written consent of Apple. Your rights to the software are governed by the accompanying
software license agreement.
The Apple logo is a trademark of Apple Computer, Inc., registered in the U.S. and other
countries. Use of the “keyboard” Apple logo (Option-Shift-K) for commercial purposes without
the prior written consent of Apple may constitute trademark infringement and unfair
competition in violation of federal and state laws.
Every effort has been made to ensure that the information in this manual is accurate. Apple is
not responsible for printing or clerical errors.
Apple Computer, Inc.
1 Infinite Loop
Cupertino, CA 95014-2084
(408) 996-1010
Apple, the Apple logo, AppleShare, AppleTalk, ImageWriter, LaserWriter, Macintosh,
MacTCP, ProDOS, QuickTime, and StyleWriter are trademarks of Apple Computer, Inc.,
registered in the U.S. and other countries.
Apple Desktop Bus, AppleScript, Balloon Help, Disk First Aid, Finder, Macintosh PC
Exchange, PlainTalk, PowerTalk, and QuickDraw GX are trademarks of Apple Computer, Inc.
Adobe, Adobe Illustrator, Adobe Photoshop, and PostScript are trademarks of Adobe Systems
Incorporated, which may be registered in certain jurisdictions.
Epson is a registered trademark of Seiko Epson Corporation.
ExposurePro is a registered trademark of Baseline Publishing, Inc.
Helvetica and Times are registered trademarks of Linotype-Hell AG and/or its subsidiaries.
Hewlett-Packard, LaserJet, and PCL are registered trademarks of Hewlett-Packard Company.
MacLink Plus is a trademark of Data Viz., Inc.
Microsoft and MS-DOS are registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation.Windows is a
trademark of Microsoft Corporation and SoftWindows is a trademark used under license.
NetWare is a registered trademark of Novell, Inc.
QMS is a registered trademark of QMS, Inc.
QuarkXPress is a registered trademark of Quark, Inc.
Sound Blaster is a trademark of Creative Technology, Ltd.
SuperPaint is a trademark of Aldus Corporation, a subsidiary of Adobe Systems Incorporated
which may be registered in certain jurisdictions.
Tektronix is a registered trademark of Tektronix, Inc.
Simultaneously published in the United States and Canada.
Mention of third-party products is for informational purposes only and constitutes neither an
endorsement nor a recommendation. Apple assumes no responsibility with regard to the
performance or use of these products.
Contents
Communications regulation information vii
PrefaceYour DOS-compatible Macintosh computer ix
1Getting Started 1
Plugging in the computer 1
Installing an expansion card 3
Connecting a monitor 3
Connecting the mouse and keyboard 6
Connecting other equipment 7
Turning the computer on 8
Problems turning your computer on? 10
What’s next? 11
Learning the basics 12
Reviewing the basics 13
Turning the computer off 14
Where to find answers 15
iii
2Getting Help 17
Getting answers to your questions 18
Identifying objects on the screen 26
Learning useful shortcuts 27
3Connecting Additional Equipment 29
Where to connect additional equipment 30
Connecting an Apple PlainTalk Microphone 31
Connecting external stereo speakers 32
Connecting a game controller 33
Expanding memory 34
Installing internal drives 34
4Installing and Using Application Programs in the
Macintosh Environment 35
Installing Macintosh application programs 36
Worki ng with several programs at a time 37
Backing up your files 38
5Operating in the PC Environment 39
Switching between the Macintosh and PC environments 40
Setting up the PC environment 42
Worki ng in the PC environment 44
Running network software 53
Using multimedia, MIDI, and game application programs 54
Using Macintosh peripherals in the PC environment 55
Using PC peripherals 59
iv
Contents
6Configuring the PC Environment 61
Choosing settings 62
Configuring the PC serial ports 63
Setting the monitor 64
Setting the time and date 64
Setting shared memory 65
Choosing shared folders or volumes 67
Turning on PC sounds 69
Configuring drives C and D 70
Managing PC files from the Mac OS 71
Changing the size of the drive container 72
Understanding the status line 76
7Troubleshooting in the Macintosh Environment 77
When you have questions 77
When you run into trouble 77
Solutions to common problems 80
Initializing a hard disk 93
Repairing a damaged disk 97
Installing or reinstalling Mac OS system software 102
8Troubleshooting in the PC Environment 113
When you have questions 113
Reinstalling the DOS-Compatibility Software 119
Contents
v
Appendix AHealth, Safety, and Maintenance Tips 129
Health-related information about computer use 129
Safety instructions 134
Handling your computer equipment 135
Cleaning your equipment 139
Locking and unlocking the mouse 141
Appendix BInstalling an Expansion Card or Memory for the PC
Environment 143
Opening the computer 145
Installing a communication card 148
Installing a SIMM for the PC environment 149
Closing the computer 154
Appendix CSpecial Keys on Your Keyboard 157
Appendix DInstalling Macintosh Easy Open 159
Choosing an application to open a document 159
Using the Macintosh Easy Open control panel 161
Installing NetWare client software 163
Installing Novell’s LAN Workplace for DOS TCP/IP software 167
Installing NetManage’s Chameleon TCP/IP software 169
Installing Windows for Workgroups 173
Installing Spry’s Air Series TCP/IP software 173
Installing Mosaic 177
Index 179
vi
Contents
Com municatio ns re g u lation informa ti on
FCC statement
This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class B digital device
in accordance with the specifications in Part 15 of FCC rules. See instructions if interference to
radio or television reception is suspected.
Radio and television interference
The equipment described in this manual generates, uses, and can radiate radio-frequency
energy. If it is not installed and used properly—that is, in strict accordance with Apple’s
instructions—it may cause interference with radio and television reception.
This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class B digital device
in accordance with the specifications in Part 15 of FCC rules. These specifications are designed
to provide reasonable protection against such interference in a residential installation. However,
there is no guarantee that interference will not occur in a particular installation.
You can determine whether your computer system is causing interference by turning it off. If
the interference stops, it was probably caused by the computer or one of the peripheral devices.
If your computer system does cause interference to radio or television reception, try to correct
the interference by using one or more of the following measures:
m Turn the television or radio antenna until the interference stops.
m Move the computer to one side or the other of the television or radio.
m Move the computer farther away from the television or radio.
m Plug the computer into an outlet that is on a different circuit from the television or radio.
(That is, make certain the computer and the television or radio are on circuits controlled by
different circuit breakers or fuses.)
If necessary, consult an Apple-authorized service provider or Apple. See the service and support
information that came with your Apple product. Or, consult an experienced radio/television
technician for additional suggestions. You may find the following booklet helpful: InterferenceHandbook (stock number 004-000-00493-1). This booklet, prepared by the Federal
Communications Commission, is available from the U.S. Government Printing Office,
Washington, DC 20402.
IMPORTANT
could void the FCC Certification and negate your authority to operate the product.
This product was tested for FCC compliance under conditions that included the use of Apple
peripheral devices and Apple shielded cables and connectors between system components. It is
important that you use Apple peripheral devices and shielded cables and connectors between
system components to reduce the possibility of causing interference to radios, television sets,
and other electronic devices. You can obtain Apple peripheral devices and the proper shielded
cables and connectors through an Apple-authorized dealer. For non-Apple peripheral devices,
contact the manufacturer or dealer for assistance.
Changes or modifications to this product not authorized by Apple Computer, Inc.,
Communications regulation information
vii
DOC statement
DOC Class B Compliance This digital apparatus does not exceed the Class B limits for radio
noise emissions from digital apparatus as set out in the interference-causing equipment standard
entitled “Digital Apparatus,” ICES-003 of the Department of Communications.
Observation des normes—Classe B Cet appareil numérique respecte les limites de bruits
radioélectriques applicables aux appareils numériques de Classe B prescrites dans la norme
sur le matériel brouilleur : “Appareils Numériques”, NMB-003 édictée par le ministre des
Communications.
VCCI statement
CD-ROM drive
WARNING
equipment’s manual may result in hazardous exposure.
WARNING
this product is harmful to the eyes. The use of optical instruments, such as magnifying lenses,
with this product increases the potential hazard to your eyes. For your safety, have this
equipment serviced only by an Apple-authorized service provider.
If you have an internal Apple CD-ROM drive in your computer, your computer is a Class 1
laser product. The Class 1 label, located on the computer, indicates that the drive meets
minimum safety requirements. A service warning label is on the CD-ROM drive inside the
computer.
Making adjustments or performing procedures other than those specified in your
Do not attempt to disassemble the cabinet containing the laser. The laser beam used in
viii
Communications regulation information
Your DOS-Compatible Macintosh Computer
Your Macintosh includes hardware and software that let you use DOS and
Windows application programs directly on your Macintosh computer. It
contains a high-performance microprocessor that’s fully compatible with the
latest DOS and Windows software. You can
m simultaneously run Macintosh operating system (Mac OS) and PC
application programs
m switch between the Mac OS and PC environment at any time without
quitting the applications you’re using
m view the current environment on a single monitor
m use the same hard disk for both Mac OS and PC software
m share files and folders (directories) between the Mac OS and the PC
environment
m cut, copy, a nd paste data between Mac OS and DOS or Windows
documents
m use your Macintosh keyboard and mouse with PC software
m use your Macintosh modem, monitor, and printer with PC software, or
connect PC-compatible equipment
m use a joystick or other game controller with PC application programs
ix
m share the random-access memory (RAM) in your Macintosh with the PC
environment, or use a memory module (SIMM) for the exclusive use of the
PC environment
m use the built-in Macintosh serial ports with PC software
m access PC CD-ROM discs using an Apple CD-ROM drive
m play Sound Blaster-compatible sounds
m communicate with network servers and other computers running
PC software
To begin, follow the instr uctions in Chapters 1 and 2 to set up your
computer and get started using it. Read Chapters 3 and 4 when you are
ready to connect additional equipment to your computer and install
Mac OS application programs. Read Chapters 5 and 6 to start using DOS
and Windows application programs on your Macintosh computer. Turn to
Chapters 7 and 8 if you have questions or problems using your Macintosh.
x
Your DOS-Compatible Macintosh Computer
Keyboard cable
(sometimes built
into the keyboard
as shown here)
Macintosh DOS-compatible computerMonitor
Keyboard
Mouse
Monitor cable
(sometimes built into the monitor)
Monitor power cord
(sometimes built into the monitor)
Computer power cord
Follow the instructions in this
chapter to set up your computer
and learn the basics.
1
Getting Started
The illustration on the facing page shows all the equipment you need to set
up your computer and begin using it. Place your equipment on a sturdy, flat
surface near a grounded wall outlet. Before following the setup instructions in
this chapter, you may want to read “Arra nging Your Office” i n Appendix A
(in the section on health-related information) for tips on adjusting your work
furniture so that you’re comfortable when using the computer.
Plugging in the computer
Before you plug your Macintosh into a wall socket, carefully read all the
setup instructions in this chapter. Then, before you connect anything to your
Macintosh, follow the instructions in this section to plug it in. The plug
grounds the computer and protects it from electrical damage while you are
setting up.
1
When you are ready to begin, follow these steps:
1Plug the socket end of the computer’s power cord into the recessed power cord socket
(marked with the symbol ≤) on the back of the computer.
2Plug the other end of the power cord into a three-hole grounded outlet or power strip.
Choose a power outlet to which you have easy access.
WARNING
This equipment is intended to be electrically grounded.Your
Macintosh is equipped with a three-wire grounding plug—a plug that
has a third (grounding) pin. This plug will fit only a grounded AC
outlet. This is a safety feature. If you are unable to insert the plug into
the outlet, contact a licensed electrician to replace the outlet with a
properly grounded outlet. Do not defeat the purpose of the grounding
plug!
Power cord plugPower cord socketStandby power button
2
Chapter 1
IMPORTANT
Be sure that at least one end of the power cord is within easy
reach so that you can unplug the computer when you need to.
If the computer starts up: If you hear a tone, the computer has started up and
you need to turn it off before proceeding. Press the power button (also called
the standby power button) located on the back of the computer to turn the
computer off.
Installing an expansion card
If you purchased any expansion cards for your Macintosh or extra memory
for use in the PC environment, install the cards or memory now. (For
instructions, see Appendix B, “Installing an Expansion Card or Memory for
the PC Environment,” as well as the documentation that came with the cards
or memory module.) If you don’t have an expansion card or memory to install,
go on to the next section, “Connecting a Monitor.”
Connecting a monitor
You can connect many types of monitors to your Macintosh. To connect a
monitor from a manufacturer other than Apple, refer to the instructions that
came with the monitor.
Connecting the monitor power cord
Monitors have two cords to connect—a power cord and a monitor cable.
