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LOGIC 1.1
User Manual
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Apple LOGIC 1.1 User Manual

Getting Started With Logic

Apple Computer, Inc.
© 2004 Apple Computer, Inc. All rights reserved.
The Apple logo is a trademark of Apple Computer, Inc., registered in the U.S. and other countries. Use of the “keyboard” Apple logo (Option-Shift-K) for commercial purposes without the prior written consent of Apple may constitute trademark infringement and unfair competition in violation of federal and state laws.
Every effort has been made to ensure that the information in this manual is accurate. Apple Computer, Inc. is not responsible for printing or clerical errors.
Apple Computer, Inc. 1 Infinite Loop Cupertino, CA 95014-2084 408-996-1010 www.apple.com
Apple, the Apple logo, Aqua, Final Cut, Final Cut Pro, FireWire, iBook, iMac, iPod, iTunes, Logic, Mac, Macintosh, Mac OS, PowerBook, Power Mac, Power Macintosh, and QuickTime are trademarks of Apple Computer, Inc., registered in the U.S. and other countries.
Finder and GarageBand are trademarks of Apple Computer, Inc.
AppleCare is a service mark of Apple Computer, Inc.
Helvetica is a registered trademark of Heidelberger Druckmaschinen AG, available from Linotype Library GmbH.
Other company and product names mentioned herein are trademarks of their respective companies. Mention of third-party products is for informational purposes only and constitutes neither an endorsement nor a recommendation. Apple assumes no responsibility with regard to the performance or use of these products.

Contents

1
Preface 5 An Introduction to Logic
5 What Is Logic? 6 About This Guide
Chapter 1 9 Setting Up Logic
9 MIDI and Audio Connections 11 The Logic Setup Assistant 12 Templates
Chapter 2 13 Getting Started With Logic
13 What Is Logic?
14 Loading and Starting the Tutorial Song 15 Getting to Know Logic’s Arrange Window 17 Tracks and Regions
19 The Arrange Area 20 Parameters Area 28 Key Commands
Chapter 3 31 Navigating the Song
31 The Transport Window
Chapter 4 37 Editing Regions
37 Resizing Regions 38 Moving Regions 39 Undo/Redo 40 Copying Regions 40 Cutting Regions
41 Loops 42 The Loop Browser
Chapter 5 45 MIDI Regions
45 Transposing MIDI Regions 46 Quantize 47 MIDI Recording
3
49 Saving the Song 49 MIDI Event Editing
Chapter 6 57 Audio Regions
58 Creating Audio Tracks in the Arrangement 59 Sample Editor
61 The Audio Window 62 Making Your Own Audio Recordings
Chapter 7 65 Mixer, Instruments, and Effects
65 Track Mixer 66 Mixer and Audio Objects in the Environment 70 Using the Mixer and Plug-ins 77 Automated Mixing 80 Bounce—the Final Mix
Chapter 8 83 The Environment Concept
83 The MIDI Artery 85 External Control 86 From Arpeggiators to Step Sequencers
Appendix A 87 Audio and MIDI Basics
87 MIDI 90 Audio
Appendix B 95 Audio and MIDI in Mac OS X
95 Core Audio 97 Core MIDI
Appendix C 99 Connecting Logic to a Mixer
99 Using Logic as a Mixer
101 Mixing Desk Without Sub Groups 102 Mixing Desk With Sub Groups 102 Software Monitoring Function
Appendix D 103 Optimizing Your Audio Computer System
105 Troubleshooting
Glossary 111
Index 12 9
4
Contents

An Introduction to Logic

Recent years have seen a revolution in the use of personal computers for creating music.
Music projects that until recently would have required an array of professional studio equipment can now be completed in a home or project studio, using a personal computer and readily available resources. A personal computer with a fast processor and enough RAM can now serve as a workstation for recording, arranging, mixing, and producing complete music projects, which can be played back on the computer, burned on a CD or DVD, or distributed over the Internet.

