Apple Macintosh LC User Manual

PREFACE

What to Do First

Congratulations! You are about to learn about your Macintosh computer -- a
powerful tool for work and fun. This book is a comprehensive guide to your
Macintosh. In it you will find all the information you need to

- set up your Macintosh

- learn basic Macintosh skills and concepts

- answer the questions you might have as you use your computer

To get started, read through this preface to find out what this book contains
and how you should proceed.

The parts of this book

This book is divided into three major parts -- Setting Up, Learning, and
Reference -- followed by a glossary and an index. Tabs marked on the cover of
the book and throughout the book make each section easy to find.

Setting Up

Part I, "Setting Up Your Computer," takes you through the steps you take to
get your computer ready to use. Setting up the Macintosh LC is a very
straightforward task, so Part I is just a few pages.

Learning

Part II, "Learning to Use Your Macintosh LC," provides the training new
Macintosh users need to get started with their computers. This part of the
book starts off with instructions on how to use the disk Macintosh Basics
(guided training to get you started using your computer). Part II continues
with a set of chapters that reinforce what you learn from the Macintosh
Basics disk and provide further instruction and practice in using your
Macintosh.

Reference

Part III, "Using Your Macintosh: Reference," provides information intended to
help you when questions arise as you use your computer. You can also browse
this part of the book if you want to learn more after you finish the training
provided in Part II.

Glossary

If you run into a term that you don't understand, or if you're curious about
Macintosh terminology, turn to the glossary near the back of the book. The
glossary is a small dictionary of Macintosh terms.

Index

The back of the book contains an index that lists all the terms, tasks, and
topics covered in this book. The index is the most powerful part of this
book. Anytime you need to find information about your Macintosh, turn to the
index first to see a listing of the pages that might help you. Using the

index can save you time by directing you to the exact information you need.

The features of this book

This guide is designed with features that make finding and using the
information you need quick and easy.

Tabs

If you look at the outside margin for each page you will see a tab marking
the section of the book you are looking at. These tabs (listed on the book's
cover) are visible along the edge of the book even when the book is closed.
To find a section of the book quickly, look at the cover to find the tab you
need, then flip to that tab.

Tables of contents for each part

Part II, "Learning," and Part III, "Reference," begin with a quick list of
the chapters they contain. You can use this list to help you locate chapters
within one of those parts of the book. If you need to see a complete list of
the chapters and subsections in this guide, turn to the table of contents at
the front of the book.

Chapter reviews

At the end of each chapter, you will find a review of the skills taught in
the chapter. You can use the list to review skills or to find out pages where
skills were taught in the chapter.

Numbered steps

Throughout this book, numbered steps printed in bold tell you what action you
should take. Do the steps in order. Skipping steps or doing them out of
sequence will almost always cause you trouble.

Some numbered steps are followed by a paragraph or two explaining what the
step does or how to do the steps. If you don't understand a numbered step or
you aren't sure whether you should do it, read the text that follows the step
for more information.

1. This is an example of a numbered step. Now continue reading.

This is where you would look for an explanation of the numbered step. Notice
that this explanatory text is lined up under the numbered step.

Basics Quick Reference

Chapter 9, "Basics Quick Reference," is a review of the skills taught in the
chapters in Part II. This review is designed to make it easy to go back and
look up how to do something taught in the earlier chapters. If you find that
you need a reminder about how to do something taught in Part II, instead of
flipping through all the pages turn to Chapter 9.

Next steps

Now that you have read about the contents and features of this guide, you're
ready to get started with your Macintosh. Continue as follows:

- First, turn to Part I to set up the computer.

- Then turn to Part II to learn the basics about using your Macintosh (you'll
use the Macintosh Basics disk as well as this guide).

- After that, you will be ready to use your Macintosh. This is a good time to
use the training materials that came with any programs you might have
purchased with your new computer.

You may also want to look at the HyperCard program that came with your
Macintosh. If you see a folder labeled "HyperCard" when you open your hard
disk icon, HyperCard has already been installed on your hard disk. Consult
the HyperCard Basics book for questions regarding HyperCard.

For now, turn to Part I to find out how to get your computer up and running.

CHAPTER 1-SETTING UP

Setting up your Macintosh LC involves these steps:

- Plugging in the computer

- Connecting the monitor

- Connecting the mouse and keyboard

- Connecting the microphone or phono-plug adapter

- Connecting peripheral devices and network cables

When you have completed these steps, described in this chapter, your computer
will be ready to use.

Plugging in the Computer

Plug in the Macintosh before connecting anything to it. The plug grounds the
computer and protects it from electrical damage while you are setting up.

1. Plug the socket end of the power cord into the socket on the back of the
computer.

2.Plug the other end of the power cord into a three-hole grounded outlet or
power strip.

By the way: To protect both yourself and the computer from electrical
hazards, the Macintosh LC should remain turned off until you are finished
connecting its parts. In the unlikely event that the computer starts up when
you plug it in, turn the computer off. The on/off switch is on the back of
the computer. Press the bottom of the switch (marked with an "O") to turn the
computer off.

Installing an Expansion Card

You may have purchased an expansion card that provides additional video,
coprocessing, networking, or some other capability for your Macintosh LC.
Some expansion cards are designed so that you can install them yourself.
Others can be installed only by an authorized Apple representative. Check the
documentation that comes with your card to see if you can install it

yourself.

!! WARNING: To avoid damaging your computer and expansion card, do not
attempt to install any expansion card in a Macintosh LC without first
checking the documentation for that card. If the documentation specifies that
an authorized Apple representative must install the card (usually because the
installation requires moving the main logic board), be sure to have your
Apple dealer or service representative do the installation. !!

Connecting a Monitor

The Macintosh LC provides built-in video support for these monitors:

- The Macintosh 12" RGB Display

- The Macintosh 12" Monochrome Display

- The AppleColor High-Resolution RGB Monitor

You may also be able to attach additional monitors if you have the
appropriate expansion cards installed in your computer.

To connect your monitor, follow these steps or see the more detailed
explanation in the manual that came with your monitor:

1.Place the monitor on top of the computer.

If you have a very large monitor (a full-page or two-page monitor connected
to an expansion card, for example), place it next to, rather than on top of,
the computer.

2.If necessary, attach the monitor power cord to the monitor.

If the monitor you have has a built-in power cord, skip this step.