To connect the monitor power cord, follow these steps:
1Place the monitor where you will be using it.
You can place a monitor with a 15-inch or smaller screen on top of your
computer. Don’t place larger monitors on the computer.
Keep these considerations in mind:
m Allow a few inches for air circulation around the sides of the computer
and monitor.
m Make sure that the top of the screen is slightly below eye level when you’re
sitting at the keyboard.
m Position the monitor to minimize glare and reflections on the screen from
overhead lights and windows.
m Consult “Arranging Your Office” in the section “Health-Related
Information About Computer Use” i n Appendix A for suggestions on
locating your computer equipment.
Getting Started
3
2Connect the monitor power cord to the monitor.
On some monitors, the cord is already attached.
3Plug in the monitor power cord.
Be sure to plug the power cord into a three-hole grounded outlet or
power strip.
Monitor power socket
4
Monitor power cord
Chapter 1
Connecting the monitor cable
After you plug in the monitor power cord, you connect the monitor cable to
the computer’s monitor port.
To connect the monitor cable, follow these steps:
1Attach the monitor cable to the monitor.
On some monitors, the cable is already attached (as shown below).
2Attach the monitor cable to the monitor port on the back panel of the computer.
The monitor port is on the upper-right corner of the back panel. It is marked
with the ™ icon (symbol). Be sure you plug the cable into the correct port.
™
Monitor port
Monitor cable
Getting Started
5
Connecting the mouse and keyboard
You have a choice of several keyboards for your Macintosh. The way you
connect the mouse and keyboard depends on whether the keyboard has a
separate cable or a built-in cable.
Connecting a keyboard with a separate cable
1Plug the mouse cable into the port on either side of the keyboard.
Most right-handed people prefer to use the mouse with their right hand; most
left-handed people prefer to use their left hand. Plug the mouse into the port
on the side you prefer.
The plug and the port are marked with the ◊ icon (symbol). Align the
symbols before you insert the plug. (The positions of the por t and icon on
your keyboard may be different from those pictured here.)
By the way: A port marked with the ◊ icon is called an Apple Desktop Bus
(ADB) port.
ADB icon
6
Chapter 1
2Plug the keyboard cable (both ends are the same) into the other port on the keyboard.
If you plugged the mouse cable in on the right, for example, plug the keyboard
cable in on the left.
3Plug the keyboard cable into the port marked with the
computer.
◊
icon on the back of the
Some monitors have a port to which you can connect the keyboard or mouse.
See the information that came with your monitor.
Connecting a keyboard with a built-in cable
1Plug the mouse cable into the recessed port on the back of the keyboard.
The plug and the port are marked with the ◊ icon (symbol). The positions of
the port and icon on your keyboard may be different from those pictured.
By the way: A port marked with the ◊ icon is called an Apple Desktop Bus
(ADB) port.
Plug the mouse into the recessed port on
the keyboard. The flat part of the plug should
be pointing down, as shown here.
This cable plugs into the Apple Desktop Bus (ADB) port
on the back of the computer. The ADB port on the
◊
computer is marked with the
icon.
2Plug the keyboard cable into the port marked with the ◊icon on the back of the
computer.
Some monitors have a port to which you can connect the keyboard or mouse.
See the information that came with your monitor.
Connecting other equipment
If you are new to the Macintosh, it’s a good idea to get some experience using
your computer before you connect other equipment, such as a printer or
scanner. To learn basic Macintosh skills, continue with the instructions in
this chapter.
When you’re ready to connect other equipment to your Macintosh, see the
instructions in Chapter 3.
Getting Started
7
Turning the computer on
Follow these steps to turn the computer on:
1Turn on the monitor.
See the information that came with your monitor for the location of the
power button.
2Turn on your computer by pressing the Power key.
The Power key is at the top of the keyboard. You can recognize this key by the
triangle outline on it (P).
8
You h ear a tone from the computer as it starts up.
Chapter 1
3Check to see what’s on your screen.
m If you see the Macintosh desktop, as in the illustration below, your system
software has already been installed, and your computer is ready to use.
Skip now to the section “What’s Next?” later in this chapter.
Hard disk icon
Macintosh desktop
m If you see a blinking question mark, you need to install system software on
your computer’s hard disk. (System software is the set of programs your
computer uses to start itself up.) See “Installing or Reinstalling Mac OS
System Software” in Chapter 7 for information on how to install system
software.
m If you see anything else on your screen, or nothing at all, see the next
section, “Problems Turning Your Computer On?”
Getting Started
9
Problems turning your computer on?
If you don’t see anything on the screen, check these items to see if you can
identify the problem:
m Is the computer plugged into a power source? If it is plugged into a power
strip, is the power strip tur ned on?
m Is the computer turned on? The power-on light on the front panel should
be on. If it isn’t on, press the standby power button on the computer’s back
panel (marked with the symbol ®).
m Are the keyboard and mouse cables connected correctly? (Don’t disconnect
the keyboard or mouse cable while the computer is on. You could damage
your equipment.)
m Is the monitor power cord plugged in?
m Is the monitor turned on? (Check the power-on light on the front of the
monitor.)
m Is the monitor cable attached firmly to both the monitor and computer?
m Is the brightness control on the monitor adjusted correctly? (On Apple
monitors, the brightness control is marked with the symbol ¤.)
10
Chapter 1
What’s next?
Congratulations! You’ve finished setting up your computer. Now continue
with one of the following steps:
m If you are new to the Macintosh, turn to the next section, “Learning
th e Basics.”
m If you are an experienced Macintosh user, turn to Chapter 2, “Getting
Help,” to lear n about Macintosh Guide, your main source of information
when you’re working with the Mac OS (the Macintosh environment).
m If you want to connect other equipment, such as a printer, to your
computer, see Chapter 3, “Connecting Additional Equipment.”
m If you want to start using DOS or Windows application programs on your
Macintosh, turn to Chapter 5, “Operating in the PC Environment.”
Before you begin working with your computer, be sure to read the important
health and safety information in Appendix A.
IMPORTANT
If you need to turn off your computer at any point, please see
“Turning the Computer Off” later in this chapter. It is very important to use
the correct procedure for shutting down your Macintosh before turning it off.
Getting Started
11
Learning the basics
If you are new to the Macintosh, you should begin by looking at the easy-touse program called the Macintosh Tutorial. The tutorial teaches you the basic
skills you’ll need to use your computer in the Macintosh environment. To
start the tutorial, follow these steps:
1Slide the mouse along your mouse pad or desk.
Hold the mouse as shown, with the cable pointing away from you. Don’t press
the mouse button (under your index finger). Notice that the arrow (8) on the
screen moves in the same direction that you move the mouse.
Mouse button
If the arrow doesn’t move, make sure that the cables connecting the mouse
and keyboard are secure and that your mouse is positioned as shown in the
illustration.
12
2Move the tip of the arrow (8) to the question mark (h) in the upper-right portion of the
screen.
If you run out of room on your mouse pad or desk while moving the mouse,
pick up the mouse and place it where there’s more room. (The arrow on the
screen moves only when the mouse is in contact with the mouse pad or desk.)
3With the tip of the arrow on the question mark, press and hold down the mouse button.
A list of choices (called a menu) appears. This is the Guide (h) menu, which
is the place to go when you have a question about how to use your computer
in the Macintosh environment (Mac OS). (The Guide [h] menu is not
available when you’re in the PC environment.)
Chapter 1
4While holding down the mouse button, move the arrow until the words “Macintosh
Tutorial” are highlighted, then release the mouse button.
A window appears welcoming you to the tutorial. You can set this book aside
for now and follow the instructions on the screen. When you have completed
the tutorial, return to this book.
Reviewing the basics
The following illustration summarizes many of the basic skills and terms you
learned from the tutorial.
The strip across the
top of the screen is
called the menu bar.
The symbols and
words in it represent
menus of commands.
Icons are small pictures
that represent disks,
folders, programs, and
documents. To open
an icon, click the
icon twice quickly.
Windows are boxes
that display text,
graphics, or icons. To
bring a partially
covered window to the
front, click anywhere
in the window.
To move a window,
drag it by the title bar.
To close a window,
click the close box.
To find an answer to
a question about the
Macintosh
environment, look in
the Guide (
To bring hidden portions of a
window’s contents into view,
click the scroll arrows.
) menu.
h
You can have several application
programs open at once. To see which
program is active or to switch from
one program to another, use this
menu (called the Application menu).
This icon represents your
computer’s internal hard disk.
To change the size or shape of
a window, drag the size box.
To throw away an item you
no longer want, drag it to the
Trash and choose Empty
Trash from the Special menu.
Getting Started
13
Turning the computer off
To tur n the computer off, you choose Shut Down from the Special menu.
Detailed instructions follow.
1Move the tip of the arrow to the word “Special” at the top center of the screen.
If the word “Special” does not appear at the top of the screen, you’re working
in the wrong program. Pull down the Application menu (to the right of the
Guide [h] menu) and choose Finder. Then try step 1 again.
2With the tip of the arrow on the word “Special,” press and hold down the mouse button.
3While holding down the mouse button, move the arrow down the list of choices until the
words “Shut Down” are highlighted, then release the mouse button.
14
Chapter 1
You can also shut down your computer from the keyboard.
1Press the Power key (marked with a triangle) on the keyboard.
You will see a message asking whether you want to shut down or continue
working.
2Click Shut Down.
To tur n the computer on, simply press the Power key again.
WARNING
Do not turn the computer off by pressing the standby power
button on the back panel. If you do so, you may lose any work you
haven’t previously saved to a disk. You also risk losing any open
documents.
Where to find answers
When you have questions about using your Macintosh, there are several
places you can look for answers.
In this book
Macintosh
User’s Guide
Use this book to help you set up your computer and learn about it,
or to find solutions to problems.
In the Guide menu
The Guide menu (marked with the
of information about the Macintosh environment. To learn how to
get different kinds of help from the Guide menu, see Chapter 2 in
this book.
In other manuals
For answers to questions about other equipment or about
application programs you have purchased, see the manuals
that came with the equipment or programs. Manuals for DOS
and Windows are included with your computer.
From Apple’s customer support hotline
If you can’t find an answer in any of the materials provided, call the
customer support hotline. (The phone number for the hotline is in
the service and support information that came with your computer.)
h
icon) is your main source
Getting Started
15
Use the instructions in this
chapter to learn about the help
available to you in the Guide menu.
2
Getting Help
The Guide menu is your main source of information when you’re working
with your computer in the Macintosh environment. The menu is identified by
a question mark (h) in the upper-right corn er of the screen.
(If you need instructions on using DOS or Windows, see the appropriate
manual.)
17
Getting answers to your questions
When you have a question while working in the Macintosh environment, you
can get the answer by choosing Macintosh Guide from the Guide menu.
1Pull down the Application menu (in the upper-right corner of the screen) and choose
Finder to make it the active application program.
A checkmark in the menu indicates that the Finder is the active program.
2Pull down the Guide menu (marked with the
h
icon) and choose Macintosh Guide.
The Macintosh Guide window appears.
Whenever you use Macintosh Guide, its window remains in front of other
windows. If the window gets in your way, you can move it by dragging its
title bar (the gray bar across the top of the window).
18
Chapter 2
3Notice the three buttons at the top of the window: Topics, Index, and Look For.
Macintosh Guide gives you three ways of finding information:
m
Topics
lets you choose from a list of general subjects; it is like the table of
contents in a book.
m
Index
lets you choose from an alphabetical list of more specific subjects; it
is like the index in a book.
m
Look For
lets you search for information related to a specific word or phrase
that you type.
In the following sections you will practice using each method.
If you have problems while using Macintosh Guide, see “Tips for Using
Macintosh Guide” later in this chapter.
Getting answers with the Topics button
1In the Macintosh Guide window, click the Topics button.
A list of general topics appears on the left side of the Macintosh Guide
window. (Depending on the hardware and software you have, the list of topics
may look different.)
Getting Help
19
2Click “Setting Options” in the list of topics.
When you click any topic area, a list of related questions appears on the right
side of the Macintosh Guide window.
To get instructions,
click a question…
…and then click OK.
3Click the question “How do I set the time and date?” and then click OK. Or double-click
the question.
A small window appears with instructions for you to follow.
20
If you want to
return to the main
Macintosh Guide
window, click here.
4Read and follow the instructions in this window.
5When you have completed all the steps, click the Topics button in the lower-left corner to
Chapter 2
Click here to see the next
step (if there is one).
Macintosh Guide provides step-by-step instructions to answer the question
you selected. When you have completed each step, click the right arrow in the
lower-right corner to see the next step.
return to the main Macintosh Guide window.
