TL-SL3428
24-Port 10/100Mbps + 4-Port Gigabit
JetStream L2 Managed Switch
Rev: 1.1.0
1910010621
COPYRIGHT & TRADEMARKS
Specifications are subject to change without notice. is a registered trademark of
TP-LINK TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Other brands and product names are trademarks or
registered trademarks of their respective holders.
No part of the specifications may be reproduced in any form or by any means or used to make any
derivative such as translation, transformation, or adaptation without permission from TP-LINK
TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Copyright © 2012 TP-LINK TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights
reserved.
http://www.tp-link.com
FCC STATEMENT
This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class A digital device,
pursuant to part 15 of the FCC Rules. These limits are designed to provide reasonable protection
against harmful interference when the equipment is operated in a commercial environment. This
equipment generates, uses, and can radiate radio frequency energy and, if not installed and used
in accordance with the instruction manual, may cause harmful interference to radio
communications. Operation of this equipment in a residential area is likely to cause harmful
interference in which case the user will be required to correct the interference at his own expense.
This device complies with part 15 of the FCC Rules. Operation is subject to the following two
conditions:
1) This device may not cause harmful interference.
2) This device must accept any interference received, including interference that may cause
undesired operation.
Any changes or modifications not expressly approved by the party responsible for compliance
could void the user’s authority to operate the equipment.
CE Mark Warning
This is a Class A product. In a domestic environment, this product may cause radio interference, in
which case the user may be required to take adequate measures.
SAFETY NOTICES
Caution:
Do not use this product near water, for example, in a wet basement or near a swimming pool.
Avoid using this product during an electrical storm. There may be a remote risk of electric shock
from lightning.
I
CONTENTS
Package Contents ..........................................................................................................................1
Chapter 1 About this Guide........................................................................................................... 2
1.1 Intended Readers .........................................................................................................2
1.2 Conventions..................................................................................................................2
1.3 Overview of This Guide ................................................................................................2
Chapter 2 Introduction ..................................................................................................................6
2.1 Overview of the Switch ................................................................................................. 6
2.2 Main Features...............................................................................................................6
2.3 Appearance Description ...............................................................................................7
2.3.1 Front Panel ........................................................................................................7
2.3.2 Rear Panel .........................................................................................................8
Chapter 3 Login to the Switch.......................................................................................................9
3.1 Login.............................................................................................................................9
3.2 Configuration ................................................................................................................9
Chapter 4 System ....................................................................................................................... 11
4.1 System Info................................................................................................................. 11
4.1.1 System Summary............................................................................................. 11
4.1.2 Device Description ...........................................................................................13
4.1.3 System Time ....................................................................................................14
4.1.4 System IP.........................................................................................................15
4.2 User Manage ..............................................................................................................16
4.2.1 User Table ........................................................................................................
16
4.2.2 User Config ......................................................................................................17
4.3 System Tools ..............................................................................................................18
4.3.1 Config Restore .................................................................................................18
4.3.2 Config Backup..................................................................................................19
4.3.3 Firmware Upgrade ...........................................................................................19
4.3.4 System Reboot ................................................................................................20
4.3.5 System Reset...................................................................................................20
4.4 Access Security ..........................................................................................................21
4.4.1 Access Control.................................................................................................21
4.4.2 SSL Config....................................................................................................... 23
4.4.3 SSH Config ...................................................................................................... 24
Chapter 5 Switching....................................................................................................................30
5.1 Port .............................................................................................................................30
5.1.1 Port Config .......................................................................................................30
II
5.1.2 Port Mirror ........................................................................................................31
5.1.3 Port Security ....................................................................................................34
5.1.4 Port Isolation ....................................................................................................36
5.2 LAG ............................................................................................................................37
5.2.1 LAG Table ........................................................................................................37
5.2.2 Static LAG ........................................................................................................39
5.2.3 LACP Config .................................................................................................... 40
5.3 Traffic Monitor .............................................................................................................42
5.3.1 Traffic Summary...............................................................................................42
5.3.2 Traffic Statistics ................................................................................................43
5.4 MAC Address.............................................................................................................. 44
5.4.1 Address Table ..................................................................................................45
5.4.2 Static Address ..................................................................................................47
5.4.3 Dynamic Address .............................................................................................48
5.4.4 Filtering Address ..............................................................................................50
Chapter 6 VLAN..........................................................................................................................52
6.1 802.1Q VLAN..............................................................................................................53
6.1.1 VLAN Config .................................................................................................... 55
6.1.2 Port Config .......................................................................................................57
6.2 Protocol VLAN ............................................................................................................59
6.2.1 Protocol VLA
N .................................................................................................60
6.2.2 Protocol Template ............................................................................................60
6.2.3 Port Enable ...................................................................................................... 61
6.3 Application Example for 802.1Q VLAN .......................................................................62
6.4 Application Example for Protocol VLAN......................................................................64
6.5 GVRP .........................................................................................................................65
Chapter 7 Spanning Tree............................................................................................................69
7.1 STP Config .................................................................................................................74
7.1.1 STP Config.......................................................................................................74
7.1.2 STP Summary..................................................................................................76
7.2 Port Config..................................................................................................................77
7.3 MSTP Instance ...........................................................................................................79
7.3.1 Region Config .................................................................................................. 79
7.3.2 Instance Config ................................................................................................80
7.3.3 Instance Port Config.........................................................................................81
7.4 STP Security...............................................................................................................83
7.4.1 Port Protect ......................................................................................................83
III
7.4.2 TC Protect........................................................................................................86
7.5 Application Example for STP Function .......................................................................87
Chapter 8 Multicast .....................................................................................................................91
8.1 IGMP Snooping ..........................................................................................................93
8.1.1 Snooping Config ..............................................................................................94
8.1.2 Port Config .......................................................................................................95
8.1.3 VLAN Config .................................................................................................... 96
8.1.4 Multicast VLAN ................................................................................................98
8.2 Multicast IP ...............................................................................................................101
8.2.1 Multicast IP Table ...........................................................................................102
8.2.2 Static Multicast IP...........................................................................................102
8.3 Multicast Filter...........................................................................................................104
8.3.1 IP-Range........................................................................................................104
8.3.2 Port Filter .......................................................................................................105
8.4 Packet Statistics........................................................................................................106
Chapter 9 QoS ..........................................................................................................................108
9.1 DiffServ..................................................................................................................... 111
9.1.1 Port Priority .................................................................................................... 111
9.1.2 Schedule Mode .............................................................................................. 112
9.1.3
802.1P Priority
............................................................................................... 113
9.1.4 DSCP Priority.................................................................................................114
9.2 Bandwidth Control ....................................................................................................116
9.2.1 Rate Limit....................................................................................................... 116
9.2.2 Storm Control.................................................................................................117
9.3 Voice VLAN .............................................................................................................. 118
9.3.1 Global Config ................................................................................................. 120
9.3.2 Port Config .....................................................................................................121
9.3.3 OUI Config ..................................................................................................... 122
Chapter 10 ACL..........................................................................................................................124
10.1 Time-Range..............................................................................................................124
10.1.1 Time-Range Summary...................................................................................124
10.1.2 Time-Range Create........................................................................................125
10.1.3 Holiday Config................................................................................................126
10.2 ACL Config ...............................................................................................................126
10.2.1 ACL Summary................................................................................................127
10.2.2 ACL Create .................................................................................................... 127
10.2.3 MAC ACL ....................................................................................................... 128
IV
10.2.4 Standard-IP ACL ............................................................................................129
10.2.5 Extend-IP ACL ...............................................................................................130
10.3 Policy Config............................................................................................................. 131
10.3.1 Policy Summary .............................................................................................131
10.3.2 Policy Create..................................................................................................132
10.3.3 Action Create ................................................................................................. 132
10.4 Policy Binding ...........................................................................................................133
10.4.1 Binding Table .................................................................................................133
10.4.2 Port Binding ...................................................................................................134
10.4.3 VLAN Binding.................................................................................................134
10.5 Application Example for ACL ....................................................................................135
Chapter 11 Network Security ......................................................................................................138
11.1 IP-MAC Binding ........................................................................................................138
11.1.1 Binding Table .................................................................................................138
11.1.2 Manual Binding ..............................................................................................139
11.1.3 ARP Scanning................................................................................................141
11.1.4 DHCP Snooping.............................................................................................142
11.2 ARP Inspection .........................................................................................................148
11.2.1 ARP
Detect ....................................................................................................152
11.2.2 ARP Defend ...................................................................................................153
11.2.3 ARP Statistics ................................................................................................154
11.3 DoS Defend ..............................................................................................................155
11.4 802.1X ......................................................................................................................157
11.4.1 Global Config .................................................................................................161
11.4.2 Port Config ..................................................................................................... 162
11.4.3 Radius Server ................................................................................................164
Chapter 12 SNMP.......................................................................................................................166
12.1 SNMP Config............................................................................................................168
12.1.1 Global Config ................................................................................................. 168
12.1.2 SNMP View.................................................................................................... 169
12.1.3 SNMP Group..................................................................................................170
12.1.4 SNMP User ....................................................................................................171
12.1.5 SNMP Community..........................................................................................173
12.2 Notification................................................................................................................175
12.3 RMON.......................................................................................................................177
12.3.1 History Control ...............................................................................................178
12.3.2 Event Config ..................................................................................................178
V VI
12.3.3 Alarm Config .................................................................................................. 179
Chapter 13 Cluster......................................................................................................................182
13.1 NDP ..........................................................................................................................183
13.1.1 Neighbor Info .................................................................................................183
13.1.2 NDP Summary ...............................................................................................184
13.1.3 NDP Config ....................................................................................................186
13.2 NTDP........................................................................................................................187
13.2.1 Device Table ..................................................................................................187
13.2.2 NTDP Summary.............................................................................................188
13.2.3 NTDP Config..................................................................................................190
13.3 Cluster ......................................................................................................................191
13.3.1 Cluster Summary ...........................................................................................191
13.3.2 Cluster Config ................................................................................................193
13.4 Application Example for Cluster Function .................................................................194
Chapter 14 Maintenance ............................................................................................................197
14.1 System Monitor......................................................................................................... 197
14.1.1 CPU Monitor ..................................................................................................197
14.1.2 Memory Monitor .............................................................................................198
14.2
14.3 Device Diagnose.......................................................................................................203
14.4 Network Diagnose ....................................................................................................205
Chapter 15 System Maintenance via FTP .................................................................................. 207
Log............................................................................................................................199
14.2.1 Log T
14.2.2 Local Log .......................................................................................................201
14.2.3 Remote Log ...................................................................................................201
14.2.4 Backup Log ....................................................................................................202
14.3.1 Cable Test ...................................................................................................... 203
14.3.2 Loopback .......................................................................................................204
14.4.1 Ping................................................................................................................ 205
14.4.2 Tracert............................................................................................................206
able .......................................................................................................200
Appendix A: Specifications .........................................................................................................212
Appendix B: Configuring the PCs ............................................................................................... 213
Appendix C: 802.1X Client Software ..........................................................................................216
Appendix D: Glossary.................................................................................................................224
Package Contents
The following items should be found in your box:
One TL-SL3428 Switch
One power cord
One console cable
Two mounting brackets and other fittings
Quick Installation Guide
Resource CD for TL-SL3428 switch, including:
This User Guide
Other Helpful Information
Note:
Make sure that the package contains the above items. If any of the listed items are damaged or
missing, please contact your distributor.
1
Chapter 1 About this Guide
This User Guide contains information for setup and management of TL-SL3428 switch. Please
read this guide carefully before operation.
1.1 Intended Readers
This Guide is intended for network managers familiar with IT concepts and network terminologies.
1.2 Conventions
In this Guide the following conventions are used:
The switch or TL-SL3428 mentioned in this Guide stands for TL-SL3428 24-Port 10/100Mbps
+ 4-Port Gigabit JetStream L2 Managed Switch without any explanation.
Menu Name→Submenu Name→Tab page indicates the menu structure. System→System
Info→System Summary means the System Summary page under the System Info menu
option that is located under the System menu.
Bold font indicates a button, a toolbar icon, menu or menu item.
Symbols in this Guide：
Symbol Description
Ignoring this type of note might result in a malfunction or damage to the
Note:
Tips:
device.
This format indicates important information that helps you make better use
of your device.
1.3 Overview of This Guide
Chapter Introduction
Chapter 1 About This Guide Introduces the guide structure and conventions.
Chapter 2 Introduction Introduces the features, application and appearance of TL-SL3428
switch.
Chapter 3 Login to the Switch Introduces how to log on to TL-SL3428 Web management page.
2
Chapter Introduction
Chapter 4 System This module is used to configure system properties of the switch.
Here mainly introduces:
System Info: Configure the description, system time and network
parameters of the switch.
User Manage: Configure the user name and password for users
to log on to the Web management page with a certain access
level.
System Tools: Manage the configuration file of the switch.
Access Security: Provide different security measures for the
login to enhance the configuration management security.
Chapter 5 Switching This module is used to configure basic functions of the switch. Here
mainly introduces:
Port: Configure the basic features for the port.
LAG: Configure Link Aggregation Group. LAG is to combine a
number of ports together to make a single high-bandwidth data
path.
Traffic Monitor: Monitor the traffic of each port
MAC Address: Configure the address table of the switch.
Chapter 6 VLAN This module is used to configure VLANs to control broadcast in
LANs. Here mainly introduces:
802.1Q VLAN: Configure port-based VLAN.
Protocol VLAN: Create VLANs in application layer to make some
special data transmitted in the specified VLAN.
GVRP: GVRP allows the switch to automatically add or remove
the VLANs via the dynamic VLAN registration information and
propagate the local VLAN registration information to other
switches, without having to individually configure each VLAN.
Chapter 7 Spanning Tree This module is used to configure spanning tree function of the
switch. Here mainly introduces:
STP Config: Configure and view the global settings of spanning
tree function.
Port Config: Configure CIST parameters of ports.
MSTP Instance: Configure MSTP instances.
STP Security: Configure protection function to prevent devices
from any malicious attack against STP features.
Chapter 8 Multicast This module is used to configure multicast function of the switch.
Here mainly introduces:
IGMP Snooping: Configure global parameters of IGMP Snooping
function, port properties, VLAN and multicast VLAN.
Multicast IP: Configure multicast IP table.
Multicast Filter: Configure multicast filter feature to restrict users
ordering multicast programs.
Packet Statistics: View the multicast data traffic on each port of
the switch, which facilitates you to monitor the IGMP messages
in the network.
3
Chapter Introduction
Chapter 9 QoS This module is used to configure QoS function to provide different
quality of service for various network applications and
requirements. Here mainly introduces:
DiffServ: Configure priorities, port priority, 802.1P priority and
DSCP priority.
Bandwidth Control: Configure rate limit feature to control the
traffic rate on each port; configure storm control feature to filter
broadcast, multicast and UL frame in the network.
Voice VLAN: Configure voice VLAN to transmit voice data
stream within the specified VLAN so as to ensure the
transmission priority of voice data stream and voice quality.
Chapter 10 ACL This module is used to configure match rules and process policies
of packets to filter packets in order to control the access of the
illegal users to the network. Here mainly introduces:
Time-Range: Configure the effective time for ACL rules.
ACL Config: ACL rules.
Policy Config: Configure operation policies.
Policy Binding: Bind the policy to a port/VLAN to take its effect on
a specific port/VLAN.
Chapter 11 Network Security This module is used to configure the multiple protection measures
for the network security. Here mainly introduces:
IP-MAC Binding: Bind the IP address, MAC address, VLAN ID
and the connected Port number of the Host together.
