

11

Learning the basics

If you are new to the Macintosh, you should begin by looking at the easy-to­use program called the Macintosh Tutorial. The tutorial teaches you the basic
skills you’ll need to use your computer. To start the tutorial, follow these
steps:

1 Slide your mouse along your mouse pad or desk.

Hold the mouse as shown, with the cable pointing away from you. Don’t press
the mouse button (under your index finger). Notice that the arrow (8) on the
screen moves in the same direction that you move the mouse.

Mouse button

If the arrow doesn’t move, make sure that the cables connecting the mouse
and keyboard are secure and that your mouse is positioned as shown in the
illustration.

12

2 Move the tip of the arrow (8) to the question mark (h) in the upper-right portion of the

screen.

If you run out of room on your mouse pad or desk while moving the mouse,
pick up the mouse and place it where there’s more room. (The arrow on the
screen moves only when the mouse is in contact with the mouse pad or desk.)

3 With the tip of the arrow on the question mark, press and hold down the mouse button.

A list of choices (called a menu) appears. This is the Guide (h) menu, which
is the place to go when you have a question about how to use your computer.

Chapter 1

4 While holding down the mouse button, move the arrow until the words “Macintosh

Tutorial” are highlighted, then release the mouse button.

A window appears welcoming you to the tutorial. You can set this book aside
for now and follow the instructions on the screen. When you have completed
the tutorial, return to this book.

Reviewing the basics

The following illustration summarizes many of the basic skills and terms you
learned from the tutorial.

The strip across the

top of the screen is

called the menu bar.

The symbols and

words in it represent

menus of commands.

Icons are small pictures

that represent disks,

folders, programs, and

documents. To open

an icon, click the

icon twice quickly.

Windows are boxes

that display text,

graphics, or icons. To

bring a partially

covered window to the

front, click anywhere

in the window.

To move a window,

drag it by the title bar.

To close a window,

click the close box.

To find an answer to

a question, look in the

Guide (

To bring hidden portions of a
window’s contents into view,
click the scroll arrows.

) menu.

h

You can have several application
programs open at once. To see which
program is active or to switch from
one program to another, use this
menu (called the Application menu).

This icon represents your
computer’s internal hard disk.

To change the size or shape of
a window, drag the size box.

To throw away an item you
no longer want, drag it to the
Trash and choose Empty
Trash from the Special menu.

Getting Started

13

Turning the computer off

To turn the computer off, you choose Shut Down from the Special menu.
Detailed instructions follow.

1 Move the tip of the arrow to the word “Special” at the top center of the screen.

If the word “Special” does not appear at the top of the screen, you’re working
in the wrong program. Pull down the Application menu (to the right of the
Guide [h] menu) and choose Finder. Then try step 1 again.

2 With the tip of the arrow on the word “Special,” press and hold down the mouse button.
3 While holding down the mouse button, move the arrow down the list of choices until the

words “Shut Down” are highlighted, then release the mouse button.

14

Chapter 1

You can also shut down your computer from the keyboard.

1 Press the Power key (marked with a triangle) on the keyboard.

You will see a message asking whether you want to shut down or continue
working.

2 Click Shut Down.

To turn the computer on, simply press the Power key again.

WARNING

Do not turn the computer off by pressing the standby power
button on the back panel. If you do so, you may lose any work you
haven’t previously saved to a disk. You also risk losing any open
documents.

Where to find answers

When you have questions about using your Macintosh, there are several
places you can look for answers.

In this book

Macintosh

User’s Guide

Use this book to help you set up your computer and learn about it,
or to find solutions to problems.

In the Guide menu

The Guide menu (marked with the hicon) is your main source
of information about the Macintosh. To learn how to get different
kinds of help from the Guide menu, see Chapter 2 in this book.

In other manuals

For answers to questions about other equipment or about
application programs you have purchased, see the manuals
that came with the equipment or programs.

From Apple’s customer support hotline

If you can’t find an answer in any of the materials provided, call the
customer support hotline. (The phone number for the hotline is in
the service and support information that came with your computer.)

Getting Started

15

Use the instructions in this

chapter to learn about the help

available to you in the Guide menu.

2

Getting Help

The Guide menu is your main source of information when you’re working
with your computer. The menu is identified by a question mark (h) in the
upper-right corner of the screen.

17

Getting answers to your questions

When you have a question while working with your computer, you can get the
answer by choosing Macintosh Guide from the Guide menu.

1 Pull down the Application menu (in the upper-right corner of the screen) and choose

Finder to make it the active application program.

A checkmark in the menu indicates that the Finder is the active program.

2 Pull down the Guide menu (marked with the

h

icon) and choose Macintosh Guide.

The Macintosh Guide window appears.

Whenever you use Macintosh Guide, its window remains in front of other
windows. If the window gets in your way, you can move it by dragging its
title bar (the gray bar across the top of the window).

18

Chapter 2

3 Notice the three buttons at the top of the window: Topics, Index, and Look For.

Macintosh Guide gives you three ways of finding information:

m

Topics

lets you choose from a list of general subjects; it is like the table of

contents in a book.

m

Index

lets you choose from an alphabetical list of more specific subjects; it

is like the index in a book.

m

Look For

lets you search for information related to a specific word or phrase

that you type.
In the following sections you will practice using each method.
If you have problems while using Macintosh Guide, see “Tips for Using

Macintosh Guide” later in this chapter.

Getting answers with the Topics button

1 In the Macintosh Guide window, click the Topics button.

A list of general topics appears on the left side of the Macintosh Guide
window. (Depending on the hardware and software you have, the list of topics
may look different.)

Getting Help

19

2 Click “Setting Options” in the list of topics.

When you click any topic area, a list of related questions appears on the right
side of the Macintosh Guide window.

To get instructions,
click a question…

…and then click OK.

3 Click the question “How do I set the time and date?” and then click OK. Or double-click

the question.

A small window appears with instructions for you to follow.

20

If you want to

return to the main

Macintosh Guide

window, click here.

4 Read and follow the instructions in this window.

5 When you have completed all the steps, click the Topics button in the lower-left corner to

Chapter 2

Click here to see the next
step (if there is one).

Macintosh Guide provides step-by-step instructions to answer the question
you selected. When you have completed each step, click the right arrow in the
lower-right corner to see the next step.

return to the main Macintosh Guide window.

Now continue with the next section.

Getting answers with the Index button

1 In the Macintosh Guide window, click the Index button.

An alphabetical list of subjects appears on the left side of the window.

Slider

Scroll bar

2 Scroll through the alphabetical list until the phrase “background pattern” is visible.

You can scroll through the list either by dragging the slider to the letter B or
by using the scroll bar at the right of the list.

3 Click the phrase “background pattern” in the alphabetical list.

When you click any index entry, a list of related questions appears on the
right side of the Macintosh Guide window.

To get instructions,
click a question…

…and then click OK.

Getting Help

21

4 Click the question “How do I change the background pattern?” and then click OK. Or

If you want to

return to the main

Macintosh Guide

window, click here.

5 Read and follow the instructions in the window.

6 When you have completed all the steps, click the Topics button in the lower-left corner to

double-click the question.

A small window appears with instructions for you to follow.

Click here to see the next
step (if there is one).

Macintosh Guide provides step-by-step instructions to answer the question
you selected. When you have completed each step, click the right arrow in the
lower-right corner to see the next step.

return to the main Macintosh Guide window.

Now continue with the next section.

22

Chapter 2

1 In the Macintosh Guide window, click the Look For button.

To activate the text

box, click here.

Type a word or phrase

in the text box…

…and then click here.

2 Click the arrow button to activate the text box.
3 Type “sound” in the text box and then click Search.

Getting answers with the Look For button

A small box appears on the left side of the window, where you can type text.

When you click Search, a list of questions related to the word or phrase you
typed appears on the right side of the Macintosh Guide window.

To get instructions,
click a question…

…and then click OK.

Getting Help

23

4 Click the question “How do I change the beep sound?” and then click OK. Or double-

If you want to close

Macintosh Guide,

click here.

5 Read and follow the instructions in the window.

6 When you have completed all the steps, click the close box in the upper-left corner to

click the question.

A small window appears with instructions for you to follow.

Click here to see the next
step (if there is one).

Macintosh Guide provides step-by-step instructions to answer the question
you selected. When you have completed each step, click the right arrow in the
lower-right corner to display the next step.

close Macintosh Guide.

24

Chapter 2

Tips for using Macintosh Guide

Here are a few tips for using Macintosh Guide effectively:

m Macintosh Guide is available only when you are in the Finder—the

desktop area where you can see the icons of disks, folders, and files.
(Other programs may also have help available in the Guide menu,
however.) If you don’t see Macintosh Guide in the Guide menu, pull
down the Application menu (to the right of the Guide menu) and
choose Finder.

m Follow the steps when you’re instructed to; don’t skip ahead or read

ahead. That way the computer can check to make sure you’ve done a
step correctly.

m Unlike most windows, the Macintosh Guide window stays in front of

other windows on the screen so that your instructions are never
covered. If you need to move the Guide window out of the way, drag
it by the title bar at the top of the window.