Now continue with the next section.
Getting answers with the Index button
1In the Macintosh Guide window, click the Index button.
An alphabetical list of subjects appears on the left side of the window.
Slider
Scroll bar
2Scroll through the alphabetical list until the phrase “background pattern” is visible.
You can scroll through the list either by dragging the slider to the letter B or
by using the scroll bar at the right of the list.
3Click the phrase “background pattern” in the alphabetical list.
When you click any index entry, a list of related questions appears on the
right side of the Macintosh Guide window.
To get instructions,
click a question…
…and then click OK.
Getting Help
21
4Click the question “How do I change the background pattern?” and then click OK. Or
If you want to
return to the main
Macintosh Guide
window, click here.
5Read and follow the instructions in the window.
6When you have completed all the steps, click the Topics button in the lower-left corner to
double-click the question.
A small window appears with instructions for you to follow.
Click here to see the next
step (if there is one).
Macintosh Guide provides step-by-step instructions to answer the question
you selected. When you have completed each step, click the right arrow in the
lower-right corner to see the next step.
return to the main Macintosh Guide window.
Now continue with the next section.
22
Chapter 2
1In the Macintosh Guide window, click the Look For button.
To activate the text
box, click here.
Type a word or phrase
in the text box…
…and then click here.
2Click the arrow button to activate the text box.
3Type “sound” in the text box and then click Search.
Getting answers with the Look For button
A small box appears on the left side of the window, where you can type text.
When you click Search, a list of questions related to the word or phrase you
typed appears on the right side of the Macintosh Guide window.
To get instructions,
click a question…
…and then click OK.
Getting Help
23
4Click the question “How do I change the beep sound?” and then click OK. Or double-
If you want to close
Macintosh Guide,
click here.
5Read and follow the instructions in the window.
6When you have completed all the steps, click the close box in the upper-left corner to
click the question.
A small window appears with instructions for you to follow.
Click here to see the next
step (if there is one).
Macintosh Guide provides step-by-step instructions to answer the question
you selected. When you have completed each step, click the right arrow in the
lower-right corner to display the next step.
close Macintosh Guide.
24
Chapter 2
Tips for using Macintosh Guide
Here are a few tips for using Macintosh Guide effectively:
m Macintosh Guide is available only in the Macintosh environment, and
only when you are in the Finder—the desktop area where you can see
the icons of disks, folders, and files. (Other programs may also have
help available in the Guide menu, however.) If you don’t see
Macintosh Guide in the Guide menu, pull down the Application menu
(to the right of the Guide menu) and choose Finder.
m Follow the steps when you’re instructed to; don’t skip ahead or read
ahead. That way the computer can check to make sure you’ve done a
step correctly.
m Unlike most windows, the Macintosh Guide window stays in front of
other windows on the screen so that your instructions are never
covered. If you need to move the Guide window out of the way, drag
it by the title bar at the top of the window.
You can also move the window out of the way by clicking the zoom
box. Click the box once to shrink the window; click it a second time
to expand the window to its original size.
m If you need more information about an instruction or a term, click the
button labeled “Huh?” to get further explanation. (The “Huh?” button
is dimmed when no additional information is available.)
m If you want to return to the main Macintosh Guide window, click the
Topics button in the lower-left corner of the Guide window.
m When you’re finished using Macintosh Guide, click the close box in
the upper-left corner of the window.
Close box
Topics button
“Huh?” button
Title bar
Zoom box
Right arrow
Getting Help
25
Identifying objects on the screen
Sometimes you’ll see an unfamiliar item on the screen and ask yourself,
“What’s that?” You can get an answer by using a Macintosh feature known as
Balloon Help.
Balloon Help explains the function of icons, menus, commands, and other
items in the Macintosh environment using balloons like those you see in
comic strips.
Follow these steps to use Balloon Help:
1Pull down the Guide menu (marked with the
2Point to any object on the screen that you want to identify.
h
icon) and choose Show Balloons.
A balloon appears next to the object. In the following illustration, for
example, pointing to the Trash displays a balloon that explains how to use the
Trash to throw items away.
Although balloons appear next to items when you point to them, the way
you work does not change; you can still select icons, choose commands,
and so on.
26
3When you’re finished using Balloon Help, choose Hide Balloons from the Guide menu.
Chapter 2
Learning useful shortcuts
You can perform many tasks in the Finder more quickly if you use keyboard
or mouse shortcuts. For example, instead of clicking an icon and choosing
Open from the File menu, you can simply double-click the icon to open it.
Follow these steps to learn keyboard and mouse shortcuts:
1Pull down the Guide menu (marked with the
h
icon) and choose Shortcuts.
The main Macintosh Shortcuts window appears.
Getting Help
27
2Click one of the category buttons.
If you want to
close the window,
click here.
Click here to return to
the main Macintosh
Shortcuts window for
more categories.
3Read about the shortcuts available for the category you selected.
4When you finish reading about the shortcuts for your category, click the Topics button in
Another window appears, describing shortcuts for that category.
Click here to see the next
window (if there is one).
Click the right arrow in the lower-right corner of the window to display the
next window (if there is one).
the lower-left corner to return to the main Macintosh Shortcuts window. Or click the
close box in the upper-left corner to close the window.
28
Chapter 2
Read this chapter for information on
expanding your computer system
with additional hardware.
3
Monitor
Computer
CD-ROM drive
(optional)
CD-ROM drive
Open/Close button
Hard disk drive
(internal)
Connecting Additional Equipment
The illustration below shows a basic Macintosh system. You can expand your
computer system by connecting additional hardware (such as a printer,
modem, or external audio speakers).
Floppy disk drive
Remote control sensor
Volume buttons
-
Use these buttons to
change the volume of the
computer’s sound.
Power-on light
Headphone jack
f
Keyboard
Mouse
29
Where to connect additional equipment
The illustration on this page shows where equipment should be connected to
your computer.
For instructions on connecting additional equipment such as a printer or
scanner, see the manual that came with the equipment.
Video input card (optional)
Connects your Macintosh to a video camera,
VCR, or other video equipment.
≤
Power socket
F
Security lock
port
V
ADB port
Connects your
Macintosh to input
equipment, such as a
keyboard or a trackball.
[
Printer port
Connects your Macintosh
to a printer or
LocalTalk network.
Modem port
W
Connects an external
modem to your Macintosh.
g
SCSI port
Connects your Macintosh to
SCSI equipment, such as hard
disk drives and scanners.
≈
Sound input port
Connects your Macintosh to a professional-quality
microphone or other audio input equipment.
TV tuner card (optional)
Connects your Macintosh
to an external TV antenna
or cable TV service.
™
Monitor port
Connects your monitor
to your Macintosh.
Standby power button
®
Communication card
access cover
Covers port for optional
communication card.
Joystick port
Connects your Macintosh
to a joystick or other game
controller. (For the PC
environment only.)
-
Sound output port
Connects your Macintosh
to headphones, externally
powered (amplified)
speakers, or other audio
output equipment.
30
Chapter 3
Connecting an Apple PlainTalk Microphone
Your computer has a sound input port, which you can use to connect an Apple
PlainTalk Microphone.
Use PlainTalk only: You should connect only the Apple PlainTalk
Microphone. Other models of microphone will not work with your
Macintosh.
To connect the microphone, do this:
Plug the microphone’s connector into the sound input port (marked with the icon
m
on the back of the computer.
Sound
input port
Sound
output port
X
)
Connecting Additional Equipment
31
Connecting external stereo speakers
You can take advantage of your computer’s stereo sound output by attaching
externally powered (amplified) speakers. (Only externally powered speakers
will work with your Macintosh.)
1Assemble the speakers and the cable you need.
You n eed a cable with stereo miniplugs at each end to connect one or both
speakers to the computer. (Some speakers require a dual-plug adapter.
Others, like those shown here, accept a single stereo miniplug and are joined
by standard speaker wires.)
The following illustration shows the equipment configuration and the
connections for a computer sound system.
-
Sound output port
2Turn off the Macintosh.
3Plug a stereo miniplug into the sound output port on the Macintosh.
Externally
powered
speakers
Audio In port
32
Stereo miniplug
4Plug a stereo miniplug into the Audio In port on one of the speakers.
If the speakers take a dual-plug cable, connect both plugs to the speakers’
Audio In por ts.
Chapter 3
5Connect the speakers together with speaker wires, if necessary.
6Turn on the computer.
You h ear the computer’s sound through the external sp eakers.
Note: To control the volume of your external speakers, use the volume button
on the front of the computer. If you are playing an audio compact disc (CD),
you may also need to adjust the volume control in the program you’re using to
play CDs. For more information on sound and playing audio CDs, see the
“Sound” topic of Macintosh Guide, available in the Guide (h) menu. For
information on hearing sounds in the PC environment, see “Turni ng On PC
Sounds” in Chapter 6.
Connecting a game controller
Connect a game controller, such as a joystick, as shown.
Joystick port
Attach the joystick’s connector to the joystick port on the lower-right corner of the
m
computer’s back panel. Tighten the thumbscrews securely.
Connecting Additional Equipment
33
Expanding memory
The random-access memory (RAM) in your computer can be expanded.
Installing additional RAM adds more memory chips to your computer and
expands its capabilities. The Technical Information booklet that came with
your computer describes how much additional memory can be installed in
your Macintosh.
You can also add up to 32 megabytes (MB) of RAM for use exclusively in the
PC environment. See Appendix B, “Installing an Expansion Card or Memory
for the PC Environment,” for further information.
Memory for your computer is provided in packages called Single Inline
Memory Modules (SIMMs). The SIMMs must be the correct type for your
computer. It is very important that the SIMMs be correctly installed in your
Macintosh. Incorrect installation can result in errors, unpredictable results,
and damage to your equipment and data.
WARNING
only an Apple-certified technician install additional RAM. Consult the
service and support information that came with your computer for
instructions on how to contact an Apple-authorized service provider or
Apple for service. If you attempt to install additional RAM yourself, any
damage you may cause to your equipment will not be covered by the
limited warranty on your computer. See an Apple-authorized dealer or
service provider for information about this or any other warranty
question.
Installing internal drives
Your Macintosh can hold up to three internal storage devices, including a
floppy disk drive, a CD-ROM (compact disc read-only memory) drive, and a
hard disk drive (several capacities are available). These drives may already be
installed. If you want to add or replace an internal drive, see your Appleauthorized dealer.
To avoid damage to your computer, Apple recommends that
34
Chapter 3
Read this chapter for information on
installing and using application
programs in the Mac OS.
Installing and Using Application Programs
4
in the Macintosh Environment
Your computer has several Macintosh application programs already installed,
as well as some Macintosh programs that must installed before you can use
them. You will need to run an application program’s Installer program before
the application program will work. You’ll find th ese programs on your
hard disk.
You may want to experiment with AppleScript, one of the programs on your
hard disk. With AppleScript you can automate tasks in the Finder and other
scriptable programs (programs that support AppleScript). Instructions for
using AppleScript are included in the AppleScript folder.
If your computer has enough memory, you can install QuickDraw GX and
PowerTalk. QuickDraw GX gives your computer more powerful printing and
font capabilities. PowerTalk provides an open collaboration environment with
a universal mailbox and other electronic mail services. To install each of these
programs, open the folder of the item you want to install and double-click the
Installer icon.
Another program, Video Monitor, is for use with computers that have audiovisual (AV) capabilities. For information on using Video Monitor, see the
“Video” topic of Macintosh Guide, available in the Guid e (h) menu.
If you want to install DOS application programs, see Chapter 5, “Operating in
the PC Environment,” and refer to your DOS manual.
35
Installing Macintosh application programs
You’ll probably want to buy and install additional application programs. See
the manuals you receive with your programs for instructions on installing and
using them.
In most cases, you’ll install a Macintosh application program on your internal
hard disk from floppy disks that contain the program. The following
illustration shows how to insert a floppy disk in your computer’s floppy
disk drive.
Insert the floppy disk, metal
end first, into the floppy disk
drive of your computer.
To use your programs most effectively, follow these guidelines:
m Put only one copy of each program on your hard disk. Having more than
one copy can cause errors.
36
m Whenever you copy a program disk to your hard disk, be careful not to
copy a System Folder. Always check to see what you’ve copied, and drag
any extra System Folders to the Trash.
m If a program malfunctions consistently, try installing a fresh copy. If that
doesn’t help, find out from the software manufacturer whether your version
of the program is compatible with the system software you’re using.
For instructions on how to eject floppy disks, see the “Disks” topic of
Macintosh Guide, available in the Guid e (h) menu.