What Is Logic?

Logic is an integrated system for composing, producing, and scoring music, built specifically for Mac OS X. Musicians can create professional sounding original music compositions, royalty-free soundtracks for Final Cut Pro video projects, and more. Logic allows you to build musical arrangements using MIDI and software instruments alongside audio recordings of acoustic instruments, vocal performances and prerecorded audio files. You can freely combine and arrange audio and MIDI data in Logic’s Arrange window, add professional-quality effects, mix your music in stereo or Surround (Logic Pro), and export the final mix to one or more standard audio file(s) or an audio CD that can be played on any multimedia-equipped computer, home stereo or imported into Final Cut Pro or other applications.
Preface
Logic includes the following features, amongst many others:
•
Record MIDI information via connected MIDI input devices, such as keyboards, and play back this information via any connected MIDI device or Logic’s integrated software instruments.
•
Create, arrange, and edit MIDI projects, and print out musical notation via a printer connected to your computer.
•
Digitally record acoustic and electric instruments or vocal performances into your projects, and process these audio recordings with Logic’s in-built real-time effects.
5
Make use of the integrated software instruments, or third-party Audio Unit
•
instruments.
•
Load songs or channel strips from Apple’s
GarageBand
application, and edit them,
making use of the additional processing and editing possibilities afforded by Logic.
•
Mix your MIDI and audio tracks, including effects and software-based instrument settings, via a sophisticated total recall mix automation system. Logic includes high­quality effects plug-ins that you can use in your projects. You can also install third­party effects in the Audio Units plug-in format.
•
Bounce all audio data, including effects and mix automation settings, to a stereo (or multiple Surround format, in Logic Pro) file(s) for mastering or further processing.
•
Work in real time: You can work on Logic songs in real time, adding and editing audio and MIDI parts while the project is playing, and hear the results of your changes immediately.
•
Use existing loop libraries: Logic directly supports Apple Loop files, and is compatible with a wide variety of existing audio file types, including those created in ReCycle. Locate and preview files easily: The Project Manager (only Logic Pro) and Apple Loop
•
Browser, parts of the Logic interface, provide powerful file browsing and search features, making it easy to locate loops by instrument, genre, mood, or other search criteria.
•
Mix Apple Loops recorded at different tempos and keys: Logic automatically matches loops to the project tempo and key, allowing you to freely combine loops from different sources in a single project.

About This Guide

This book is designed to get you up and running with Logic quickly. It is not the final arbiter on all things in Logic, and does not cover all areas of the program in detail.
You will find descriptions of the most essential aspects of Logic’s interface, commands, and menus. These descriptions are generally paired with step-by-step instructions for accomplishing specific tasks. We suggest that you follow these instructions, making use of the included Tutorial song. The Tutorial song and this guide will assist you in quickly learning how to handle MIDI and audio information via a series of exercises and examples.
Chapter 1 covers the set-up of Logic. If you are ready to jump right in and start using the application, skip ahead to Chapter 2, “Getting Started With Logic”. The following chapters will provide you with a brief introduction to many Logic concepts and facilities.
This guide is not designed to be a complete guide to creating music with your computer. Commonly used technical terms are covered in the Appendixes, as appropriate to their use with the application.
6 Preface
An Introduction to Logic
If you wish to learn more about digital audio and the elements of a music project, read Appendix A , “Audio and MIDI Basics,”. Appendix B provides information about Audio and MIDI in Mac OS X. Appendix C will guide you through the connection of Logic to a mixer and using Logic as a mixer. Appendix D will help you to optimize your computer for music production.
Additional, more comprehensive information can be found in the reference manuals and in Logic’s Online Help system. We recommend that you read the relevant portions of the reference manuals that interest you, in addition to this guide.
The Onscreen Help system—accessible from Logic’s Help menu—is fundamentally the reference manuals in electronic form. It has the advantage of being at your fingertips when you need it, and is also searchable.
Even if you’re the type who just doesn’t like reading manuals, we ask that you read the next section. It will provide you with essential information on the copy protection hardware used by Logic, the XSKey.
Please note that all topics described herein were accurate at the date of printing. For up to date information on changes or additions made after printing, please refer to the
Late Breaking News
on the Logic DVD, and/or to the
Update Info,
included with each
Logic update.