The Macintosh LC comes with two identical power cords -- one for the
computer, and one that you can use for your monitor if the monitor does not
come with an appropriate power cord.

3.Plug the other end of the monitor power cord into a grounded outlet or
power strip.

4.If necessary, attach one end of the video cable to the monitor, and tighten
the thumbscrews.

Depending on the type of monitor you have, the video cable may be built into
the monitor.

5.Attach the other end of the video cable to the video port on the back panel
of the computer.

The video port is marked with the video icon.

If you are connecting the monitor to a video expansion card, plug the monitor
video cable into the external connector on the card, rather than into the
Macintosh LC video port.

Connecting the Mouse and Keyboard

Follow these steps to connect the keyboard and mouse:

1.With the keyboard facing you, plug the mouse cable into the port on the
right side of the keyboard.

The plug and the port are both marked with an Apple Desktop Bus (ADB) icon.
Align the icons before you insert the plug. (The positions of the ADB port
and ADB icon on your keyboard may be different from those pictured.)

If you prefer to use the mouse with your left hand, plug the mouse cable into
the port on the left side of the keyboard.

2.Plug one end of the keyboard cable -- both ends are the same -- into
the other port on the keyboard.

If you plugged the mouse cable in on the right, for example, plug the
keyboard cable in on the left.

3.Plug the other end of the keyboard cable into the ADB port on the back of
the computer.

This port is also marked with the ADB icon.

Connecting the Microphone or Phono-plug Adapter

The Macintosh LC comes with a microphone and a phono-plug adapter, both of
which you can use to record sounds on your computer. If you want to record
sounds from another audio source (lecture notes on a cassette tape, for
example), use the phono-plug adapter instead of the microphone.

To connect the microphone, follow these steps:

1.Plug the microphone into the sound input port on the back panel of your
computer.

By the way: If you prefer, you can use any microphone with a plug that
fits the sound input port. You aren't restricted to using the microphone that
comes with the Macintosh LC.

2.Decide where you want to place the microphone.

The microphone that comes with your computer is highly sensitive. Once you've
turned it on (which you do when you're using a sound-recording program), it
can pick up sounds within a range of several feet. You may want to attach the
microphone to the side of the monitor or the top of the keyboard or simply
place it on your desk.

3.To attach the microphone to your computer, peel the paper backing off the
microphone holder and press the adhesive side of the holder against a clean,
flat surface.

If you prefer, you can use the other holder that comes packaged in the
microphone box to clip the microphone to your shirt.

4.Place the microphone in the holder.

The microphone is ready to use. There is no on/off switch on the microphone.
Instead, the microphone is controlled by the application programs you use to

record sounds.

To attach the phono-plug adapter, follow these steps:

1.Connect the audio-out cable from your audio source to the phono-plug
adapter.

If your audio source does not come with an audio-out cable, you can obtain
one at an electronics store.

If you are connecting the phono-plug adapter to a stereo audio source (which
means you have two cables coming in), either plug can go into either
connector on the phono-plug adapter. Because the computer records in mono,
mixing both channels into one sound, it doesn't matter which plug goes where.

2.Connect the phono-plug adapter to the sound input port on the back panel of
your computer.

!! WARNING: Be careful not to plug any sound output devices (such as a pair
of headphones) into the sound input port. Doing so may damage your audio
equipment. !!

Next Steps

You've finished setting up your Macintosh computer! Before you turn it on and
start exploring it, turn to Part II, "Learning to Use Your Macintosh." There
you'll find specific instructions on how to proceed.

CHAPTER 2

TAKING THE TOUR

To start your Macintosh training, you'll use the Macintosh Basics disk which
came with your computer. Follow these instructions to get started with your
tour.

You'll need to start the tour with your computer turned off. If your computer
is on, press the on/off switch now to turn it off.

1.Insert the Macintosh Basics disk into the disk drive, metal end first,
label side up, until you hear it click.

2.Turn on the monitor by pressing its on/off switch.

If you have an Apple monitor, the switch is on the back of the monitor and is
marked with this icon:

3.Switch on the computer by pressing the on/off switch on the back.

Press the top of the switch to turn the computer on.

A beep lets you know the computer has started, and in a few moments you see a
display welcoming you to the Macintosh Basics tour. Just follow the
instructions you see on the screen. They will tell you how to use the tour
and how to quit the tour when you have finished it. Return to this page and
continue reading when you are finished taking the tour.

Adjusting the Screen Contrast

If the screen appears too dark, adjust its brightness and contrast controls.
On Apple monitors, the controls are on the side of the monitor and are marked
with these icons:

If you have questions about these or other monitor controls, see the manual
that came with your monitor.

After You Finish the Tour

When you have completed the training on the Macintosh Basics disk, you are
ready to complete your Macintosh training by reading the remaining chapters
in Part II. These chapters provide a brief review of the skills you learned
on the tour disk, and they provide you with practice using the Macintosh to
create, edit, save, organize, and print documents of your own.

Continue now by turning to the next chapter: Chapter 3, "Basic Macintosh
Skills."

CHAPTER 3

Basic Macintosh Skills

This chapter and the remaining six chapters in Part II provide practice using
your Macintosh. To get the most out of this practice, read the chapters in
order, and do all the numbered steps as you get to them.

This chapter reviews the information covered on the Macintosh Basics disk. If
you have completed the tour on that disk, this chapter will go quickly. If
you have not taken the tour, do so now; then return to this chapter.

Getting Set

Before you start this tutorial, read the section or sections here that apply
to you to make sure your Macintosh is ready to go.

If your computer is on

If your Macintosh is turned on, you need to turn it off before you begin.
Press the bottom of the on/off switch on the back of the computer to turn the
computer off.

If the computer is off and a disk is in the drive

If your computer is off, and there is a disk in the disk drive, you need to
eject the disk, and then turn your computer off again. To eject the disk,
press the mouse button and keep it down as you press the top of the on/off
switch to turn on the computer. Keep the mouse button down until the disk
pops out. When it does, release the mouse button and switch the computer
off. You are ready to begin.

If the computer is off and no disk is in the drive

If your Macintosh computer is turned off and there are no disks in the disk

drive, you are ready to begin. Continue reading here.