Chapter 4
Working with several programs at a time
You can open as many application programs and desk accessories as your
computer’s memory allows.
All open programs in the Mac OS are listed in the Application menu at the
right end of the menu bar. The name of the active program (the one you’re
using right now) has a checkmark next to it, and its icon appears in the
menu bar.
The Finder icon
Commands to hide or
display open windows
A checkmark indicates
the active program.
Open programs
You can have programs open in both the Macintosh and PC environments at
the same time, but only your Macintosh programs appear in the Application
menu.
Finding out which programs are open
If you have several programs and windows open, you can find out which
program is active and which other programs are open by pulling down the
Application menu.
Switching programs
You can switch to another open program or desk accessory by choosing its
name from the Application menu.
If a program’s icon is dimmed in the menu, that means its windows are
hidden. Choosing the program from the Application menu displays its
windows.
You can also switch to another program by clicking in a window that belongs
to an open program, or by double-clicking a program icon (or the icon of a
document that was created with the program).
Installing and Using Application Programs in the Macintosh Environment
37
For instructions on switching from the Macintosh environment to the PC
environment, see the section “Switching Between the Macintosh and PC
Environments” in Chapter 5.
Hiding and showing windows on the desktop
You can hide all windows except those of the active program by choosing
Hide Others from the Application menu.
The other programs remain open even though their windows are hidden.
When you switch to another program, its windows become visible again.
If you want to see all the open windows, choose Show All from the
Application menu.
Backing up your files
Making backup copies of important files is good protection against possible
damage to the originals.
m You can back up files stored on your hard disk by copying them to floppy
disks.
m You can back up an entire floppy disk by copying it to another floppy disk,
or to a hard disk.
38
m You can use a commercial backup program to copy new and changed files
from a hard disk to another hard disk, to a tape drive, or to a series of
floppy disks.
m If your computer is on a network, you can back up files by copying them to
a shared disk on the network.
To back up files in the Macintosh environment, copy the files to a disk
manually or use a Macintosh backup program. Do not use PC backup
programs in the Mac OS.
Chapter 4
Follow the instructions in this
chapter to start working in the PC
environment on your Macintosh.
5
Operating in the PC Environment
Your DOS-compatible Macintosh comes with standard versions of DOS and
Windows already installed. Also installed is software you can use to work in
both the Macintosh and PC environments and share data between the two
environments. This software is described in this chapter and the next.
This chapter covers how to
m switch between the Mac OS and the PC environment
m set up and operate in the PC environment
m use floppy disks and disk drives
m cut, copy, a nd paste data between Mac OS and DOS or Windows
documents
m run network software
m use multimedia, MIDI, and game applications
m use both Macintosh and PC peripheral devices in the PC environment
39
Switching between the Macintosh and PC environments
You switch between the Mac OS and the PC environment using the PC Setup
control panel. Follow these steps:
1Choose Control Panels from the Apple (
2Double-click the PC Setup icon to open the control panel
3Click Switch to PC to switch to the PC environment.
4To switch back to the Mac OS, press
K
) menu.
x
-Return.
40
Chapter 5
Switching wit h a keyb oard command
You can set a keyboard command, or hot key, to switch between the Mac OS
and the PC environment. To set the hot key, you must be in the Macintosh
environment (if you are in the PC environment, press x-Return).
To choose a hot key, open the PC Setup control panel and press the Tab key to select
m
the Hot Key text field; then type the keys you want to use.
The x key is automatically included. You can use any alphanumeric or special
key. You can also include other modifier keys (Option, Control, and/or Shift).
x-Return always switches from the PC to the Mac OS, regardless of the
control panel setting.
You can also switch to the PC by clicking Switch to PC in the control panel.
Ejecting disks in the PC environment
Here are a few commands you will find useful while you work in the PC
environment.
m
To eject a disk from the Macintosh disk drive while you’re in the PC environment,
press x-E.
m
To eject a CD-ROM disc in the PC environment, press
x
-Y.
For more details, see the section “Working in the PC Environment,” later in
this chapter.
Turning the PC on and off
You use the buttons near the bottom of the control panel to switch
environments, to restart the PC, or to shut the PC off.
m
Switch to PC
m
Start/Restart PC
doesn’t switch to the PC environment).
m
Shut down PC
IMPORTANT
you from switching to the PC environment. When you restart the computer,
the PC environment is turned off and any RAM you requested for it is
available to the Mac OS.
immediately switches to the PC environment.
starts the PC if it’s off, or restarts it if it’s runni ng (but
turns off the PC.
Clicking Off at the top of the PC Setup control panel prevents
Operating in the PC Environment
41
Starting the PC automatically
To have the PC start automatically when you turn on your Macintosh:
m
Click the checkbox next to Auto-start PC.
To make the PC environment appear when you turn on your Macintosh:
1Click the checkbox next to Switch at Startup.
2In the Control Panels folder, double-click the General Controls icon to open it.
3Turn off the Shutdown Warning option in the General Controls panel.
If Shutdown Warning is turned on when you switch from the Mac OS to the
PC environment, you will not be able to switch back again for a few minutes.
Fading th e screen
To have the screen fade briefly before switching environments, click the
checkbox next to Fade Screens.
Setting up the PC environment
In order to take advantage of certain utilities, you may need to modify your
DOS CONF IG.SYS file. For information about how to edit DOS files, see
your DOS manual. For information about the kinds of changes you might
need to make, read the information below.
42
Note: Your DOS system software also includes alternate versions of the
CONFIG.SYS and AUTOEXEC.BAT files that allow you to select from a
variety of memory management options each time you start DOS. For
information on how to install these alternate files, see “Replacing the
CONFIG.SYS and AUTOEXEC.BAT Files” in the section “Reinstalling
the DOS-Compatibility Software” in Chapter 8.
Chapter 5
Memory management utilities
If you use a memory management utility such as EMM386 or QEMM, you
need to configure it to be compatible with your DOS-compatibility hardware
and software.
IMPORTANT
Apple does not recommend using automated memory
configuration utilities with your DOS-compatible Macintosh because they can
require more memory than management utilities you configure manually.
Additionally, some memory configuration utilities may not be able to
determine the exact nature of the DOS-compatibility hardware, and therefore
may not be compatible.
If you want to use EMM386 (included as part of DOS) and don’t require
expanded memory, set CONFIG.SYS to the following:
DEVICE=C:\DOS\EMM386.EXE NOEMS RAM=D000-EFFF
If you require expanded memory, set CONFIG.SYS to the following:
DEVICE=C:\DOS\EMM386.EXE RAM=D000-EFFF FRAME=D000
If you want to use QEMM, use the frame option (ST:F):
Configure other memory management utilities such that D000 through EF FF
is the only area in the BIOS that can be mapped to upper memory.
To prevent the ROM BIOS from becoming corrupted when the
DOS-compatibility card is configured for 2 MB of memory, set the
switch in the CONFIG.SYS file to turn memory testing off.
DEVICE=C:\DOS\HIMEM.SYS /TESTMEM:OFF
For more information on making the best use of memory, read the sections on
memory management in your DOS manual, or refer to the documentation for
your memory manager if you are using something other than EMM386.
Operating in the PC Environment
43
Working in the PC environment
When you switch to DOS or Windows, you’re operating in a real PC world.
The floppy disk drive, mouse, and keyboard all act as they would with a
standard PC. There are, however, some mapping issues you need to be
aware of.
Floppy disk dr ive s and flo ppy disks
m Th e Macintosh floppy disk drive is drive A. To eject a disk from this disk
drive while you’re in the PC environment, press x-E.
m If you insert a Mac OS-format floppy disk while you’re in the PC
environment, it is ejected.
You can access an unlocked floppy disk only in the environment that was in
the foreground when the floppy disk was inserted.
When you insert a locked PC disk, both environments have access to it.
Blank disks are formatted as DOS disks in the PC environment. In the
Mac OS, you can format disks for DOS or the Mac OS (among other choices).
Some blank disks are preformatted by the manufacturer. If you insert a new,
blank disk in the PC environment and it is ejected, it may have been
preformatted as a Macintosh disk. To use the disk in the PC environment, you
must first return to the Mac OS and reformat (reinitialize) the disk as a
DOS disk.
44
The Mac OS Disk Copy application program cannot read a DOS-formatted
floppy disk unless the disk is unlocked.
Floppy disks formatted in the PC environment in DOS 720K format are not
readable by some DOS computers. Instead, format the disk in the Macintosh
environment, choosing “DOS 720K” as the format. See “How do I prepare a
disk for use?” in the “Disks” topic of Macintosh Guide, available in the
Guide (h) menu.
Restarting the PC from a floppy disk
To restart (reboot) the PC environment from a floppy disk, insert the disk into
the floppy drive. Press x-Control-Alt-[keypad] period. When the floppy disk
is ejected, immediately reinsert it into the disk drive.
Chapter 5
CD-ROM discs and drives
You can use DOS and Windows CD-ROM discs in Apple CD-ROM drives.
To eject a CD-ROM disc in the PC environment, press x-Y. If the CD-ROM
disc cannot be ejected (because a file is in use or the CD-ROM disc is being
shared), the Macintosh beeps.
You can listen to audio CDs in either the PC environment or Mac OS, but you
cannot control them from both environments at the same time. For example, if
you began listening to an audio CD while working in the PC environment
and then switched to the Mac OS, you would have to return to the PC
environment in order to adjust the CD’s volume.
Playing an audio CD in Windows while running low-level media tools, such
as PC Tools or Microsoft Anti-Virus, may cause your system to crash. It is
best to reduce computer activity to a minimum while using such tools.
You cannot use more than one CD-ROM drive at a time in the PC
environment.
The PC sets up a drive letter (E) for a CD-ROM drive even if no drive is
connected. If no CD-ROM drive is connected to your system, you can use this
drive letter and free some memory by editing the AUTOEXEC.BAT and
CONFIG.SYS files.
In the AUTOEXEC.BAT file, add
LH C:\DOS\MSCDEX /D:CDDRVR /L:E
REM to the beginning of the line
In the CONFIG.SYS file, add REM to the beginni ng of the line
DEVICE=C:\Apple\CDROM.SYS /D:CDDRVR
Prefacing these commands with REM makes DOS ignore them.
Operating in the PC Environment
45
Pointing device
The standard Macintosh pointing device has one button; most PC devices
have two. The button on the Macintosh pointing device behaves like the left
button on a PC device.
m To simulate the right button, press the = key on the keypad.
m To press the left and right buttons at the same time, press the mouse button
and the = key simultaneously.
If you have Windows installed, you can use its Mouse control panel to switch
the button assignment.
Note: DOS does not come with a mouse driver. A mouse driver for Windows
is installed on your system along with Windows, however.
Keyboard
The DOS-compatible Macintosh supports all Apple keyboards.
The Option key on an Apple keyboard can be used as the Alt key in the PC
environment.
The Apple Extended Keyboard and the Apple Design Keyboard can be used
normally. With the Apple Keyboard II, use the following equivalents for keys
on a PC keyboard. These equivalents also apply to the Apple Adjustable
Keyboard if the function key keyboard isn’t plugged in.
46
Chapter 5
PC keyEquivalent on Macintosh keyboard
x
F1 through F9
F10
F11
F12
F13
F14
F15
Home
PageUp
End
PageDown
Insert
-1 through 9
x
-0
x
-(minus)
x
-(equals)
x
-[
x
-]
x
-\
x
-[keypad] 7
x
-[keypad] 9
x
-[keypad] 1
x
-[keypad] 3
x
-[keypad] 0
Del
x
-[keypad] (period)
Using the Apple Adjustable keyboard: If you are using the Apple Adjustable
keyboard, you cannot use key combinations made up of keys from the main
keyboard and function keys (for example, Shift-F1). This means you cannot
restart the PC using the x-Control-Alt-[keypad] period key combination.
Click Restart PC in the PC Setup control panel instead.
MacShare
MacShare is a PC application program that lets the PC view Mac OS folders
and volumes as drive letters. You can have as many shared drives as there are
drive letters.
To specify the number of drive letters, modify your CONFIG.SYS file to include a
m
LASTDRIVE statement.
LASTDRIVE=x
where x is a letter between E and Z. (The PC reserves drives A through D
for its floppy and hard disk drives.)
Operating in the PC Environment
47
For example, if you use M as your LASTDRIVE value, you could have up to
nine extra drives using drives labeled E through M. A CD-ROM drive, if
installed, uses E.
Each additional drive letter uses 100 bytes of PC memory.
Clipboard
You can exchange clipboard information between the PC environment and the
Mac OS. The type of information you can exchange depends on whether
you’re runni ng DOS or Windows.