You can also move the window out of the way by clicking the zoom
box. Click the box once to shrink the window; click it a second time
to expand the window to its original size.

m If you need more information about an instruction or a term, click the

button labeled “Huh?” to get further explanation. (The “Huh?” button
is dimmed when no additional information is available.)

m If you want to return to the main Macintosh Guide window, click the

Topics button in the lower-left corner of the Guide window.

m When you’re finished using Macintosh Guide, click the close box in

the upper-left corner of the window.

Close box

Topics button

“Huh?” button

Title bar

Zoom box

Right arrow

Getting Help

25

Identifying objects on the screen

Sometimes you’ll see a n unfamiliar item on the screen and ask yourself,
“What’s that?” You can get an answer by using a Macintosh feature known as
Balloon Help.

Balloon Help explains the function of icons, menus, commands, and other
items on the Macintosh screen in balloons like those you see in comic strips.

Follow these steps to use Balloon Help:

1 Pull down the Guide menu (marked with the

2 Point to any object on the screen that you want to identify.

h

icon) and choose Show Balloons.

A balloon appears next to the object. In the following illustration, for
example, pointing to the Trash displays a balloon that explains how to use the
Trash to throw items away.

Although balloons appear next to items when you point to them, the way
you work does not change; you can still select icons, choose commands, and
so on.

26

3 When you’re finished using Balloon Help, choose Hide Balloons from the Guide menu.

Chapter 2

Learning useful shortcuts

You can perform many tasks in the Finder more quickly if you use keyboard
or mouse shortcuts. For example, instead of clicking an icon and choosing
Open from the File menu, you can simply double-click the icon to open it.

Follow these steps to learn keyboard and mouse shortcuts:

1 Pull down the Guide menu (marked with the

h

icon) and choose Shortcuts.

The main Macintosh Shortcuts window appears.

Getting Help

27

2 Click one of the category buttons.

If you want to

close the window,

click here.

Click here to return to

the main Macintosh

Shortcuts window for

more categories.

3 Read about the shortcuts available for the category you selected.

4 When you finish reading about the shortcuts for your category, click the Topics button in

Another window appears, describing shortcuts for that category.

Click here to see the next
window (if there is one).

Click the right arrow in the lower-right corner of the window to display the
next window (if there is one).

the lower-left corner to return to the main Macintosh Shortcuts window. Or click the
close box in the upper-left corner to close the window.

28

Chapter 2

Read this chapter for

information on expanding

your computer system

with additional hardware.

3

Monitor

Computer

CD-ROM drive

(optional)

CD-ROM drive
Open/Close button

Hard disk drive

(internal)

Connecting Additional Equipment

The illustration below shows a basic Macintosh system. You can expand your
computer system by connecting additional hardware (such as a printer,
modem, or external audio speakers).

Floppy disk drive

Remote control sensor

Volume buttons

Use these buttons to
change the volume of the
computer’s sound.

Power-on light

Headphone jack

Keyboard

Mouse

29

Where to connect additional equipment

The illustration on this page shows where equipment should be connected to
your computer.

For instructions on connecting additional equipment such as a printer or
scanner, see the manual that came with the equipment.

Video input card access cover

Covers port for optional video input card.

≤

Power socket

F

Security lock

port

V

ADB port

Connects your
Macintosh to input
equipment, such as a
keyboard or a trackball.

[

Printer port


Connects your Macintosh
to a printer or
LocalTalk network.



W

Modem port

Connects an external

modem to your Macintosh.

g

SCSI port

Connects your Macintosh to
SCSI equipment, such as hard disk
drives, scanners, and printers.

≈

Sound input port


Connects your Macintosh to a microphone
or other audio input equipment.

TV tuner access cover

Covers port for optional
TV tuner card.

™

Monitor port
Connects your monitor
to your Macintosh.

Standby power button

Communication card
access cover

Covers port for optional
communication card.

PDS card access cover

Covers port for optional
processor-direct slot (PDS)
expansion card.

-

Sound output port


Connects your Macintosh to
headphones, speakers, or
other audio output equipment.

30

Chapter 3

Connecting an Apple PlainTalk Microphon e

Your computer has a sound input port, which you can use to connect an Apple
PlainTal k Microphone.

Use PlainTalk only: You should connect only the Apple PlainTalk
Microphone. Other models of microphone will not work with your
Macintosh.

To connect the microphone, do this:

m

Plug the microphone’s connector into the sound input port (marked with the icon
on the back of the computer.

X

)

Sound
input port

Sound
output port

Connecting Additional Equipment

31

Connecting external stereo speakers

You can take advantage of your computer’s stereo sound output by attaching
external powered (amplified) speakers.

1 Assemble the speakers and the cable you need.

You need a cable with stereo miniplugs at each end to connect one or both
speakers to the computer. (Some speakers require a dual-plug adapter.
Others, like those shown here, accept a single stereo miniplug and are joined
by standard speaker wires.)

The following illustration shows the equipment configuration and the
connections for a computer sound system.

-

Sound output port

2 Turn off the Macintosh.
3 Plug a stereo miniplug into the sound output port on the Macintosh.

Powered
speakers

Audio In port

32

Stereo miniplug

4 Plug a stereo miniplug into the Audio In port on one of the speakers.

If the speakers take a dual-plug cable, connect both plugs to the speakers’
Audio In por ts.

Chapter 3

5 Connect the speakers together with speaker wires, if necessary.
6 Turn on the computer.

You hear the computer’s sound through the external speakers.
Note: To control the volume of your external speakers, use the volume button

on the front of the computer. If you are playing an audio compact disc (CD),
you may also need to adjust the volume control in the program you’re using to
play CDs. For more information on sound and playing audio CDs, see the
“Sound” topic of Macintosh Guide, available in the Guide (h) menu.

Connecting Additional Equipment

33

Expanding memory

The random-access memory (RAM) in your computer can be expanded.
Installing additional RAM adds more memory chips to your computer and
expands its capabilities. The Technical Information booklet that came with
your computer describes how much additional memory can be installed in
your Macintosh.

Memory for your computer is provided in packages called Single Inline
Memory Modules (SIMMs). The SIMMs must be the correct type for your
computer and should be installed in pairs of the same size into paired slots.
It is very important that the SIMMs be correctly installed in your Macintosh.
Incorrect installation can result in errors, unpredictable results, and damage
to your equipment and data.

WARNING

only an Apple-certified technician install additional RAM. Consult the
service and support information that came with your computer for
instructions on how to contact an Apple-authorized service provider or
Apple for service. If you attempt to install additional RAM yourself, any
damage you may cause to your equipment will not be covered by the
limited warranty on your computer. See an Apple-authorized dealer or
service provider for information about this or any other warranty
question.

Installing internal drives

Your Macintosh can hold up to three internal storage devices, including a
floppy disk drive, a CD-ROM (compact disc read-only memory) drive, a nd a
hard disk drive (several capacities are available). These drives may already be
installed. If you want to add or replace an internal drive, see your Apple­authorized dealer.

To avoid damage to your computer, Apple recommends that

34

Chapter 3

Read this chapter for information on

installing and using application

programs with your computer.

4

Installing and Using Application Programs

Your computer has several application programs already installed, as well as
some programs that must installed before you can use them. You will need to
run the application program’s Installer program before the application
programs will work. You’ll find these programs on your hard disk.

You may want to experiment with AppleScript, one of the programs on your
hard disk. With AppleScript you can automate tasks in the Finder and other
scriptable programs (programs that support AppleScript). Instructions for
using AppleScript are also included in the AppleScript folder.

If your computer has enough memory, you can install QuickDraw GX and
PowerTalk. QuickDraw GX gives your computer more powerful printing and
font capabilities. PowerTalk provides an open collaboration environment with
a universal mailbox and other electronic mail services. To install each of these
programs, open the folder of the item you want to install and double-click the
Installer icon.

Another program, Video Monitor, is for use with computers that have audio­visual (AV) capabilities. For information on using Video Monitor, see the
“Video” topic of Macintosh Guide, available in the Guid e (h) menu.

35

Installing application programs

You’ll probably want to buy and install additional application programs. See
the manuals you receive with your programs for instructions on installing and
using them.

In most cases, you’ll i nstall an application program on your internal hard disk
from floppy disks that contain the program. The following illustration shows
how to insert a floppy disk in your computer’s floppy disk drive.

Insert the floppy disk, metal
end first, into the floppy disk
drive of your computer.

To use your programs most effectively, follow these guidelines:
m Put only one copy of each program on your hard disk. Having more than

one copy can cause errors.

36

m Whenever you copy a program disk to your hard disk, be careful not to

copy a System Folder. Always check to see what you’ve copied, and drag
any extra System Folders to the Trash.

m If a program malfunctions consistently, try installing a fresh copy. If that

doesn’t help, find out from the software manufacturer whether your version
of the program is compatible with the system software you’re using.

For instructions on how to eject floppy disks, see the “Disks” topic of
Macintosh Guide, available in the Guid e (h) menu.

Chapter 4

Working with several programs at a time

You can open as many application programs and desk accessories as your
computer’s memory allows.

All open programs are listed in the Application menu at the right end of the
menu bar. The name of the active program (the one you’re using right now)
has a checkmark next to it, and its icon appears in the menu bar.

The Finder icon

Commands to hide or
display open windows

A checkmark

indicates the active

program.