ARP Inspection: Configure ARP inspection feature to prevent the
network from ARP attacks.
DoS Defend: Configure DoS defend feature to prevent DoS
attack.
802.1X: Configure common access control mechanism for LAN
ports to solve mainly authentication and security problems.
Chapter 12 SNMP This module is used to configure SNMP function to provide a
management frame to monitor and maintain the network devices.
Here mainly introduces:
SNMP Config: Configure global settings of SNMP function.
Notification: Configure notification function for the management
station to monitor and process the events.
RMON: Configure RMON function to monitor network more
efficiently.
Chapter 13 Cluster This module is used to configure cluster function to central manage
the scattered devices in the network. Here mainly introduces:
NDP: Configure NDP function to get the information of the directly
connected neighbor devices.
NTDP: Configure NTDP function for the commander switch to
collect NDP information.
Cluster: Configure cluster function to establish and maintain
cluster.
4
Chapter Introduction
Chapter 14 Maintenance This module is used to assemble the commonly used system tools
to manage the switch. Here mainly introduces:
System Monitor: Monitor the memory and CPU of the switch.
Log: View configuration parameters on the switch.
Cable Test: Test the connection status of the cable connected to
the switch.
Loopback: Test if the port of the switch and the connected device
are available.
Network Diagnose: Test if the destination is reachable and the
account of router hops from the switch to the destination.
Chapter 15 System
Maintenance via FTP
Introduces how to download firmware of the switch via FTP
function.
Appendix A Specifications Lists the hardware specifications of the Switch
Appendix B Configure the PCs Introduces how to configure the PCs.
Appendix C 802.1X Client
Software
Introduces how to use 802.1X Client Software provided for
authentication.
Appendix D Glossary Lists the glossary used in this manual.
Return to CONTENTS
5
Chapter 2 Introduction
Thanks for choosing the TL-SL3428 24-Port 10/100Mbps + 4-Port Gigabit L2 Managed Switch!
2.1 Overview of the Switch
Designed for workgroups and departments, TL-SL3428 from TP-Link provides wire-speed
performance and full set of layer 2 management features. It provides a variety of service features
and multiple powerful functions with high security.
The EIA-standardized framework and smart configuration capacity can provide flexible solutions
for a variable scale of networks. ACL, 802.1x and Dynamic ARP Inspection provide robust security
strategy. QoS and IGMP snooping/filtering optimize voice and video application. Link aggregation
(LACP) increases aggregated bandwidth, optimizing the transport of business critical data. SNMP,
RMON, WEB/CLI/Telnet Log-in bring abundant management policies. TL-SL3428 Switch
integrates multiple functions with excellent performance, and is friendly to manage, which can fully
meet the need of the users demanding higher networking performance.
2.2 Main Features
Resiliency and Availability
+ Link aggregation (LACP) increases aggregated bandwidth, optimizing the transport of
business critical data.
+ IEEE 802.1s Multiple Spanning Tree provides high link availability in multiple VLAN
environments.
+ Multicast snooping automatically prevents flooding of IP multicast traffic.
+ Root Guard protects root bridge from malicious attack or configuration mistakes
Layer 2 Switching
+ GVRP (GARP VLAN Registration Protocol) allows automatic learning and dynamic
assignment of VLANs.
+ Supports 255 active VLAN groups and 4K VLAN IDs.
Quality of Service
+ Supports L2/L3 granular CoS with 4 priority queues per port.
+ Rate limiting confines the traffic flow accurately according to the preset value.
Security
+ Supports multiple industry standard user authentication methods such as 802.1x, RADIUS.
+ Dynamic ARP Inspection blocks ARP packets from unauthorized hosts, preventing
man-in-the-middle attacks.
+ L2/L3/L4 Access Control Lists restrict untrusted access to the protected resource.
+ Provides SSHv1/v2, SSL 2.0/3.0 and TLS v1 for access encryption.
Manageability
+ IP Clustering provides high scalability and easy Single-IP-Management.
+ Supports Telnet, CLI, SNMP v1/v2c/v3, RMON and web access.
+ Port Mirroring enables monitoring selected ingress/egress traffic.
6
2.3 Appearance Description
2.3.1 Front Panel
Figure 2-1 Front Panel
The following parts are located on the front panel of the Switch:
10/100Mbps Ports: Designed to connect to the device with a bandwidth of 10Mbps or
100Mbps. Each has a corresponding 10/100Mbps LED.
10/100/1000Mbps Ports: Designed to connect to the device with a bandwidth of 10Mbps,
100Mbps or 1000Mbps. Each has a corresponding 1000Mbps LED.
SFP Ports: Designed to install the SFP module. The Switch features some SFP transceiver
slots that are shared with the associated RJ45 ports. The associated two ports are referred as a
“Combo” port, which means they cannot be used simultaneously, otherwise only SFP port
works.
Console Port: Designed to connect with the serial port of a computer or terminal for monitoring
and configuring the Switch.
LEDs
Name Status Indication
10/100Mbps
PWR
SYS
On Power is on.
Flashing Power supply is abnormal.
Off Power is off or power supply is abnormal.
On The Switch is working abnormally.
Flashing The Switch is working normally.
Off The Switch is working abnormally.
On A device is linked to the corresponding port, but no activity.
Flashing Data is being transmitted or received.
Green The linked device is running at 100Mbps.
Yellow The linked device is running at 10Mbps.
Off No device is connected to the corresponding port.
On A device is linked to the corresponding port, but no activity.
1000Mbps
Flashing Data is being transmitted or received.
Green The linked device is running at 1000Mbps.
Yellow The linked device is running at 10/100Mbps.
Off No device is connected to the corresponding port.
7
Note:
When using the SFP port with a 100M module or a gigabit module, you need log on to the GUI
(Graphical User Interface) of the Switch and configure its corresponding Speed and Duplex mode
on Switching→Port→Port Config page. For 100M module, please select 100MFD while select
1000MFD for gigabit module. By default, the Speed and Duplex mode of SFP port is 1000MFD.
2.3.2 Rear Panel
The rear panel of TL-SL3428 features a power socket and a Grounding Terminal (marked with ).
Figure 2-2 Rear Panel
Grounding Terminal: TL-SL3428 already comes with Lightning Protection Mechanism. You
can also ground the Switch through the PE (Protecting Earth) cable of AC cord or with Ground
Cable. For detail information, please refer to Quick Installation Guide.
AC Power Socket: Connect the female connector of the power cord here, and the male
connector to the AC power outlet. Please make sure the voltage of the power supply meets the
requirement of the input voltage (100-240V~ 50/60Hz 0.6A).
Return to CONTENTS
8
Chapter 3 Login to the Switch
3.1 Login
1) To access the configuration utility, open a web-browser and type in the default address
http://192.168.0.1 in the address field of the browser, then press the Enter key.
Figure 3-1 Web-browser
Tips:
To log in to the Switch, the IP address of your PC should be set in the same subnet addresses of
the Switch. The IP address is 192.168.0.x ("x" is any number from 2 to 254), Subnet Mask is
255.255.255.0. For the detailed instructions as to how to do this, please refer to Appendix B.
2) After a moment, a login window will appear, as shown in Figure 3-2. Enter admin for
Name and Password, both in lower case letters. Then click the Login button or press the Enter
key.
Figure 3-2 Login
the User
3.2 Configuration
After a successful login, the main page will appear as Figure 3-3, and you can configure the
function by clicking the setup menu on the left side of the screen.
9
Figure 3-3 Main Setup-Menu
Note:
Clicking Apply can only make the new configurations effective before the switch is rebooted. If
you want to keep the configurations effective even the switch is rebooted, please click Saving
Config. You are suggested to click Saving Config before cutting off the power or rebooting the
switch to avoid losing the new configurations.
Return to CONTENTS
10
Chapter 4 System
The System module is mainly for system configuration of the switch, including four submenus:
System Info, User Manage, System Tools and Access Security.
4.1 System Info
The System Info, mainly for basic properties configuration, can be implemented on System
Summary, Device Description, System Time and System IP pages.
4.1.1 System Summary
On this page you can view the port connection status and the system information.
The port status diagram shows the working status of 24 10/100Mbps RJ45 ports, 4
10/100/1000Mbps RJ45 ports and 2 SFP ports of the switch. The ports labeled as numbers are
10/100Mbps ports; the ports labeled as G are 10/100/1000Mbps ports; the ports labeled as SFP
are SFP ports.
Choose the menu System→System Info→System Summary to load the following page.
Port Status
Figure 4-1 System Summary
Indicates the 100Mbps port is not connected to a device.
Indicates the 100Mbps port is at the speed of 100Mbps.
11
Indicates the 100Mbps port is at the speed of 10Mbps.
Indicates the 1000Mbps port is not connected to a device.
Indicates the 1000Mbps port is at the speed of 1000Mbps.
Indicates the 1000Mbps port is at the speed of 10Mbps or 100Mbps.
Indicates the SFP port is not connected to a device.
Indicates the SFP port is at the speed of 1000Mbps.
Indicates the SFP port is at the speed of 100Mbps.
When the cursor moves on the port, the detailed information of the port will be displayed.
Figure 4-2 Port Information
Port Info
Port: Displays the port number of the switch.
Typ e: Displays the type of the port.
Rate: Displays the maximum transmission rate of the port.
Status: Displays the connection status of the port.
Click a port to display the bandwidth utilization on this port. The actual rate divided by theoretical
maximum rate is the bandwidth utilization. Figure 4-3 displays the bandwidth utilization monitored
every four seconds. Monitoring the
bandwidth utilization on each port facilitates you to monitor the
network traffic and analyze the network abnormities.
12
Figure 4-3 Bandwidth Utilization
Bandwidth Utilization
Rx: Select Rx to display the bandwidth utilization of receiving packets
on this port.
Tx: Select Tx to display the bandwidth utilization of sending packets
on this port.
4.1.2 Device Description
On this page you can configure the description of the switch, including device name, device location
and system contact.
Choose the menu System→System Info→Device Description to load the following page.
Figure 4-4 Device Description
The following entries are displayed on this screen:
Device Description
Device Name: Enter the name of the switch.
13
Device Loca
tion: Enter the location of the switch.
System Contact: Enter your contact information.
4.1.3 System Time
System Time is the time displayed while the switch is running. On this page you can configure the
system time and the settings here will be used for other time-based functions like ACL.
You can manually set the system time, get GMT automatically if it has connected to a NTP server or
synchronize with PC’s clock as the system time.
Choose the menu System→System Info→System Time to load the following page.
Figure 4-5 System Time
The following entries are displayed on this screen:
Time Info
Current System
Date:
Current Time
Source:
Time Config
Manual: When this option is selected, you can set the date and time
Displays the current date and time of the switch.
Displays the current time source of the switch.
manually.
14
Get GMT
: When this option is selected, you can configure the time zone and
the IP Address for the NTP Server. The switch will get GMT
automatically if it has connected to a NTP Server.
Time Zone: Select your local time.
Primary/Secondary NTP Server: Enter the IP Address for the
NTP Server.
Synchronize with
PC’S Clock:
DST Config
When this option is selected, the administrator PC’s clock is
utilized.
DST Status: Enable or Disable DST.
Start Time: Select start time.
End Time: Select end time.
Note:
1. The system time will be restored to the default when the switch is restarted and you need
reconfigure the system time of the switch.
2. When Get GMT is selected and no time server is configured, the switch will get time from the
time server of the Internet if it has connected to the Internet.
4.1.4 System IP
Each device in the network possesses a unique IP Address. You can log on to the Web
management page to operate the switch using this IP Address. The switch supports three modes
to obtain an IP address: Static IP, DHCP and BOOTP. The IP address obtained using a new mode
will replace the original IP address. On this page you can configure the system IP of the switch.
Choose the menu System→System Info→System IP to load the following page.
Figure 4-6 System IP
The following entries are displayed on this screen:
IP Config
MAC Address: Displays MAC Address of the switch.
15
Address Mode: Select the mode to obtain IP Address for the switch.
IP
Static IP: When this option is selected, you should enter IP
Address, Subnet Mask and Default Gateway manually.
DHCP: When this option is selected, the switch will obtain
network parameters from the DHCP Server.
BOOTP: When this option is selected, the switch will obtain
network parameters from the BOOTP Server.
Management VLAN: Enter the ID of management VLAN, the only VLAN through which
you can get access to the switch. By default VLAN1 owning all the
ports is the Management VLAN and you can access the switch via
any port on the switch. However, if another VLAN is created and
set to be the Management VLAN, you may have to reconnect the
management station to a port that is a member of the
Management VLAN.
IP Address: Enter the system IP of the switch. The default system IP is
192.168.0.1 and you can change it appropriate to your needs.
Subnet Mask: Enter the subnet mask of the switch.
Default Gateway: Enter the default gateway of the switch.
Note:
1. Changing the IP address to a different IP segment will interrupt the network communication,
so please keep the new IP address in the same IP segment with the local network.
2. The switch only possesses an IP address. The IP address configured will replace the original
IP address.
3. If the switch gets the IP address from DHCP server, you can see the configuration of the
switch in the DHCP server; if DHCP option is selected but no DHCP server exists in the
network, the switch will keep obtaining IP address from DHCP server until success.
4. If DHCP or BOOTP option is selected, the switch will gets network parameters dynamically
from the Internet, so IP address, subnet mask and default gateway can not be configured.
5. By default, the default IP address is 192.168.0.1.
4.2 User Manage
User Manage functions to configure the user name and password for users to log on to the Web
management page with a certain access level so as to protect the settings of the switch from being
randomly changed.
The User Manage function can be implemented on User Table and User Config pages.
4.2.1 User Table
On this page you can view the information about the current users of the switch.
Choose the menu System→User Manage→User Table to load the following page.
16
Figure 4-7 User Table
4.2.2 User Config
On this page you can configure the access level of the user to log on to the Web management
page. The switch provides two access levels: Guest and Admin. The guest only can view the
settings without the right to configure the switch; the admin can configure all the functions of the
switch. The Web management pages contained in this guide are subject to the admin’s login without any
explanation.
Choose the menu System→User Manage→User Config to load the following page.
Figure 4-8 User Config
The following entries are displayed on this screen:
User Info
User Name: Create a name for users’ login.
Access Level: Select the access level to login.
Admin: Admin can edit, modify and view all the settings of
different functions.
Guest: Guest only can view the settings without the right to edit
and modify.
User Status: Select Enable/Disable the user configuration.
17
word: Type a password for users’ login.
Pass
Confirm Password: Retype the password.
User Table
Select: Select the desired entry to delete the corresponding user
information. It is multi-optional The current user information can’t
be deleted.
User ID, Name,
Access Level and
status:
Operation: Click the Edit button of the desired entry, and you can edit the
Displays the current user ID, user name, access level and user
status.
corresponding user information. After modifying the settings,
please click the Modify button to make the modification effective.
Access level and user status of the current user information can’t
be modified.
4.3 System Tools
The System Tools function, allowing you to manage the configuration file of the switch, can be
implemented on Config Restore, Config Backup, Firmware Upgrade, System Reboot and
System Reset pages.
4.3.1 Config Restore
On this page you can upload a backup configuration file to restore your switch to this previous
configuration.
Choose the menu System→System Tools→Config Restore to load the following page.
Figure 4-9 Config Restore
The following entries are displayed on this screen:
Config Restore
Restore Config: Click the Restore Config button to restore the backup
configuration file. It will take effect after the switch automatically
reboots.