Windows Clipbo ar d
You can exchange text, PICT, RTF, and bitmap files between the Mac OS and
Windows using the Copy and Paste commands from the Edit menu. You can
also purchase additional third-party software to provide translations for other
data types.
DOS “Clipboard”
If you’re runni ng DOS, you can capture text or a PICT file from a region of
the screen that you define using the DOSCLIP TSR (Termi nate-and-StayResident program). The memory-resident program is loaded automatically
each time you switch to DOS. You activate DOSCLIP by pressing a keyboard
combination, or keystroke, (preset to Shift-Control-C) and then selecting a
region to copy.
48
Keystroke starts process: On the PC side, enter the keystroke first; then,
holding down the mouse button, select a region to copy. (This process works
only if a DOS mouse driver is installed.) Releasing the mouse button sends
the selection to the Clipboard. In the Mac OS, you select the area first and
then issue the keystroke.
Chapter 5
To capture text or a PICT file from a region on the screen if you don’t have a
DOS mouse driver installed, follow these instructions:
1Activate DOSCLIP.
The DOSCLIP activation keystroke is preset to Shift-Control-C.
A cursor appears in the center of the screen.
2Use the keyboard arrow keys to move the cursor to the upper-left corner of the region
you want to copy.
3Holding down the Shift key, use the arrow keys to move the cursor to the lower-right
corner of the region.
4Release the Shift key.
The selected area is copied to the Clipboard.
m You can paste text into DOS from the Mac OS. The preset keystroke is
Shift-Control-V.
Changing the predefined keystrokes in DOS
You change the preset keystrokes for copying and pasting by editing the
AUTOEXEC.BAT file.
m
To change the keystroke for the Copy command, use the form
C:\APPLE\DOSCLIP/Cnm…
m
To change the keystroke for the Paste command, use the form
C:\APPLE\DOSCLIP/Pnm…
In both cases, n is a number representing a key scan code from the following
table, and m… is one or more of the characters A, C, and S (for Alt, Control,
and Left- or Right-shift).
For example, the preset code for Copy is
/C46CA—/C[opy using the key] 46
[which is C, plus the] C[ontrol key plus the] A[lt key]. To change the
keystroke to F3, you’d typ e the following:
C:\APPLE\DOSCLIP/C61
Note: To get on-screen help about other DOSCLIP options, type
When the PC environment is runni ng, you have three separate clipboards to
work with—the Mac OS Clipboard, the Windows Clipboard, and DOSCLIP.
Translation between the clipboards takes place each time you switch between
the PC and Macintosh environments. When using these clipboards there are a
few things to keep in mind.
m If you copy an item to the Macintosh Clipboard, switch to Windows, and
then copy an item to the Windows Clipboard, the original Macintosh
Clipboard contents will be deleted. To prevent this, remove the PC
Clipboard extension from the Extensions folder (inside the System Folder
in the Mac OS).
m In order to translate the contents of the Macintosh Clipboard to the
Windows Clipboard, Windows must be already running when you switch
environments. If you switch to DOS and then launch Windows, the
Macintosh Clipboard will be translated into DOSCLIP, a nd the Windows
Clipboard will be blank.
m In order to translate the contents of the Macintosh Clipboard to DOSCLIP,
Windows must not be running when you switch environments. If Windows
is running when you switch to the PC, the Macintosh Clipboard will be
translated into the Windows Clipboard, and DOSCLIP will be blank.
52
m DOSCLIP contents cannot be pasted into Windows, or vice versa.
m Graphics can be copied from a DOS application program to DOSCLIP, but
graphics cannot be pasted into a DOS program from DOSCLIP.
m After copying a graphic from DOS using DOSCLIP, you may experience
difficulty in pasting the graphic into a Macintosh application program.
If this happens, try increasing the Macintosh program’s memory.
(See the question “How do I change a program’s memory size?“ in the
“Worki ng with Programs” topic of Macintosh Guide, available in the
Guide [h] menu.)
m Sounds cannot be copied between the Macintosh and the PC.
m Plain text is automatically translated from one environment to another, but
in order to retain font and style information, additional Macintosh Easy
Open translators must be used (for example, MacLink Plus from DataViz).
Chapter 5
m When using DOSCLIP from within certain application programs, it may
not be possible to select the text using the mouse. In these cases, either use
the keyboard to select your text, or check that the standard DOS mouse
driver is not loaded.
m When the PC environment is active, all Macintosh programs are put in the
background to allow the PC Clipboard to run in the foreground. If you do
not want your Macintosh programs to run in the background while you are
in the PC environment, you must disable the Clipboard translation by
removing the PC Clipboard Extension from the Extensions folder (inside
the System Folder in the Mac OS).
Running network software
The DOS-Compatibility Software on your computer supports a ny networking
protocols, operating systems, or application programs that are compatible with
Novell’s Open Data-Link Interface specification (ODI).
To set up the software, install your networking client software in the PC environment.
m
Networking client software such as Netware is not included with the DOScompatible Macintosh.
Compatible and incompatib le p rotocols
You can run NetWare in the PC environment at the same time that you’re
running AppleTalk in the Mac OS.
To use IPX or TCP networking protocols, you must have a n Ether net card
installed in your computer’s communication slot. (The Ethernet card is not a
standard feature.)
You can us e the IPX a nd TCP proto cols at the same time in ei ther th e PC
environment or the Mac OS, or you can use one protocol in the PC
environment and the other protocol in the Mac OS. However, you cannot
use the same protocol in both environments at the same time.
If you want to use the IPX protocol in the PC environment and you have
installed MacIPX in the Mac OS, remove MacIPX from the Control Panels
folder or select AppleTal k as your network interface in the MacIPX
control panel.
Operating in the PC Environment
53
If you want to use the TCP protocol in the PC environment, remove MacTCP
from the Control Panels folder or select an interface other than Ether n et in
the MacTCP control panel.
Network performance is improved by adding memory to the DOScompatibility card installed in your computer, as described in Appendix B.
For more information, see Appendix E, “Installing Network Management
Software.”
Using multimedia, MIDI, and game application programs
These types of programs, whether they are run in the PC or Macintosh
environment, see a marked performance improvement when there is a
memory SIMM on the DOS-compatibility card for the exclusive use of
the PC environment. See the Technical Specifications booklet to determine
whether your computer has a SIMM installed on the DOS-compatibility card.
You can also install a SIMM with greater memory capacity, as described
in Appendix B, “Installing an Expansion Card or Memory for the PC
Environment.” QuickTime application performance is especially improved
with a SIMM.
54
Some DOS-based MPEG players require a VGA monitor to output video. All
VGA modes can be displayed on Macintosh monitors supported by the DOScompatible Macintosh. If the monitor specified to display the PC is a VGA
monitor, select VGA in the Display box in the PC Setup control panel. You
cannot select VGA for a shared monitor configuration from the PC Setup
control panel if your monitor is not capable of displaying VGA. Multiscan
monitors can display VGA.
Chapter 5
Using Macintosh peripherals in the PC environment
You use the serial ports of your Macintosh just like the serial ports of any
PC-compatible computer.
The maximum data transfer rate supported by the DOS-compatible hardware
when a COM port is mapped to a Macintosh serial port is 19,200 bits per
second (bps). If you’re capturing serial output to a Mac OS text file, there is
no limit.
Using print ers
For DOS or Windows printing, use the LPT1.DOS or LPT1 serial port. In
general, you must use printers that are Macintosh-compatible and use their
corresponding printer extension for the Macintosh. However, in a PC Novell
NetWare environment you can print to a PC-compatible printer attached to a
Novell network. See Appendix E, “Installing Network Management
Software.”
DOS uses the printer selected in the Macintosh Chooser as the default LPT1
device. If you have a serial printer directly connected to a COM port,
however, DOS uses that printer instead.
The DOS-compatible software can process output for Epson and PostScript
printers, and for all printers that use Hewlett-Packard’s page control
language (PCL).
QuickDraw printers such as the StyleWriter or ImageWriter work only with
Epson emulation. (If a printer is not a PostScript or PCL printer, it’s
considered to be a QuickDraw printer.) For non-PostScript PCL printers, use
the appropriate PCL driver in the PC environment. For non-PostScript,
non-PCL printers, configure your DOS application program to use the
Epson LQ-2500 driver. If this driver isn’t available, try another Epson LQ
or LX series driver. Be sure to turn on the PCL option if it’s available for
your printer.
Operating in the PC Environment
55
The Epson emulator works by first translating the DOS text to a similar
Macintosh font, then interpreting that text into a series of QuickDraw
commands. Some characters in the original DOS character set may not have
exact translations to a Macintosh font. The use of a PostScript font is
recommended in these cases, because the PostScript standard requires no
translation.
About color: Color printing is not supported under Epson emulation. When
printing from the PC to a color or grayscale QuickDraw printer, be sure to
select the Black & White option in the Print dialog box.
If you have a PCL printer, printing is limited to text-only or graphics-only
when printing over an AppleTalk network. To print text only, select your
printer’s driver in the Windows Control Panel. To print graphics only, choose
the LaserJet III driver from the Windows Control Panel. If you need to print
mixed graphics and text, many Windows programs bit-map their text so that
it becomes a graphic. Additionally, PCL printing of text and graphics together
is possible when printing over a Novell network, where a PC print server is
connected to the PCL printer and handles the print job. Select your printer’s
own driver in the Windows Control Panel.
For PostScript printers, use the Apple LaserWriter II N T driver (or another
PostScript driver if the Apple LaserWriter II NT driver is not available) or the
Windows PostScript driver.
56
Chapter 5
IMPORTANT
Be sure to make settings in the Mac OS PC Print Spooler that
match the drivers you use in the PC environment, or your printer will not
work correctly. See “Setting Preferences in the PC Pri nt Spooler” for details.
Turning off Background Printing in the Macintosh Chooser may increase the
performance of some printers.
Configuring a printer for Windows: For better performance when you
configure a printer for Windows, select LPT1.DOS instead of LPT as
the port.
IMPORTANT
If you try to print a file using a PostScript printer driver for a
non-PostScript printer, and the preferences are set to Epson, your file will not
be printed. Instead, the file will b e moved to a folder called “Spooler
Rejected” in the Mac OS. To print the file, choose the proper printer driver in
the PC environment and try again.
Note: Data sent to the LPT1 port is automatically routed to the printer
selected in the Chooser in the Mac OS. There is no actual parallel port on
the DOS-compatible Macintosh.
AppleShare Print Server
The AppleShare Print Server should not be installed in a DOS-compatible
Macintosh because the server’s software conflicts with the PC Print Spooler.
You can, however, connect your DOS-compatible Macintosh to a network that
uses an AppleShare Print Server.
Setting preferences in the PC Print Spooler
You can set preferences in the PC Print Spooler to control a variety of
print functions.
To choose your Print Spooler settings, follow these steps:
1In the Macintosh environment, open the Extensions folder inside the System Folder.
2Find the PC Print Spooler icon and open it.
Operating in the PC Environment
57
3Choose Preferences from the File menu.
A dialog box appears.
4Choose your settings as appropriate.
The selection you make for “Interpret non-PostScript as” must match the
type of printer you have specified in the PC environment. If the settings are
mismatched, your printer may produce gibberish. In addition, the PCL option
works only if the printer is set up to accept PCL commands.
58
The selection you make for “When emulating an Epson printer” determin es
how much of a page is available for printing. If you use the option that allows
gaps between pages, configure your application programs to print to a 60-line
page, rather than a 66-line page, or your margins will be off and your pages
will not print correctly.
5Click OK.
66 lines maximum for Epson: Page sizes greater than 66 lines (standard letter
size paper) are not supported by the Epson driver. Legal and other larger sizes
will be cut off after either 60 or 66 lin es, depending on the setting you’ve
chosen. If you find that your printing is clipped at either the top or bottom of
the page, click the No Gaps option.
Chapter 5
Using PC peripherals
Because of the RS-422 implementation of the Macintosh, the following
RS-232 signals are not available to the PC:
m Carrier Detect (CD)
m Data Set Ready (DSR)
m Request to Send (RTS)
m Ring Indicator (RI)
Applications or serial devices requiring these signals won’t work.
While the DOS-compatible Macintosh does not support Carrier Detect (CD),
you can set most communications application programs to respond to the
CARRIER string sent back by most modems.
For more information about accessing serial ports from DOS, see the
documentation that came with your DOS software.
IMPORTANT
The following chart lists the various signals present on the
Macintosh Mini DIN-8 connector, and on what pins these signals are present
on PC-style DB-9 and DB-25 connectors. This information may be of use if
you are planning to have a custom cable built. Refer to the manual for the
serial device that you plan to attach to the Macintosh for the recommended
serial connection, and use the chart below to find out what the proper
Macintosh wiring should be.