Open programs

Finding out which programs are open

If you have several programs and windows open, you can find out which
program is active and which other programs are open by pulling down the
Application menu.

Switching programs

You can switch to another open program or desk accessory by choosing its
name from the Application menu.

If a program’s icon is dimmed in the menu, that means its windows are
hidden. Choosing the program from the Application menu displays its
windows.

You can also switch to another program by clicking in a window that belongs
to an open program, or by double-clicking a program icon (or the icon of a
document that was created with the program).

Installing and Using Application Programs

37

Hiding and showing windows on the desktop

You can hide all windows except those of the active program by choosing
Hide Others from the Application menu.

The other programs remain open even though their windows are hidden.
When you switch to another program, its windows become visible again.

If you want to see all the open windows, choose Show All from the
Application menu.

Backing up your files

Making backup copies of important files is good protection against possible
damage to the originals.

m You can back up files stored on your hard disk by copying them to floppy

disks.

m You can back up an entire floppy disk by copying it to another floppy disk,

or to a hard disk.

m You can use a commercial backup program to copy new and changed files

from a hard disk to another hard disk, to a tape drive, or to a series of
floppy disks.

38

m If your computer is on a network, you can back up files by copying them to

a shared disk on the network.

Chapter 4

Consult this chapter if you experience

problems using your computer.

5

Troubleshooti ng

When you have questions

If you want to know how to do a particular task with your computer, refer to
Macintosh Guide in the Guide (h) menu. For instructions on using
Macintosh Guide, see Chapter 2 of this manual.

When you run into trouble

While you’re using your computer, you may occasionally see a bomb icon
or an error message, or you may have a problem such as the pointer (8)
“freezing” on the screen. If you have trouble with your computer, take a few
minutes to read the information in this chapter. If your problem is related to a
particular procedure, you should also look for information on that procedure
in Macintosh Guide, available in the Guide (h) menu. For additional
troubleshooting information and a list of common questions relating to your
system software, see the “Troubleshooting” topic of Macintosh Guide.

If you are unable to access Macintosh Guide (for example, if your screen
is “frozen”), refer to this chapter to see if you can resolve the problem.

39

Take your time

When you see an error message, you don’t have to take action immediately.
The message stays on the screen until you click the OK button or turn off the
Macintosh.

To help diagnose and correct the problem, gather as much information on the
situation as you can before starting over.

m Make a note of exactly what you were doing when the problem occurred.

Write down the message on the screen and its ID number (if any). Also list
the programs you were using and the names of any items you know have
been added to the System Folder since the system software was installed.
This information will help a service person diagnose the problem. (It is
helpful to keep a printed copy of the items in your System Folder. For
instructions on printing the contents of a folder, see the “Printing & Fonts”
topic of Macintosh Guide, available in the Guid e [h] menu.)

m Check the screen for any clues. Is a menu selected? What programs and

document icons are open? Note anything else that seems relevant.

m If you were typing text and were not able to save it before the problem

occurred, you can write down the parts of the text still visible on the
screen so that some of your work will be easy to replace.

40

m Ask other Macintosh users about the problem you’re having; they may have

a solution for it.

If you need repair service, consult the service and support information that
came with your computer for instructions on how to contact an Apple­authorized service provider or Apple for assistance.

Chapter 5

Start over

Often you can eliminate a problem simply by clearing the computer’s memory
and starting over.

If you can, save any open documents before restarting the Macintosh. If your
system is frozen and does not respond to anything you do, or if you have a
“bomb” message on the screen, saving may not be possible. You can try
pressing x-Option-Esc to quit the program in use when the problem
occurred; if this works, you can then save the documents open in other
programs before restarting.

To restart your Macintosh, try the following steps:

1 If you can, choose Restart from the Special menu or from the dialog box that’s on the

screen.

Dialog boxes contain messages from the computer. If something goes wrong,
a message may appear on the screen, asking you to restart the computer.

2 If you can’t choose Restart, hold down the

Power key (marked with a triangle).

x

and Control keys while you press the

This key combination restarts the computer. (Use this key combination only
when you can’t choose Restart from the Special menu.)

3 If nothing happens, turn off your computer with the standby power button, wait at least

10 seconds, and then turn it on again.

4 If the standby power button doesn’t turn off the computer, unplug your Macintosh.

If you suspect that the problem is with other equipment, such as a printer or
an external hard disk that’s attached to your computer, turn that equipment off
for 10 seconds or longer, then turn it on again and restart the Macintosh.

Troubleshooting

41

Rebuild your desktop regularly

A process known as “rebuilding the desktop” helps your Macintosh keep
track of data on your startup disks. Although you usually use the hard disk in
your computer as a startup disk, you can also start up from any other disk that
has system software installed. It’s a good idea to rebuild the desktop of your
startup disks once a month or so.

To rebuild the desktop of a startup disk, follow these steps:

1 Hold down the Option and xkeys while you start up your computer.

Do not release the keys until you see a message asking whether you want to
rebuild the desktop.

2 Click OK.

42

Chapter 5

Solutions to common problems

The computer is turned on but the screen is dark.

One of the following is probably the cause:
m You have a screen saver program that darkens the screen when the

computer has not been used for a certain period.
Press a key or move the mouse to turn off the screen saver.

m The monitor’s brightness control (¤) is not adjusted properly.

Check the monitor’s brightness control and tur n it up if necessary.

m The Macintosh or the monitor is not getting power.

If you have a separate monitor, check that the monitor is plugged in and
turned on, a nd that the monitor cable is firmly connected to both the
computer and the monitor.

Check that the computer’s power cord is fir mly connected to the computer
and plugged into a grounded electrical outlet, and that the outlet has power.

If you have more than one monitor and only one is dark, check that it is set
up correctly in the Monitors control panel. For information on using more
than one monitor, see the “Monitors” topic of Macintosh Guide, available
in the Guide (h) menu.

If you are displaying video from your computer on a television screen, it is
normal for your computer monitor to be dark.

The computer’s clock keeps time inaccurately.

Your computer has a clock that runs continuously. When the computer is
turned off, a battery keeps the clock running. If your clock begins to keep
time inaccurately, have your Apple-authorized service provider replace the
battery.

Troubleshooting

43

When you start up, a disk icon with a blinking question mark appears in the middle
of the screen.

This icon indicates that your Macintosh cannot find the system software it
needs to start up. One of the following is probably the cause:

m Your computer may be having a problem recognizing external equipment

that uses the Small Computer System Interface (SCSI).
Turn off all external SCSI equipment and disconnect the first SCSI device

in the chain from your computer’s SCSI port. Then restart the computer. If
the computer starts up after you disconnect your SCSI equipment, refer to
the manuals that came with the equipment for information on the proper
way to connect SCSI equipment and assign SCSI ID numbers.

If you have a printer connected to your computer’s SCSI port, make sure
your printer is not supposed to be connected to the printer port instead.
Check the manuals that came with your printer for information on how to
connect it properly.

m System software is not installed on the startup hard disk, the system

software is damaged, or the hard disk is not working properly.

44

Start up your computer using the Disk Tools floppy disk or (if you have a
built-in CD-ROM drive) with the CD-ROM disc that contains system
software. (For instructions on how to start up your computer from the
CD-ROM disc, see “Starting Up From a CD-ROM Disc” in the section
“Initializing a Hard Disk” later in this chapter.) Then follow the
instructions in “Repairing a Damaged Disk” later in this chapter to test
your startup hard disk and repair any damage.

If repairing the disk doesn’t help, follow the instructions in “Installing or
Reinstalling System Software” later in this chapter to reinstall system
software on your startup hard disk.

Chapter 5

When you try to start up from a floppy disk, a disk icon with an X appears in the middle
of the screen and the floppy disk is ejected.

This icon indicates that the floppy disk you tried to start up from is not a
startup disk.

Wait a few seconds. The computer should start up from its internal hard
disk. Make sure you insert floppy disks only after the computer has begun
starting up.

A “sad Macintosh” icon appears and the computer won’t start up.

This icon indicates that your Macintosh cannot start up because of a problem
with the system software or the computer hardware.

Eject any floppy disks by turning off the computer and then holding down
the mouse button while you turn the computer on again. Try star ting up with
the Disk Tools floppy disk or (if you have a built-in CD-ROM drive) with the
CD-ROM disc that contains system software. (For instructions on how to start
up your computer from the CD-ROM disc, see “Starting Up From a CD-ROM
Disc” in the section “Initializing a Hard Disk” later in this chapter.) If the “sad
Macintosh” icon appears again, consult the service and support information
that came with your computer for information on contacting an Apple­authorized service provider or Apple for assistance.

The hard disk icon does not appear on the desktop.

If you don’t see a hard disk icon on the desktop, try the following:
m If the hard disk is internal, shut down your computer, wait at least 10

seconds, and then turn it on again.

m If the hard disk is external, make sure that it is turned on and that its cable

is connected firmly; then restart the Macintosh.

Troubleshooting

45

m Check the ID numbers of all SCSI equipment connected to your computer.