18
Note:
1. It will take a few minutes to restore the configuration. Please wait without any operation.
2. To avoid any damage, please don’t power down the switch while being restored.
3. After being restored, the current settings of the switch will be lost. Wrong uploaded
configuration file may cause the switch unmanaged.
4.3.2 Config Backup
On this page you can download the current configuration and save it as a file to your computer for
your future configuration restore.
Choose the menu System→System Tools→Config Backup to load the following page.
Figure 4-10 Config Backup
The following entries are displayed on this screen:
Config Backup
Backup Config: Click the Backup Config button to save the current configuration
as a file to your computer. You are suggested to take this measure
before upgrading.
Note:
It will take a few minutes to backup the configuration. Please wait without any operation.
4.3.3 Firmware Upgrade
The switch system can be upgraded via the Web management page. To upgrade the system is to
get more functions and better performance. Go to http://www.tp-link.com to download the updated
firmware.
Choose the menu System→System Tools→Firmware Upgrade to load the following page.
19
Note:
1. Don’t interrupt the upgrade.
Figure 4-11 Firmware Upgrade
2. Please select the proper software version matching with your hardware to upgrade.
3. To avoid damage, please don't turn off the device while upgrading.
4. After upgrading, the device will reboot automatically.
5. You are suggested to backup the configuration before upgrading.
4.3.4 System Reboot
On this page you can reboot the switch and return to the login page. Please save the current
configuration before rebooting to avoid losing the configuration unsaved.
Choose the menu System→System Tools→System Reboot to load the following page.
Figure 4-12 System Reboot
Note:
To avoid damage, please don't turn off the device while rebooting.
4.3.5 System Reset
On this page you can reset the switch to the default. All the settings will be cleared after the switch
is reset.
Choose the menu System→System Tools→System Reset to load the following page.
20
Figure 4-13 System Reset
Note:
After the system is reset, the switch will be reset to the default and all the settings will be cleared.
4.4 Access Security
Access Security provides different security measures for the remote login so as to enhance the
configuration management security. It can be implemented on Access Control, SSL Config and
SSH Config pages.
4.4.1 Access Control
On this page you can control the users logging on to the Web management page to enhance the
configuration management security. The definitions of Admin and Guest refer to 1.2 User Manage
Choose the menu System→Access Security→Access Control to load the following page.
21
Figure 4-14 Access Control
The following entries are displayed on this screen:
Access Control Config
Control Mode: Select the control mode for users to log on to the Web
management page.
IP-based: Select this option to limit the IP-range of the users for
login.
MAC-based: Select this option to limit the MAC Address of the
users for login.
Port-based: Select this option to limit the ports for login.
IP Address&Mask These fields can be available for configuration only when IP-based
mode is selected. Only the users within the IP-range you set here
are allowed for login.
MAC Address: The field can be available for configuration only when MAC-based
mode is selected. Only the user with this MAC Address you set
here is allowed for login.
Port: The field can be available for configuration only when Port-based
mode is selected. Only the users connected to these ports you set
here are allowed for login.
Session Config
22
Session T
imeout: If you do nothing with the Web management page within the
timeout time, the system will log out automatically. If you want to
reconfigure, please login again.
Access User Number
Number Control；
Select Enable/Disable the Number Control function.
Admin Number: Enter the maximum number of the users logging on to the Web
management page as Admin.
Guest Number: Enter the maximum number of the users logging on to the Web
management page as Guest.
4.4.2 SSL Config
SSL (Secure Sockets Layer), a security protocol, is to provide a secure connection for the
application layer protocol (e.g. HTTP) communication based on TCP. SSL is widely used to secure
the data transmission between the Web browser and servers. It is mainly applied through
ecommerce and online banking.
SSL mainly provides the following services:
1. Authenticate the users and the servers based on the certificates to ensure the data are
transmitted to the correct users and servers;
2. Encrypt the data transmission to prevent the data being intercepted;
3. Maintain the integrality of the data to prevent the data being altered in the transmission.
Adopting asymmetrical encryption technology, SSL uses key pair to encrypt/decrypt information. A
key pair refers to a public key (contained in the certificate) and its corresponding private key. By
default the switch has a certificate (self-signed certificate) and a corresponding private key. The
Certificate/Key Download function enables the user to replace the default key pair.
After SSL is effective, you can log on to the Web management page via https://192.168.0.1
. For
the first time you use HTTPS connection to log into the switch with the default certificate, you will
be prompted that “The security certificate presented by this website was not issued by a trusted
certificate authority” or “Certificate Errors”. Please add this certificate to trusted certificates or
continue to this website.
On this page you can configure the SSL function.
Choose the menu System→Access Security→SSL Config to load the following page.
23
Figure 4-15 SSL Config
The following entries are displayed on this screen:
Global Config
SSL: Select Enable/Disable the SSL function on the switch.
Certificate Download
Certificate File: Select the desired certificate to download to the switch. The
certificate must be BASE64 encoded.
Key Download
Key File: Select the desired SSL Key to download to the switch. The key
must be BASE64 encoded.
Note:
1. The SSL certificate and key downloaded must match each other; otherwise the HTTPS
connection will not work.
2. The SSL certificate and key downloaded will not take effect until the switch is rebooted.
3. To establish a secured connection using https, please enter https:// into the URL field of the
browser.
4. It may take more time for https connection than that for http connection, because https
connection involves authentication, encryption and decryption etc.
4.4.3 SSH Config
As stipulated by IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force), SSH (Secure Shell) is a security protocol
established on application and transport layers. SSH-encrypted-connection is similar to a telnet
connection, but essentially the old telnet remote management method is not safe, because the
password and data transmitted with plain-text can be easily intercepted. SSH can provide
information security and powerful authentication when you log on to the switch remotely through
24
an insecure
network environment. It can encrypt all the transmission data and prevent the
information in a remote management being leaked.
Comprising server and client, SSH has two versions, V1 and V2 which are not compatible with
each other. In the communication, SSH server and client can auto-negotiate the SSH version and
the encryption algorithm. After getting a successful negotiation, the client sends authentication
request to the server for login, and then the two can communicate with each other after successful
authentication. This switch supports SSH server and you can log on to the switch via SSH
connection using SSH client software.
SSH key can be downloaded into the switch. If the key is successfully downloaded, the certificate
authentication will be preferred for SSH access to the switch.
Choose the menu System→Access Seurity→SSH Config to load the following page.
Figure 4-16 SSH Config
The following entries are displayed on this screen:
Global Config
SSH: Select Enable/Disable SSH function.
Protocol V1: Select Enable/Disable SSH V1 to be the supported protocol.
Protocol V2: Select Enable/Disable SSH V2 to be the supported protocol.
Idle Timeout: Specify the idle timeout time. The system will automatically
release the connection when the time is up. The default time is
500 seconds.
Max Connect: Specify the maximum number of the connections to the SSH
server. No new connection will be established when the number of
the connections reaches the maximum number you set. The
default value is 5.
25
Key Download
Key Type: Select the type of SSH Key to download. The switch supports
three types: SSH-1 RSA, SSH-2 RSA and SSH-2 DSA.
Key File: Select the desired key file to download.
Download: Click the Download button to download the desired key file to the
switch.
Note:
1. Please ensure the key length of the downloaded file is in the range of 256 to 3072 bits.
2. After the Key File is downloaded, the user’s original key of the same type will be replaced.
The wrong uploaded file will result in the SSH access to the switch via Password
authentication.
Application Example 1 for SSH:
Network Requirements
1. Log on to the switch via password authentication using SSH and the SSH function is enabled
on the switch.
2. PuTTY client software is recommended.
Configuration Procedure
1. Open the software to log on to the interface of PuTTY. Enter the IP address of the switch into
Host Name field; keep the default value 22 in the Port field; select SSH as the Connection
type.
2. Click the Open button in the above figure to log on to the switch. Enter the login user name and
password, and then you can continue to configure the switch.
26
Application Example 2 for SSH:
Network Requirements
1. Log on to the switch via password authentication using SSH and the SSH function is enabled
on the switch.
2. PuTTY client software is recommended.
Configuration Procedure
1. Select the key type and key length, and generate SSH key.
Note:
1. The key length is in the range of 256 to 3072 bits.
2. During the key generation, randomly moving the mouse quickly can accelerate the key
generation.
2. After the key is successfully generated, please save the public key and private key to the
computer.
27
3. On the Web management page of the switch, download the public key file saved in the
computer to the switch.
Note:
1. The key type should accord with the type of the key file.
2. The SSH key downloading can not be interrupted.
4. Download the private key file to SSH client software.
28
5. After the public key and private key are downloaded, please log on to the interface of PuTTY
and enter the IP address for login.
After successful authentication, please enter the login user name. If you log on to the switch
without entering password, it indicates that the key has been successfully downloaded.
Return to CONTENTS
29
Chapter 5 Switching
Switching module is used to configure the basic functions of the switch, including four submenus:
Port, LAG, Traffic Monitor and MAC Address.
5.1 Port
The Port function, allowing you to configure the basic features for the port, is implemented on the
Port Config, Port Mirror, Port Security and Port Isolation pages.
5.1.1 Port Config
On this page, you can configure the basic parameters for the ports. When the port is disabled, the
packets on the port will be discarded. Disabling the port which is vacant for a long time can reduce
the power consumption effectively. And you can enable the port when it is in need.
The parameters will affect the working mode of the port, please set the parameters appropriate to
your needs.
Choose the menu Switching→Port→Port Config to load the following page.
Figure 5-1 Port Config
Here you can view and configure the port parameters.
Port Select: Click the Select button to quick-select the corresponding port
based on the port number you entered.
Select: Select the desired port for configuration. It is multi-optional.
Port: Displays the port number.
30
Description:
Status: Allows you to Enable/Disable the port. When Enable is
Speed and Duplex: Select the Speed and Duplex mode for the port. The device
Flow Control: Allows you to Enable/Disable the Flow Control feature. When
LAG: Displays the LAG number which the port belongs to.
Note:
1. The switch can not be managed through the disabled port. Please enable the port which is
used to manage the switch.
2. The parameters of the port members in a LAG should be set as the same.
Give a description to the port for identification.
selected, the port can forward the packets normally.
connected to the switch should be in the same Speed and
Duplex mode with the switch. When “Auto” is selected, the
Speed and Duplex mode will be determined by
auto-negotiation. For the SFP port, this Switch does not support
auto-negotiation.
Flow Control is enabled, the switch can synchronize the speed
with its peer to avoid the packet loss caused by congestion.
3. When using the SFP port with a 100M module or a gigabit module, you need to configure its
corresponding Speed and Duplex mode. For 100M module, please select 100MFD while
select 1000MFD for gigabit module. By default, the Speed and Duplex mode of SFP port is
1000MFD.
5.1.2 Port Mirror
Port Mirror, a packets obtaining technology, functions to forward copies of packets from
one/multiple ports (mirrored port) to a specific port (mirroring port). Usually, the mirroring port is
connected to a data diagnose device, which is used to analyze the mirrored packets for monitoring
and troubleshooting the network.
Choose the menu Switching→Port→Port Mirror to load the following page.
31
Figure 5-2 Mirroring Port
The following entries are displayed on this screen.
Mirror Group List
Group: Displays the mirror group number.
Mirroring: Displays the mirroring port number.
Mode: Displays the mirror mode.
Mirrored Port: Displays the mirrored ports.
Operation: Click Edit to configure the mirror group.
Click Edit to display the following figure.
32
Figure 5-3 Mirroring Port
The following entries are displayed on this screen.
Mirror Group
Number: Select the mirror group number you want to configure.
Mirroring Port
Mirroring Port: Select the mirroring port number.
Mirrored Port
Port Select: Click the Select button to quick-select the corresponding port based
on the port number you entered.
Select: Select the desired port as a mirrored port. It is multi-optional.
Port: Displays the port number.
Ingress: Select Enable/Disable the Ingress feature. When the Ingress is
enabled, the incoming packets received by the mirrored port will be
copied to the mirroring port.
Egress: Select Enable/Disable the Egress feature. When the Egress is
33
enable
copied to the mirroring port.
LAG: Displays the LAG number which the port belongs to. The LAG
member can not be selected as the mirrored port or mirroring port.
Note:
1. The LAG member can not be selected as the mirrored port or mirroring port.
2. A port can not be set as the mirrored port and the mirroring port simultaneously.
3. The Port Mirror function can take effect span the multiple VLANs.
d, the outgoing packets sent by the mirrored port will be
5.1.3 Port Security
MAC Address Table maintains the mapping relationship between the port and the MAC address of
the connected device, which is the base of the packet forwarding. The capacity of MAC Address
Table is fixed. MAC Address Attack is the attack method that the attacker takes to obtain the
network information illegally. The attacker uses tools to generate the cheating MAC address and
quickly occupy the MAC Address Table. When the MAC Address Table is full, the switch will
broadcast the packets to all the ports. At this moment, the attacker can obtain the network
information via various sniffers and attacks. When the MAC Address Table is full, the packets
traffic will flood to all the ports, which results in overload, lower speed, packets drop and even
breakdown of the system.
Port Security is to protect the switch from the malicious MAC Address Attack by limiting the
maximum number of MAC addresses that can be learned on the port. The port with Port Security
feature enabled will learn the MAC address dynamically. When the learned MAC address number
reaches the maximum, the port will stop learning. Thereafter, the other devices with the MAC
address unlearned can not access to the network via this port.
Choose the menu Switching→Port→Port Security to load the following page.
34
Figure 5-4 Port Security
The following entries are displayed on this screen:
Port Security
Select: Select the desired port for Port Security configuration. It is
multi-optional.
Port: Displays the port number.
Max Learned MAC: Specify the maximum number of MAC addresses that can be
learned on the port.
Learned Num: Displays the number of MAC addresses that have been learned
on the port.
Learn Mode: Select the Learn Mode for the port.
Dynamic: When Dynamic mode is selected, the learned
MAC address will be deleted automatically after the aging
time.
Static: When Static mode is selected, the learned MAC
address will be out of the influence of the aging time and
can only be deleted manually. The learned entries will be
cleared after the switch is rebooted.
Permanent: When Permanent mode is selected, the
learned MAC address will be out of the influence of the
aging time and can only be deleted manually. The learned
entries will be saved even the switch is rebooted.
Status: Select Enable/Disable the Port Security feature for the port.
35
Note:
1. The Port Security function is disabled for the LAG port member. Only the port is removed from
the LAG, will the Port Security function be available for the port.
2. The Port Security function is disabled when the 802.1X function is enabled.
5.1.4 Port Isolation
Port Isolation provides a method of restricting traffic flow to improve the network security by
forbidding the port to forward packets to the ports that are not on its forward portlist.
Choose the menu “Switching→Port→Port Isolation” to load the following page.
Figure 5-5 Port Isolation Config
The following entries are displayed on this screen:
Port Isolation Config
Port: Select the port number to set its forwardlist.
36
ward Portlist: Select the port that to be forwarded to.
For
Port Isolation List
Port: Display the port number.
Forward Portlist: Display the forwardlist.
5.2 LAG
LAG (Link Aggregation Group) is to combine a number of ports together to make a single
high-bandwidth data path, so as to implement the traffic load sharing among the member ports in
the group and to enhance the connection reliability.
For the member ports in an aggregation group, their basic configuration must be the same. The
basic configuration includes STP, QoS, GVRP, VLAN, port attributes, MAC Address Learning
mode and other associated settings. The further explains are following:
If the ports, which are enabled for the GVRP, 802.1Q VLAN, Voice VLAN, STP, QoS, Port
Isolation, DHCP Snooping and Port Configuration (Speed and Duplex, Flow Control),
are in a LAG, their configurations should be the same.