If your Macintosh came with a non-Apple hard disk

If you purchased your Macintosh with an internal hard disk that is not made
by Apple Computer, you may need to prepare that hard disk for use before you
continue with learning about your Macintosh. (Apple prepares its hard disks
before they leave the factory.) If you have a non-Apple hard disk (contact
your Apple dealer or representative if you are not sure), turn to Chapter 13
in Part III of this book to prepare your hard disk. Then return to this page
and continue learning about your computer. If you have an Apple hard disk, do
not go to Chapter 13. Simply continue reading here.

Starting up the Computer

This set of exercises will teach you about starting up the computer.

1.Find the disk labeled System Startup, and insert it into a disk drive. (Do
this with the computer turned off.)

As you saw when you inserted the Macintosh Basics tour disk, disks are
inserted with the metal end going into the slot first and the printed label
on top.

2.With the disk in the disk drive, press the top of the on/off switch on the
back of the computer to turn on the Macintosh. (Make sure the monitor is
turned on also.)

You hear a beep, and then a whirring sound as the computer starts reading
from the disk.

In a moment a picture of a smiling Macintosh appears on your screen.

It is soon replaced by a screen called the Macintosh desktop. You are ready
to continue.

WHAT'S Going On Here?

What just happened involves several key concepts that will help you
understand your Macintosh.

Disks

In order to operate, your Macintosh needs information. In the computer
world, information is stored on disks. The System Startup disk you inserted
is one kind of disk called a floppy disk (because the material inside the
plastic case is very thin and flexible). The Macintosh Basics disk is also a
floppy disk.

You can think of a computer and disks like a cassette tape player and tapes.
Just as cassette tape players make sounds using information stored on tapes,
computers do their work using information stored on disks, like the System
Startup and Macintosh Basics disks.

Hard disks

There is another kind of disk called a hard disk that serves the same purpose
as a floppy disk. (It is a place to store information for the computer.) But
hard disks are different from floppy disks in two ways. First, a hard disk

is a piece of computer equipment. It is not something that you can insert
and eject from the disk drive on your computer. Second, hard disks can store
many times more information than floppy disks.

Hard disks come in two forms: internal (built into your computer), and
external (a separate box that sits under or beside your computer). You cannot
tell if you have an internal hard disk by looking at your computer when it's
turned off, but when it's on you can tell by checking whether the hard disk
icon is on the screen.

Checking for hard disks

Check to see if you have a hard disk now by following these steps:

1.Find the System Startup icon on your screen.

It is the picture of the disk in the upper-right corner of the screen.

2.Look directly below it less than an inch.

If you see an icon that looks like a rectangular box, that means you have a
hard disk. The icon (usually named Macintosh HD) represents the hard disk. If
you have no external hard disk connected to your computer, your hard disk is
an internal (built-in) hard disk.

If you see no icon like this, you have no hard disk.

Startup disk

To start up, your Macintosh needs instructions to tell it what to do. These
instructions are included on special disks called startup disks. The disk you
inserted before you turned on the computer (the System Startup disk) is a
startup disk. It contains the instructions your Macintosh needs to get
running.

That's why you heard that whirring sound after you pressed the on/off switch.
The computer was reading the information on the disk. When it recognized the
disk as a startup disk, it displayed the smiling Macintosh to tell you it had
the information it needed. When it finished reading its instructions, it
displayed the desktop screen you see now. The computer is ready to use.

Exploring the Macintosh Desktop

The Macintosh desktop is what you see on the screen each time you turn on the
computer. It's your working area.

The desktop is sometimes called the Finder because the program (which is a
set of instructions to the computer) that displays the desktop is named the
Finder.

Don't worry if your desktop doesn't look exactly like the one shown. If you
see an Apple in the upper-left corner and a trash can in the lower-right
corner, you're on track.

Practicing Mouse Techniques

As you saw in the Macintosh Basics tour, you can do all your work on the
Macintosh (except typing text and numbers) by using just a few mouse

techniques. If you're not comfortable with the mouse yet, use this review of
the basic mouse skills to practice mouse techniques on your Macintosh
desktop.

Point

You point to an object on the desktop by moving the arrow pointer until the
tip of the arrow is on that object.

Practice pointing to the System Startup disk icon, the Trash icon, and the
Apple icon in the menu bar.

You need to be able to point before you can perform other mouse actions.

Click

You click by first pointing to an object and then pressing and quickly
releasing the mouse button once. Don't move the mouse while you click.

Practice clicking the Trash icon and then the System Startup disk icon.

When you click an icon, it becomes highlighted to show it has been selected.
Highlighted icons are black or other solid colors.

Press

You press by first pointing to an object and then pushing down steadily on
the mouse button. Don't move the mouse while you press.

Practice pressing all the titles of the menus in the menu bar (for now, don't
actually choose any of the commands). Move the tip of the arrow pointer onto
a menu title, and then press and hold down the mouse button (without moving
the mouse). The menu appears below its title. When you're finished looking at
the menu, release the mouse button (still without moving the mouse).

Drag

You drag an object by pointing to it, pressing the mouse button, and then
moving the mouse in the direction you want to move the object.

Practice dragging the Trash icon to other locations on the desktop. Move the
tip of the arrow pointer onto the Trash icon, press the mouse button, drag
toward the top or left side of the screen, and release the mouse button.

Notice that when you move the mouse, an outline of the icon moves along with
the pointer. When you release the mouse button, the icon moves to the new
location.

You can't lose an icon by dragging it off the desktop -- try it and see.

Using your Mouse Skills

Now that you are familiar with the skills required to use your mouse, you can
communicate with your computer. Begin with the following steps.

Opening icons

1.First clean up your desktop by closing any open windows that might be on

your screen.

As you may remember from the Macintosh Basics tour, you close a window by
moving the mouse so that the tip of the pointer is in the box at the upper­left corner of the window and then clicking the mouse button once. Do this
for all open windows.

2.Click the System Startup disk icon on your screen.

3.Choose the Open command from the File menu.

Here's a review of how to choose a command:

- Move the tip of the arrow pointer onto the menu title (File).

- Press and hold the mouse button to display the menu (list of commands).

- Keeping the mouse button down, drag the pointer down to the command you
want (Open).

- When the command you want is highlighted (surrounded by the black bar),
release the mouse button.

The selected icon (the one you clicked, System Startup) opens into a window.

What's Going on Here?

You have taken an important step in learning to communicate with your
Macintosh.