Conventions of This Guide…

Before we ask you to load the Tutorial song from the DVD, we’d like to cover the following conventions used in this Guide.
Menu Functions
For functions that can be reached via hierarchical menus, the different menu levels are described as follows:
Important Entries
Some text will be shown as follows:
Important:
Information on function or parameter.
These entries discuss a key concept or technical information that should, or must, be followed or taken into account. Please pay special attention to these entries.
Notes
Some sections provide additional information or tips that will assist your use of Logic. These are displayed as shown below:
Note:
Information on function or parameter.
Menu > Menu entry > Function
.
Preface
An Introduction to Logic
7
Key Commands
Many Logic functions can be activated or accessed with key commands—computer keyboard shortcuts. The key commands mentioned in this guide are based on the standard Key Command Set, assigned by the Logic Setup Assistant. Where possible, we have also included the standard key commands for PowerBook users. These are based on the PowerBook Key Command Set, assigned in the Logic Setup Assistant.
8 Preface
An Introduction to Logic

Setting Up Logic

1
1
Setting up Logic is easy: When you launch Logic for the first time, the Logic Setup Assistant automatically starts.
The Logic Setup Assistant will guide you through the process of setting up Logic for use with your information on MIDI and audio hardware setup. Further to this, the initial settings that can be specified—with the aid of the Logic Setup Assistant—are explained.

MIDI and Audio Connections

Prior to launching Logic for the first time, you will need to set up your MIDI and audio hardware. You should install the drivers of any optional audio interface(s) and your MIDI interface(s) before starting Logic. This will allow Logic to find and use these devices at startup. In order to be usable in Mac OS X, audio interfaces should support the Core Audio API and MIDI interfaces should support the Core MIDI API.
installed
audio and MIDI hardware. The following section provides

Connecting a MIDI Keyboard

If using a simple MIDI master keyboard, without internal tone generation facilities, you only need to connect the MIDI Out port of the keyboard to a MIDI In port on your MIDI interface—using a MIDI cable.
If using a MIDI keyboard fitted with a USB connector, you don’t require a separate MIDI interface as it is already built into the keyboard. Just be sure to install the driver, if needed, and connect the keyboard to your computer with a USB cable.
Note:
More detailed information and tips on MIDI can be found in the Appendices of
this guide and in the Logic reference.
9
If you don’t have a MIDI keyboard handy, Logic allows you to use the computer keyboard for MIDI note entry. Just press the Caps Lock key to activate this mode, and to display this onscreen keyboard.

Connecting Audio

There are countless optional audio interfaces available, and at least as many ways that they can be set up and used with Logic and external audio gear. Given the differing requirements and working methods of people across the world, there is no one size fits all solution for connecting an audio interface.
Note:
Tips on setting up Logic with an audio interface and external mixer can be found
in the Appendices of this guide, and in the Logic reference.
In the simplest scenario, you would use the internal audio interface of your computer for monitoring and recording audio. In order to avoid sending audio to the built-in speaker, you should connect the audio out of the computer to a hi-fi system, external amplifier or a mixer. You will require an appropriate cable to do so. Such cables can be obtained from your local music or electronics shop.
The computer is equipped with a 3.5 mm stereo jack connector for audio output, so you’ll need a cable with a 3.5 mm stereo jack plug at one end and plugs that fit your hi­fi system, your amp or your mixer inputs at the other end. Connections on most hi-fi systems are Cinch (RCA) plugs. Most mixers are equipped with either Cinch or 6.3 mm Jack (phono or 1/4 inch) plugs.
Note:
The Appendices contain further information on Mac OS X audio options, driver-
specific options and related Logic parameters.
10 Chapter 1
Setting Up Logic