See the manuals that came with your SCSI equipment for information on
setting SCSI ID numbers.

m If the hard disk is your startup disk, start your computer using the

Disk Tools floppy disk or (if you have a built-in CD-ROM drive) with the
CD-ROM disc that contains system software. (For instructions on how to
start up your computer from the CD-ROM disc, see “Starting Up From
a CD-ROM Disc” in the section “Initializing a Hard Disk” later in this
chapter.) Th en follow the instructions in “Repairing a Damaged Disk”
later in this chapter to test your startup hard disk and repair any damage.

If repairing the disk doesn’t help, follow the instructions in “Installing or
Reinstalling System Software” later in this chapter to reinstall system
software on your startup hard disk.

Icons do not appear correctly on your screen.

You need to rebuild the desktop—a process that helps your Macintosh keep
track of files and folders on your hard disks. For instructions, see “Rebuild
Your Desktop Regularly” in the section “When You Run Into Trouble” earlier
in this chapter.

If icons do not appear correctly after you rebuild the desktop, restart your
computer while pressing the Shift key to temporarily turn off system
extensions. When you see the “Welcome to Macintosh—extensions off ”
message, release the Shift key and press the Option and x keys until you see
a message asking if you want to rebuild the desktop.

46

Your Macintosh can’t read a floppy disk.

If you see a message that a floppy disk is unreadable, try one of the following:
m If the disk has never been used, you may simply need to initialize it. For

instructions, see the “Disks” topic of Macintosh Guide, available in in the
Guide (h) menu.

m The disk may be damaged. See “Repairing a Damaged Disk” later in this

chapter for information on testing and repairing disks.

Chapter 5

If you are trying to use a DOS disk, consider the following:
m The disk may have been formatted incorrectly on a DOS computer. On

DOS computers it’s possible to format a standard double-sided disk in a
high-density (1440K) format, and vice versa. Disks formatted in this way
cannot be read by a Macintosh computer.

When formatting disks on a DOS computer, always format standard
double-sided disks in the 720K format. Always format high-density disks
in the 1440K format.

If a disk has been formatted incorrectly, use a DOS computer to copy its
contents onto another disk that has been properly formatted.

The pointer (8) freezes on the screen.

Your system has a software problem.
m Press x-Option-Esc to quit the application program in use when the

problem occurred. If this works, you can save the documents open in other
programs before restarting.

m Restart your Macintosh. (For instructions, see “Start Over” in the section

“When You Run Into Trouble” earlier in this chapter.) Most software
problems are temporary, a nd restar ting usually corrects the problem.

m Check the startup disk and program you were using when the problem

occurred. Make sure that all programs, desk accessories, and system
extensions you’re using are compatible with the system software.

m Sometimes incompatible system extensions or control panels can cause

system software problems. Restart while holding down the Shift key; this
temporarily turns off all system extensions. If your computer works
normally after you do this, remove all extensions from the Extensions
folder (inside the System Folder) and put them back into the Extensions
folder one at a time. Restart after you add each extension. This procedure
should identify any incompatible extensions.

You can also use the Extensions Manager control panel to turn off
individual extensions. For information on using this control panel to
manage system extensions, see the “Setting Options” topic of Macintosh
Guide, available in the Guide (h) menu.

m If the problem recurs, you may need to reinstall system software. See

“Installing or Reinstalling System Software” later in this chapter for
instructions.

Troubleshooting

47

A dialog box with a bomb appears.

Your system has a software problem.
m Write down what you were doing when the message appeared, the text of

the message, a nd the message number, if there is one.

m Restart your Macintosh. (See “Start Over” in the section “When You Run

Into Trouble” earlier in this chapter for instructions.) Most software
problems are temporary, a nd restar ting usually corrects the problem.

m Check the startup disk and application program you were using when the

dialog box appeared. Make sure that all programs, desk accessories, and
system extensions you’re using are compatible with the system software.
Reinstalling the system software may correct the problem.

m Sometimes incompatible system extensions or control panels can cause

system software problems. Restart while holding down the Shift key; this
temporarily turns off all system extensions. If your computer works
normally after you do this, remove all extensions from the Extensions
folder (inside the System Folder) and put them back into the Extensions
folder one at a time. Restart after you add each extension. This procedure
should identify any incompatible extensions.

You can also use the Extensions Manager control panel to turn off
individual extensions. For information on using this control panel to
manage system extensions, see the “Setting Options” topic of Macintosh
Guide, available in the Guide (h) menu.

48

m If the problem recurs, you may need to reinstall system software. See

“Installing or Reinstalling System Software” later in this chapter for
instructions.

The pointer (8) doesn’t move when you move the mouse.

One of the following situations is probably the cause:
m Your system has a software problem.

Press x-Option-Esc to quit the application program in use when the
problem occurred. If this works, you can save the documents open in other
programs before restarting.

Restart your Macintosh. See “Start Over” in the section “When You Run
Into Trouble” earlier in this chapter for instructions.

Chapter 5

Check the startup disk and program you were using when the problem
occurred. Make sure that all programs, desk accessories, and system
extensions you’re using are compatible with the system software. Try
starting up the computer from the Disk Tools disk or the CD-ROM disc
that contains system software. (For instructions on how to start up your
computer from the CD-ROM disc, see “Starting Up From a CD-ROM
Disc” in the section “Initializing a Hard Disk” later in this chapter.) If
your computer starts up normally, there may be an extension conflict.

If the problem recurs, you may need to reinstall system software. See
“Installing or Reinstalling System Software” later in this chapter for
instructions.

m The mouse is not connected properly.

Turn the computer off using the standby power button, check that the
mouse and keyboard cables are connected properly, and then restart the
computer.

m Signals from the mouse are not reaching the computer, either because the

mouse needs cleaning or because there is something wrong with the
mouse.

Clean the mouse according to the instructions in Appendix A of this book.
If you have another mouse or pointing device, try connecting and using it.

(Turn off the computer before connecting it.) If the n ew device works, there
is probably something wrong with the mouse you replaced.

If none of these procedures solves the problem, consult the service and
support information that came with your computer for instructions on how to
contact an Apple-authorized service provider or Apple for assistance.

Typing on the keyboard produces nothing on the screen.

One of the following is probably the cause:
m Your system has a software problem.

Restart your Macintosh. For instructions, see “Start Over” in the section
“When You Run Into Trouble” earlier in this chapter.

Check the startup disk and application program you were using when the
problem occurred. Make sure that all programs, desk accessories, and
system extensions you’re using are compatible with the system software.

Troubleshooting

49

If the problem recurs, you may need to reinstall system software. See
“Installing or Reinstalling System Software” later in this chapter for
instructions.

m You haven’t selected any text or set the insertion point (9).

Make sure the program you want to type in is the active program. Then
place the pointer (8

) in the active window and click to set an insertion

point (9) or drag to select text (if you want to replace the text with your
typing).

m The keyboard is not connected properly.

Turn off the computer using the standby power button, then check that the
keyboard cable is connected properly at both ends.

If you have a keyboard with an ADB port (marked with the ◊ icon) on
each end, turn off the Macintosh using the standby power button and plug
the keyboard cable into the other ADB port on the keyboard. (You may
have to unplug the mouse to do this.) Then restart the computer.

Many Macintosh computers have two ADB ports on the back panel. Also,
some monitors have one or two ADB ports. Turn off the Macintosh using
the standby power button and connect your keyboard cable to a different
ADB port on the computer or monitor. T h en restar t the computer.

50

m The keyboard is damaged.

If you have access to another keyboard, try using it instead. (Turn the
computer off before connecting it.) If the n ew keyboard works, there is
probably something wrong with the one you replaced.

If none of these procedures solves the problem, consult the service and
support information that came with your computer for instructions on how
to contact an Apple-authorized service provider or Apple for assistance.

Chapter 5

You can’t start an application program or it quits unexpectedly. Or, when you try to open
a program, you see a message that not enough memory is available.

One of the following is probably the cause:
m The Macintosh ran out of memory.

Quit the programs that you have open and then open the program you want
to use, or restar t your Macintosh.

Use the Memory control panel to turn on virtual memory. For more
information on virtual memory, see the “Memory” topic of Macintosh
Guide, available in the Guide (h) menu.

m The program needs more memory.

Use the program’s I nfo window to give it more memory. For more
information on increasing a program’s memory, see the “Memory” topic of
Macintosh Guide, available in the Guid e (h) menu.

m The program requires special hardware, such as a floating-point unit

(FPU), and your computer doesn’t have the hardware installed.
Check the documentation that came with the program to find out if the

program requires a Macintosh with special hardware, such as an FPU. T h en
check the Technical Information booklet that came with your Macintosh to
find out if your computer is equipped with such special hardware, or if the
hardware can be installed. Consult your Apple-authorized service provider
for information on installing special hardware in your computer.

Troubleshooting

51

You see a message that an application program can’t be found.

The following dialog box appears if you try to open a document that was
created with software that is not on your hard disk.

Normally, you see this message if you try to open a document that came from
another Macintosh with software that is different from yours.

m Some documents can be opened by more than one application program.

Try starting a program that you think might be able to open the document,
then choose Open from the program’s File menu to try to open the
document.

m Purchase and install the correct software to use the document, or find out

if the creator of the document can convert it to a form that one of your
programs can use.

m Don’t try to open the files in your System Folder. Most of the files in your

System Folder are used by your computer for inter nal purposes and are not
intended to be opened.