Icons

As you saw in the Macintosh Basics tour, objects are represented on the
Macintosh by icons (small pictures). For example, the System Startup icon
represents the System Startup disk.

Here are a few examples of icons.

Selecting

The first step in doing anything with the Macintosh is to tell the computer
what you want to work with. Often, this involves clicking an icon. Clicking
an item to work with is called selecting.

Opening

When you open an icon you tell the computer to display a window that shows
you what the icon holds.

Windows

Windows are boxes that show you the contents of an icon.

Menu bar and menus

The menu bar is the Macintosh warehouse for commands. Once you tell the
computer what you want to work with, your next step is always to tell the
computer what to do. Telling the computer what to do usually involves
choosing a command from a menu.

Commands

Commands are instructions to the computer to do something for you. After you
selected the System Startup icon, the computer was ready for you to tell it
what to do with that icon. Choosing the Open command told the computer to
open that icon into a window.

Now practice opening again. Only this time, instead of opening a disk, you'll
open a folder.

1.Select (click) the System Folder icon.

2.Choose Open from the File menu.

Remember, choosing a command from a menu involves pressing the mouse button
on the menu title (File), dragging the mouse with the button held down to the
desired command (Open), and releasing the mouse button.

A new window opens that shows you what's stored in your System Folder.

For now, don't worry about what all those icons are. The important thing is
that you see that opening an icon shows you what's inside it by displaying a
window.

Closing windows

Now that you've practiced opening icons into windows, practice closing
windows.

1.Click the System Startup window.

The System Startup window is behind the System Folder window. Clicking
anywhere in the visible part of the window brings the window to the front.

You clicked the System Startup window, so it is now selected. The computer is
ready for a menu command.

2.Choose the Close command from the File menu.

The System Startup window closes leaving only the System Folder window open.

3.Once again, choose Close from the File menu.

The System Folder window closes.

Because the System Folder window was the only open window, the Macintosh
automatically selected it. That's why you did not have to click the window
before choosing the Close command the second time.

Shortcuts for opening and closing

You've seen that you can open icons and close windows by doing these two
steps: first click the item (the icon or window), and then choose the command
(Open or Close). Now you will learn shortcuts for opening and closing.

1.Move the pointer onto the System Startup disk icon and click the mouse
button twice as quickly as you can.

The icon opens into the System Startup window.

This technique (clicking an icon twice quickly) is called double-clicking. It
is a shortcut for opening an icon.

If double-clicking didn't work the first time, try it again. Double-clicking
can take a little getting used to.

If you want more practice double-clicking, click the close box in the System
Startup disk window and double-click the System Startup disk icon again.
Repeat these steps until you feel comfortable double-clicking.

2.Now open the System Folder icon by double-clicking it.

The System Folder icon is in the System Startup disk window. When you double­click the folder icon, it opens and its window appears on top of the System
Startup window.

3.Move the arrow pointer so that its tip is inside the small box in the
upper-left corner of the System Folder window.

4.Click the mouse button.

The System Folder window closes.

Clicking in this box (called the close box) on any window is a shortcut for
closing the window.

5.Click the close box on the System Startup window.

The window closes.

Now you know two ways to open icons and close windows:

Open Click the icon or Double-

Close Click the window or Click the

Moving windows

You've seen that you open an icon into a window when you want to see what the
icon holds. Another way you can work with windows is to move them around on
the screen. The next few steps will show you how.

1. Open the System Startup icon.

You can either double-click the icon or click it and choose Open from the
File menu.

The System Startup window opens.

2. Position the pointer anywhere along the window's title bar.

and choose the click the icon.
Open command
from the File menu.

and choose the window's
Close command close box.

from the File menu.

The title bar is the striped strip along the top of the window that includes
the window's title (System Startup).

3. Press and hold the mouse button as you move the mouse around.

Notice that as you drag the mouse, a dotted outline of the window follows the
pointer.

4. Release the mouse button.

The window moves to the new position you've chosen.

5. Now practice moving the window on your own.

Notice how the outline follows the pointer and how the window moves when you
release the mouse button.

You cannot drag the window completely off the screen. Go ahead and try it for
yourself. The Macintosh will not let you lose your windows.

Selecting a window to work in

Just as you can have more than one piece of paper on your desk at a time, you
can have more than one window open on your Macintosh desktop at a time.

When you have several papers on your desk, you select the one you want to
work with by moving it on top of the others so you can see it. In the same
way, when you have several windows open on your Macintosh desktop, you select
the one you want to work with by moving it "in front of" the others.

Selecting a window in this way is called activating a window, and the window
you select becomes the active window.

Follow these steps to practice selecting a window to work in:

1. Open your System Folder window. (Use whichever method of opening windows
you prefer.)

Notice how part of the System Startup window is covered up by the System
Folder window.

2. Click anywhere in the System Startup window to move it in front of the
System Folder window.

Notice that you can now see the entire System Startup window on the desktop.

Also notice the lines in the bar at the top of the window. The lines mean
that the window is active. (Just as a selected icon is black, a selected
window has lines across the top.)

3. Now click anywhere in the System Folder window to move it in front of the
System Startup window again.

If you cannot see any part of the System Folder window to click, move the
System Startup window a little to uncover part of the System Folder window.

Notice that windows don't move to a different location on the screen when
they become active or inactive. They simply move "in front of" or "behind"

other windows. Sometimes when you think you've lost a window, it has simply
moved behind a larger window that hides it from view.

Changing the size of a window

You may want to make a window as large as the screen so you can work in it
easily, or as small as a matchbox so you can get it out of the way.

Using the System Folder window, experiment with resizing windows in the steps
that follow.

1. Click the zoom box (the box at the upper-right corner of the window).

The window zooms out to nearly fill the screen.

2. Click the zoom box again.

The window returns to its former size.

The zoom box, as its name suggests, provides a fast way to resize a window.
But it doesn't allow you to fine-tune the window's size or shape. The fine­tuning control is the size box in the lower-right corner of the window.

3. If you can't see the size box right now, move the window (by dragging its
title bar) until it appears.

4. Position the pointer on the size box, press the mouse button, and drag up
and to the left.

As you drag, a dotted outline of the window follows. If you keep pressing the
mouse button and watch the screen as you drag up, down, left, and right, you
can see the outline follow your movements.