The Logic Setup Assistant

Note:
As a tip, we recommend that you write down the MIDI input and output connections of all of your MIDI devices before launching Logic/the Logic Setup Assistant for the first time.
You can start Logic by double-clicking on the Logic icon in the
The first time Logic is launched, the Logic Setup Assistant will run. It will guide you through the process of setting up Logic for use with your hardware.
There is little point in describing each page, as the Logic Setup Assistant is extremely easy to use. Simply follow the onscreen prompts, and select the desired options via the sliders, checkboxes, and pull-down menus.
You will be asked to…
select the audio interface that you would like to use with Logic,
•
•
determine the number of channels (tracks, busses, instruments, inputs, and outputs) you’d like to have in your mixer, define the inputs that you will usually use for recording your audio tracks,
•
•
choose the initial Key Command Set for your keyboard (you can also import your key commands from the Logic 6 preferences file),
•
select the monitors you wish to use with Logic, add all connected MIDI devices.
•
Applications
installed
folder.
audio and MIDI
Once you have completed the Logic Setup Assistant steps, relaunch Logic. The default song features nine useful Screensets and also contains the MIDI devices that you set up in the Logic Setup Assistant, allowing you to begin using the software immediately!
Note:
Don’t worry if you’re not sure about some of these options (we’ll discuss many of these terms shortly). Your decisions aren’t forever here, and you can change all settings later, if you wish. You may start the Logic Setup Assistant several times via
Preferences > Start Logic Setup Assistant
to create differently configured songs as starting
Logic >
points for your work with Logic.

Templates

Logic offers a number of song templates. These templates serve as a starting point in different recording situations, each of which has special requirements. As an example, if you want to use Logic to record real instruments, you can open a recording template, that is customized to meet the needs of a recording project. Use of templates can save a great deal of time.
To open a template:
1
Choose
Chapter 1
File > New
Setting Up Logic
in Logic’s main menu bar.
11
2
Check the
3
Select the desired template from the Template pull-down menu.
Use song template
option in the dialog that appears.
Logic also allows you to save your own songs as templates:
m
Simply choose
File > Save as Template
and type the desired song name in the Name
field.
Note:
Please take a look at the supplied templates. They might provide you with some ideas on possible Logic song customizations that will best meet your needs for future projects.

Autoload Song

Logic allows you to define one template that is automatically loaded each time Logic is booted. This template is called the Autoload Song.
To create your personal Autoload Song:
1
Customize a song to meet your requirements (more on this is discussed in the following chapters).
2
Choose
3
Ensure that the Song Templates folder is selected in the dialog box that launches.
4
Type “Autoload” into the Name field.
File > Save As Template
in Logic’s main menu bar.
Your Autoload Song will be opened automatically the next time you launch Logic.
12 Chapter 1
Setting Up Logic

Getting Started With Logic

2
2
This chapter provides a basic overview of Logic’s main working window and the tools that are used for data interaction and editing.
Before beginning, we’d like to briefly cover what Logic will bring to your computer.

What Is Logic?

Logic incorporates the functionality normally found in an entire professional audio production studio. All within an intuitive user interface, and all within your computer. It is an integrated system for composing and producing music. With Logic, you can:
Record MIDI information via connected MIDI input devices, such as keyboards, and
•
play back this information via any connected MIDI device or Logic’s integrated software instruments.
•
Create, arrange, and edit MIDI songs, and print out musical notation via a printer connected to your computer.
•
Digitally record acoustic and electric instruments or vocal performances into your songs, and process these audio recordings with Logic’s in-built real-time effects.
Make use of the integrated software instruments, including; Sculpture, Ultrabeat, ES1,
•
ES2, EVP88, EVB3, EVD6, and EXS24, or add third-party Audio Unit instruments to
Logic.
•
Load songs or Channel Strip settings from Apple’s them, making use of the additional processing and editing possibilities afforded by Logic. Mix your MIDI and audio tracks, including effects and software-based instrument
•
settings, via a sophisticated total recall mix automation system.
•
Bounce all audio data, including effects and mix automation settings, to a stereo (or multiple Surround format) file(s) for mastering or further processing.
GarageBand
application, and edit
13