52

m Rebuild your desktop by holding down the Option and x keys while

starting up your computer. Keep holding down the keys until you see a
message asking whether you want to rebuild the desktop. Click OK.

m If the document is from a DOS computer, use the PC Exchange control

panel to specify which Macintosh program will open the document. For
information about working with DOS documents on your Macintosh, see
the “Using DOS Files & Disks” topic of Macintosh Guide, available in the
Guide (h) menu.

Chapter 5

You experience problems using a document from a DOS computer.

If you can’t open a DOS document using a Macintosh program, try the
following:

m Open the document from within the program by choosing Open in the

program’s File menu.

m Use the PC Exchange control panel to change the document’s type to one

that can be opened by the program.

If a DOS document is displayed incorrectly, or you see strange codes or
characters in the document, try one of the following:

m Your application program may have special procedures for opening and

saving documents with different file formats. See the information that

came with your program.
m Try op ening the document in another program.
Note: Some characters that can be displayed on the Macintosh are not

accurately displayed on DOS computers.
For more information about working with DOS documents on your

Macintosh, see the “Using DOS Files & Disks” topic of Macintosh Guide,
available in the Guide (h) menu.

Troubleshooting

53

Initializing a hard disk

Before you can use a new disk, the disk must be prepared so that the
computer knows where to store information on the disk. This preparation is
called initializing (or formatting) the disk.

When do you need to initialize a hard disk?

The hard disk inside your computer was initialized at the factory, so you
shouldn’t need to initialize it. You need to initialize a hard disk only if

m you purchase a hard disk that has not been initialized at the factory
m your hard disk is damaged

If a hard disk needs to be initialized, the disk’s icon does not appear on the
desktop when you start up the computer using another disk.

WARNING

Initializing a disk erases a ny information that may be on it.
Before you initialize a damaged disk, try to repair it as described in
“Repairing a Damaged Disk” later in this chapter.

Starting up from a CD-ROM disc

To initialize, test, or repair a hard disk, or to install system software on a hard
disk, you need to start up your computer from another disk. If your computer
has a CD-ROM drive, you can start up your computer using the CD-ROM
disc containing system software that came with the computer.

To start up the computer using the CD-ROM disc, follow these steps:

1 Turn your computer on.
2 Press the Open/Close button on your CD-ROM drive, and quickly insert the CD-ROM disc

containing system software into the drive.

3 Immediately press the C key on your keyboard.

Continue to hold down the key until you see the “Welcome to Macintosh”
message.

54

Chapter 5

If a blinking question mark appears, or if the computer starts up from your hard
disk: You did not inser t the CD-ROM disc quickly enough for the computer

to recognize it as a startup disk. Follow these steps:

1 Shut down your computer.

The CD-ROM disc will remain in the CD-ROM drive.

2 Turn the computer on.
3 Immediately press the C key on the keyboard.

Continue to hold down the key until you see the “Welcome to Macintosh”
message.

Starting up from a floppy disk

To initialize, test, or repair a hard disk, or to install system software on a
hard disk, you need to start up your computer from another disk. If you don’t
have a built-in CD-ROM drive, you can start up the computer using either
the Disk Tools or Install Disk 1 floppy disk that came with your computer.

To start up your computer using a floppy disk, follow these steps:

1 Shut down your computer.
2 Insert the floppy disk into the disk drive.

If you want to initialize, test, or repair your hard disk, use the Disk Tools
disk to start up your computer. If you want to install system software, use
the Install Disk 1 disk.

3 Turn the computer on.

Troubleshooting

55

Reinitializing your computer’s internal hard disk

You initialize your internal hard disk using a program called Internal HD
Format, which is on the floppy disk labeled Disk Tools that came with your
computer. If your computer came with a CD-ROM drive and you didn’t
receive floppy disks, you can find Internal HD Format on the CD-ROM disc
that contains system software.

1 Start up your computer from the

system software.

Disk Tools

disk or the CD-ROM disc that contains

See “Starting Up From a CD-ROM Disc” or “Starting Up From a Floppy
Disk” earlier in this section.

2 Double-click the Internal HD Format icon to open it.

You may need to look in a folder called Utilities to find Internal HD Format.

3 Type a name for your disk in the name box.
4 If you want to make sure that none of the hard disk’s original information is recognizable

after reinitialization, choose Zero Data in the Options menu.

If you choose Zero Data, initialization may take a few minutes. (If you don’t
choose Zero Data, initialization will take less than 30 seconds.)

5 Click Initialize.

A message informs you that initializing the disk erases all information on it.

6 Click OK.

During initialization, a status bar shows you the progress of the initialization.

7 When the initialization is complete, click Done.

56

If a message reports that initialization failed, try again. If initialization fails
a second time, take the disk to your Apple-authorized service provider for
repair.

Chapter 5

Initializing an exter nal S CSI hard dis k

You initialize an Apple external SCSI hard disk using a program called Apple
HD SC Setup, which is on the floppy disk labeled Disk Tools that came with
your computer. If your computer came with a CD-ROM drive and you didn’t
receive floppy disks, you can find Apple HD SC Setup on the CD-ROM disc
that contains system software.

1 Start up your computer from the

system software.

Disk Tools

disk or the CD-ROM disc that contains

See “Starting Up From a CD-ROM Disc” or “Starting Up From a Floppy
Disk” earlier in this section.

2 Open the Apple HD SC Setup icon.

You may need to look in a folder called Utilities to find Apple HD SC Setup.

3 Click Drive until the disk you want to initialize appears.

You cannot initialize the disk that you used to start up your computer or the
disk that contains the Apple HD SC Setup program.

SCSI ID number of the currently selected hard disk

4 Click Initialize.

Name of the currently selected hard disk

Troubleshooting

57

5 Click Init to initialize the hard disk.

Click here to initialize the disk.

6 If a message appears asking you to name the disk, type a name and then click OK.
7 Click Quit when you see a message reporting that initialization was successful.

If a message reports that initialization failed, try again. If initialization fails a
second time, take the disk to your Apple-authorized service provider for
repair.

58

Chapter 5

Repairing a damaged disk

Disks can become damaged by repeated use and handling.

When do you need to repair a disk?

If you see a message reporting that a disk is damaged or unreadable, you may
need to repair the disk.

Tr y these suggestions first

If you can’t start up from a hard disk or you don’t see the hard disk icon on the
desktop, try the following:

m If the hard disk is internal, shut down your Macintosh, wait at least 10

seconds, and then turn it on again.

m If the hard disk is external, make sure that it is turned on and that its cable

is connected firmly; then restart the Macintosh.

m If the hard disk is your startup disk, start up with a different startup disk. If

the hard disk’s icon appears on your desktop, reinstall system software on
the hard disk (see “Installing or Reinstalling System Software” later in this
chapter).

m Check the ID numbers of all SCSI equipment connected to your computer.

Each device must have a unique ID number (the computer itself has the ID
number 7). Also check that the chain of devices is terminated properly. For
information on setting SCSI ID numbers and terminating a SCSI chain,
see the manuals that came with your SCSI equipment.

m Test the disk following the instructions that come next.

Troubleshooting

59

Checking for damage on your internal hard disk

You can check for damage on your internal hard disk with the Internal HD
Format program, which is on the floppy disk labeled Disk Tools that came with
your computer. If your computer has a built-in CD-ROM drive and you didn’t
receive floppy disks, you can find the Internal HD Format program on the
CD-ROM disc that contains system software. You can use Internal HD Format
at any time to check for damaged blocks (segments of the hard disk that
cannot reliably be used to store information).

1 Start up your computer from the

system software.

Disk Tools

disk or the CD-ROM disc that contains

See “Starting Up From a CD-ROM Disc” or “Starting Up From a Floppy
Disk” in the section “Initializing a Hard Disk” earlier in this chapter.

2 Open the Internal HD Format icon.

You may need to look in a folder called Utilities to find Internal HD Format.

3 Choose Scan All Blocks in the Functions menu.

If the program finds damaged blocks, it marks them so the computer will not
store information in them. This process does not harm any information on the
hard disk.

Testing an external SCSI hard disk

You can test an external Apple SCSI hard disk with the Apple HD SC Setup
program, which is on the floppy disk labeled Disk Tools that came with your
computer. If your computer has a built-in CD-ROM drive, and you didn’t
receive floppy disks, you can find the Apple HD SC Setup program on the
CD-ROM disc that contains system software.

1 Start up your computer from the

system software.

Disk Tools

disk or the CD-ROM disc that contains

60

See “Starting Up From a CD-ROM Disc” or “Starting Up From a Floppy
Disk” in the section “Initializing a Hard Disk” earlier in this chapter.

Chapter 5

2 Open the Apple HD SC Setup icon.

You may need to look in a folder called Utilities to find Apple HD SC Setup.

3 Click Drive until the disk you want appears.

SCSI ID number of the currently selected hard disk

Name of the currently selected hard disk

4 Click Test.
5 When a message tells you that testing is complete, click Quit.

If the test reveals a problem, you may be able to correct it by using Disk First
Aid or another disk repair program (see the instructions in the next section),
or you may need to reinitialize the disk (see “Initializing a Hard Disk” earlier
in this chapter). Consult an Apple-authorized service provider for assistance,
if necessary.