5. Release the mouse button.

The window changes size. If you don't like the new size, drag the size box
until you do.

Notice that the contents of a window don't change when you change a window's
size. All that changes is the amount you can see.

Seeing hidden parts of a directory or document

Sometimes there's more in a window than you can see at one time. You just saw
that you can make the window as large as the screen. But sometimes even that
doesn't provide enough room for you to see everything an icon contains.

Imagine that you are taking a snapshot of a sunset at the beach. Because the
scene is so vast (and your camera doesn't have a wide-angle lens), you can
only capture a section of the scene in your lens at any time. But you can pan
the camera to the left or right to bring different parts of the horizon into
view, and you can tilt the camera up or down to bring more of the sky or more
of the ocean into view.

Looking at a Macintosh window is like looking through the camera lens. You
can only see part of the window's contents at one time, but you can pan the
window from side-to-side and up and down to bring different parts of the
contents into view.

Scroll bars are the controls that allow you to change the view in your
windows. With scroll bars you scroll the contents of your window so that you
can see a different part of your directory, your document, or whatever
happens to be in the window you're looking at.

If you're working in a directory or document whose contents fit in the window
you are looking at, the horizontal and vertical scroll bars will both be
white (meaning there is no more to see on either side, or above and below the
window).

However, if the vertical scroll bar is gray, it means that part of the
window's contents are "off screen" above or below the view in your window.
And if the horizontal scroll bar is gray, it means that there is more to see
to the left or right of the view in the window.

Whenever a scroll bar is gray, it means there are parts of a window's
contents outside the current view in the window. Scroll bars allow you to
bring the hidden parts of a window's contents into view.

Practice using scroll bars by following these steps:

1. If it isn't already open, open the System Folder window.

2. Use the size box to shrink the window until both scroll bars are gray
(you'll need to make the window both short and narrow to get both scroll bars
gray).

3. Practice using the scroll bars to see the hidden sections of the System
Folder window.

Remember that you're scrolling the window, not changing its contents.

To move to the top or bottom of the window, use one or more of these
techniques:

- Click the scroll arrow pointing up or down.

- Click the gray part of the scroll bar above or below the scroll box to
scroll by the windowful.

- Drag the scroll box up or down.

To move to the left or right side of the directory, use one or more of these
techniques:

- Click the scroll arrow pointing left or right.

- Click the gray part of the scroll bar to the left or right of the scroll
box to scroll by the windowful.

- Drag the scroll box left or right.

Shutting Off the Computer

You've now seen how to start up the computer, how to open an icon, and how to
work with windows. These are almost all of the basic skills required to do
most things on the Macintosh. One remaining basic skill is knowing how to
shut down the computer when you want to stop working.

Shutting down the computer is a little more complicated than simply flipping
the on/off switch. Before you flip the switch you need to tell the computer
to prepare to be shut off; the computer needs to do some house-cleaning
chores to prepare to start up next time.

Follow these steps to learn the proper way to shut down the computer:

1. Choose the Shut Down command from the Special menu.

Go ahead and choose Shut Down even if you plan to continue immediately with
the next chapter. You'll be guided through restarting the computer when you
get there.

You choose the Shut Down command just like any other command. Position the
pointer on the menu title (Special), press the mouse button and drag down to
the command (Shut Down), and release the mouse button.

This command tells the computer to prepare to be shut off. When the computer
is ready to be shut off it displays a screen that tells you it's OK to flip
the switch.

2. Press the bottom of the on/off switch on the back of the computer to shut
the computer off.

The screen goes blank and the computer is shut off.

Next steps

This is the end of Chapter 3. The next few pages review what you have learned
in this chapter. Look over the review to reinforce what you have learned. If
you discover that you are unsure of any of the items covered, go back through
the pages in this chapter that discuss those items.

When you have done that, you can take a rest. Or, if you feel ready, continue
with the next chapter to learn how to use application programs on your
Macintosh.

CHAPTER 3 REVIEW

This is a review of the skills taught in this chapter. If you are unsure of
any of the skills listed here, go to the page given at the right to review
those skills.

To do this: Follow these steps:

Start up the computer 1. Insert a startup floppy disk

See if you have 1. Start up the computer.
a hard disk 2. Look for the hard disk icon

Point Move the mouse so that the tip

(if you don't have a hard disk).

2. Press the top of the on/off switch.

at the upper-right of the screen
(if you see a rectangular box
icon, you have a hard disk).

of the arrow pointer is on the
object you want to point to.

Click 1. Point to an object with the mouse

Press and release the mouse
button.

Press 1. Point to an object.

Hold down the mouse button.

Drag 1. Point to the item you want to drag.

Press and hold the mouse button
as you move the mouse.

Choose a command 1. Press the mouse on the menu
from a menu title you want (File or Edit, for

example) on the menu bar.

2. Drag the pointer down to the
desired command.

3. Release the mouse button.

Select an item Click the item.
(a window or icon)

Open an icon 1. Click the icon.
(disk, folder, etc.) 2. Choose the Open command from

the File menu.
Or double-click the icon.

Close a window 1. Click the window (to make

it the active window).

2. Choose the Close command
from the File menu.
Or click the window's close box.

Move a window 1. Move the pointer to the window's

title bar (the stripes at the top).

2. Press the mouse button and drag
the window to the desired location.

3. Release the mouse button.

Change the size Drag the window's size box (the
of a window small box at the lower-right corner

of the window). Or to shrink or expand
a window quickly, click the zoom box
(the small box at the window's
upper-right corner).

To see items that are Press the scroll arrow that points
out of a window's view in the direction you want to see.

Or click in the gray bar to scroll
by the windowful. Or drag the scroll
box to scroll to the desired part of
the window.

Shut off the computer 1. Choose Shut Down from the

Special menu.

2. Press the bottom of the on/off
switch.

CHAPTER 4

USING SOFTWARE PROGRAMS

In previous chapters, you have been working with the Macintosh software
program that lets you organize your files on your desktop (that software is
called the Finder). In this chapter you will learn how to use the programs
that help you actually do your work.

Starting up the Computer

The first step is to get your computer up and running. You have done this at
least once already, at the start of the last chapter. Even so, follow these
steps closely to learn a few new points about starting up the computer.

1.If your computer is on, shut it down and off following the steps in
"Shutting Off the Computer" in Chapter 3. Then continue with these steps.