Loading and Starting the Tutorial Song

Copy the “Tutorial” song file and “Tutorial ƒ” folder from the Logic DVD to your hard disk, if you haven’t already done so.
To open the Tutorial song:
1
Launch Logic.
2
Choose
3
Choose the Logic Songs appear in the file selector.
4
Browse to the location of the Tutorial song, select it, and press the Open button. Alternately, you double-click on the Tutorial song icon (in the file selector of the Open dialog, or in the Finder).
To navigate through the Tutorial song:
1
Simply press Return or Enter on the numeric keypad of your computer keyboard, to play the song.
2
To stop the song, press 0 on the numeric keypad; on PowerBooks, use the Return key.
3
To return to the beginning of the song, push the 0 key again.
Note:
File > Open
Alternatively, you can use the Space bar to toggle Start and Stop operations.
. The Open dialog appears.
Logic Songs
item in the
Open File Type
pop-up menu, to ensure that only
14 Chapter 2
Getting Started With Logic

Getting to Know Logic’s Arrange Window

The Tutorial song is compact and only contains a small arrangement fragment. It is principally intended to introduce you to some important elements of Logic. After loading the Tutorial song, you will see the following onscreen:
Local menu bar
Transport field
Toolbox
Region Parameter box
Arrange channel strip
Transport window
Track List
Bar Ruler
Zoom control
Arrange area with Regions
Transport Field
This is where you control the operation of Logic. You can start and stop playback, turn on Cycle (a cycle is a looped portion of the song), set drop in/out points for recording, adjust synchronization settings, and adjust several other options. This field can be shown/hidden via the
View > Transport
menu option.
Local Menu Bar
Given Logic’s extensive range of functions, it would be impractical to display all of them in the main menu bar. Therefore all many Logic windows provide a local menu bar, ensuring that only relevant functions are available in each window.
Bar Ruler
The
Bar Ruler
displays Logic’s time axis. Here, you can set the Cycle area graphically with the mouse (in our Tutorial song the Cycle area runs from bar 9 to bar 25), set markers, or jump to any desired song position by clicking in the lower part of the ruler.
Chapter 2
Getting Started With Logic
15
Arrange Area with Regions
This is the workspace when arranging with Logic. It may contain MIDI and/or audio tracks with any number of MIDI or Audio Regions, respectively. MIDI Regions contain notes and controllers, used for playing MIDI and software-based instruments. Audio Regions are pointers to underlying audio files that are played back from the hard disk of your computer.
Zoom Control
Dragging the
Zoom control’s sliders
allows you to alter the horizontal and vertical magnification factor of the active window’s contents, and adapt them to your screen resolution.
Transport Window
The
Transport window
performs the same functions as the Transport Field, but can be located anywhere onscreen, and is variable in size and content. The slider enables quick jumps to any song position.
Track List
Is where you determine the destination for each track, swap, insert, or delete tracks.
Toolbox
The tools contained in this box enable you to edit Regions, notes or other data in a variety of ways.
Region Parameter Box
The Region Parameter box is where various aspects of MIDI Region or Audio Region playback can be adjusted. The parameters available in the box will change, dependent on the current selection. As an example, where one or more MIDI Region(s) or Audio Region(s) have been selected.
Arrange Channel Strip
The channel strip of the selected track is displayed, and can be adjusted.
As you can see, the Arrange window is divided into three basic areas—from left to right. These are: the Parameters area, the Track List and the Arrange area. Above the Arrange area, you’ll find the Bar Ruler.
While reading the information in this section, you’ll learn how these various areas interact with each other, and will also discover how similar the handling of both MIDI Regions and Audio Regions is in Logic.
16 Chapter 2
Getting Started With Logic