The ports, which are enabled for the Port Security, Port Mirror, MAC Address Filtering,
Static MAC Address Binding, 802.1X Authentication and IP Source Guard, can not be
added to the LAG.
It’s not suggested to add the ports with ARP Inspection and DoS Defend enabled to the
LAG.
If the LAG is needed, you are suggested to configure the LAG function here before configuring the
other functions for the member ports.
Tips:
1. Calculate the bandwidth for a LAG: If a LAG consists of the four ports in the speed of
1000Mbps Full Duplex, the whole bandwidth of the LAG is up to 8000Mbps (2000Mbps * 4)
because the bandwidth of each member port is 2000Mbps counting the up-linked speed of
1000Mbps and the down-linked speed of 1000Mbps.
2. The traffic load of the LAG will be balanced among the ports according to the Aggregate
Arithmetic. If the connections of one or several ports are broken, the traffic of these ports will
be transmitted on the normal ports, so as to guarantee the connection reliability.
Depending on different aggregation modes, aggregation groups fall into two types: Static LAG
and LACP Config. The LAG function is implemented on the LAG Table, Static LAG and LACP
Config configuration pages.
5.2.1 LAG Table
On this page, you can view the information of the current LAG of the switch.
Choose the menu Switching→LAG→LAG Table to load the following page.
37
Figure 5-6 LAG Table
The following entries are displayed on this screen:
Global Config
Hash Algorithm: Select the applied scope of Aggregate Arithmetic, which
results in choosing a port to transfer the packets.
SRC MAC + DST MAC: When this option is selected,
the Aggregate Arithmetic will apply to the source and
destination MAC addresses of the packets.
SRC IP + DST IP: When this option is selected, the
Aggregate Arithmetic will apply to the source and
destination IP addresses of the packets.
LAG Table
Select: Select the desired LAG. It is multi-optional.
Group Number: Displays the LAG number here.
Description: Displays the description of LAG.
Member: Displays the LAG member.
Operation: Allows you to view or modify the information for each LAG.
Edit: Click to modify the settings of the LAG.
Detail: Click to get the information of the LAG.
Click the Detail button for the detailed information of your selected LAG.
38
Figure 5-7 Detail Information
5.2.2 Static LAG
On this page, you can manually configure the LAG. The LACP feature is disabled for the member
ports of the manually added Static LAG.
Choose the menu Switching→LAG→Static LAG to load the following page.
Figure 5-8 Manually Config
The following entries are displayed on this screen:
LAG Config
Group Number: Select a Group Number for the LAG.
39
f
Description:
LAG Table
Member Port: Select the port as the LAG member. Clearing all the ports o
Give a description to the LAG for identification.
the LAG will delete this LAG.
Tips:
1. The LAG can be deleted by clearing its all member ports.
2. A port can only be added to a LAG. If a port is the member of a LAG or is dynamically
aggregated as the LACP member, the port number will be displayed in gray and can not be
selected.
5.2.3 LACP Config
LACP (Link Aggregation Control Protocol) is defined in IEEE802.3ad and enables the dynamic link
aggregation and disaggregation by exchanging LACP packets with its partner. The switch can
dynamically group similarly configured ports into a single logical link, which will highly extend the
bandwidth and flexibly balance the load.
With the LACP feature enabled, the port will notify its partner of the aggregation ID (consist of
System Priority, system MAC address and the Admin Key). A dynamic aggregation group will only
be formed between ports having the same aggregation ID. Up to fourteen aggregation groups can
be formed by the switch. If the amount of the configured aggregation groups exceeds the
maximum number, the group with smaller System Priority takes the priority to be aggregated.
Similarly, up to eight ports can be selected in an aggregation group. Therefore, the port also has
the priority to be selected as the dynamic aggregation group member. The port with smaller Port
Priority will be considered as the preferred one. If the two port priorities are equal; the port with
smaller port number is preferred.
On this page, you can configure the LACP feature of the switch.
Choose the menu Switching→LAG→LACP Config to load the following page.
40
Figure 5-9 LACP Config
The following entries are displayed on this screen:
Global Config
System Priority: Specify a System Priority for the port. The System Priority and the
Admin Key constitute the aggregation ID. A dynamic aggregation
group will only be formed between ports having the same aggregation
ID.
LACP Config
Port Select: Click the Select button to quick-select the corresponding port based
on the port number you entered.
Select: Select the desired port for LACP configuration. It is multi-optional.
Port: Displays the port number.
Admin Key: Specify an Admin Key for the port. The member ports in a dynamic
aggregation group must have the same Admin Key.
Port Priority: Specify a Port Priority for the port. This value determines the priority
of the port to be selected as the dynamic aggregation group
member. The port with smaller Port Priority will be considered as the
41
preferr
smaller port number is preferred.
Status: Enable/Disable the LACP feature for your selected port.
LAG: Displays the LAG number which the port belongs to.
ed one. If the two port priorities are equal; the port with
5.3 Traffic Monitor
The Traffic Monitor function, monitoring the traffic of each port, is implemented on the Traffic
Summary and Traffic Statistics pages.
5.3.1 Traffic Summary
Traffic Summary screen displays the traffic information of each port, which facilitates you to
monitor the traffic and analyze the network abnormity.
Choose the menu Switching→Traffic Monitor→Traffic Summary to load the following page.
Figure 5-10 Traffic Summary
The following entries are displayed on this screen:
Auto Refresh
Auto Refresh: Allows you to Enable/Disable refreshing the Traffic Summary
automatically.
Refresh Rate: Enter a value in seconds to specify the refresh interval.
42
r
Traffic Summary
Port Select: Click the Select button to quick-select the corresponding port based
on the port number you entered.
Port: Displays the port number.
Packets Rx: Displays the number of packets received on the port. The erro
packets are not counted in.
Packets Tx: Displays the number of packets transmitted on the port.
Octets Rx: Displays the number of octets received on the port. The error octets
are counted in.
Octets Tx: Displays the number of octets transmitted on the port.
Statistics: Click the Statistics button to view the detailed traffic statistics of the
port.
5.3.2 Traffic Statistics
Traffic Statistics screen displays the detailed traffic information of each port, which facilitates you to
monitor the traffic and locate faults promptly.
Choose the menu Switching→Traffic Monitor→Traffic Statistics to load the following page.
Figure 5-11 Traffic Statistics
The following entries are displayed on this screen:
Auto Refresh
Auto Refresh: Allows you to Enable/Disable refreshing the Traffic Summary
43
r
r
r
r
r
r
r
automatically
Refresh Rate: Enter a value in seconds to specify the refresh interval.
Statistics
Port: Enter a port number and click the Select button to view the traffic
statistics of the corresponding port.
Received: Displays the details of the packets received on the port.
Sent: Displays the details of the packets transmitted on the port.
Broadcast: Displays the number of good broadcast packets received o
transmitted on the port. The error frames are not counted in.
Multicast: Displays the number of good multicast packets received o
transmitted on the port. The error frames are not counted in.
Unicast: Displays the number of good unicast packets received or
transmitted on the port. The error frames are not counted in.
Alignment Errors: Displays the number of the received packets that have a bad
Frame Check Sequence (FCS) with a non-integral octet
(Alignment Error). The length of the packet is between 64 bytes
and 1518 bytes.
.
UndersizePkts: Displays the number of the received packets (excluding erro
packets) that are less than 64 bytes long.
Pkts64Octets: Displays the number of the received packets (including erro
packets) that are 64 bytes long.
Pkts65to127Octets: Displays the number of the received packets (including error
packets) that are between 65 and 127 bytes long.
Pkts128to255Octets: Displays the number of the received packets (including erro
packets) that are between 128 and 255 bytes long.
Pkts256to511Octets: Displays the number of the received packets (including erro
packets) that are between 256 and 511 bytes long.
Pkts512to1023Octets: Displays the number of the received packets (including erro
packets) that are between 512 and 1023 bytes long.
PktsOver1023Octets: Displays the number of the received packets (including error
packets) that are more than 1023 bytes long.
Collisions: Displays the number of collisions experienced by a port during
packet transmissions.
5.4 MAC Address
The main function of the switch is forwarding the packets to the correct ports based on the
destination MAC address of the packets. Address Table contains the port-based MAC address
information, which is the base for the switch to forward packets quickly. The entries in the Address
Table can be updated by auto-learning or configured manually. Most the entries are generated and
updated by auto-learning. In the stable networks, the static MAC address entries can facilitate the
44
to reduce broadcast packets and enhance the efficiency of packets forwarding remarkably.
switch
The address filtering feature allows the switch to filter the undesired packets and forbid its
forwarding so as to improve the network security.
The types and the features of the MAC Address Table are listed as the following:
Being kept after reboot
Typ e Configuration Way Aging out
Static
Address Table
Dynamic
Address Table
Filtering
Address Table
This function includes four submenus: Address Table, Static Address, Dynamic Address and
Filtering Address.
Manually configuring No Yes The bound MAC
Automatically
learning
Manually configuring No Yes -
Table 5-1 Types and features of Address Table
Yes No The bound MAC
(if the configuration is
saved)
Relationship between
the bound MAC
address and the port
address can not be
learned by the other
ports in the same
VLAN.
address can be learned
by the other ports in the
same VLAN.
5.4.1 Address Table
On this page, you can view all the information of the Address Table.
Choose the menu Switching→MAC Address→Address Table to load the following page.
45
Figure 5-12 Address Table
The following entries are displayed on this screen:
Search Option
MAC Address: Enter the MAC address of your desired entry.
VLAN ID: Enter the VLAN ID of your desired entry.
Port: Select the corresponding port number of your desired entry.
Typ e: Select the type of your desired entry.
All: This option allows the address table to display all the
address entries.
Static: This option allows the address table to display the static
address entries only.
Dynamic: This option allows the address table to display the
dynamic address entries only.
Filtering: This option allows the address table to display the
filtering address entries only.
Address Table
46
MAC Address: Displays the MAC addres
s learned by the switch.
VLAN ID: Displays the corresponding VLAN ID of the MAC address.
Port: Displays the corresponding Port number of the MAC address.
Typ e: Displays the Type of the MAC address.
Aging Status: Displays the Aging status of the MAC address.
5.4.2 Static Address
The static address table maintains the static address entries which can be added or removed
manually, independent of the aging time. In the stable networks, the static MAC address entries
can facilitate the switch to reduce broadcast packets and remarkably enhance the efficiency of
packets forwarding without learning the address. The static MAC address learned by the port with
Port Security enabled in the static learning mode will be displayed in the Static Address Table.
Choose the menu Switching→MAC Address→Static Address to load the following page.
Figure 5-13 Static Address
The following entries are displayed on this screen:
Create Static Address
MAC Address: Enter the static MAC Address to be bound.
VLAN ID: Enter the corresponding VLAN ID of the MAC address.
Port: Select a port from the pull-down list to be bound.
Search Option
47
Search Option: Select a Search Option from the pull-
down list and click the Search
button to find your desired entry in the Static Address Table.
MAC: Enter the MAC address of your desired entry.
VLAN ID: Enter the VLAN ID number of your desired entry.
Port: Enter the Port number of your desired entry.
Static Address Table
Select: Select the entry to delete or modify the corresponding port number. It
is multi-optional.
MAC Address: Displays the static MAC Address.
VLAN ID: Displays the corresponding VLAN ID of the MAC address.
Port: Displays the corresponding Port number of the MAC address. Here
you can modify the port number to which the MAC address is bound.
The new port should be in the same VLAN.
Typ e: Displays the Type of the MAC address.
Aging Status: Displays the Aging Status of the MAC address.
Note:
1. If the corresponding port number of the MAC address is not correct, or the connected port (or
the device) has been changed, the switch can not be forward the packets correctly. Please
reset the static address entry appropriately.
2. If the MAC address of a device has been added to the Static Address Table, connecting the
device to another port will cause its address not to be recognized dynamically by the switch.
Therefore, please ensure the entries in the Static Address Table are correct and valid.
3. The MAC address in the Static Address Table can not be added to the Filtering Address Table
or bound to a port dynamically.
4. This static MAC address bound function is not available if the 802.1X feature is enabled.
5.4.3 Dynamic Address
The dynamic address can be generated by the auto-learning mechanism of the switch. The
Dynamic Address Table can update automatically by auto-learning or aging out the MAC address.
To fully utilize the MAC address table, which has a limited capacity, the switch adopts an aging
mechanism for updating the table. That is, the switch removes the MAC address entries related to
a network device if no packet is received from the device within the aging time.
On this page, you can configure the dynamic MAC address entry.
Choose the menu Switching→MAC Address→Dynamic Address to load the following page.
48
Figure 5-14 Dynamic Address
The following entries are displayed on this screen:
Aging Config
Auto Aging: Allows you to Enable/Disable the Auto Aging feature.
Aging Time: Enter the Aging Time for the dynamic address.
Search Option
Search Option: Select a Search Option from the pull-down list and click the Search
button to find your desired entry in the Dynamic Address Table.
MAC: Enter the MAC address of your desired entry.
VLAN ID: Enter the VLAN ID number of your desired entry.
Port: Enter the Port number of your desired entry.
Dynamic Address Table
49
Select: Select
address to the corresponding port statically. It is multi-optional.
MAC Address: Displays the dynamic MAC Address.
VLAN ID: Displays the corresponding VLAN ID of the MAC address.
Port: Displays the corresponding port number of the MAC address.
Typ e: Displays the Type of the MAC address.
Aging Status: Displays the Aging Status of the MAC address.
Bind: Click the Bind button to bind the MAC address of your selected entry
to the corresponding port statically.
Tips:
Setting aging time properly helps implement effective MAC address aging. The aging time that is
too long or too short results decreases the performance of the switch. If the aging time is too long,
excessive invalid MAC address entries maintained by the switch may fill up the MAC address table.
This prevents the MAC address table from updating with network changes in time. If the aging time
is too short, the switch may remove valid MAC address entries. This decreases the forwarding
performance of the switch. It is recommended to keep the default value.
the entry to delete the dynamic address or to bind the MAC
5.4.4 Filtering Address
The filtering address is to forbid the undesired packets to be forwarded. The filtering address can
be added or removed manually, independent of the aging time. The filtering MAC address allows
the switch to filter the packets which includes this MAC address as the source address or
destination address, so as to guarantee the network security. The filtering MAC address entries
act on all the ports in the corresponding VLAN.
Choose the menu Switching→MAC Address→Filtering Address to load the following page.
Figure 5-15 Filtering Address
50
The following entries are displayed on this screen:
Create Filtering Address
MAC Address: Enter the MAC Address to be filtered.
VLAN ID: Enter the corresponding VLAN ID of the MAC address.
Search Option
Search Option: Select a Search Option from the pull-down list and click the Search
button to find your desired entry in the Filtering Address Table.
MAC: Enter the MAC address of your desired entry.
VLAN ID: Enter the VLAN ID number of your desired entry.
Filtering Address Table
Select: Select the entry to delete the corresponding filtering address. It is
multi-optional.
MAC Address: Displays the filtering MAC Address.
VLAN ID: Displays the corresponding VLAN ID.
Port: Here the symbol “__” indicates no specified port.
Typ e: Displays the Type of the MAC address.
Aging Status: Displays the Aging Status of the MAC address.
Note:
1. The MAC address in the Filtering Address Table can not be added to the Static Address Table
or bound to a port dynamically.