2.With no disks in your disk drives, keep your eyes on the screen as you
press the top of the on/off switch to turn the computer on. Notice the first
icon that appears on your screen.

Your computer will beep and begin starting up. At this point you will see one
of two things on your screen.

Either you see the disk icon with a blinking question mark in it, or you see
the smiling Macintosh icon, which is replaced in a few seconds by the
familiar Macintosh desktop.

What's Going on Here?

As you learned in Chapter 3, when you start up your computer it needs
instructions in order to know what to do. These instructions are on disks
called startup disks.

If you saw a smiling Macintosh

If you saw the smiling Macintosh icon when you turned on your computer, it
means that your computer has found a startup disk and is reading the
information it needs.

Since you haven't inserted a floppy disk, the smiling Macintosh icon means
that the computer is reading the startup information from a hard disk. Apple
prepares the hard disks it puts in computers at the factory so that they are
startup disks.

When you turned on your computer, it looked first in the floppy disk drive
for a startup disk and found no disk. It then looked for a hard disk startup
disk. It found the hard disk, and on it found the startup information it
needed. It read the startup information from the hard disk and displayed the
smiling Macintosh to let you know it had the information it needed.

Because you have a hard disk that is prepared as a startup disk, you do not
need to insert a floppy disk into the disk drive to start up your computer.

Continue now with step 3.

If you saw a question mark

If you saw the blinking question mark when you started up your computer, it
means that your computer looked for a startup disk, and did not find one.
That is because you did not insert one in the disk drive, and you do not have
a hard disk in your computer.

The computer displays the blinking question mark to tell you that it is
waiting for you to insert a startup disk.
Because you do not have a hard disk that your computer can use as a startup
disk, you must insert a floppy startup disk into a disk drive each time you
start up your computer

3.Insert the disk labeled System Startup into the disk drive.

If you have a hard disk, the System Startup disk icon will appear beneath
your hard disk icon on the desktop.

If you do not have a hard disk, the computer will display the smiling
Macintosh icon for a few seconds as it uses the information on the System
Startup disk to start up. In a few seconds the Macintosh desktop will appear
with the System Startup disk icon in the upper-right corner.

Using application programs

Now that you have your computer up and running, you can go on to learn about
application programs.

Up until now you've been learning to use the software that lets you control
and organize your icons. Now you will learn to use the application programs
that let you do your actual work.

Think of it like a stereo system. A stereo system consists of individual
components that may include an amplifier, tape deck, turntable, compact disc
player, and speakers. The stereo system doesn't do much by itself. You buy a
stereo system because you want to listen to music on tapes, compact discs, or
records.

A computer system also consists of individual components -- the computer
itself, a monitor, maybe a separate disk drive or printer, and so on.

Like the stereo system, the computer doesn't do much by itself. You buy a
computer because you want to use software programs to manage your business,
design buildings, compose music, or write a book.

The programs you use to do these things are called application programs, or
applications, because these programs are tools that you apply to your own
work.

One of the greatest advantages of using a Macintosh computer is that most
Macintosh applications are designed to look similar and work in similar ways
(you click icons, choose commands from menus, and use windows that work the
same way as the windows you're now familiar with). This means that once you
learn the basics of using one application, you know the basics of using any
other Macintosh application.

Creating a New Document

In this exercise you will learn by working with TeachText, an application
Apple provides with Macintosh computers. But the things that you learn will
help you to use any application program on the Macintosh.

Opening an application program

Follow these steps to open the TeachText application program and create a new
TeachText document:

1.If it isn't already open, open the System Startup disk icon.

Either double-click the icon, or click it and choose Open from the File menu.

The System Startup icon opens and its window appears. Notice the TeachText
icon.

2.If necessary, resize the window (by dragging the size box) so that the
window looks something like this:

3.Open the TeachText application program.

You open application programs the same way you open disk or folder icons:
double-click the icon or click it and choose Open from the File menu.

The computer reads the program from the disk and displays a watch for a
couple of seconds to let you know that it will be ready in a moment.

In a few seconds a blank TeachText document appears on your screen.

What's Going on Here?

Opening an application program is very similar to opening a folder or disk:
you use the same techniques to open the icon, and the icon opens into a
window. But there are some important differences.

In opening a disk or folder, you are looking to see what the disk or folder
holds (what folders and files and programs are stored there). But when you
open an application, you are not asking the Macintosh to show you what's
inside the application. Rather you are telling the Macintosh that you want to
use the application to do something (draw, write, play a game, calculate
expenses, or whatever the particular application is designed to do).

Directory versus document

When you open a disk or folder, you get a window that shows the contents of
that icon -- a directory window. But when you open an application, you get a
different kind of window -- a document window.

You can think of this empty document window as a blank piece of typing paper,
a blank piece of drawing paper, or whatever is appropriate to the program
you're using. It is your work space for doing whatever it is that the program
is designed to do. Since you opened the TeachText application (a program
designed for word processing), you have a blank TeachText document on your
screen.

Notice that this TeachText document window has the name Untitled in its title
bar. Notice also that it has the same controls (such as the boxes for
changing the sizes of windows) you saw in directory windows in Chapter 3.

Differences among menus

Notice that TeachText (like all programs) has its own set of menus. In this
case, the titles of these menus are the same as the titles of the
corresponding menus you saw in the Finder (the program you've been working in
up until now). But some of the commands in these menus are different, and
more appropriate for the work you'll be doing in a word-processing program.

Look at the commands in the File and Edit menus. Just press the menu titles
to see the commands. Don't choose any commands right now.

As you look at the menus, notice two things:

- The commands in the menu differ from those you saw in the Finder.

- Not all of the menu commands are available. When the computer is not able
to complete a menu command, it dims that command in the menu to show you that
it is not available.

Entering text

You have your document open. Now you can enter the text in it.

1.Review the tools and techniques you'll need to enter text.

At the upper-left corner of the Untitled window you'll see a blinking line.
This line is called the insertion point because it marks the place where text
you type will be inserted. As you begin to type, keep these hints in mind:

- You can use the Shift key to type capital letters, as you would on a
typewriter.

- You can use the Space bar to type blank spaces between words, as you would
on a typewriter.

- If you make a mistake while typing, use the Delete key to erase the
character(s) to the left of the insertion point.