Tracks and Regions

Logic works on the basis of tracks, much like a multitrack tape machine. You can see and access these tracks in the Arrange window’s Track List—shown below.
Narrow rectangles known as MIDI Regions or Audio Regions appear in the Arrange area—horizontally aligned with the tracks listed in the Track List. An Audio Region represents an underlying audio file. A MIDI Region represents an individual recording, or take of MIDI data. Each time you record, a MIDI Region or Audio Region will be created on the selected track.
You can consider the MIDI Region a container for the actual MIDI data. This data can include—either individually or in combination—note events, control data, program changes, or even SysEx data for your MIDI tone generators or the integrated tone generators in Logic. To explain:
• Note data is derived from the notes played on your MIDI keyboard. It includes
information about the time (bar/beat position) the note was played, how long the note was held and the velocity at which (how fast) the key was struck.
• Controller data (continuous controllers) includes volume and pan position settings
and changes, plus any other controllers that you may use, and that your synthesizer responds to.
• Program changes allow you to select different sounds (or patches) from your MIDI
synthesizer or module.
• SysEx (short for System Exclusive) is a part of the MIDI language that can be used to
store the entire memory of your MIDI devices, amongst other things.
Note that one of the tracks in the list is always highlighted. A selected MIDI track is automatically armed for recording—indicated by the red Record Enable button.
Any MIDI input received by Logic, when in record mode, will be recorded to this track. This recording will then appear as a MIDI Region in the Arrange area.
Chapter 2 Getting Started With Logic 17
The illuminated M on a track indicates that all Regions on the track are muted—all Regions aligned horizontally on this track are silent. Muting/unmuting of MIDI or audio tracks is achieved by clicking the Mute button on each track in the Track List, or by use of the Mute Track key command (Control-M) on a selected track. Give both a try.
The orange indicator you see to the left of a track is a level/activity meter. Such meters appear on all active tracks, and are useful aids for keeping an eye on what tracks contain Regions that are currently playing, and their relative levels.
Recording on audio tracks is a little different to that of MIDI tracks. Audio tracks must first be armed, which is achieved by clicking on the Record Enable button on the desired track. Once armed, pressing the Record button on the Transport Bar (or the Record key command, default *, on PowerBooks #) will start recording audio data to the selected track.
Before any audio can be recorded, you must first set a recording path and file name—a location on your computer’s hard disk, and a name for your recorded audio files. We’ll take a closer look at this in the “Making Your Own Audio Recordings” section on page 62.

Reorganizing Your Tracks

You may want to reorganize your tracks to keep things neat onscreen, or to group audio tracks or particular instruments together.
To reorganize your tracks:
1 Move your mouse pointer over the number of the track you wish to move. 2 When the appearance of the mouse pointer changes to a hand icon, click-hold the
track.
3 With the mouse button held down, drag the track up or down the Track List to the
desired location, then release the mouse button. This will change your track order, and will also move all of the Regions associated (aligned) with the track in the Arrange area.
18 Chapter 2 Getting Started With Logic

The Arrange Area

The large gray area next to the Track List is the Arrange area. This is where your Regions are arranged into a song. You can freely drag and drop your Regions from position to position, make loops, copies, and more.
Audio and MIDI data can be recorded directly into the Arrange area, as mentioned earlier. You can add Audio Regions—in AIFF, WAV, SDII, MP3, ReCycle, or Apple Loops formats—directly to the Arrange area by dragging and dropping audio files from any folder on your hard disk.
Above the Arrange area, you’ll see the Bar Ruler. This is used for a number of functions performed in the Arrange area, including song navigation. Much of the Bar Ruler’s functionality is tied to the Transport window, which we will discuss in the next chapter.
Just above the Bar Ruler—to the top right of the window—you’ll see the Drag and Snap (only Logic Pro) pull-down menus. These affect how Regions behave when edited or moved. More information can be found in the Logic reference and Onscreen Help.
Chapter 2 Getting Started With Logic 19