2. This MAC address filtering function is not available if the 802.1X feature is enabled.
Return to CONTENTS
51
Chapter 6 VLAN
The traditional Ethernet is a data network communication technology basing on CSMA/CD (Carrier
Sense Multiple Access/Collision Detect) via shared communication medium. Through the
traditional Ethernet, the overfull hosts in LAN will result in serious collision, flooding broadcasts,
poor performance or even breakdown of the Internet. Though connecting the LANs through
switches can avoid the serious collision, the flooding broadcasts can not be prevented, which will
occupy plenty of bandwidth resources, causing potential serious security problems.
A Virtual Local Area Network (VLAN) is a network topology configured according to a logical
scheme rather than the physical layout. The VLAN technology is developed for switches to control
broadcast in LANs. By creating VLANs in a physical LAN, you can divide the LAN into multiple
logical LANs, each of which has a broadcast domain of its own. Hosts in the same VLAN
communicate with one another as if they are in a LAN. However, hosts in different VLANs cannot
communicate with one another directly. Therefore, broadcast packets are limited in a VLAN. Hosts
in the same VLAN communicate with one another via Ethernet whereas hosts in different VLANs
communicate with one another through the Internet devices such as Router, the Lay3 Switch and
etc. The following figure illustrates a VLAN implementation.
Figure 6-1 VLAN implementation
Compared with the traditional Ethernet, VLAN enjoys the following advantages.
（1） Broadcasts are confined to VLANs. This decreases bandwidth utilization and improves
network performance.
（2） Network security is improved. VLANs cannot communicate with one another directly. That
is, a host in a VLAN cannot access resources in another VLAN directly, unless routers or
Layer 3 switches are used.
（3） Network configuration workload for the host is reduced. VLAN can be used to group
specific hosts. When the physical position of a host changes within the range of the VLAN,
you need not change its network configuration.
A VLAN can span across multiple switches, or even routers. This enables hosts in a VLAN to be
dispersed in a looser way. That is, hosts in a VLAN can belong to different physical network
segment. This switch supports two ways, namely, 802.1Q VLAN and Protocol VLAN, to classify
VLANs. VLAN tags in the packets are necessary for the switch to identify packets of different
52
VLANs.
The switch can analyze the received untagged packets on the port and match the packets
with the Protocol VLAN and 802.1Q VLAN in turn. If a packet is matched, the switch will add a
corresponding VLAN tag to it and forward it in the corresponding VLAN.
6.1 802.1Q VLAN
VLAN tags in the packets are necessary for the switch to identify packets of different VLANs. The
switch works at the data link layer in OSI model and it can identify the data link layer encapsulation
of the packet only, so you can add the VLAN tag field into the data link layer encapsulation for
identification.
In 1999, IEEE issues the IEEE 802.1Q protocol to standardize VLAN implementation, defining the
structure of VLAN-tagged packets. IEEE 802.1Q protocol defines that a 4-byte VLAN tag is
encapsulated after the destination MAC address and source MAC address to show the information
about VLAN.
As shown in the following figure, a VLAN tag contains four fields, including TPID (Tag Protocol
Identifier), Priority, CFI (Canonical Format Indicator), and VLAN ID.
Figure 6-2 Format of VLAN Tag
（1） TPID: TPID is a 16-bit field, indicating that this data frame is VLAN-tagged. By default, it is
0x8100.
（2） Priority: Priority is a 3-bit field, referring to 802.1p priority. Refer to section “QoS & QoS
profile” for details.
（3） CFI: CFI is a 1-bit field, indicating whether the MAC address is encapsulated in the
standard format in different transmission media. This field is not described in detail in this
chapter.
（4） VLAN ID: VLAN ID is a 12-bit field, indicating the ID of the VLAN to which this packet
belongs. It is in the range of 0 to 4,095. Generally, 0 and 4,095 is not used, so the field is in
the range of 1 to 4,094.
VLAN ID identifies the VLAN to which a packet belongs. When the switch receives an
un-VLAN-tagged packet, it will encapsulate a VLAN tag with the default VLAN ID of the inbound
port for the packet, and the packet will be assigned to the default VLAN of the inbound port for
transmission.
In this User Guide, the tagged packet refers to the packet with VLAN tag whereas the untagged
packet refers to the packet without VLAN tag, and the priority-tagged packet refers to the packet
with VLAN tag whose VLAN ID is 0.
Link Types of ports
When creating the 802.1Q VLAN, you should set the link type for the port according to its
connected device. The link types of port including the following three types:
（1） ACCESS: The ACCESS port can be added in a single VLAN, and the egress rule of the
port is UNTAG. The PVID is same as the current VLAN ID. If the ACCESS port is added to
another VLAN, it will be removed from the current VLAN automatically.
53
（2） TRUNK
is TAG. The TRUNK port is generally used to connect the
: The TRUNK port can be added in multiple VLANs, and the egress rule of the port
cascaded network devices for it
can receive and forward the packets of multiple VLANs. When the packets are forwarded
by the TRUNK port, its VLAN tag will not be changed.
（3） GENERAL: The GENERAL port can be added in multiple VLANs and set various egress
rules according to the different VLANs. The default egress rule is UNTAG. The PVID can
be set as the VID number of any VLAN the port belongs to.
PVID
PVID (Port Vlan ID) is the default VID of the port. When the switch receives an un-VLAN-tagged
packet, it will add a VLAN tag to the packet according to the PVID of its received port and forward
the packets.
When creating VLANs, the PVID of each port, indicating the default VLAN to which the port
belongs, is an important parameter with the following two purposes:
（1） When the switch receives an un-VLAN-tagged packet, it will add a VLAN tag to the packet
according to the PVID of its received port
（2） PVID determines the default broadcast domain of the port, i.e. when the port receives UL
packets or broadcast packets, the port will broadcast the packets in its default VLAN.
Different packets, tagged or untagged, will be processed in different ways, after being received by
ports of different link types, which is illustrated in the following table.
Port Type
Access
Trunk
General
Receiving Packets
Untagged Packets Tagged Packets
If the VID of packet is
the same as the PVID
of the port, the packet
will be received.
If the VID of packet is
not the same as the
PVID of the port, the
packet will be dropped.
When untagged
packets are
received, the port
will add the default
VLAN tag, i.e. the
PVID of the ingress
port, to the packets.
If the VID of packet is
allowed by the port, the
packet will be received.
If the VID of packet is
forbidden by the port,
the packet will be
dropped.
Forwarding Packets
The packet will be
forwarded after removing its
VLAN tag.
The packet will be
forwarded with its current
VLAN tag.
If the egress rule of port is
TAG, the packet will be
forwarded with its current
VLAN tag.
If the egress rule of port is
UNTAG, the packet will be
forwarded after removing its
VLAN tag.
Table 6-1 Relationship between Port Types and VLAN Packets Processing
54
IEEE 802.1Q VLAN function is implemented on the VLAN Config and Port Config p
ages.
6.1.1 VLAN Config
On this page, you can view the current created 802.1Q VLAN.
Choose the menu VLAN→802.1Q VLAN→VLAN Config to load the following page.
Figure 6-3 VLAN Table
To ensure the normal communication of the factory switch, the default VLAN of all ports is set to
VLAN1. The Web Management Page of switch can only be accessed through the ports in VLAN1.
VLAN1 can not be modified or deleted.
The following entries are displayed on this screen:
VLAN Table
VLAN ID Select：
Click the Select button to quick-select the corresponding entry
based on the VLAN ID number you entered.
Select：
Select the desired entry to delete the corresponding VLAN. It is
multi-optional.
VLAN ID：
Description：
Members：
Operation：
Displays the ID number of VLAN.
Displays the user-defined description of VLAN.
Displays the port members in the VLAN.
Allows you to view or modify the information for each entry.
Edit: Click to modify the settings of VLAN.
Detail: Click to get the information of VLAN.
Click Edit button to modify the settings of the corresponding VLAN. Click Create button to create a
new VLAN.
55
Figure 6-4 Create or Modify 802.1Q VLAN
The following entries are displayed on this screen:
VLAN Config
VLAN ID: Enter the ID number of VLAN.
Description: Give a description to the VLAN for identification.
Check: Click the Check button to check whether the VLAN ID you entered
is valid or not.
VLAN Members
Port Select: Click the Select button to quick-select the corresponding entry
based on the port number you entered.
Select: Select the desired port to be a member of VLAN or leave it blank.
It's multi-optional.
Port: Displays the port number.
Link Type: Displays the Link Type of the port. It can be reset on Port Config
screen.
56
Egress Rule
: Select the Egress Rule for the VLAN port member. The default
egress rule is UNTAG.
TAG: All packets forwarded by the port are tagged. The
packets contain VLAN information.
UNTAG: Packets forwarded by the port
LAG: Displays the LAG to which the port belongs.
6.1.2 Port Config
Before creating the 802.1Q VLAN, please acquaint yourself with all the devices connected to the
switch in order to configure the ports properly.
Choose the menu VLAN→802.1Q VLAN→Port Config to load the following page.
Figure 6-5 802.1Q VLAN – Port Config
The following entries are displayed on this screen:
VLAN Port Config
Port Select: Click the Select button to quick-select the corresponding entry
based on the port number you entered.
Select:
Port:
Select the desired port for configuration. It is multi-optional.
Displays the port number.
57
Link Type:
Select the Link Type from the pull-down list for the port.
ACCESS: The ACCESS port can be added in a single VLAN,
and the egress rule of the port is UNTAG. The PVID is same
as the current VLAN ID. If the current VLAN is deleted, the
PVID will be set to 1 by default.
TRUNK: The TRUNK port can be added in multiple VLANs,
and the egress rule of the port is TAG. The PVID can be set as
the VID number of any VLAN the port belongs to.
GENERAL: The GENERAL port can be added in multiple
VLANs and set various egress rules according to the different
VLANs. The default egress rule is UNTAG. The PVID can be
set as the VID number of any VLAN the port belongs to.
PVID: Enter the PVID number of the port.
LAG: Displays the LAG to which the port belongs.
VLAN: Click the Detail button to view the information of the VLAN to
which the port belongs.
Click the Detail button to view the information of the corresponding VLAN
Figure 6-6 View the Current VLAN of Port
The following entries are displayed on this screen:
VLAN of Port
VLAN ID Select: Click the Select button to quick-select the corresponding entry
based on the VLAN ID number you entered.
VLAN ID：
VLAN Description:
Displays the ID number of VLAN.
Displays the user-defined description of VLAN.
Operation: Allows you to remove the port from the current VLAN.
Configuration Procedure:
Step Operation Description
1 Set the link type for
port.
Required. On the VLAN→802.1Q VLAN→Port Config page, set
the link type for the port basing on its connected device.
58
2
Create VLAN. Required. On the VLAN→802.1Q VLAN→VLAN Config page,
click the Create button to create a VLAN. Enter the VLAN ID and
the description for the VLAN. Meanwhile, specify its member
ports.
3 Modify/View VLAN. Optional. On the VLAN→802.1Q VLAN→VLAN Config page,
click the Edit/Detail button to modify/view the information of the
corresponding VLAN.
4 Delete VLAN Optional. On the VLAN→802.1Q VLAN→VLAN Config page,
select the desired entry to delete the corresponding VLAN by
clicking the Delete button.
6.2 Protocol VLAN
Protocol VLAN is another way to classify VLANs basing on network protocol. Protocol VLANs can
be sorted by IP, IPX, DECnet, AppleTalk, Banyan and so on. Through the Protocol VLANs, the
broadcast domain can span over multiple switches and the Host can change its physical position
in the network with its VLAN member role always effective. By creating Protocol VLANs, the
network administrator can manage the network clients basing on their actual applications and
services effectively.
This switch can classify VLANs basing on the common protocol types listed in the following table.
Please create the Protocol VLAN to your actual need.
Protocol Type Type value
ARP 0x0806
IP 0x0800
MPLS 0x8847/0x8848
IPX 0x8137
IS-IS 0x8000
LACP 0x8809
802.1X 0x888E
Table 6-2 Protocol types in common use
The packet in Protocol VLAN is processed in the following way:
1. When receiving an untagged packet, the switch matches the packet with the current Protocol
VLAN. If the packet is matched, the switch will add a corresponding Protocol VLAN tag to it. If
no Protocol VLAN is matched, the switch will add a tag to the packet according to the PVID of
the received port. Thus, the packet is assigned automatically to the corresponding VLAN for
transmission.
2. When receiving tagged packet, the switch will process it basing on the 802.1Q VLAN. If the
received port is the member of the VLAN to which the tagged packet belongs, the packet will
be forwarded normally. Otherwise, the packet will be discarded.
3. If the Protocol VLAN is created, please set its enabled port to be the member of
corresponding 802.1Q VLAN so as to ensure the packets forwarded normally.
59
6.2.1 Protocol VLAN
On this page, you can create Protocol VLAN and view the information of the current defined
Protocol VLANs.
Choose the menu VLAN→Protocol VLAN→Protocol VLAN to load the following page.
Figure 6-7 Create Protocol VLAN
The following entries are displayed on this screen:
Create Protocol VLAN
Protocol: Select the defined protocol template.
VLAN ID: Enter the ID number of the Protocol VLAN. This VLAN should be one
of the 802.1Q VLANs the ingress port belongs to.
Protocol VLAN Table
Select: Select the desired entry. It is multi-optional.
Protocol: Displays the protocol template of the VLAN.
Ether Type: Displays the Ethernet protocol type field in the protocol template.
VLAN ID: Displays the corresponding VLAN ID of the protocol.
Operation: Click the Edit button to modify the settings of the entry. And click the
Modify button to apply your settings.
6.2.2 Protocol Template
The Protocol Template should be created before configuring the Protocol VLAN. By default, the
switch has defined the IP Template, ARP Template, RARP Template, etc. You can add more
Protocol Template on this page.
Choose the menu VLAN→Protocol VLAN→Protocol Template to load the following page.
60
Figure 6-8 Create and View Protocol Template
The following entries are displayed on this screen:
Create Protocol Template
Protocol Name: Give a name for the Protocol Template.
Ether Type: Enter the Ethernet protocol type field in the protocol template.
Protocol Template Table
Select: Select the desired entry. It is multi-optional.
Protocol Name: Displays the name of the protocol template.
Ether Type: Displays the Ethernet protocol type field in the protocol template.
Note:
The Protocol Template bound to VLAN can not be deleted.
6.2.3 Port Enable
On this page, you can enable the port for the Protocol VLAN feature. Only the port is enabled, can
the configured Protocol VLAN take effect.
Choose the menu “VLAN→Protocol VLAN→Port Enable” to load the following page.
61
Figure 6-9 Enable Protocol VLAN for Port
Port Enable: Select your desired port for Protocol VLAN feature. All the ports are
disabled by default.
Configuration Procedure:
Step Operation Description
1 Set the link type for port. Required. On the VLAN→802.1Q VLAN→Port Config
page, set the link type for the port basing on its connected
device.
2 Create VLAN. Required. On the VLAN→802.1Q VLAN→VLAN Config
page, click the Create button to create a VLAN. Enter the
VLAN ID and the description for the VLAN. Meanwhile,
specify its member ports.
3 Create Protocol Template. Required. On the VLAN→Protocol VLAN→Protocol
Templa te page, create the Protocol Template before
configuring Protocol VLAN.
4 Select your desired ports for
Protocol VLAN feature.
Required. On the VLAN→Protocol VLAN→Port Enable
page, select and enable the desired ports for Protocol
VLAN feature.
5 Create Protocol VLAN. Required. On the VLAN→Protocol VLAN→Protocol
VLAN page, select the protocol type and enter the VLAN ID
to create a Protocol VLAN.
6 Modify/View VLAN. Optional. On the VLAN→Protocol VLAN→Protocol VLAN
page, click the Edit button to modify/view the information of
the corresponding VLAN.