Macintosh signalMacintosh Mini DIN-8DB-9DB-25RS-232 name
HSK01420DTR
This chapter covers how to configure the PC environment and change PC
options using the PC Setup control panel.
Your Macintosh comes with the PC environment already configured and
ready to use. Read this chapter only if you want to change the way the PC
environment is set up, or if you have reinstalled the DOS-compatibility
software and need to reconfigure it.
You can control how your Macintosh and your DOS-compatible hardware and
software work together with the PC Setup control panel. You use the control
panel to accomplish the following tasks:
m choose folders or volumes to be shared between the Mac OS and the PC
environment
m turn the PC card on and off
m configure PC serial ports
m set display options
m set the shared memory size
m turn PC sounds on and off and use Sound Blaster sound capabilities
m configure PC drives
You also use the control panel to switch environments immediately and to
start, restart, or shut down the PC.
61
Choosing settings
To choose settings, follow these steps:
1Choose Control Panels from the Apple (
2Double-click the PC Setup control panel to open it.
3When you have specified the settings you want, close the control panel.
K
) menu.
All settings except RAM take effect as soon as you make them. If you
change the RAM setting, you must restart the Macintosh before the change
takes effe c t.
62
Online help available: To get brief on-screen explanations of items in the
control panel, choose Show Balloons from the Guide (h) menu. To get
detailed step-by-step help, see the “DOS Compatibility Software” topic of
Macintosh Guide, available in the Guid e (h) menu.
Chapter 6
Configuring the PC serial ports
Your DOS-compatible Macintosh supports two serial ports, COM1 and
COM2. You can map these ports to an unused Macintosh printer por t or
modem port, to a text file for later processing, or to a setting of None.
To assign a Macintosh serial port to a COM port, make a selection in the COM port’s
m
pop-up menu.
When you map a port to a text file, a dialog box appears that you use to
specify a name and location for the file. Macintosh serial ports already in use
appear dimmed in the menu. (The printer port may be in use by AppleTalk,
which may be used for a network or LaserWriter connection; the modem port
may be in use by communications or fax software.) Changes to these
selections take place immediately.
Assigned ports may not be available to the Mac OS: Mac OS programs may no
longer be able to access ports that you’ve assigned to DOS. Allocate these
ports only when they’re needed, and deallocate them when they’re no longer
required by your DOS programs. (You won’t have to restart the computer to
have the changes take effe c t.)
The maximum baud rate supported by the DOS-compatible Macintosh when
a COM port is mapped to a Macintosh serial port is 19,200. However, when
the MODE command is issued in DOS and the serial port is set at 19,20 0
baud, the incorrect message “Function not supported on this computer” is
displayed. This occurs because DOS is looking for specific hardware (a PC
UART) that is not emulated by the DOS-compatible Macintosh. The
Macintosh actually does support 19,200 baud, and can be set by a number of
communication application programs.
Configuring the PC Environment
63
Setting the monitor
The monitor connected to your Macintosh DOS-compatible system displays
the environment (Mac OS or PC) you’re working in. Even though you see
only one environment at a time, the other environment can still be active in
the background.
To set the monitor for the PC environment:
m
See the Technical Information booklet that came with your computer for a list
of supported Macintosh monitors and for VGA and SVGA monitor
specifications.
If the DOS-compatibility software recognizes the monitor connected to your
computer as a non-multiscan display, it makes the appropriate selection for
you; other menu options are dimmed.
16" monitor requires driver: If you have a 16" monitor, the PC doesn’t use the
entire screen unless you install a display driver for the program that you’re
using. (DOS can’t use a video driver, so there will always be a large black
border around the DOS screen.) See “Reinstalling Video Drivers” in the
section “Reinstalling the DOS-Compatibility Software” in Chapter 8 for
instructions.
Choose a monitor type in the Display pop-up menu.
Setting the time and date
64
Chapter 6
The PC environment uses the same date and time settings as the Mac OS. If
you change the time and date on the PC, it will not affect the time and date
on the Mac OS.
When you restart the PC, it synchronizes its time and date with the settings
you’ve chosen in the Mac OS. (The PC may lag up to 10 seconds behi nd the
Mac OS.)
Setting shared memory
You can install a 72-pin SIMM (memory module) on the DOS-compatible
card in your computer to give the card up to 32 MB of RAM for its exclusive
use. When no SIMM is installed, the card uses a portion of the RAM
installed in your Macintosh.
If your computer came with a SIMM already installed on the
DOS-compatible card, you cannot share memory between the Mac OS
and the PC environment. Th e PC uses the memory installed on the
DOS-compatible card exclusively. The shared memory options in the
PC Setup control panel will be dimmed (unavailable). See the Tec h nica lSpecifications booklet to determin e whether your computer contains a
SIMM installed on the DOS-compatible card.
Choose the amount of memory you want for your PC in the RAM pop-up menu.
m
In the RAM pop-up menu, a small square (M) shows the RAM that the PC is
currently using and a bullet (•) indicates how much RAM you assigned.
When the Macintosh starts up, it claims RAM for its own use before it sets
aside RAM for the PC. If the PC has less RAM than you installed, turn off
the Mac OS RAM disk (if you’re using one) in the Memory control panel.
You may also need to lower the disk cache size in the Memory control panel
to 128K or less.
Memory changes take place when you restart the Macintosh.
IMPORTANT
Memory that you set aside for the PC environment is not
available to the Mac OS. To make this memory available, you must turn off
the PC (click the Off button at the top of the PC Setup control panel) and
restart the Macintosh.
Configuring the PC Environment
65
Changing the amount of conventional memory
Many DOS and Windows programs require conventional memory to run.
At the same time, many device drivers and TSRs may be loaded into
conventional memory. If you find that you do not have enough conventional
memory to run some of your DOS or Windows programs, take the
following steps.
To increase Upper Memory Block (UMB) space to 122K instead of 64K, add
the following line to your CONFIG.SYS file:
To load DOS into the UMB (high memory) also add the following to your
CONFIG.SYS file:
DOS=HIGH, UMB
Insert the LOADHIGH (LH) command before all TSRs and device drivers in
the AUTOEXEC.BAT file. For example:
LH C:\DOS\SMARTDRV.EXE /X
This will load these into UMB (high memory). If you run out of UMB space,
you may see an error message like this during the boot process:
66
Chapter 6
Run time error R6009
-not enough space for environment.
In this case, remove LH from TSRs and device drivers one or two at a time,
and try again until the error message does not appear.
If a DOSCLIP copy command is executed from within Harvard Graphics 3.0,
then the PC crashes when Harvard Graphics is quit. To prevent this, use the
steps outlined above, making sure that SMARTDRV is one of the drivers
preceded with LH.
IMPORTANT
To prevent the System BIOS from becoming corrupted when the
PC is configured for 2 MB of memory, set the switch in the CONF IG.SYS file
to turn memory testing off:
DEVICE=C:\DOS\HIMEM.SYS /TESTMEM:OFF
Choosing shared folders or volumes
You can set up a Mac OS folder, Macintosh hard disk, shared disk, or
CD-ROM disc on a network to act as a PC drive.
Sharing a folder on your Macintosh hard disk is a convenient way to
transfer files between the Mac OS and the PC environment, especially if
you are dealing with many files, or large files.
You can share entire disks, or volumes. This is especially useful for network
volumes, CD-ROM drives, or other volumes that otherwise would not be
readily available to the PC environment. DOS treats all shared volumes as
network volumes. Some DOS commands, such as FORMAT, CHKDSK,
UNDELETE, and SUBST will not work on shared volumes.
Choose an available drive letter from the Sharing pop-up menu in the PC Setup
m
control panel.
A dialog box appears, letting you select a folder or disk (volume) for
the drive.
Shared folders and volumes revert to their usual unshared status when you
shut down your Macintosh. To have a folder or volume automatically assigned
to a drive letter at startup, click the checkbox next to Attach at Startup. The
name of an automatically attached folder or volume appears underlined in the
Sharing pop-up menu. To turn off an assignment, choose the underlined item
in the menu.
IMPORTANT
For the sharing functions to work properly, DOS must be running,
MacShare should be loaded as part of the AUTOEXEC.BAT file, and a
LASTDRIVE=x statement should appear in the CONFIG.SYS file, where x is the highest drive letter available for sharing. AUTOEXEC.BAT a nd
CONFIG.SYS have x preset to M. See “MacShare” in the section “Working in
the PC Environment” in Chapter 5 for more information.
See the “Using DOS Files & Disks” topic of Macintosh Guide, available i n the
Guide (h) menu, for more information on transferring files between the PC
environment and the Mac OS using floppy disks and other media.
IMPORTANT
Use caution when handling the drive file. Erasing one of these is
equivalent to reformatting the hard drive it is emulating. The drive file is
locked when it is installed on your computer. If you must unlock it, be very
careful not to erase it.
Configuring the PC Environment
67
Using shared folders
Because two operating systems have access to each shared folder, there may
be a noticeable slowdown in performance when using these folders for highspeed PC applications such as multimedia programs, or during large file
transfers between them. For optimum performance, place PC application
programs and their files in the C or D drive rather than in a shared folder.
The performance of Macintosh programs is unaffected by placing them in
shared folders.
Since the PC doesn’t understand the concept of resource forks the same way
the Macintosh does, information in a Macintosh file’s “resource fork” is lost
when it is copied by the PC. For example, if a Macintosh file is copied
between two shared folders using the COPY command in DOS, that file’s
original icon will be lost, and the file itself may be unusable in the Mac OS.
Many document files do not have resource forks and can be copied between
shared folders with no problems. The applications that created the files
contain the resource information for these files. However, QuickTime files
cannot be successfully copied between shared folders.
In some Microsoft application programs, there is a misrepresentation of the
shared drive icons. When you open a file from a shared folder in Microsoft
Excel or Microsoft Word, the shared drive icon may appear as a floppy disk
or CD. This does not affect the file’s content, and the file is still usable.
68
Do not attempt to use shared folders from a DOS shell run from Windows.
Strange text characters in a document
When using shared folders to exchange documents between the Mac OS and
the PC, in some cases a Macintosh application program may not be able to
inter pret the file format of a PC document. When this happens, the
document’s formatting is displayed incorrectly and you may see strange
characters in the document.
m Try using a different application program.
m Translate the document into a different file format using one of the file
format translation utilities available for the Macintosh (such as MacLink
Plus Easy Open Translators from DataViz).
m Transfer the text using DOSCLIP.
m Use the Export feature found in many programs.
m Use a PC-Macintosh translation utility.
Chapter 6
Turning on PC sounds
To have Sound Blaster and other PC sounds played through the Macintosh
speaker or through headphones, you need to make settings in both the PC
Setup control panel and i n the Sound control panel.
Choosing a setting in the Sound pop-up menu
The Sound pop-up menu in the PC Setup control panel gives you three
choices:
m To hear PC sounds in both the PC environment and the Mac OS, choose
Enabled.
m To hear PC sounds only when you’re in the PC environment, choose
Auto Enabled.
m To shut off PC sounds entirely, choose Disabled.
Sound control panel takes precedence: The setting in the PC Setup control
panel’s Sound pop-up menu has no effect on sounds generated in the Mac OS.
If the volume is set to 0 in the Sound control panel, however, you won’t hear
any PC sounds no matter what the setting is in the PC Setup control panel’s
Sound menu.
For sounds generated by the Sound Blaster card and for sounds from the PC,
the Sound control panel must be set with the Internal CD playthrough option
turned on. For instructions, see the “Sound” topic of Macintosh Guide,
available in the Guide (h) menu.
The PC Sound control in the PC Setup control panel does not affect sounds
produced by the Sound Blaster card. Only PC-generated sounds such as the
system beep are affected by this control. To turn off both PC and Sound
Blaster-generated sounds, use the master volume control of the Mixer Control
application from the Audio program group, or turn off the Internal CD
playthrough in the Sound control panel in the Mac OS. (For instructions, see
the “Sound” topic of Macintosh Guide, available in the Guide (h) menu.)
The Sound Blaster hardware installed in your DOS-compatible Macintosh is
not able to record sounds.
The DOS-compatible Macintosh does not fully support Sound Blaster 8-bit,
Sound Blaster 2.0, or Sound Blaster Pro drivers. If problems occur, use the
Sound Blaster 16 driver that comes with your computer.