Parameters Area

There are three boxes in the Parameters area to the left of the Arrange area. They are, from top to bottom, the Region parameters, the Toolbox and the Track/Instrument parameters. You’ll also see the Arrange window’s channel strip—a mixer fader for the selected track.

Region Parameters

This Parameter box is directly related to the Regions which appear as rectangles in the Arrange area to the right of the Track List. When either a MIDI or Audio Region is selected—by clicking once on it with the mouse—this Parameter box will update to reflect the parameters assigned to that particular Region. Give it a try on several Regions, and pay attention to the changes that occur in the Region Parameter box.
Each Region in the Arrange area may have its own parameter settings, allowing independent transposition, quantization, and more. The parameters available for MIDI and Audio Regions are different. The reasons for these parameter differences are due to the very nature of MIDI and audio. Audio Regions don’t offer a transposition parameter, for example.
Note: An exception to this rule are Apple Loops, used in Apple’s GarageBand application. These special audio files can be transposed, and also allow for tempo changes without alteration of their pitch.
20 Chapter 2 Getting Started With Logic
To change a parameter value, simply click-hold to the extreme right of the Region Parameter box—alongside the desired entry. This will open a pull-down menu for some parameters, and for others will change the cursor to act as a slider. Drag the mouse on the vertical axis (up and down) to change the value of these parameters. Please select a Region, and give this a try for each parameter—to familiarize yourself with the methods used to interact with each of them.
Some Extra Tips
• In the Region Parameter box of a MIDI Region, the Transpose, Dynamics, Gate Time,
and Delay functions have a couple of click zones to the right of the text. If you click to the extreme right of the box, you will be able to increment/decrement values in individual steps. If you click about a half centimeter in from the right hand edge of the box beside the Delay parameter, a pull-down menu of mathematical variables will be displayed—1/8th, 1/16th and so on—allowing you to select one, if appropriate to the task at hand. Why not give it a try?
• On a program-wide level. Double-clicking on numerical values in almost all
Parameter boxes, editors, on the Transport Bar and so on will allow you to directly type in a value. This method of direct numerical entry can be used for quantizing, program changes, many effects parameters, and more, thereby accelerating your workflow. To make use of this facility, double-click on the numerical values within the various parameter fields, and use your computer keyboard to type in a new value, followed by the Return key. Once again, give it a try.
Important: It should be noted that the Region parameters are available as real-time
processes, meaning that changing these parameter values—Quantize, Transpose, and so on—can occur while Logic is running. These processes occur on playback and do not actually alter the underlying MIDI or audio data. To undo any changes, simply select the target MIDI or Audio Region, and change the parameters back to their former settings using the techniques described above.