7 Delete VLAN. Optional. On the VLAN→Protocol VLAN→Protocol VLAN
page, select the desired entry to delete the corresponding
VLAN by clicking the Delete button.
6.3 Application Example for 802.1Q VLAN
Network Requirements
Switch A is connecting to PC A and Server B;
Switch B is connecting to PC B and Server A;
PC A and Server A is in the same VLAN;
62
PC B and Server B is in the same VLAN;
PCs in the two VLANs cannot communicate with each other.
Network Diagram
Configuration Procedure
Configure Switch A
Step Operation Description
1 Configure the
Link Type of the
ports
Required. On VLAN→802.1Q VLAN→Port Config page, configure
the link type of Port 2, Port 3 and Port 4 as ACCESS, TRUNK and
ACCESS respectively
2 Create VLAN10 Required. On VLAN→802.1Q VLAN→VLAN Config page, create a
VLAN with its VLANID as 10, owning Port 2 and Port 3.
3 Create VLAN20 Required. On VLAN→802.1Q VLAN→VLAN Config page, create a
VLAN with its VLANID as 20, owning Port 3 and Port 4.
Configure Switch B
Step Operation Description
1 Configure the
Link Type of the
ports
Required. On VLAN→802.1Q VLAN→Port Config page, configure
the link type of Port 7, Port 6 and Port 8 as ACCESS, TRUNK and
ACCESS respectively.
2 Create VLAN10 Required. On VLAN→802.1Q VLAN→VLAN Config page, create a
VLAN with its VLANID as 10, owning Port 6 and Port 8.
3 Create VLAN20 Required. On VLAN→802.1Q VLAN→VLAN Config page, create a
VLAN with its VLANID as 20, owning Port 6 and Port 7.
63
6.4 Application Example for Protocol VLAN
Network Requirements
Department A is connected to the company LAN via Port12 of Switch A;
Department A has IP host and AppleTalk host;
IP host, in VLAN10, is served by IP server while AppleTalk host is served by AppleTalk server;
Switch B is connected to IP server and AppleTalk server.
Network Diagram
Configuration Procedure
Configure Switch A
Step Operation Description
1 Configure the
Link Type of the
ports
Required. On VLAN→802.1Q VLAN→Port Config page, configure the
link type of Port 11 and Port 13 as ACCESS, and configure the link type
of Port 12 as GENERAL.
2 Create VLAN10 Required. On VLAN→802.1Q VLAN→VLAN Config page, create a
VLAN with its VLANID as 10, owning Port 12 and Port 13, and
configure the egress rule of Port 12 as Untag.
3 Create VLAN20 Required. On VLAN→802.1Q VLAN→VLAN Config page, create a
VLAN with its VLANID as 20, owning Port 11 and Port 12, and configure
the egress rule of Port 12 as Untag.
Configure Switch B
Step Operation Description
1 Configure the
Link Type of the
ports
Required. On VLAN→802.1Q VLAN→Port Config page, configure the
link type of Port 4 and Port 5 as ACCESS, and configure the link type of
Port 3 as GENERAL.
2 Create VLAN10 Required. On VLAN→802.1Q VLAN→VLAN Config page, create a
64
VLAN with it
s VLANID as 10, owning Port 3 and Port 4, and configure
the egress rule of Port 3 as Untag.
3 Create VLAN20 Required. On VLAN→802.1Q VLAN→VLAN Config page, create a
VLAN with its VLANID as 20, owning Port 3 and Port 5, and configure
the egress rule of Port 3 as Untag.
4 Create Protocol
Templa te
Required. On VLAN→Protocol VLAN→Protocol Template page,
configure the protocol template practically. E.g. the Ether Type of IP
network packets is 0800 and that of AppleTalk network packets is 809B.
5 Port Enable Required. On the VLAN→Protocol VLAN→Port Enable page, select
and enable Port 3, Port 4 and Port 5 for Protocol VLAN feature.
6 Create Protocol
VLAN 10
7 Create Protocol
VLAN 20
On VLAN→Protocol VLAN→Protocol VLAN page, create protocol
VLAN 10 with Protocol as IP.
On VLAN→Protocol VLAN→Protocol VLAN page, create protocol
VLAN 20 with Protocol as AppleTalk.
6.5 GVRP
GVRP (GARP VLAN Registration Protocol) is an implementation of GARP (generic attribute
registration protocol). GVRP allows the switch to automatically add or remove the VLANs via the
dynamic VLAN registration information and propagate the local VLAN registration information to
other switches, without having to individually configure each VLAN.
GARP
GARP provides the mechanism to assist the switch members in LAN to deliver, propagate and
register the information among the members. GARP itself does not work as the entity among the
devices. The application complied with GARP is called GARP implementation, and GVRP is the
implementation of GARP. When GARP is implemented on a port of device, the port is called
GARP entity.
The information exchange between GARP entities is completed by messages. GARP defines the
messages into three types: Join, Leave and LeaveAll.
Join Message: When a GARP entity expects other switches to register certain attribute
information of its own, it sends out a Join message. And when receiving the Join message
from the other entity or configuring some attributes statically, the device also sends out a Join
message in order to be registered by the other GARP entities.
Leave Message: When a GARP entity expects other switches to deregister certain attribute
information of its own, it sends out a Leave message. And when receiving the Leave message
from the other entity or deregistering some attributes statically, the device also sends out a
Leave message.
LeaveAll Message: Once a GARP entity starts up, it starts the LeaveAll timer. After the timer
times out, the GARP entity sends out a LeaveAll message. LeaveAll message is to deregister
all the attribute information so as to enable the other GARP entities to re-register attribute
information of their own.
Through message exchange, all the attribute information to be registered can be propagated to all
the switches in the same switched network.
The interval of GARP messages is controlled by timers. GARP defines the following timers:
65
Hold Timer:
When a GARP entity receives a piece of registration information, it does not
send out a Join message immediately. Instead, to save the bandwidth resources, it starts the
Hold timer, puts all registration information it receives before the timer times out into one Join
message and sends out the message after the timer times out.
Join Timer: To transmit the Join messages reliably to other entities, a GARP entity sends
each Join message two times. The Join timer is used to define the interval between the two
sending operations of each Join message.
Leave Timer: When a GARP entity expects to deregister a piece of attribute information, it
sends out a Leave message. Any GARP entity receiving this message starts its Leave timer,
and deregisters the attribute information if it does not receives a Join message again before
the timer times out.
LeaveAll Timer: Once a GARP entity starts up, it starts the LeaveAll timer, and sends out a
LeaveAll message after the timer times out, so that other GARP entities can re-register all the
attribute information on this entity. After that, the entity restarts the LeaveAll timer to begin a
new cycle.
GVRP
GVRP, as an implementation of GARP, maintains dynamic VLAN registration information and
propagates the information to other switches by adopting the same mechanism of GARP.
After the GVRP feature is enabled on a switch, the switch receives the VLAN registration
information from other switches to dynamically update the local VLAN registration information,
including VLAN members, ports through which the VLAN members can be reached, and so on.
The switch also propagates the local VLAN registration information to other switches so that all the
switching devices in the same switched network can have the same VLAN information. The VLAN
registration information includes not only the static registration information configured locally, but
also the dynamic registration information, which is received from other switches.
In this switch, only the port with TRUNK link type can be set as the GVRP application entity to
maintain the VLAN registration information. GVRP has the following three port registration modes:
Normal, Fixed, and Forbidden.
Normal: In this mode, a port can dynamically register/deregister a VLAN and propagate the
dynamic/static VLAN information.
Fixed: In this mode, a port cannot register/deregister a VLAN dynamically. It only propagates
static VLAN information. That is, the port in Fixed mode only permits the packets of its static
VLAN to pass.
Forbidden: In this mode, a port cannot register/deregister VLANs. It only propagates VLAN 1
information. That is, the port in Forbidden mode only permits the packets of the default VLAN
(namely VLAN 1) to pass.
Choose the menu VLAN→GVRP to load the following page.
66
r
Figure 6-10 GVRP Config
Note:
If the GVRP feature is enabled for a member port of LAG, please ensure all the member ports of
this LAG are set to be in the same status and registration mode.
The following entries are displayed on this screen:
Global Config
GVRP: Allows you to Enable/Disable the GVRP function.
Port Config
Port Select: Click the Select button to quick-select the corresponding entry based
on the port number you entered.
Select: Select the desired port for configuration. It is multi-optional.
Port: Displays the port number.
Status: Enable/Disable the GVRP feature for the port. The port type should be
set to TRUNK before enabling the GVRP feature.
Registration
Mode:
Select the Registration Mode for the port.
Normal: In this mode, a port can dynamically register/deregiste
a VLAN and propagate the dynamic/static VLAN information.
67
r
Fixed: In
this mode, a port cannot register/deregister a VLAN
dynamically. It only propagates static VLAN information.
Forbidden: In this mode, a port cannot register/deregiste
VLANs. It only propagates VLAN 1 information.
LeaveAll Timer: Once the LeaveAll Timer is set, the port with GVRP enabled can send
a LeaveAll message after the timer times out, so that other GARP
ports can re-register all the attribute information. After that, the
LeaveAll timer will start to begin a new cycle. The LeaveAll Timer
ranges from 1000 to 30000 centiseconds.
Join Timer: To guarantee the transmission of the Join messages, a GARP port
sends each Join message two times. The Join Timer is used to define
the interval between the two sending operations of each Join
message. The Join Timer ranges from 20 to 1000 centiseconds.
Leave Timer: Once the Leave Timer is set, the GARP port receiving a Leave
message will start its Leave timer, and deregister the attribute
information if it does not receive a Join message again before the
timer times out. The Leave Timer ranges from 60 to 3000
centiseconds.
LAG: Displays the LAG to which the port belongs.
Note:
LeaveAll Timer >= 10* Leave Timer, Leave Timer >= 2*Join Timer
Configuration Procedure:
Step Operation Description
1 Set the link type for port. Required. On the VLAN→802.1Q VLAN→Port Config
page, set the link type of the port to be TRUNK.
2 Enable GVRP function. Required. On the VLAN→GVRP page, enable GVRP
function.
3 Configure the registration
mode and the timers for the
port.
Required. On the VLAN→GVRP page, configure the
parameters of ports basing on actual applications.
Return to CONTENTS
68
Chapter 7 Spanning Tree
STP (Spanning Tree Protocol), subject to IEEE 802.1D standard, is to disbranch a ring network in
the Data Link layer in a local network. Devices running STP discover loops in the network and block
ports by exchanging information, in that way, a ring network can be disbranched to form a
tree-topological ring-free network to prevent packets from being duplicated and forwarded endlessly
in the network.
BPDU (Bridge Protocol Data Unit) is the protocol data that STP and RSTP use. Enough
information is carried in BPDU to ensure the spanning tree generation. STP is to determine the
topology of the network via transferring BPDUs between devices.
To implement spanning tree function, the switches in the network transfer BPDUs between each
other to exchange information and all the switches supporting STP receive and process the
received BPDUs. BPDUs carry the information that is needed for switches to figure out the
spanning tree.
STP Elements
Bridge ID（Bridge Identifier）: Indicates the value of the priority and MAC address of the bridge.
Bridge ID can be configured and the switch with the lower bridge ID has the higher priority.
Root Bridge: Indicates the switch has the lowest bridge ID. Configure the best PC in the ring
network as the root bridge to ensure best network performance and reliability.
Designated Bridge: Indicates the switch has the lowest path cost from the switch to the root
bridge in each network segment. BPDUs are forwarded to the network segment through the
designated bridge. The switch with the lowest bridge ID will be chosen as the designated bridge.
Root Path Cost: Indicates the sum of the path cost of the root port and the path cost of all the
switches that packets pass through. The root path cost of the root bridge is 0.
Bridge Priority: The bridge priority can be set to a value in the range of 0~61440. The lower value
priority has the higher priority. The switch with the higher priority has more chance to be chosen as
the root bridge.
Root Port: Indicates the port that has the lowest path cost from this bridge to the Root Bridge and
forwards packets to the root.
Designated Port: Indicates the port that forwards packets to a downstream network segment or
switch.
Port Priority: The port priority can be set to a value in the range of 0~255. The lower value priority
has the higher priority. The port with the higher priority has more chance to be chosen as the root
port.
Path Cost: Indicates the parameter for choosing the link path by STP. By calculating the path cost,
STP chooses the better links and blocks the redundant links so as to disbranch the ring-network to
form a tree-topological ring-free network.
The following network diagram shows the sketch map of spanning tree. Switch A, B and C are
connected together in order. After STP generation, switch A is chosen as root bridge, the path from
port 2 to port 6 is blocked.
Bridge: Switch A is the root bridge in the whole network; switch B is the designated bridge of
switch C.
69
Port: Port 3 is the root port of switch B and port 5 is the root port of switch C; port 1 is the
designated port of switch A and port 4 is the designated port of switch B; port 6 is the blocked
port of switch C.
Figure 7-1 Basic STP diagram
STP Timers
Hello Time:
Hello Time ranges from 1 to 10 seconds. It specifies the interval to send BPDU packets. It is used
to test the links.
Max. Age:
Max. Age ranges from 6 to 40 seconds. It specifies the maximum time the switch can wait without
receiving a BPDU before attempting to reconfigure.
Forward Delay:
Forward Delay ranges from 4 to 30 seconds. It specifies the time for the port to transit its state
after the network topology is changed.
When the STP regeneration caused by network malfunction occurs, the STP structure will get
some corresponding change. However, as the new configuration BPDUs cannot be spread in the
whole network at once, the temporal loop will occur if the port transits its state immediately.
Therefore, STP adopts a state transit mechanism, that is, the new root port and the designated
port begins to forward data after twice forward delay, which ensures the new configuration BPDUs
are spread in the whole network.
BPDU Comparing Principle in STP mode
Assuming two BPDUs: BPDU X and BPDU Y
If the root bridge ID of X is smaller than that of Y, X is superior to Y.
If the root bridge ID of X equals that of Y, but the root path cost of X is smaller than that of Y, X is
superior to Y.
If the root bridge ID and the root path cost of X equal those of Y, but the bridge ID of X is smaller
than that of Y, X is superior to Y.
If the root bridge ID, the root path cost and bridge ID of X equal those of Y, but the port ID of X is
smaller than that of Y, X is superior to Y.
70
STP Generation
In the beginning
In the beginning, each switch regards itself as the root, and generates a configuration BPDU for
each port on it as a root, with the root path cost being 0, the ID of the designated bridge being that
of the switch, and the designated port being itself.
Comparing BPDUs
Each switch sends out configuration BPDUs and receives a configuration BPDU on one of its ports
from another switch. The following table shows the comparing operations.
Step Operation
1 If the priority of the BPDU received on the port is lower than that of the BPDU if of
the port itself, the switch discards the BPDU and does not change the BPDU of
the port.
2 If the priority of the BPDU is higher than that of the BPDU of the port itself, the
switch replaces the BPDU of the port with the received one and compares it with
those of other ports on the switch to obtain the one with the highest priority.
Table 7-1 Comparing BPDUs
Selecting the root bridge
The root bridge is selected by BPDU comparing. The switch with the smallest root ID is chosen as
the root bridge.
Selecting the root port and designate port
The operation is taken in the following way:
Step Operation
1 For each switch (except the one chosen as the root bridge) in a network, the port
that receives the BPDU with the highest priority is chosen as the root port of the
switch.
2 Using the root port BPDU and the root path cost, the switch generates a
designated port BPDU for each of its ports.