How to repair a hard disk or floppy disk

You can repair some types of disk damage by using the Disk First Aid
program, which is included either on the Disk Tools floppy disk or on the
CD-ROM disc containing system software that came with your computer.

1 Start up your computer from the

system software.

See “Starting Up From a CD-ROM Disc” or “Starting Up From a Floppy
Disk” in the section “Initializing a Hard Disk” earlier in this chapter.

Disk Tools

disk or the CD-ROM disc that contains

Troubleshooting

61

2 Open the Disk First Aid icon.

You may need to look in a folder called Utilities to find Disk First Aid.

3 Click the icon of the disk you want to test.

Disk icons appear in a box at the top of the Disk First Aid window.

62

4 Click Repair to begin testing and repairing the disk.

You can’t repair the startup disk or the disk that contains the Disk First Aid
program, but you can test these disks by clicking Verify. If the program
reveals a problem with either of these disks, start up the computer from
another disk so that you can repair the damaged disk.

If you want to test and repair another disk, click its icon and then click
Repair.

5 When testing and repair are finished, choose Quit from the File menu.

Chapter 5

If Disk First Aid cannot correct the problem

m Try repairing the disk again. Sometimes repeating the process corrects the

problem.

m Use another disk repair or recovery program. Some disk repair programs

let you recover information from a damaged disk.

m Consult a computer repair specialist for help.
m Once you have recovered all the information you can, erase (reinitialize)

the disk. If initialization doesn’t work, discard the damaged disk (if it’s a
floppy disk), or take it to your Apple-authorized service provider for repair
(if it’s a hard disk).

Troubleshooting

63

Installing or reinstalling system software

System software is the set of programs and other files that your computer uses
to start itself up, keep track of your files, and run the application programs
you use. System software is kept in the folder called the System Folder. When
you turn on your computer, it looks for a startup disk, which is a disk that
contains the system software. The startup disk is usually the hard disk that’s
inside your computer, though another hard disk or a floppy disk can also be a
startup disk.

The accessory kit that came with your Macintosh provides system software on
either a set of floppy disks or a CD-ROM disc. You can use the floppy disks
or the CD-ROM disc to install the system software on your Macintosh if you
need to do so.

When should you install system software?

Your Macintosh came with all the necessary system software installed on its
internal hard disk, so you don’t need to install system software on that disk
unless you encounter software problems.

If you have a new hard disk or a newly initialized hard disk that doesn’t
contain system software, or if you want to upgrade to a more recent version of
system software on a hard disk, follow the instructions in “Installing System
Software” later in this chapter.

64

When should you reinstall system software?

If you have a problem with your system software, you may see this icon in the
middle of the screen:

If this icon appears, follow the instructions in “Repairi ng a Damaged Disk”
earlier in this chapter to test your startup hard disk and repair any damage.

If repairing the disk doesn’t help, follow the instructions in the next section,
“Installing System Software,” to reinstall system software on your startup
hard disk.

Chapter 5

Installing system software

Follow the steps in this section to do what is commonly called a “normal”
installation of system software.

If you’re installing system software on a hard disk for the first time, make sure
that your hard disk has been initialized, a process that prepares the disk to
store information. If you see the hard disk’s icon on the desktop when you
start up the computer, the disk has been initialized. If no disk icon appears
when you start up, see “Initializing a Hard Disk” earlier in this chapter for
instructions.

To do a normal installation, follow these steps:

1 Start up your computer from the

system software.

Disk Tools

disk or the CD-ROM disc that contains

See “Starting Up From a CD-ROM Disc” or “Starting Up From a Floppy
Disk” in the section “Initializing a Hard Disk” earlier in this chapter.

2 Find and open the Disk First Aid icon.

You may need to look in a folder called Utilities to find Disk First Aid.

After Disk First Aid starts, follow the instructions on the screen. Disk First
Aid checks your hard disk for any problems.

3 When Disk First Aid has finished checking your hard disk, choose Quit from the

File menu.

4 Shut down your computer.

Troubleshooting

65

5 Start up your computer from the

6 Click OK.

Parts of system

software to be

installed

Install Disk 1

disk or the CD-ROM disc that contains

system software.

See “Starting Up From a CD-ROM Disc” or “Starting Up From a Floppy
Disk” in the section “Initializing a Hard Disk” earlier in this chapter.

The Installer’s Welcome screen appears. You may have to double-click the
System Software Installer icon to open the Installer program.

The Easy Install dialog box appears.

Disk on which

system software

will be installed

7 Make sure that the hard disk named in the box is the one on which you want to install

8 Click Install.
9 Follow the instructions that appear on the screen.

Click here to install the
software you need.

Click here to install on
a different disk.

system software.

If it isn’t, click Switch Disk until the correct disk name appears.

If you’re installing system software from floppy disks, you see messages
asking you to insert different disks.

66

Chapter 5

10 When you see a message reporting that the installation was successful, click Restart.

If a message reports that installation was not successful, try installing again.
(Follow the instructions on the screen.)

If, after reinstalling system software by doing a normal installation, you still
experience problems with your computer, follow the steps in the next section
for doing a “clean” installation of system software.

IMPORTANT

Certain system extensions or application programs that were
originally on your hard disk may not be installed with the I nstaller program.
If you notice that a certain extension or program was not installed, you may
need to install it separately. You can find these additional extensions and
programs on the CD-ROM disc that contains system software. If you don’t
have a CD-ROM drive, see the service and support information that came
with your computer for information on how to contact Apple directly for
assistance.

Doing a clean installation of system software

The steps in this section outline what is commonly called a “clean”
installation of system software. Do a clean installation if you can’t determine
what is damaged in your System Folder (especially if you think any special
software, such as control panels, system extensions, or custom utilities, may be
causing the problems you’re experiencing). You should also do a clean
installation if you’re still having problems with your computer after you’ve
reinstalled system software by doing a normal installation.

Troubleshooting

67

Testing your hard disk

To prepare your hard disk for a clean installation, follow these steps:

1 Start up your computer from the

system software.

Disk Tools

disk or the CD-ROM disc that contains

See “Starting Up From a CD-ROM Disc” or “Starting Up From a Floppy
Disk” in the section “Initializing a Hard Disk” earlier in this chapter.

2 Find and open the Disk First Aid icon.

You may need to look in a folder called Utilities to find Disk First Aid.

After Disk First Aid starts, follow the instructions on the screen. Disk First
Aid checks your hard disk for any problems.

3 When Disk First Aid has finished checking your hard disk, choose Quit from the

File menu.

Preparing an external SCSI hard disk for reinstallation of system software

If you’re reinstalling system software on an Apple external SCSI hard disk,
follow these additional steps. If you’re reinstalling system software on your
internal hard disk, skip to the next section, “Installing New System Software.”

68

1 Find and open the Apple HD SC Setup icon.

You may need to look in a folder called Utilities to find Apple HD SC Setup.

2 Click Drive until the disk on which you want to reinstall system software appears.
3 Click Update and follow the instructions on the screen.
4 When you see a message that the update (preparation for reinstalling system software)

was successful, click Quit.

Chapter 5

The external SCSI hard disk is now prepared for reinstalling system software,
and you can proceed with the installation.

Installing new system software

1 Insert the

2 Click Continue.

Disk on which

system software

will be installed

Install Disk 1

disk into the floppy disk drive, or insert the CD-ROM disc that

contains system software into the CD-ROM drive.

The Installer’s Welcome screen appears. You may have to double-click the
System Software Installer icon to open the Installer program.

The Easy Install dialog box appears.

For a clean installation,
DO NOT click the
Install button.

If you need to install on a
different disk, click this button.

3 Make sure that the hard disk named in the Destination Disk box is the one on which you

want to install system software.

If it isn’t, click Switch Disk until the correct disk name appears.

Troubleshooting

69

4 Hold down Shift–x–K to start the clean installation.

The following dialog box appears.

5 Click the Install New System Folder button and click OK.

The Easy Install dialog box appears. The Install button has changed to Clean
Install, and the contents of your old System Folder have been moved to a new
folder named Previous System Folder.

6 Click Clean Install.

70

Click here to install the
software you need.

7 Follow the instructions that appear on the screen.

It takes a few minutes to complete the installation.

8 When you see a message reporting that the installation was successful, you may need to

click Restart.

You need to click Restart only if you installed software onto the startup disk.
If a message reports that installation was not successful, try repeating the

clean installation procedure.

Chapter 5

Replacing special software

1 Copy any special software items from the Previous System Folder back to your System

Folder one item at a time, restarting the computer after copying each item.

Special software consists of items such as control panels, system extensions,
or custom utilities that you may have added to your System Folder.

IMPORTANT

Be very careful not to replace (copy over) any of the files in the

System Folder with files from the Previous System Folder.

2 Check after each restart to make sure your computer is not having any software

problems.

If any of your special software items causes software problems, contact the
software’s manufacturer for assistance or an upgrade.

Doing a custom installation

For most Macintosh users, the Easy Install procedure described in the
previous sections is appropriate, because it automatically installs all the items
you need. However, if you’d like to select a combination of system software
files for your specific needs, you can customize your system software
installation. You use custom installation to install or update one or more
specific files, or to save space on your hard disk by installing only the files
you want.