Configuring the PC Environment
69
Configuring drives C and D
You use the C: and D: pop-up menus to create or select PC drives. Drive C is
required; drive D is optional. You can use a PC-formatted SCSI hard drive
attached to your Macintosh, or you can create a drive container—a virtual PC
drive—on any Macintosh hard drive. You can even use a drive container
created by SoftPC or SoftWindows.
To use a PC-formatted SCSI drive as a startup (boot) drive, format the drive to
be bootable by using the FORMAT C: /S command.
To create a drive container for drive C or D, choose New Drive File from the
m
C: or D: pop-up menu.
Set a location for the drive container, and give it a name and a size. Then
click Initialize Drive File.
When using a PC-formatted SCSI device as the PC’s C or D drive, ensure that
the driver for that device is not loaded by PC Exchange. This would cause PC
Exchange to mount the drive instead of the PC environment. Open the PC
Exchange control panel and click the Options button. Make sure the SCSI
driver for the device you want to use is not checked. Then click OK. This
ensures that the PC will be able to load the C drive.
Single versus multiple partitions: When you initialize a container this way, it
contains a single partition. To initialize a container with multiple partitions,
prepare it in DOS using the FDISK command instead of initializing it
through the PC Setup control panel. Then format it using the FORMAT
command. Use the /S parameter in the FORMAT command to make the
container bootable (for example, type
See the DOS manual for further instructions on using these commands.
FORMAT C: /S at the DOS prompt).
70
Chapter 6
m
To change the drive container for drive C or D, choose Other Drive File from
the C: or D: pop-up menu, then locate the new drive container in the dialog box
that appears.
The change takes effect the next time you restart the PC. To have the change
take place immediately, click the Restart button at the bottom of the control
panel.
m
To use a PC drive or partition, choose Drive Partition from the C: or D: pop-up menu.
A dialog box appears with a list of available partitions.
If you use a PC drive or partition and you have a utility that mounts these
devices on the Macintosh, unmount the drive or partition before starting the
PC by dragging its icon to the Trash.
WARNING
If you don’t unmount the drive or partition, you may lose data
because both the Macintosh and the PC may write to the device at the
same time.
If you intend to mount your PC drive file, partition, or disk on the Macintosh
using Macintosh PC Exchange, do not use a PC compression program. Drives
that are compressed cannot be mounted.
Managing PC files from the Mac OS
You can gain access to files in a drive container even if you’re in the Mac OS.
Follow these steps:
1Double-click the drive container in the Finder.
The drive container app ears as a disk icon on the Mac OS desktop.
2Double-click the container’s disk icon.
The icon opens and you have access to the files inside it.
You can now manipulate these files as you would any Mac OS files.
Drive container may be read-only: If the PC is runni ng, you won’t be able to
add anything to the drive container from the Mac OS. To do so, shut down the
PC from the PC Setup control panel and then do steps 1 and 2 above.
Configuring the PC Environment
71
Changing the size of the drive container
You may find, after installing software in a drive container, that the container
is too small or too large for your needs. You cannot change the size of an
existing drive container, but you can create a new one in the appropriate size
and move the software to it. You can also create an additional drive container
to supplement the existing one.
Two active containers maximum: For the following procedure to work,
drive D must be available for assignment to a new drive container. If both
drives C and D have been assigned, you must first set drive D to None and
drive C to the container you need to replace. (The contents of the container
mapped to drive D are unaffected.)
Calculating the proper size
To determine the proper size for the new container, follow these steps:
1Make sure you’re in the Mac OS, then open the PC Setup control panel.
You see a small apple at the upper-left corn er of the screen when you’re in the
Mac OS.
2Check the name of the container associated with drive C.
72
The name of the container appears above the C: pop-up menu.
3Locate the container in the Finder.
Chapter 6
4Open the container’s Get Info window and note the container’s size.
To open the contain er’s Get Info window, select the container’s icon and
choose Get Info from the File menu.
5Close the Get Info window by clicking its close box.
6Switch to the PC environment.
7At the DOS C: prompt, type
DIR
.
Note how much space is available.
8Subtract the amount of available space on the drive from the container size.
The number you get is the current size you need for storage.
9Add 10 percent to the result of the calculation in step 8.
It’s a good idea to have extra space available, because some applications may
need to write temporary work files to the drive, or you may need to add
software to the drive at a later time. The 10 percent figure, however, is
arbitrary; use a number that suits your needs.
If the current container is too large, the result of this calculation is the size
that the new container should be. Skip to step 12.
10Determine the amount of storage needed by the additional software you want to install.
To do so, add together the individual storage space required for each program
you want to install. This information is probably available in the
documentation that came with your software.
11Add the sums from steps 9 and 10.
The resulting sum is the size that the new container should be.
12Press x-Return to switch back to the Mac OS.
Configuring the PC Environment
73
Creating the new container
Now that you know what size the container should be, you’re ready to
create it.
1Follow the instructions under “Configuring Drives C and D” earlier in this chapter to
create a new container for drive D.
You may need to remove some files from your hard disk to free enough space
for the new container.
2Click Restart PC at the bottom of the PC Setup control panel.
3Click Switch to PC.
You now have two drives available—drive C, your original container, and
drive D, the contain er you just created.
Moving the files
You can transfer your files from the old container to the new one in either the
Mac OS or the PC environment.
m
To move files in the Mac OS, drag all the files from the existing drive container to
the new one.
74
Chapter 6
To move the files in the PC environment, follow these steps:
1At the DOS prompt, type
FORMAT D: /S
and press Return.
This command makes the new drive container bootable.
Answer Y when DOS asks if you’re sure.
2When the DOS prompt returns, type the following command:
XCOPY C:\*.* D:\*.* /E /V
This command copies all the files and directories from your drive C container
to your drive D container.
3Press x-Return to switch back to the Mac OS when copying is complete.
4In the PC Setup control panel, choose None from the D: pop-up menu.
Doing so deallocates drive D.
5Choose Other Drive File from the C: pop-up menu and select the container you just
created.
Your n ew container is now associated with drive C.
6Click Restart PC at the bottom of the PC Setup control panel.
7Click Switch to PC.
8At the DOS prompt, type
DIR
.
You should see a list of all the files you copied.
You may want to run some of your programs to verify that everything has
been copied correctly.
m
To throw away the original drive container, first switch to the Mac OS. Then drag the
original container to the Trash and choose Empty Trash from the Special menu.
Doing so frees up the space on your hard disk that the container held in
reserve.
Configuring The PC Environment
75
Understanding the status line
The status line at the bottom of the control panel gives you messages about
the status of the PC hardware and software. Messages can include any of the
following:
DOS-compatibility card not present
m
Your computer’s system software did not
recognize the DOS-compatible card installed in your computer. Reinstall
the PC software according to the directions in Chapter 8.
If reinstalling the software doesn’t help, contact an Apple-authorized
service provider for assistance, or call Apple’s customer support hotline.
(The phone numb er for the hotline is in the service and support
information that came with your computer.)
PC Setup software not loaded
m
An error occurred during the start-up process
and the DOS environment won’t run.
m
PC is running
m
PC is shut down
You’ve clicked Start PC and the card is active.
The card is installed but not running. To start the card,
click Start PC, or select Auto-Start PC and restart the computer.
m
PC is turned off
The Off button at the top of the PC Setup control panel
is selected.
m
Not enough memory
Your computer must have at least 8 megabytes (MB)
of RAM installed, and the PC requires at least 2 MB of free RAM if you
don’t have a SIMM installed on the DOS-compatible card for the exclusive
use of the PC. Tur n off the RAM disk, if you’re using one, in the Memory
control panel, and restart your Macintosh.
76
Chapter 5
Consult this chapter if you experience
problems using the Mac OS.
7
Troubleshooting in the Macintosh Environment
When you have questions
If you want to know how to do a particular task in the Mac OS, refer to
Macintosh Guide in the Guide (h) menu. For instructions on using
Macintosh Guide, see Chapter 2 of this manual.
If you have problems working in the PC environment on your Macintosh, see
Chapter 8, “Troubleshooting in the PC Environment.”
If you have questions about using DOS, see your DOS manual.
When you run into trouble
While you’re using your computer, you may occasionally see a bomb icon
or an error message, or you may have a problem such as the pointer (8)
“freezing” on the screen. If you have trouble with your computer, take a few
minutes to read the information in this chapter. If your problem is related to a
particular procedure, you should also look for information on that procedure
in Macintosh Guide, available in the Guide (h) menu. For additional
troubleshooting information and a list of common questions relating to the
Mac OS, see the “Troubleshooting” topic of Macintosh Guide.
If you are unable to access Macintosh Guide (for example, if your screen
is “frozen”), refer to this chapter to see if you can resolve the problem.
77
Take your time
When you see an error message, you don’t have to take action immediately.
The message stays on the screen until you click the OK button or turn off the
Macintosh.
To help diagnose and correct the problem, gather as much information on the
situation as you can before starting over.
m Make a note of exactly what you were doing when the problem occurred.
Write down the message on the screen and its ID number (if any). Also list
the programs you were using and the names of any items you know have
been added to the System Folder since the system software was installed.
This information will help a service person diagnose the problem. (It is
helpful to keep a printed copy of the items in your System Folder. For
instructions on printing the contents of a folder, see the “Printing & Fonts”
topic of Macintosh Guide, available in the Guid e [h] menu.)
m Check the screen for any clues. Is a menu selected? What programs and
document icons are open? Note anything else that seems relevant.
m If you were typing text and were not able to save it before the problem
occurred, you can write down the parts of the text still visible on the
screen so that some of your work will be easy to replace.
78
m Ask other Macintosh users about the problem you’re having; they may have
a solution for it.
If you need repair service, consult the service and support information
that came with your computer for instructions on how to contact an Appleauthorized service provider or Apple for assistance.
Chapter 7
Start over
Often you can eliminate a problem simply by clearing the computer’s memory
and starting over.
If you can, save any open documents before restarting the Macintosh. If your
system is frozen and does not respond to anything you do, or if you have a
“bomb” message on the screen, saving may not be possible. You can try
pressing x-Option-Esc to quit the program in use when the problem
occurred; if this works, you can then save the documents open in other
programs before restarting.
To restart your Macintosh, try the following steps:
1If you can, choose Restart from the Special menu or from the dialog box that’s on the
screen.
Dialog boxes contain messages from the computer. If something goes wrong,
a message may appear on the screen, asking you to restart the computer.
2If you can’t choose Restart, hold down the
Power key (marked with a triangle).
x
and Control keys while you press the
This key combination restarts the computer. (Use this key combination only
when you can’t choose Restart from the Special menu.)
3If nothing happens, turn off your computer with the standby power button, wait at least
10 seconds, and then turn it on again.
4If the standby power button doesn’t turn off the computer, unplug your Macintosh.
If you suspect that the problem is with other equipment, such as a printer or
an external hard disk that’s attached to your computer, turn that equipment off
for 10 seconds or longer, then turn it on again and restart the Macintosh.
Troubleshooting in the Macintosh Environment
79
Rebuild your desktop regularly
A process known as “rebuilding the desktop” helps your Macintosh keep
track of data on your startup disks. Although you usually use the hard disk in
your computer as a startup disk, you can also start up from any other disk that
has system software installed. It’s a good idea to rebuild the desktop of your
startup disks once a month or so.
To rebuild the desktop of a startup disk, follow these steps:
1Hold down the Option and xkeys while you start up your computer.
Do not release the keys until you see a message asking whether you want to
rebuild the desktop.
2Click OK.
Solutions to common problems
The computer is turned on but the screen is dark.
One of the following is probably the cause:
m You have a screen saver program that darkens the screen when the
computer has not been used for a certain period.
80
Press a key or move the mouse to turn off the screen saver.
m The monitor’s brightness control (¤) is not adjusted properly.
Check the monitor’s brightness control and turn it up if necessary.
m The Macintosh or the monitor is not getting power.
Make sure the monitor is plugged in and tur n ed on, and that the monitor
cable is firmly connected to both the computer and the monitor.
Make sure the computer’s power cord is firmly connected to the computer
and plugged into a grounded electrical outlet, and that the outlet has power.
If you have more than one monitor and only one is dark, check that it is set
up correctly in the Monitors control panel. For information on using more
than one monitor, see the “Monitors” topic of Macintosh Guide, available
in the Guide (h) menu.
Chapter 7
m The monitor is plugged into the wrong port on the computer.
Make sure the monitor is plugged into the monitor port (marked with the
™ icon) on the upper-right corner of the computer’s back panel. If the
monitor is plugged into another port, it will not work.
If you are displaying video from your computer on a television screen, it is
normal for your computer monitor to be dark.
The computer won’t start up.
m The game controller is plugged into the wrong port.