Root ID is replaced with that of the root port;
Root path is replaced with the sum of the root path cost of the root port and
the path cost between this port and the root port;
The ID of the designated bridge is replaced with that of the switch;
The ID of the designated port is replaced with that of the port.
3 The switch compares the resulting BPDU with the BPDU of the desired port
whose role you want to determine.
If the resulting BPDU takes the precedence over the BPDU of the port, the
port is chosen as the designated port and the BPDU of this port is replaced
with the resulting BPDU. The port regularly sends out the resulting BPDU;
If the BPDU of this port takes the precedence over the resulting BPDU, the
BPDU of this port is not replaced and the port is blocked. The port only can
receive BPDUs.
Table 7-2 Selecting root port and designated port
71
Tips：
In a STP with stable topology, only the root port and designated port can forward data, and the
other ports are blocked. The blocked ports only can receive BPDUs.
RSTP (Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol), evolved from the 802.1D STP standard, enable Ethernet
ports to transit their states rapidly. The premises for the port in the RSTP to transit its state rapidly
are as follows.
The condition for the root port to transit its port state rapidly: The old root port of the switch
stops forwarding data and the designated port of the upstream switch begins to forward
data.
The condition for the designated port to transit its port state rapidly: The designated port is
an edge port or connecting to a point-to-point link. If the designated port is an edge port, it
can directly transit to forwarding state; if the designated port is connecting to a
point-to-point link, it can transit to forwarding state after getting response from the
downstream switch through handshake.
RSTP Elements
Edge Port: Indicates the port connected directly to terminals.
P2P Link: Indicates the link between two switches directly connected.
MSTP (Multiple Spanning Tree Protocol), compatible with both STP and RSTP and subject to IEEE
802.1s standard, not only enables spanning trees to converge rapidly, but also enables packets of
different VLANs to be forwarded along their respective paths so as to provide redundant links
with a better load-balancing mechanism.
Features of MSTP:
MSTP combines VLANs and spanning tree together via VLAN-to-instance mapping table. It
binds several VLANs to an instance to save communication cost and network resources.
MSTP divides a spanning tree network into several regions. Each region has several
internal spanning trees, which are independent of each other.
MSTP provides a load-balancing mechanism for the packets transmission in the VLAN.
MSTP is compatible with both STP and RSTP.
MSTP Elements
MST Region (Multiple Spanning Tree Region): An MST Region comprises switches with the same
region configuration and VLAN-to-Instances mapping relationship.
IST (Internal Spanning Tree): An IST is a spanning tree in an MST.
CST (Common Spanning Tree): A CST is the spanning tree in a switched network that connects all
MST regions in the network.
CIST (Common and Internal Spanning Tree): A CIST, comprising IST and CST, is the spanning
tree in a switched network that connects all switches in the network.
The following figure shows the network diagram in MSTP.
72
MSTP
Figure 7-2 Basic MSTP diagram
MSTP divides a network into several MST regions. The CST is generated between these MST
regions, and multiple spanning trees can be generated in each MST region. Each spanning tress
is called an instance. As well as STP, MSTP uses BPDUs to generate spanning tree. The only
difference is that the BPDU for MSTP carry the MSTP configuration information on the switches.
Port States
In an MSTP, ports can be in the following four states:
Forwarding: In this status the port can receive/forward data, receive/send BPDU packets as
well as learn MAC address.
Learning: In this status the port can receive/send BPDU packets and learn MAC address.
Blocking: In this status the port can only receive BPDU packets.
Disconnected: In this status the port is not participating in the STP.
Port Roles
In an MSTP, the following roles exist:
Root Port: Indicates the port that has the lowest path cost from this bridge to the Root Bridge
and forwards packets to the root.
Designated Port: Indicates the port that forwards packets to a downstream network segment
or switch.
Master Port: Indicates the port that connects a MST region to the common root. The path
from the master port to the common root is the shortest path between this MST region and
the common root.
Alternate Port: Indicates the port that can be a backup port of a root or master port.
Backup Port: Indicates the port that is the backup port of a designated port.
Disabled: Indicates the port that is not participating in the STP.
The following diagram shows the different port roles.
73
Figure 7-3 Port roles
The Spanning Tree module is mainly for spanning tree configuration of the switch, including four
submenus: STP Config, Port Config, MSTP Instance and STP Security.
7.1 STP Config
The STP Config function, for global configuration of spanning trees on the switch, can be
implemented on STP Config and STP Summary pages.
7.1.1 STP Config
Before configuring spanning trees, you should make clear the roles each switch plays in each
spanning tree instance. Only one switch can be the root bridge in each spanning tree instance. On
this page you can globally configure the spanning tree function and related parameters.
Choose the menu Spanning Tree→STP Config→STP Config to load the following page.
74
Figure 7-4 STP Config
The following entries are displayed on this screen:
Global Config
STP: Select Enable/Disable STP function globally on the switch.
Version: Select the desired STP version on the switch.
STP: Spanning Tree Protocol.
RSTP: Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol.
MSTP: Multiple Spanning Tree Protocol.
Parameters Config
CIST Priority: Enter a value from 0 to 61440 to specify the priority of the switch
for comparison in the CIST. CIST priority is an important criterion
on determining the root bridge. In the same condition, the switch
with the highest priority will be chosen as the root bridge. The
lower value has the higher priority. The default value is 32768 and
should be exact divisor of 4096.
Hello Time Enter a value from 1 to 10 in seconds to specify the interval to
send BPDU packets. It is used to test the links. 2*(Hello Time + 1)
≤ Max Age. The default value is 2 seconds.
Max Age: Enter a value from 6 to 40 in seconds to specify the maximum
time the switch can wait without receiving a BPDU before
attempting to reconfigure. The default value is 20 seconds.
Forward Delay: Enter a value from 4 to 30 in seconds to specify the time for the
port to transit its state after the network topology is changed.
2*(Forward Delay-1) ≥ Max Age. The default value is 15 seconds.
TxHold Count: Enter a value from 1 to 20 to set the maximum number of BPDU
packets transmitted per Hello Time interval. The default value is
5pps.
Max Hops: Enter a value from 1 to 40 to set the maximum number of hops
75
that occur in
default value is 20 hops.
Note:
1. The forward delay parameter and the network diameter are correlated. A too small forward
delay parameter may result in temporary loops. A too large forward delay may cause a
network unable to resume the normal state in time. The default value is recommended.
2. An adequate hello time parameter can enable the switch to discover the link failures occurred
in the network without occupying too much network resources. A too large hello time
parameter may result in normal links being regarded as invalid when packets drop occurred in
the links, which in turn result in spanning tree being regenerated. A too small hello time
parameter may result in duplicated configuration being sent frequently, which increases the
network load of the switches and wastes network resources. The default value is
recommended.
3. A too small max age parameter may result in the switches regenerating spanning trees
frequently and cause network congestions to be falsely regarded as link problems. A too large
max age parameter result in the switches unable to find the link problems in time, which in
turn handicaps spanning trees being regenerated in time and makes the network less
adaptive. The default value is recommended.
4. If the TxHold Count parameter is too large, the number of MSTP packets being sent in each
hello time may be increased with occupying too much network resources. The default value is
recommended.
a specific region before the BPDU is discarded. The
7.1.2 STP Summary
On this page you can view the related parameters for Spanning Tree function.
Choose the menu Spanning Tree→STP Config→STP Summary to load the following page.
76
Figure 7-5 STP Summary
7.2 Port Config
On this page you can configure the parameters of the ports for CIST
Choose the menu Spanning Tree→Port Config to load the following page.
77
Figure 7-6 Port Config
The following entries are displayed on this screen:
Port Config
Port Select: Click the Select button to quick-select the corresponding port based on
the port number you entered.
Select: Select the desired port for STP configuration. It is multi-optional.
Port: Displays the port number of the switch.
Status: Select Enable /Disable STP function for the desired port.
Priority: Enter a value from 0 to 240 divisible by 16. Port priority is an important
criterion on determining if the port connected to this port will be chosen
as the root port. The lower value has the higher priority.
ExtPath: ExtPath Cost is used to choose the path and calculate the path costs
of ports in different MST regions. It is an important criterion on
determining the root port. The lower value has the higher priority.
IntPath: IntPath Cost is used to choose the path and calculate the path costs of
ports in an MST region. It is an important criterion on determining the
root port. The lower value has the higher priority.
Edge Port: Select Enable/Disable Edge Port. The edge port can transit its state
from blocking to forwarding rapidly without waiting for forward delay.
P2P Link: Select the P2P link status. If the two ports in the P2P link are root port
or designated port, they can transit their states to forwarding rapidly to
reduce the unnecessary forward delay.
MCheck: Select Enable to perform MCheck operation on the port. Unchange
means no MCheck operation.
STP Version: Displays the STP version of the port.
Port Role: Displays the role of the port played in the STP Instance.
Root Port: Indicates the port that has the lowest path cost from
78
this bridge to the Root Bridge an
Designated Port: Indicates the port that forwards packets to a
downstream network segment or switch.
Master Port: Indicates the port that connects a MST region to the
common root. The path from the master port to the common root
is the shortest path between this MST region and the common
root.
Alternate Port: Indicates the port that can be a backup port of a
root or master port.
Backup Port: Indicates the port that is the backup port of a
designated port.
Disabled: Indicates the port that is not participating in the STP.
Port Status: Displays the working status of the port.
Forwarding: In this status the port can receive/forward data,
receive/send BPDU packets as well as learn MAC address.
Learning: In this status the port can receive/send BPDU packets
and learn MAC address.
Blocking: In this status the port can only receive BPDU packets.
Disconnected: In this status the port is not participating in the STP.
LAG: Displays the LAG number which the port belongs to.
d forwards packets to the root.
Note:
1. Configure the ports connected directly to terminals as edge ports and enable the BPDU
protection function as well. This not only enables these ports to transit to forwarding state
rapidly but also secures your network.
2. All the links of ports in a LAG can be configured as point-to-point links.
3. When the link of a port is configured as a point-to-point link, the spanning tree instances
owning this port are configured as point-to-point links. If the physical link of a port is not a
point-to-point link and you forcibly configure the link as a point-to-point link, temporary loops
may be incurred.
7.3 MSTP Instance
MSTP combines VLANs and spanning tree together via VLAN-to-instance mapping table
(VLAN-to-spanning-tree mapping). By adding MSTP instances, it binds several VLANs to an
instance to realize the load balance based on instances.
Only when the switches have the same MST region name, MST region revision and
VLAN-to-Instance mapping table, the switches can be regarded as in the same MST region.
The MSTP Instance function can be implemented on Region Config, Instance Config and
Instance Port Config pages.
7.3.1 Region Config
On this page you can configure the name and revision of the MST region
Choose the menu Spanning Tree→MSTP Instance→Region Config to load the following page.
79
Figure 7-7 Region Config
The following entries are displayed on this screen:
Region Config
Region Name: Create a name for MST region identification using up to 32 characters.
Revision: Enter the revision from 0 to 65535 for MST region identification.
7.3.2 Instance Config
Instance Configuration, a property of MST region, is used to describe the VLAN to Instance
mapping configuration. You can assign VLAN to different instances appropriate to your needs.
Every instance is a VLAN group independent of other instances and CIST.
Choose the menu Spanning Tree→MSTP Instance→Instance Config to load the following page.
Figure 7-8 Instance Config
80
The following entries are displayed on this screen:
Instance Table
Instance ID Select: Click the Select button to quick-select the corresponding Instance ID
based on the ID number you entered.
Select: Select the desired Instance ID for configuration. It is multi-optional.
Instance: Displays Instance ID of the switch.
Status: Select Enable/Disable the instance.
Priority: Enter the priority of the switch in the instance. It is an important
criterion on determining if the switch will be chosen as the root bridge
in the specific instance.
VLAN ID: Enter the VLAN ID which belongs to the corresponding instance ID.
After modification here, the previous VLAN ID will be cleared and
mapped to the CIST.
Clear: Click the Clear button to clear up all VLAN IDs from the instance ID.
The cleared VLAN ID will be automatically mapped to the CIST.
VLAN-Instance Mapping
VLAN ID: Enter the desired VLAN ID. After modification here, the new VLAN ID
will be added to the corresponding instance ID and the previous VLAN
ID won’t be replaced.
Instance ID: Enter the corresponding instance ID.
Note:
In a network with both GVRP and MSTP enabled, GVRP packets are forwarded along the CIST. If
you want to broadcast packets of a specific VLAN through GVRP, please be sure to map the VLAN
to the CIST when configuring the MSTP VLAN-instance mapping table. For detailed introduction of
GVRP, please refer to GVRP function page.
7.3.3 Instance Port Config
A port can play different roles in different spanning tree instance. On this page you can configure
the parameters of the ports in different instance IDs as well as view status of the ports in the
specified instance.
Choose the menu Spanning Tree→MSTP Instance→Instance Port Config to load the following
page.
81
Figure 7-9 Instance Port Config
The following entries are displayed on this screen:
Port Config
Instance ID: Select the desired instance ID for its port configuration.
Port Select: Click the Select button to quick-select the corresponding port based on
the port number you entered.
Select: Select the desired port to specify its priority and path cost. It is
multi-optional.
Port: Displays the port number of the switch.
Priority: Enter the priority of the port in the instance. It is an important criterion
on determining if the port connected to this port will be chosen as the
root port.
Path Cost: Path Cost is used to choose the path and calculate the path costs of
ports in an MST region. It is an important criterion on determining the
root port. The lower value has the higher priority.
Port Role: Displays the role of the port played in the MSTP Instance.
Port Status: Displays the working status of the port.
LAG: Displays the LAG number which the port belongs to.
82
Note:
The port status of one port in different spanning tree instances can be different.
Global configuration Procedure for Spanning Tree function:
Step Operation Description
1 Make clear roles the switches
play in spanning tree
instances: root bridge or
designated bridge
2 Globally configure MSTP
parameters
3 Configure MSTP parameters
for ports
4 Configure the MST region Required. Create MST region and configure the role the
5 Configure MSTP parameters
for instance ports
Preparation.
Required. Enable Spanning Tree function on the switch
and configure MSTP parameters on Spanning
Tree→STP Config→STP Config page.
Required. Configure MSTP parameters for ports on
Spanning Tree→Port Config→Port Config page.
switch plays in the MST region on Spanning
Tree→MSTP Instance→Region Config and Instance
Config page.
Optional. Configure different instances in the MST region
and configure MSTP parameters for instance ports on
Spanning Tree→MSTP Instance→Instance Port
Config page.
7.4 STP Security
Configuring protection function for devices can prevent devices from any malicious attack against
STP features. The STP Security function can be implemented on Port Protect and TC Protect
pages.
Port Protect function is to prevent the devices from any malicious attack against STP features.
7.4.1 Port Protect
On this page you can configure loop protect feature, root protect feature, TC protect feature,
BPDU protect feature and BPDU filter feature for ports. You are suggested to enable
corresponding protection feature for the qualified ports.
Loop Protect
In a stable network, a switch maintains the states of ports by receiving and processing BPDU
packets from the upstream switch. However, when link congestions or link failures occurred to the
network, a down stream switch does not receive BPDU packets for certain period, which results in
spanning trees being regenerated and roles of ports being reselected, and causes the blocked
ports to transit to forwarding state. Therefore, loops may be incurred in the network.
The loop protect function can suppresses loops. With this function enabled, a port, regardless of
the role it plays in instances, is always set to blocking state, when the port does not receive BPDU
packets from the upstream switch and spanning trees are regenerated, and thereby loops can be
prevented.
Root Protect
83
CIST and its secondary root bridges are usually located in the high-bandwidth core region.