To install customized system software, follow these steps:

1 Insert the

contains system software into the CD-ROM drive.

Install Disk 1

disk into the floppy disk drive, or insert the CD-ROM disc that

The Installer’s Welcome screen appears. You may have to double-click the
System Software Installer icon to open the Installer program.

2 Click OK.

The Easy Install dialog box appears.

Troubleshooting

71

3 Choose Custom Install from the pop-up menu.

The Custom Install dialog box appears, listing all available system software
components.

72

4 Scroll through the list of components, clicking the checkbox next to each component

you want to install.

To get additional information about a component, click the box with the letter
i in it to the right of the component.

Chapter 5

5 Click Install.
6 Follow the instructions that appear on the screen.
7 When you see a message reporting that the installation was successful, click Quit.

If a message reports that installation was not successful, try installing again.
(Follow the instructions on the screen.)

8 Restart your Macintosh.

The system software is installed and your computer is ready to use.

Troubleshooting

73

Appendix A
Health, Safety, and Maintenance Tips

For your own safety and that of your equipment, follow all the instructions in
this chapter. Keep these instructions available for reference by you and others.

Health-related information about computer use

Muscle soreness, eye fatigue, and other discomforts and injuries sometimes
associated with using computers can occur from performing any number of
activities. In fact, misuse of the same muscles during multiple activities can
create a problem that might not otherwise exist. For example, if you engage in
nonwork activities that involve repetitive stress on the wrist—such as
bicycling—and also use your computer’s keyboard improperly, you may
increase your likelihood of developing wrist problems. Some individuals are
at greater risk of developing these problems because of their health,
physiology, lifestyle, and general exposure to stress. Work organization and
conditions, such as workstation setup and lighting, also play a part in your
overall health and comfort. Preventing health problems is a multifaceted task
that requires careful attention to the way you use your body every hour of
every day.

Read this appendix for important

health and safety instructions,

as well as tips on keeping your

computer in good working order.

The most common health effects associated with using a computer are
musculoskeletal discomfort and eye fatigue. We’ll discuss each area of
concern below.

75

Musculoskeletal discomfort

As with any activity that involves sitting for long periods of time, using a
computer can make your muscles sore and stiff. To minimize these effects, set
up your work environment carefully, using the guidelines that follow, and take
frequent breaks to rest tired muscles. To make working with your computer
more comfortable, allow enough space in your work area so that you can
change position frequently and maintain a relaxed posture.

Another type of musculoskeletal concern is repetitive stress injuries (RSIs),
also known as cumulative trauma disorders (CTDs). These problems can
occur when a certain muscle or tendon is repeatedly overused and forced into
an unnatural position. The exact causes of RSIs are not totally understood, but
in addition to awkward posture, such factors as the amount of repetition, the
force used in the activity, the individual’s physiology, workplace stress level,
and lifestyle may affect the li kelihood of experiencing an RSI.

RSIs did not suddenly arise when computers were invented; tennis elbow and
writer’s cramp, for example, are two RSIs that have been with us for a long
time. Although less common than other RSIs, one serious RSI discussed more
often today is a wrist problem called carpal tunnel syndrome, which may be
aggravated by improper use of computer keyboards. This nerve disorder
results from excessive pressure on the median nerve as it passes through the
wrist to the hand.

76

This section offers advice on setting up your work area to enhance your
comfort while you use your computer. Since the effects of repetitive
movements associated with using a computer can be compounded by those of
other work and leisure activities to produce or aggravate physical problems,
proper use of your computer system must be considered as just one element
of a healthy lifestyle.

No one, of course, can guarantee that you won’t have problems even when you
follow the most expert advice on using computer equipment. You should
always check with a qualified health specialist if muscle, joint, or eye
problems occur.

Appendix A

Eye fa ti gue

Eye fatigue can occur whenever the eyes are focused on a nearby object for a
long time. This problem occurs because the eye muscles must work harder to
view an object that’s closer than about 20 feet (6 meters). Improper lighting
can hasten the development of eye fatigue. Although eye fatigue is annoying,
there’s no evidence that it leads to permanent damage.

Whenever you’re engaged in an activity that i nvolves close-up work—such as
reading a magazine, doing craft work, or using a computer—be sure to have
sufficient glare-free lighting and give your eyes frequent rest breaks by
looking up and focusing on distant objects. Remember to have your eyes
examined regularly.

To prevent discomfort and eye fatigue:
m Arrange your workspace so that the furniture is properly adjusted for you

and doesn’t contribute to an awkward working posture.

m Take frequent short breaks to give your muscles and eyes a chance to rest.

Arranging your office

Here are some guidelines for adjusting the furniture in your office to
accommodate your physical size and shape.

m An adjustable chair that provides firm, comfortable support is best. Adjust

the height of the chair so your thighs are horizontal and your feet flat on
the floor.

The back of the chair should support your lower back (lumbar region).
Follow the manufacturer’s instructions for adjusting the backrest to fit your
body properly.

m When you use the computer keyboard, your shoulders should be relaxed.

Your upper ar m and forearm should form an approximate right angle, with
your wrist and hand in roughly a straight line.

Health, Safety, and Maintenance Tips

77

Shoulders relaxed

Forearms and hands

in a straight line

Forearms level

or tilted up slightly

Lower back supported

You may have to raise your chair so your forearms and hands are at the
proper angle to the keyboard. If this makes it impossible to rest your feet
flat on the floor, you can use a footrest with adjustable height and tilt to
make up for any gap between the floor and your feet. Or you may lower
the desktop to eliminate the need for a footrest. Another option is to use a
desk with a keyboard tray that’s lower than the regular work surface.

m Position the mouse at the same height as your keyboard. Allow adequate

space to use the mouse comfortably.

m Arrange the monitor so the top of the screen is slightly below your eye

level when you’re sitting at the keyboard. The best distance from your eyes
to the screen is up to you, although most people seem to prefer 18 to 28
inches (45 to 70 cm).

m Position the monitor to minimize glare and reflections on the screen from

overhead lights and windows. You may want to use a tiltable monitor
stand. The sta nd lets you set the monitor at the best angle for viewing,
helping to reduce or eliminate glare from lighting sources you can’t move.

45–70 cm (18–28 in.)



Top of the screen at or slightly
below eye level (You may need
to adjust the height of your
monitor by placing something
under it or by raising your
work surface.)

Screen positioned to avoid
reflected glare

78

Clearance under work surface

Thighs horizontal

Feet flat on the floor

Appendix A

Avoiding fatigue

m Change your seated position, stand up, or stretch whenever you start to feel

tired. Frequent short breaks are helpful in reducing fatigue.

m Use a light touch when typing or using a mouse and keep your hands and

fingers relaxed.

m Some computer users may develop discomfort in their hands, wrists, or

arms after intensive work without breaks. If you begin to develop chronic
pain or discomfort in your hands, wrists, or arms, consult a qualified
health specialist.

m Allow adequate work space so that you can use your keyboard and mouse

comfortably. Place papers or other items so you can view them easily while
using your computer. A document stand may make reading papers more
comfortable.

m Eye muscles must work harder to focus on nearby objects. Occasionally

focus your eyes on a distant object, and blink often while you work.

m Clean your screen regularly. Keeping the screen clean helps reduce

unwanted reflections.

What about electromagnetic emissions?

There has been recent public discussion of the possible health effects of
prolonged exposure to extremely low frequency (ELF) and very low
frequency (VLF) electromagnetic fields. Such fields are associated with
electromagnetic sources such as television sets, electrical wiring, and some
household appliances—as well as computer monitors.

Apple has reviewed scientific reports and sought the counsel of government
regulatory agencies and respected health organizations. Based on the
prevailing evidence and opinions, Apple believes that the electric and
magnetic fields produced by computer monitors do not pose a health risk.

In response to those customers who wish to reduce their exposure to
electromagnetic fields, Apple has lowered the emission levels of our products.
We are also actively encouraging further scientific research so we can
continue to promote the health and safety of our customers and employees.

Health, Safety, and Maintenance Tips

79

Safety instructions

For your own safety and that of your equipment, always take the following
precautions.

Turn off the computer completely and disconnect the power plug (by pulling
the plug, not the cord) if any of the following conditions exists:

m the power cord or plug becomes frayed or otherwise damaged
m you spill something into the case
m your Macintosh is exposed to rain or any other excess moisture
m your Macintosh has been dropped or the case has been otherwise damaged
m you suspect that your Macintosh needs service or repair
m you want to clean the case (use only the recommended procedure

Be sure that you always do the following:

m Keep your Macintosh away from sources of liquids, such as wash basins,

m Protect your Macintosh from dampness or wet weather, such as rain, snow,

described later in this chapter)

bathtubs, shower stalls, and so on.

and so on.

80

Appendix A

m Read all the installation instructions carefully before you plug your

Macintosh into a wall socket.

m Keep these instructions handy for reference by you and others.
m Follow all instructions and warni ngs dealing with your system.

WARNING

Electrical equipment may be hazardous if misused. Operation
of this product, or similar products, must always be supervised by an
adult. Do not allow children access to the interior of any electrical
product and do not permit them to handle any cables.