- You can move up, down, or across characters without erasing them by using
the arrow keys. (You can try working with them now to see how they work.)

- Don't press the Return key when you get to the end of a line -- just keep
typing. TeachText (like most word-processing programs) moves down to the next
line for you. Instead, use the Return key when you want to add a blank line
to your document.

2.Now type this letter:

For Sale. One backpack, one tent, and other assorted camping equipment. Price
negotiable. Call between six and ten P.M. [phone]

Please place this ad in Monday's paper. I have included a check for the cost

of the ad.

There's your first document.

Saving Your Document

So far in this chapter you have started up your computer, opened the
TeachText application program, and typed a brief letter onto the blank
TeachText document that appeared. Now you will learn to save your document on
a disk.

1.To save your document, choose Save from the File menu.

The box that appears on the screen after you choose the command is called a
dialog box. When you see a dialog box it means that the computer needs to
have a dialog with you -- that is, it provides you with a set of options or
questions, and you choose from those options or answer the questions. You
provide the necessary information by clicking buttons and, in some dialog
boxes, typing in the spaces provided.

This particular dialog box, called a directory dialog box, allows you to name
your document and to store it on any disk and in any folder you please.

2.Type Camping Ad in the text box.

The box is already highlighted for you, so all you have to do is start
typing. Whenever text is highlighted, you don't have to click before you
start typing.

3.Click the Save button.

Your document, with the name you just gave it, is saved on the System Startup
disk. You can now see the document's name in the title bar of the window

What's Going on Here?

Saving a document

When you opened TeachText and typed your letter, you created a document that
existed only in the computer's memory. That is, it existed only in a
temporary, electronic state and would be erased if the computer were turned
off. When you chose the Save command, you told the computer to store the
document on a disk so that it would not be lost when you quit working and
shut off the computer.

When you choose the Save command, the computer writes the document onto the
disk (like a tape recorder saves music on tapes). That way, when you quit
working, shut down the computer, and then come back later, your document will
still be there, stored on your disk.

4.Choose the Quit command from the File menu.

The TeachText document closes, and you are taken out of TeachText and back to
the familiar Macintosh desktop.

5.If it is not already open, open the System Startup disk icon.

You see the System Startup window on your desktop.
Notice that there is now an icon for your new letter in the System Startup
window.

If you don't see it in the window, you might have to scroll, using the
vertical or horizontal scroll bar, to find it.

Your document has been saved on the System Startup disk, and is represented
there by the Camping Ad icon.

Opening an Existing Document

Once you have created and saved a document, you can open it again simply by
opening its icon. Opening a document also opens the program you used to
create that document. (You don't usually need to open the program first.)

Try opening a document:

1.Double-click the Camping Ad icon to open it.

Your letter appears. Because your letter is a TeachText document (you used
the TeachText application to create it), opening the document also opens the
TeachText application.

2.Look at the commands in the File menu and then in the Edit menu.

Just press the menu titles; don't choose any commands for now.

You see the familiar TeachText menu commands.

Editing Your Work

You've created a new document, saved it on your disk, taken a look at the
icon for the document, and reopened the document in TeachText. Now you're
ready to start working on that document again.

When you make changes to an existing document, that process is called
"editing" your document. The following exercises will teach you to edit, or
change, text in a Macintosh application program. Although you are working in
TeachText, the skills you learn here will work with text in almost every
Macintosh application.

Inserting and deleting characters

When you edit text, remember that the insertion point (blinking line) marks
the "hot spot" on the screen where your changes will be made.

Just as you move the arrow pointer on your desktop and select an icon by
pointing and clicking, you move the text pointer and select the place you
want to edit by pointing and clicking.

The text pointer is called an I-beam, and looks like this:

1.Locate the I-beam on your screen.

If you don't see it immediately, move the mouse. Notice that the I-beam
follows the mouse movements just like the pointer does when you're working on
the desktop.

2.Position the I-beam just before the letter b in the word backpack in the
first sentence. Then click the mouse button once to place the insertion point
there.

Notice that the insertion point (the blinking line) does not move until you
click the mouse. Simply moving the I-beam does not move the insertion point.

If you're not comfortable with the mouse yet, take your time; don't be
discouraged if this seems difficult. You can keep positioning the I-beam and
then clicking until the insertion point is where you want it. (Don't move the
mouse while you click.)

If getting the insertion point where you want it seems difficult, take some
time to practice. Just pick a spot in your letter, and click there. Keep
trying until you feel comfortable setting the insertion point.

Don't forget to leave the insertion point before the b in backpack before you
move on to the next step.

3.Type new and then press the Space bar once to put a space between new and
backpack.

Notice that when you add text, the words following the new text move to make
room for it, wrapping down to the next line if necessary.

4.Now move the I-beam after the second t in the word tent, and click the
mouse button to set the insertion point.

Remember, you have to click the mouse button to move the insertion point.
Simply moving the I-beam does not reset the position of the insertion point.

5.Press the Delete key enough times to erase the words one tent and the comma
before them.

Each time you press the Delete key a character is erased.

Moving a block of text

Now you decide to swap the positions of the first and second paragraphs. To
do this you'll move the bottom paragraph up above the top paragraph.

To move any piece of text, you first cut it from its old location and then
paste it in a new one.

As you've done in other situations, you're going to select what you want to
work with and then choose a command.

1.Select the bottom paragraph (the ad).

Here's how:

- Position the I-beam just to the left of the P in the word Please.

- Press and hold down the mouse button.

You've now anchored yourself at the beginning of the text you want to select.

- Without releasing the mouse button, drag the mouse sideways and down until
the entire paragraph is highlighted.

Take your time. As long as you hold the mouse button down, you can move the
mouse indefinitely without losing your anchor point. If you release the mouse
button by mistake, reposition the I-beam and start again.

- When the bottom paragraph is highlighted, let go of the mouse button.

2.Cut the text you've selected by choosing Cut from the Edit menu.

TeachText cuts the selected text out of your document.

3.Position the I-beam where you want to paste the text you just cut.

Move the I-beam to the left of the first letter in the document, and click
the mouse button to set the insertion point.

4.Choose Paste from the Edit menu.

The cut paragraph appears in its new location.

5.Press the Return key to insert a blank line between the two paragraphs.

Now your document looks something like the illustration below.