A
Wrong configuration or malicious attacks may result in configuration BPDU packets with higher
priorities being received by the legal root bridge, which causes the current legal root bridge to lose
its position and network topology jitter to occur. In this case, flows that should travel along
high-speed links may lead to low-speed links, and network congestion may occur.
To avoid this, MSTP provides root protect function. Ports with this function enabled can only be set
as designated ports in all spanning tree instances. When a port of this type receives BDPU
packets with higher priority, it transits its state to blocking state and stops forwarding packets (as if
it is disconnected from the link). The port resumes the normal state if it does not receive any
configuration BPDU packets with higher priorities for a period of two times of forward delay.
TC Protect
A switch removes MAC address entries upon receiving TC-BPDU packets. If a user maliciously
sends a large amount of TC-BPDU packets to a switch in a short period, the switch will be busy
with removing MAC address entries, which may decrease the performance and stability of the
network.
To prevent the switch from frequently removing MAC address entries, you can enable the TC
protect function on the switch. With TC protect function enabled, if the account number of the
received TC-BPDUs exceeds the maximum number you set in the TC threshold field, the switch
will not performs the removing operation in the TC protect cycle. Such a mechanism prevents the
switch from frequently removing MAC address entries.
BPDU Protect
Ports of the switch directly connected to PCs or servers are configured as edge ports to rapidly
transit their states. When these ports receive BPDUs, the system automatically configures these
ports as non-edge ports and regenerates spanning trees, which may cause network topology jitter.
Normally these ports do not receive BPDUs, but if a user maliciously attack the switch by sending
BPDUs, network topology jitter occurs.
To prevent this attack, MSTP provides BPDU protect function. With this function enabled on the
switch, the switch shuts down the edge ports that receive BPDUs and reports these cases to the
administrator. If a port is shut down, only the administrator can restore it.
BPDU Filter
BPDU filter function is to prevent BPDUs flood in the STP network. If a switch receives malicious
BPDUs, it forwards these BPDUs to the other switched in the network, which may result in
spanning trees being continuously regenerated. In this case, the switch occupying too much CPU
or the protocol status of BPDUs is wrong.
With BPDU filter function enabled, a port does not receive or forward BPDUs, but it sends out its
own BPDUs. Such a mechanism prevents the switch from being attacked by BPDUs so as to
guarantee generation the spanning trees correct.
Choose the menu Spanning Tree→STP Security→Port Protect to load the following page.
84
Figure 7-10 Port Protect
The following entries are displayed on this screen:
Port Protect
Port Select: Click the Select button to quick-select the corresponding port based on
the port number you entered.
Select: Select the desired port for port protect configuration. It is
multi-optional.
Port: Displays the port number of the switch.
Loop Protect: Loop Protect is to prevent the loops in the network brought by
recalculating STP because of link failures and network congestions.
Root Protect: Root Protect is to prevent wrong network topology change caused by
the role change of the current legal root bridge.
TC Protect: TC Protect is to prevent the decrease of the performance and stability
of the switch brought by continuously removing MAC address entries
upon receiving TC-BPDUs in the STP network.
BPDU Protect: BPDU Protect is to prevent the edge port from being attacked by
maliciously created BPDUs
BPDU Filter: BPDU Filter is to prevent BPDUs flood in the STP network.
LAG: Displays the LAG number which the port belongs to.
85
7.4.2 TC Protect
When TC Protect is enabled for the port on Port Protect page, the TC threshold and TC protect
cycle need to be configured on this page.
Choose the menu Spanning Tree→STP Security→TC Protect to load the following page.
Figure 7-11 TC Protect
The following entries are displayed on this screen:
TC Protect
TC Threshold: Enter a number from 1 to 100. It is the maximum number of the
TC-BPDUs received by the switch in a TC Protect Cycle. The
default value is 20.
TC Protect Cycle: Enter a value from 1 to 10 to specify the TC Protect Cycle. The
default value is 5.
86
7.5 Application Example for STP Function
Network Requirements
Switch A, B, C, D and E all support MSTP function.
A is the central switch.
B and C are switches in the convergence layer. D, E and F are switches in the access layer.
There are 6 VLANs labeled as VLAN101-VLAN106 in the network.
All switches run MSTP and belong to the same MST region.
The data in VLAN01, 103 and 105 are transmitted in the STP with B as the root bridge. The
data in VLAN02, 104 and 106 are transmitted in the STP with C as the root bridge.
Network Diagram
Configuration Procedure
Configure Switch A:
Step Operation Description
1 Configure ports On VLAN→802.1Q VLAN page, configure the link type
of the related ports as Trunk, and add the ports to VLAN
101 and VLAN 106. The detailed instructions can be
found in the section 802.1Q VLAN.
2 Enable STP function On Spanning Tree→STP Config→STP Config page,
enable STP function and select MSTP version.
On Spanning Tree→STP Config→Port Config page,
enable MSTP function for the port.
3 Configure the region name and
the revision of MST region
On Spanning Tree→MSTP Instance→Region Config
page, configure the region as TP-LINK and keep the
default revision setting.
4 Configure VLAN-to-Instance
mapping table of the MST region
On Spanning Tree→MSTP Instance→Instance
Config page, configure VLAN-to-Instance mapping
table. Map VLAN 101, 103 and 105 to Instance 1; map
VLAN 102, 104 and 106 to Instance 2.
87
Configure Switch B:
Step Operation Description
1 Configure ports On VLAN→802.1Q VLAN page, configure the link type
of the related ports as Trunk, and add the ports to VLAN
101 and VLAN 106. The detailed instructions can be
found in the section 802.1Q VLAN
.
2 Enable STP function On Spanning Tree→STP Config→STP Config page,
enable STP function and select MSTP version.
On Spanning Tree→STP Config→Port Config page,
enable MSTP function for the port.
3 Configure the region name and
the revision of MST region
On Spanning Tree→MSTP Instance→Region Config
page, configure the region as TP-LINK and keep the
default revision setting.
4 Configure VLAN-to-Instance
mapping table of the MST region
On Spanning Tree→MSTP Instance→Instance
Config page, configure VLAN-to-Instance mapping
table. Map VLAN 101, 103 and 105 to Instance 1; map
VLAN 102, 104 and 106 to Instance 2.
5 Configure switch B as the root
bridge of Instance 1
6 Configure switch B as the
designated bridge of Instance 2
On Spanning Tree→MSTP Instance→Instance
Config page, configure the priority of Instance 1 to be 0.
On Spanning Tree→MSTP Instance→Instance
Config page, configure the priority of Instance 2 to be
4096.
Configure Switch C:
Step Operation Description
1 Configure ports On VLAN→802.1Q VLAN page, configure the link type
of the related ports as Trunk, and add the ports to VLAN
101 and VLAN 106. The detailed instructions can be
found in the section 802.1Q VLAN
.
2 Enable STP function On Spanning Tree→STP Config→STP Config page,
enable STP function and select MSTP version.
On Spanning Tree→STP Config→Port Config page,
enable MSTP function for the port.
3 Configure the region name and
the revision of MST region
On Spanning Tree→MSTP Instance→Region Config
page, configure the region as TP-LINK and keep the
default revision setting.
4 Configure VLAN-to-Instance
mapping table of the MST region
On Spanning Tree→MSTP Instance→Instance
Config page, configure VLAN-to-Instance mapping
table. Map VLAN 101, 103 and 105 to Instance 1; map
VLAN 102, 104 and 106 to Instance 2.
5 Configure switch C as the root
bridge of Instance 1
On Spanning Tree→MSTP Instance→Instance
Config page, configure the priority of Instance 1 to be
4096.
6 Configure switch C as the root
bridge of Instance 2
On Spanning Tree→MSTP Instance→Instance
Config page, configure the priority of Instance 2 to be 0.
88
Configure Switch D:
Step Operation Description
1 Configure ports On VLAN→802.1Q VLAN page, configure the link type
of the related ports as Trunk, and add the ports to VLAN
101 and VLAN 106. The detailed instructions can be
found in the section 802.1Q VLAN
.
2 Enable STP function On Spanning Tree→STP Config→STP Config page,
enable STP function and select MSTP version.
On Spanning Tree→STP Config→Port Config page,
enable MSTP function for the port.
3 Configure the region name and
the revision of MST region
On Spanning Tree→MSTP Instance→Region Config
page, configure the region as TP-LINK and keep the
default revision setting.
4 Configure VLAN-to-Instance
mapping table of the MST region
On Spanning Tree→MSTP Instance→Instance
Config page, configure VLAN-to-Instance mapping
table. Map VLAN 101, 103 and 105 to Instance 1; map
VLAN 102, 104 and 106 to Instance 2.
The configuration procedure for switch E and F is the same with that for switch D.
The topology diagram of the two instances after the topology is stable
For Instance 1 (VLAN 101, 103 and 105), the red paths in the following figure are connected
links; the gray paths are the blocked links.
For Instance 2 (VLAN 102, 104 and 106), the blue paths in the following figure are connected
links; the gray paths are the blocked links.
89
Suggestion for Configuration
Enable TC Protect function for all the ports of switches.
Enable Root Protect function for all the ports of root bridges.
Enable Loop Protect function for the non-edge ports.
Enable BPDU Protect function or BPDU Filter function for the edge ports which are connected to
the PC and server.
Return to CONTENTS
90
Chapter 8 Multicast
Multicast Overview
In the network, packets are sent in three modes: unicast, broadcast and multicast. In unicast, the
source server sends separate copy information to each receiver. When a large number of users
require this information, the server must send many pieces of information with the same content to
the users. Therefore, large bandwidth will be occupied. In broadcast, the system transmits
information to all users in a network. Any user in the network can receive the information, no
matter the information is needed or not.
Point-to-multipoint multimedia business, such as video conferences and VoD (video-on-demand),
plays an important part in the information transmission field. Suppose a point to multi-point service
is required, unicast is suitable for networks with sparsely users, whereas broadcast is suitable for
networks with densely distributed users. When the number of users requiring this information is
not certain, unicast and broadcast deliver a low efficiency. Multicast solves this problem. It can
deliver a high efficiency to send data in the point to multi-point service, which can save large
bandwidth and reduce the network load. In multicast, the packets are transmitted in the following
way as shown in Figure 8-1.
Figure 8-1 Information transmission in the multicast mode
Features of multicast:
1. The number of receivers is not certain. Usually point-to-multipoint transmission is needed;
2. Multiple users receiving the same information form a multicast group. The multicast
information sender just need sends the information to the network device once;
3. Each user can join and leave the multicast group at any time;
4. Real time is highly demanded and certain packets drop is allowed.
Multicast Address
91
1. Multicast
IP Address:
As specified by IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority), Class D IP addresses are used as
destination addresses of multicast packets. The multicast IP addresses range from
224.0.0.0~239.255.255.255. The following table displays the range and description of several
special multicast IP addresses.
Multicast IP address range Description
224.0.0.0～224.0.0.255
Reserved multicast addresses for routing protocols
and other network protocols
224.0.1.0～224.0.1.255
239.0.0.0～239.255.255.255
Addresses for video conferencing
Local management multicast addresses, which are
used in the local network only
Table 8-1 Range of the special multicast IP
2. Multicast MAC Address:
When a unicast packet is transmitted in an Ethernet network, the destination MAC address is the
MAC address of the receiver. When a multicast packet is transmitted in an Ethernet network, the
destination is not a receiver but a group with uncertain number of members, so a multicast MAC
address, a logical MAC address, is needed to be used as the destination address.
As stipulated by IANA, the high-order 24 bits of a multicast MAC address begins with 01-00-5E
while the low-order 23 bits of a multicast MAC address are the low-order 23 bits of the multicast IP
address. The mapping relationship is described as Figure 8-2.
Figure 8-2 Mapping relationship between multicast IP address and multicast MAC address
The high-order 4 bits of the IP multicast address are 1110, identifying the multicast group. Only 23
bits of the remaining low-order 28 bits are mapped to a multicast MAC address. In that way, 5 bits
of the IP multicast address is not utilized. As a result, 32 IP multicast addresses are mapped to the
same MAC address.
Multicast Address Table
The switch is forwarding multicast packets based on the multicast address table. As the
transmission of multicast packets can not span the VLAN, the first part of the multicast address
table is VLAN ID, based on which the received multicast packets are forwarded in the VLAN
owning the receiving port. The multicast address table is not mapped to an egress port but a group
port list. When forwarding a multicast packet, the switch looks up the multicast address table
based on the destination multicast address of the multicast packet. If the corresponding entry can
not be found in the table, the switch will broadcast the packet in the VLAN owning the receiving
port. If the corresponding entry can be found in the table, it indicates that the destination address
should be a group port list, so the switch will duplicate this multicast data and deliver each port one
copy. The general format of the multicast address table is described as Figure 8-3 below.
VLAN ID
Multicast IP Port
Figure 8-3 Multicast Address Table
92
IGMP Snooping
In the network, the hosts apply to the near Router for joining (leaving) a multicast group by sending
IGMP (Internet Group Management Protocol) messages. When the up-stream device forwards
down the multicast data, the switch is responsible for sending them to the hosts. IGMP Snooping is
a multicast control mechanism, which can be used on the switch for dynamic registration of the
multicast group. The switch, running IGMP Snooping, manages and controls the multicast group via
listening to and processing the IGMP messages transmitted between the hosts and the multicast
router, thereby effectively prevent multicast groups being broadcasted in the network.
The Multicast module is mainly for multicast management configuration of the switch, including
four submenus: IGMP Snooping, Multicast IP, Multicast Filter and Packet Statistics.
8.1 IGMP Snooping
IGMP Snooping Process
The switch, running IGMP Snooping, listens to the IGMP messages transmitted between the host
and the router, and tracks the IGMP messages and the registered port. When receiving IGMP
report message, the switch adds the port to the multicast address table; when the switch listens to
IGMP leave message from the host, the router sends the Group-Specific Query message of the
port to check if other hosts need this multicast, if yes, the router will receive IGMP report message;
if no, the router will receive no response from the hosts and the switch will remove the port from
the multicast address table. The router regularly sends IGMP query messages. After receiving the
IGMP query messages, the switch will remove the port from the multicast address table if the
switch receives no IGMP report message from the host within a period of time.
IGMP Messages
The switch, running IGMP Snooping, processes the IGMP messages of different types as follows.
1. IGMP Query Message
IGMP query message, sent by the router, falls into two types, IGMP general query message and
IGMP group-specific-query message. The router regularly sends IGMP general message to query
if the multicast groups contain any member. When receiving IGMP leave message, the receiving
port of the router will send IGMP group-specific-query message to the multicast group and the
switch will forward IGMP group-specific-query message to check if other members in the multicast
group of the port need this multicast.
When receiving IGMP general query message, the switch will forward them to all other ports in the
VLAN owning the receiving port. The receiving port will be processed: if the receiving port is not a
router port yet, it will be added to the router port list with its router port time specified; if the
receiving port is already a router port, its router port time will be directly reset.
When receiving IGMP group-specific-query message, the switch will send the group-specific query
message to the members of the multicast group being queried.
2. IGMP Report Message
IGMP report message is sent by the host when it applies for joining a multicast group or responses
to the IGMP query message from the router.
When receiving IGMP report message, the switch will send the report message via the router port
in the VLAN as well as analyze the message to get the address of the multicast group the host
applies for joining. The receiving port will be processed: if the receiving port is a new member port,
it will be added to the multicast address table with its member port time specified; if the receiving
port is already a member port, its member port time will be directly reset.
3. IGMP Leave Message
93
Loading...