Handling your computer equipment

Follow these guidelines for handling your computer and its components:
m When setting up your computer, place components on a sturdy, flat surface,

and carefully follow all setup instructions.

m When connecting or disconnecting a cable, always hold the cable by its

connector (the plug, not the cord).

m Turn off your computer and all its components before connecting or

disconnecting any cables to add or remove any component. Failure to do so
could seriously damage your equipment.

m Never force a connector into a port. If the connector and port do not join

with reasonable ease, they probably don’t match. Make sure that the
connector matches the port and that you have positioned the connector
correctly in relation to the port.

m Take care not to spill any food or liquid on the computer, keyboard, mouse,

or other components. If you do, turn your computer off immediately and
unplug it before cleaning up the spill. Depending on what you spilled and
how much of it got into your equipment, you may have to bring your
equipment to an Apple-authorized service provider.

m Protect the computer and its components from direct sunlight and rain or

other moisture.

m Keep all ventilation openings clear and unobstructed. Without proper air

circulation, components can overheat, causing damage or unreliable
operation.

WARNING

This equipment is intended to be electrically grounded. Your
Macintosh is equipped with a three-wire grounding plug—a plug that
has a third (grounding) pin. This plug will fit only a grounded AC
outlet. This is a safety feature. If you are unable to insert the plug into
the outlet, contact a licensed electrician to replace the outlet with a
properly grounded outlet. Do not defeat the purpose of the grounding
plug!

Health, Safety, and Maintenance Tips

81

Handling the monitor

Follow these procedures for handling a monitor:
m Turn down the screen brightness control if you leave the computer turned

on for extended periods. If the brightness is not turn ed down, the image on
the screen could “burn in” and damage the screen.

You can also use a “screen saver” program, which dims or varies the image
on the screen when the computer has been idle for a specified period of
time. These programs are available from independent suppliers and user
groups.

m Make sure that the ventilation openings on the computer and the monitor

are clear and unobstructed.

m Some large monitors cannot safely be placed on top of the computer.

Check the instructions that came with the monitor for setup information.

m If there is interference on the monitor’s screen or on a television or radio

near your computer, move the affected equipment farther away.

Handling the keyboard

Take care not to spill any liquid on the keyboard. If you do, turn off your
computer immediately.

82

m If you spill liquid that is thin and clear, unplug the keyboard, turn it upside

down to let the liquid drain out, and let it dry for 24 hours at room
temperature. If, after you take these steps, the keyboard doesn’t work, take
it to an Apple-authorized service provider for repair.

m If you spill liquid that is greasy, sweet, or sticky, unplug the keyboard and

take it to an Apple-authorized service provider for repair.

Appendix A

Handling floppy disks

Store disks at
temperatures
between 50° F
and 125° F.

125° F (52° C)

50° F (10° C)

Do not touch the
exposed part of the
disk behind the 
metal shutter.

Do not use a
pencil or an 
eraser on a disk
or disk label.

Keep disks away 
from magnets.




Keep disks dry.

Avoid exposing
disks to extremely
hot temperatures.

Ejecting a disk

For instructions on ejecting a floppy disk, a CD-ROM disc, or a removable
media disk, see the “Disks” topic of Macintosh Guide, available in the Guide
(h) menu.

Health, Safety, and Maintenance Tips

83

If you can’t eject a floppy disk

If you can’t eject a floppy disk in the usual way, try the following in order:
m Hold down the x and Shift keys and press the number 1 key on your

keyboard to eject a disk in the internal disk drive.

m Turn off the computer. If the disk isn’t ejected, then hold down the button

on your mouse or other pointing device while you turn the computer on
again.

m Locate the small hole near the disk drive’s opening, and carefully inser t the

end of a large straightened paper clip into it. Push gently until the disk is
ejected. Do not use excessive force.

If nothing works, take the computer or disk drive to your Apple-authorized
service provider to have the disk removed.

84

Power supply

The power supply in your computer is a high-voltage component and should
not be opened for any reason, even when the computer is off. If the power
supply needs service, contact your Apple-authorized dealer or service
provider.

Appendix A

Cleaning your equipment

Follow these general rules when cleaning the outside of your computer and
its components:

m Use a damp, soft, lint-free cloth to clean the computer’s exterior. Avoid

getting moisture in any openings.

m Don’t use aerosol sprays, solvents, or abrasives.

Cleaning the computer case

To clean the case, do the following:

1 Turn off the computer completely and then disconnect the power plug. (Pull the plug, not

the cord.)

2 Wipe the surfaces lightly with a clean, soft cloth dampened with water.

Cleaning the monitor

To clean the screen, put household glass cleaner on a soft cloth and wipe the
screen. Don’t spray the cleaner di rectly on the screen, because the liquid
might drip into the monitor or computer.

Cleaning the mouse

The mouse contains a small ball that must roll smoothly for the mouse to
work properly. You can keep this ball free of dirt a nd grease by using the
mouse on a clean, lint-free surface and cleaning it occasionally.

You need a few cotton swabs and a clean, soft, lint-free cloth.

1 Turn off your computer.

Health, Safety, and Maintenance Tips

85

2 Turn the mouse upside-down and turn the plastic ring on the bottom counterclockwise

to disengage it.

If you have an older mouse, you may need to press the plastic ring (rather
than turn it) to disengage it.

3 Turn the mouse right-side up with one hand and catch the ring and the ball with your

other hand.

4 Clean the three small rollers inside the mouse with a cotton swab moistened with water.

Rotate the rollers to clean all around them.

86

5 Wipe the mouse ball with a clean, soft, dry, and lint-free cloth.
6 If necessary, wash the mouse ball with warm soapy water (use a mild soap such as a

dishwashing liquid) and then dry the mouse ball thoroughly.
7 Gently blow into the mouse case to remove any dust that has collected there.
8 Put the ball and the ring back in place.

Your mouse should roll smoothly across your mouse pad or desk. If it doesn’t,

repeat these instructions carefully.

Appendix A

Read this appendix for

instructions on installing an

expansion card in you computer.

Appendix B
Installing an Expansion Card

Expansion cards are printed circuit boards that can be installed i n your
computer to give it special capabilities, such as enhanced video capabilities,
networking and communications, and additional processing power.

You can install expansion cards by following the instructions that came with
the card, or by following the instructions in this appendix. However, be sure
to read this appendix for instructions that may be specific to your computer.

87

Cards fit into slots on the computer’s logic board, the board that holds the

components that make your computer work. There are three types of slots on

your computer’s logic board, each labeled on the board:

m a communication slot for an internal modem or an E thernet card

m a video-in slot for a card that brings signals into the computer from a

videocassette recorder (VCR), laserdisc player, video camera, or similar
device

m an LC-compatible 68030 processor-di rect slot (PDS) for most other cards

Video-in slot
Processor-direct slot
Communication slot

Vertical plate

88

Appendix B

Note: The process you use to install a TV tuner card is different from the one

described in this appendix. See the documentation that came with that card

for instructions.

WARNING

To avoid damaging your computer and expansion card, do not
attempt to install any expansion card without first checking the
documentation for that card. If the documentation specifies that an
Apple-certified technician must install the card (usually because
the installation requires special training or tools), consult the service
and support information that came with your computer for instructions
on how to contact an Apple-authorized service provider or Apple for
assistance. If you attempt to install the card yourself, a ny damage you
may cause to the computer or card will not be covered by the limited
warranty on your computer. If the card is not an Apple-labeled product,
check with an Apple-authorized dealer or service provider to see if you
can install it yourself.

Installing an expansion card involves three steps:

m opening the computer
m inserting the card into a specific slot
m closing the computer

Opening the computer

1 Shut down your computer by choosing Shut Down from the Special menu.

You can also press the Power key on the keyboard.

2 Unplug all the cables except the power cord from your computer.

Leaving the power cord plugged in helps protect the computer from
electrostatic discharge.

IMPORTANT

To avoid generating static electricity that may damage
components, do not walk around the room until you have completed the
installation of the expansion card and closed the computer. Additionally, move
the logic board as little as possible while it is outside the computer case.

3 Place your thumbs on the two tabs at the top of the back panel, and press down.

Installing an Expansion Card

89

4 Pulling gently, swing the panel down, and slip it out.

Remove the back panel.

5 If there are security screws on the vertical plate on the back of the computer, remove

them with a Phillips screwdriver.

90

If there are security screws, remove both screws from the vertical plate.

Appendix B

6 Unplug the power cord from your computer.
7 Swing the handle out from its storage position. Then grasp the handle and gently but

firmly pull it toward you.

The vertical plate and the logic board to which it’s attached slide all the way
out of the computer.

What you do next depends on the type of expansion card you want to install.

Installing an Expansion Card

91

Installing a processor-direct slot (PDS) card

1 If your PDS (processor-direct slot) card has ports for connecting equipment, remove the

plastic access cover from the vertical plate.

Squeeze the two plastic tabs together and pull off the
metal retainer so the access cover can come off.

Metal retainer

Vertical plate

Processor-direct slot

2 Remove the PDS card from its static-proof bag.

92

Hold the card by its edges to avoid touching any connectors on the card.

3 Locate the slot on the logic board labeled LC PDS SLOT.
4 Align the card over the processor-direct slot.

Vertical plate

Processor-direct slotPDS access hole (or cover)

Appendix B