Repeating blocks of text

Now you decide to include the word please in your ad. The quickest way to do
this is to copy the word from the first sentence of your document and to
paste it where you want it to appear. Here's how:

1. Double-click the word Please in the first sentence.

You can double-click a word as a shortcut for selecting the word.

2.Choose the Copy command from the Edit menu.

Notice that the word is not deleted as it is when you choose Cut.

3.Place the insertion point where you want to insert the copied text.

Click before the word Call in the ad.

4.Choose the Paste command from the Edit menu. The copied word is inserted.

Notice that you have a mistake in the ad (the words Call and Please both
begin with uppercase letters).

5.Position the insertion point after the letter C in Call.

6.Press the Delete key once.

The letter C is erased.

7.Type a lowercase letter c.

Your edited letter is finished.

Saving Changes to a Document

Now you want to save the changes you've made to your letter. So far the
changes are in the computer's memory, but if there were a power interruption
right now your changes would be lost. (The original version of the document
is protected because you've already saved it on a disk.)

Important: Power interruptions are rare, but -- as many people have
discovered the hard way -- they can destroy hours of work. You can protect
your documents by saving them often.

Save your edited document now.

-Choose Save from the File menu.

This time you don't see a directory dialog box when you choose Save. The
computer simply saves any changes made to your document since the last time
you saved, without changing either the name of the document or its location.

By choosing Save often, you'll never lose more than a few minutes of work if
a power interruption occurs.

Closing Documents

In an earlier section of this chapter you saw that opening a document
automatically opens the program that created it. However, closing a document
does not automatically close the program. This makes it possible to continue
working in that program if you want to, without returning to the desktop
first.

You can see how this works by closing the document you just saved.

-Choose Close from the File menu.

The document disappears.

What appears on the screen at this point looks something like the desktop you
saw when you were working in the Finder (the program that lets you organize
and work with your icons), but it isn't.

Two clues can help you figure out where you are:

-There are no icons in sight. If you were back in the Finder, you'd see icons
representing your disks and the Trash, as well as any windows that were open
when you began working.

-The menu bar at the top of the screen contains the menu titles for the
TeachText program, but not for the Finder.

The document you were working on is now closed, but the TeachText application
program is still open.

If you wanted to start a new TeachText document, you could choose New from
the File menu, and a new Untitled window would appear on the screen. (Don't
try this now.)

Opening a Document from Inside an Application Program

You saw earlier that you can open a document by opening its icon from the
Finder desktop. You can also open a document from inside the application
program that created the document. Since the TeachText application is open
you can try it now.

1.Choose the Open command from the File menu.

A dialog box appears that looks much like the one you saw earlier when you
saved your document.

A list on the left shows you all the documents and folders you can open.

2.Select the document "Camping Ad" by clicking its name in the list.

If Camping Ad is already highlighted (surrounded by the black bar), you can
skip this step.

3. Click the button labeled Open.

The computer reads the document from the disk, and your document opens.

Closing Without Saving Changes

Now that you have your document open again, try this experiment:

1. Delete the first sentence in your document.

In case you need a reminder, here's how:

- Place the I-beam before the first letter in the document.

- Drag across (and down, if necessary) until the entire sentence is
surrounded by black.

- Release the mouse button.

- Press the Delete key.

The sentence disappears.

2. Close the document by choosing Close from the File menu.

A dialog box appears reminding you to save your document. Don't do it! The
point of this experiment is to see what happens if you do not save your
changes.

3. Click the button labeled No.

The document closes (but you are still in the TeachText application program).

4. Now reopen the document by choosing Open from the File menu.

The familiar dialog box appears.

5. If necessary, click your document "Camping Ad" in the list.

6. Click the button labeled Open.

Your document opens again.

Notice that the last change you made (deleting the first sentence) was not
preserved when you closed the document. That is because you did not save the
document before you closed it.

In order to make sure that work you do is not lost, you must save your
documents. Saving writes the changes you make onto a disk so that the changes
will be there the next time you open the document.

What's Going on Here?

The last few exercises point out two important ideas:

- Deleting is different than cutting.

- Changes are not automatically saved when you close a document.

Deleting versus cutting

The difference between Delete and Cut is simply that when you cut something,
it is stored in the computer's memory (in a place called the Clipboard) so
that you can later paste it back in your document. But when you delete
something, it is simply erased. Since deleted material is not stored on the
computer's Clipboard, you cannot paste it back into your document later. The
only way to retrieve deleted material is to choose the Undo command
immediately after you delete the material.

Closing without saving

You saw in the last few steps that anytime you close a document without first
saving changes to the document, your changes are not retained in the
document. Generally this is unfortunate because work you have done will be
lost.

However, if you decide that you do not want to save the changes you have made
to a document (for example, if you realize that you accidentally opened and
edited a document you did not want to alter), you can restore the document to

its original state by closing the document without first choosing the Save
command. Doing so simply closes the document, and any changes you've made
since the last time you saved the document will be undone.

Quitting an Application Program

Now you've practiced opening and closing documents, and you've seen the
importance of saving your work. Next you will practice quitting an
application.

To close both a document and its associated program at the same time, you
need to choose the Quit command from the File menu.

You can also choose Quit if you find yourself in a program but not in any
particular document, as you did in the previous section.

You can see how this works by quitting the TeachText program.

- Choose Quit from the File menu.

Your TeachText document closes, and the TeachText menus and screen are
replaced by the familiar Finder desktop and menus.

In summary, whenever you are finished working with an application and you
want to go back to the desktop, simply choose Save to save the latest changes
to your document, and then choose Quit to return to the Finder desktop.

Next Steps

This is the end of Chapter 4. The next section reviews what you have learned
in this chapter. Look over the review to reinforce what you have learned. If
you discover that you are unsure of any of the items covered, go back through
the pages in this chapter that discuss those items.

When you have done that, you can take a rest, or continue with the next
chapter to learn about the different kinds of disks your Macintosh uses, and
how to prepare disks that you can use to store your own documents.

CHAPTER 4 REVIEW

This is a review of the skills taught in this chapter. If you are unsure of
any of the skills listed here, go to the page given at the right to review
those skills.

To do this: Follow these steps:

Start up the computer 1. Insert a floppy startup disk

Open an application 1. Click the icon for the

(if you don't have a hard disk).

2. Press the top of the on/off switch.

program application.

2. Choose the Open command
from the File menu.