Make sure the game controller is plugged into the joystick port on the
lower-right corner of the computer’s back panel. If the game controller is
plugged into another port, the computer will not start up.
The computer’s clock keeps time inaccurately.
Your computer has a clock that runs continuously. Wh en the computer is
turned off, a battery keeps the clock running. If your clock begins to keep
time inaccurately, have your Apple-authorized service provider replace the
battery.
When you start up, a disk icon with a blinking question mark appears in the middle
of the screen.
This icon indicates that your Macintosh cannot find the system software it
needs to start up. One of the following is probably the cause:
m Your computer may be having a problem recognizing external equipment
that uses the Small Computer System Interface (SCSI).
Turn off all external SCSI equipment and disconnect the first SCSI device
in the chain from your computer’s SCSI port. Then restart the computer. If
the computer starts up after you disconnect your SCSI equipment, refer to
the manuals that came with the equipment for information on the proper
way to connect SCSI equipment and assign SCSI ID numbers.
If you have a printer connected to your computer’s SCSI port, make sure
your printer is not supposed to be connected to the printer port instead.
Check the manuals that came with your printer for information on how to
connect it properly.
Troubleshooting in the Macintosh Environment
81
m System software is not installed on the startup hard disk, the system
software is damaged, or the hard disk is not working properly.
Start up your computer using the Disk Tools floppy disk or (if you have a
built-in CD-ROM drive) with the CD-ROM disc that contains system
software. (For instructions on how to start up your computer from the
CD-ROM disc, see “Starting Up From a CD-ROM Disc” in the section
“Initializing a Hard Disk” later in this chapter.) Then follow the
instructions in “Repairing a Damaged Disk” later in this chapter to test
your startup hard disk and repair any damage.
If repairing the disk doesn’t help, follow the instr uctions in “Installi ng or
Reinstalling Mac OS System Software” later in this chapter to reinstall
system software on your startup hard disk.
When you try to start up from a floppy disk, a disk icon with an X appears in the middle
of the screen and the floppy disk is ejected.
This icon indicates that the floppy disk you tried to start up from is not a
startup disk.
82
Wait a few seconds. The computer should start up from its internal hard
disk. Make sure you insert floppy disks only after the computer has begun
starting up.
Chapter 7
A “sad Macintosh” icon appears and the computer won’t start up.
This icon indicates that your Macintosh cannot start up because of a problem
with the system software or the computer hardware.
Eject any floppy disks by turning off the computer and then holding down
the mouse button while you turn the computer on again. Try starting up with
the Disk Tools floppy disk or (if you have a built-in CD-ROM drive) with the
CD-ROM disc that contains system software. (For instructions on how to start
up your computer from the CD-ROM disc, see “Starting Up From a CD-ROM
Disc” in the section “Initializing a Hard Disk” later in this chapter.) If the “sad
Macintosh” icon appears again, consult the service and support information
that came with your computer for information on contacting an Appleauthorized service provider or Apple for assistance.
The Macintosh “hangs” or freezes during startup.
If the Mac OS is sharing 16MB or more of memory with the PC environment
and Disklight of Norton Utilities 3.1.1 is installed, the computer will freeze
during startup. This does not occur with 8MB or less shared memory. Restart
the Macintosh using one of the techniques described in “Start Over” in the
section “When You Run Into Trouble,” earlier in this chapter. Open the PC
Setup control panel and change the shared memory setting to 8 MB or less.
The hard disk icon does not appear on the desktop.
If you don’t see a hard disk icon on the desktop, try the following:
m If the hard disk is internal, shut down your computer, wait at least 10
seconds, and then turn it on again.
m If the hard disk is external, make sure that it is turned on and that its cable
is connected firmly; then restart the Macintosh.
m Check the ID numbers of all SCSI equipment connected to your computer.
See the manuals that came with your SCSI equipment for information on
setting SCSI ID numbers.
Troubleshooting in the Macintosh Environment
83
m If the hard disk is your startup disk, start your computer using the
Disk Tools floppy disk or (if you have a built-in CD-ROM drive) with the
CD-ROM disc that contains system software. (For instructions on how to
start up your computer from the CD-ROM disc, see “Starting Up From
a CD-ROM Disc” in the section “Initializing a Hard Disk” later in this
chapter.) T hen follow the instructions in “Repairing a Damaged Disk”
later in this chapter to test your startup hard disk and repair any damage.
If repairing the disk doesn’t help, follow the instr uctions in “Installi ng or
Reinstalling Mac OS System Software” later in this chapter to reinstall
system software on your startup hard disk.
Icons do not appear correctly on your screen.
You n eed to rebuild the desktop—a process that helps your Macintosh keep
track of files and folders on your hard disks. For instructions, see “Rebuild
Your Desktop Regularly” in the section “When You Run Into Trouble” earlier
in this chapter.
If icons do not appear correctly after you rebuild the desktop, restart your
computer while pressing the Shift key to temporarily turn off system
extensions. When you see the “Welcome to Macintosh—extensions off”
message, release the Shift key and press the Option and x keys until you see
a message asking if you want to rebuild the desktop.
84
Your Macintosh can’t read a floppy disk.
If you see a message that a floppy disk is unreadable, try one of the following:
m If the disk has never been used, you may simply need to initialize it. For
instructions, see the “Disks” topic of Macintosh Guide, available in in the
Guide (h) menu.
m The disk may be damaged. See “Repairing a Damaged Disk” later in this
chapter for information on testing and repairing disks.
m The disk may be a DOS disk that the Macintosh environment cannot use.
Try switching to the PC environment and i nserting the disk again.
Chapter 7
If you are trying to use a DOS disk in the Macintosh environment, consider
the following:
m The disk may have been formatted incorrectly on a DOS computer (or in
the PC environment on your Macintosh). On DOS computers it’s possible
to format a standard double-sided disk in a high-density (1440K) format,
and vice versa. Disks formatted in this way cannot be read by a Macintosh
computer.
When formatting disks in the DOS environment for use in both the
Mac OS and DOS, always format standard double-sided disks in the 720K
format. Always format high-density disks in the 14 4 0K format.
If a disk has been formatted incorrectly, switch to the PC environment and
copy the disk’s contents onto another disk that has been properly formatted.
The pointer (8) freezes on the screen.
Your system has a software problem.
m Press x-Option-Esc to quit the application program in use when the
problem occurred. If this works, you can save the documents open in other
programs before restarting.
m Restart your Macintosh. (For instructions, see “Start Over” in the section
“When You Run Into Trouble” earlier in this chapter.) Most software
problems are temporary, and restarting usually corrects the problem.
m Check the startup disk and program you were using when the problem
occurred. Make sure that all programs, desk accessories, and system
extensions you’re using are compatible with the system software.
m Sometimes incompatible system extensions or control panels can cause
system software problems. Restart while holding down the Shift key; this
temporarily turns off all system extensions. If your computer works
normally after you do this, remove all extensions from the Extensions
folder (inside the System Folder) and put them back into the Extensions
folder one at a time. Restart after you add each extension. This procedure
should identify any incompatible extensions.
You can also use the Extensions Manager control panel to turn off
individual extensions. For information on using this control panel to
manage system extensions, see the “Setting Options” topic of Macintosh
Guide, available in the Guide (h) menu.
Troubleshooting in the Macintosh Environment
85
m If the problem recurs, you may need to reinstall system software. See
“Installing or Reinstalling System Software” later in this chapter for
instructions.
A dialog box with a bomb appears.
Your system has a software problem.
m Write down what you were doing when the message appeared, the text of
the message, and the message number, if there is one.
m Restart your Macintosh. (See “Start Over” in the section “When You Run
Into Trouble” earlier in this chapter for instructions.) Most software
problems are temporary, and restarting usually corrects the problem.
m Check the startup disk and application program you were using when the
dialog box appeared. Make sure that all programs, desk accessories, and
system extensions you’re using are compatible with the system software.
Reinstalling the system software may correct the problem.
m Sometimes incompatible system extensions or control panels can cause
system software problems. Restart while holding down the Shift key; this
temporarily turns off all system extensions. If your computer works
normally after you do this, remove all extensions from the Extensions
folder (inside the System Folder) and put them back into the Extensions
folder one at a time. Restart after you add each extension. This procedure
should identify any incompatible extensions.
86
You can also use the Extensions Manager control panel to turn off
individual extensions. For information on using this control panel to
manage system extensions, see the “Setting Options” topic of Macintosh
Guide, available in the Guide (h) menu.
m If the problem recurs, you may need to reinstall system software. See
“Installing or Reinstalling Mac OS System Software” later in this chapter
for instructions.
Chapter 7
The pointer (8) doesn’t move when you move the mouse.
One of the following situations is probably the cause:
m Your system has a software problem.
Press x-Option-Esc to quit the application program in use when the
problem occurred. If this works, you can save the documents open in other
programs before restarting.
Restart your Macintosh. See “Start Over” in the section “When You Run
Into Trouble” earlier in this chapter for instructions.
Check the startup disk and program you were using when the problem
occurred. Make sure that all programs, desk accessories, and system
extensions you’re using are compatible with the system software. Try
starting up the computer from the Disk Tools disk or the CD-ROM disc
that contains system software. (For instructions on how to start up your
computer from the CD-ROM disc, see “Starting Up From a CD-ROM
Disc” in the section “Initializing a Hard Disk” later in this chapter.) If
your computer starts up normally, there may be an extension conflict.
If the problem recurs, you may need to reinstall system software. See
“Installing or Reinstalling Mac OS System Software” later in this chapter
for instructions.
m The mouse is not connected properly.
Turn the computer off using the standby power button, check that the
mouse and keyboard cables are connected properly, and then restart the
computer.
m Signals from the mouse are not reaching the computer, either because the
mouse needs cleaning or because there is something wrong with the
mouse.
Clean the mouse according to the instructions in Appendix A of this book.
If you have another mouse or pointing device, try connecting and using it.
(Turn off the computer before connecting it.) If the new device works, there
is probably something wrong with the mouse you replaced.
If none of these procedures solves the problem, consult the service and
support information that came with your computer for instructions on how to
contact an Apple-authorized service provider or Apple for assistance.
Troubleshooting in the Macintosh Environment
87
Typing on the keyboard produces nothing on the screen.
One of the following is probably the cause:
m Your system has a software problem.
Restart your Macintosh. For instructions, see “Start Over” in the section
“When You Run Into Trouble” earlier in this chapter.
Check the startup disk and application program you were using when the
problem occurred. Make sure that all programs, desk accessories, and
system extensions you’re using are compatible with the system software.
If the problem recurs, you may need to reinstall system software. See
“Installing or Reinstalling System Software” later in this chapter for
instructions.
m You haven’t selected any text or set the insertion point (i).
Make sure the program you want to type in is the active program. Then
place the pointer (8
) in the active window and click to set an insertion
point (i) or drag to select text (if you want to replace the text with your
typing).
m The keyboard is not connected properly.
Turn off the computer using the standby power button, then check that the
keyboard cable is connected properly at both ends.
88
If you have a keyboard with an ADB port (marked with the ◊ icon) on
each end, turn off the Macintosh using the standby power button and plug
the keyboard cable into the other ADB port on the keyboard. (You may
have to unplug the mouse to do this.) Then restart the computer.
m The keyboard is damaged.
If you have access to another keyboard, try using it instead. (Turn the
computer off before connecting it.) If the new keyboard works, there is
probably something wrong with the one you replaced.
If none of these procedures solves the problem, consult the service and
support information that came with your computer for instructions on how
to contact an Apple-authorized service provider or Apple for assistance.
Chapter 7
You can’t start an application program or it quits unexpectedly. Or, when you try to open
a program, you see a message that not enough memory is available.
One of the following is probably the cause:
m The Macintosh ran out of memory.
Quit the programs that you have open and then open the program you want
to use, or restart your Macintosh.
Use the Memory control panel to turn on virtual memory. For more
information on virtual memory, see the “Memory” topic of Macintosh
Guide, available in the Guide (h) menu.
m The program needs more memory.
Use the program’s Info window to give it more memory. For more
information on increasing a program’s memory, see the “Memory” topic
of Macintosh Guide, available in the Guide (h) menu.
m The program requires special hardware, such as a floating-point unit
(FPU), and your computer doesn’t have the hardware installed.
Check the documentation that came with the program to find out if the
program requires a Macintosh with special hardware, such as an FPU. Then
check the Technical Information booklet that came with your Macintosh to
find out if your computer is equipped with such special hardware, or if the
hardware can be installed. Consult your Apple-authorized service provider
for information on installing special hardware in your computer.
Troubleshooting in the Macintosh Environment
89
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