The Toolbox

Key to selecting, and altering, MIDI and audio information in the Arrange window and Logic’s other editing windows is the Toolbox. This contains a Pointer (Arrow), Pencil, Eraser, Scissor, and Glue tools (plus others) that allow you to select, draw, delete, cut, merge, copy, paste, and crossfade (Audio Regions only) Regions. There is also an Automation tool.
Chapter 2 Getting Started With Logic 21
The Toolbox is context-sensitive. This means that different tools will appear for particular tasks in the various individual edit windows. As an example, there is no Crossfade tool in the Score window as audio is not handled in this editor. There is, however, a Voice Separation tool in the Score window, which would be of no use in the Arrange window, for example.
You can change the currently active tool by clicking on the appropriate tool in the Toolbox. The mouse pointer will adopt the shape of the selected tool, making it simple to know what function is currently assigned to the mouse by looking at the cursor. The Eraser is used for deleting, the Scissors for cutting and the Glue tool for merging Regions.
You can also select a second tool for use via a Command-mouse click. This second tool is available when the Command key is pressed while editing Regions. You can assign the right mouse button (if using a three-button mouse) to a third tool, allowing the use of three assignable tools:
• left-click
• Command-click
• right-click
When you want to select any of the tools, you can also press the Esc key on your computer keyboard. The Toolbox will float at the location your mouse pointer currently occupies onscreen. When the floating Toolbox appears, simply select the appropriate tool with your mouse cursor. As usual, try it out.
If a Toolbox is opened at the mouse position (Key Command: Show Tools, Default: Esc) you can also use a numerical key to choose a tool. Tools are numbered from the top left to the bottom right.
To select a tool numerically:
1 Press the Esc key. 2 Press any of the 1 to 9 keys to assign a tool to the (left) mouse button—the number 2
will select the Pencil tool, the number 3 will select the Eraser tool, the number 5 will select the Scissors tool and so on. Note that this functionality is limited to the first nine tools available in any Toolbox.
3 To undo your tool selection, press the Esc key again, switch to the Pointer tool, and
close the Toolbox.
Effective Range of the Tools
• Tools are only effective in the working area of the editing window in which they
were selected. Individual tools can be defined for each open window.
• A tool basically affects the Region you click on. If multiple Regions are selected, the
tool will operate on all of them.
22 Chapter 2 Getting Started With Logic
About the Tools
There are additional tools to those outlined below, found in specific editing windows. The following are the primary tools used in song construction and editing. The window-specific tools are discussed in the Logic reference, in conjunction with topics and examples covering their use.
Pointer
The Pointer is the default tool. The mouse cursor also takes on this shape outside the working area when you are selecting from a menu or entering a value. Within the working (active) area, the Pointer is used for:
• selecting (by clicking on Regions).
• moving (by click-holding and dragging).
• copying (by holding down the Option key and dragging).
• editing lengths (by click-holding the bottom right or left corner, and dragging).
• click-holding and dragging anywhere on the window’s background allows you to
“rubber-band select” multiple Regions.
Pencil
The Pencil is used to add new Regions. You can also select, drag, and alter the length of Regions with this tool.
Eraser
The Eraser deletes Regions. This is done by clicking on them once. When you click on a selected Region, all other currently selected Regions are also deleted (as if you had used the Backspace/Delete key).
Tex t Tool
The Text tool is used to name Regions and Environment Objects or to add text to a musical score.
Chapter 2 Getting Started With Logic 23
Scissors
The Scissors are used to split Regions—before copying or moving individual sections, for example.
Glue Tool
The Glue tool performs the reverse action of the Scissors tool: all selected Regions are merged into a single Region, which is given the name and track position of the first Region on the time axis.
Solo Tool
Click-holding with the Solo tool allows you to isolate and listen to selected Regions. This function works during playback or when the sequencer is stopped. Soloed Regions are outlined in yellow.
Mute Tool
Clicking on a Region with the Mute tool prevents it from playing. A bullet is placed in front of the Region’s name, to indicate that it is muted. The background of the Region will also change to a more subtle shading of the Region color, and will display a number of diagonal lines (if the Muted Regions are textured parameter is active—see below), making it easier to recognize in an arrangement. You can unmute the Region by clicking on it again with the tool. If multiple Regions are selected, the mute tool will affect them all.
Note: The “Melody” MIDI Region on the ES1-3 track of the Tutorial song is muted. If you click on this MIDI Region with the Mute tool, the bullet and the background shading will disappear, and the melody can be heard.
Note: You may also wish to activate the Muted Regions are textured parameter in the Logic > Preferences > Display > Arrange preferences, to further highlight muted Regions.
This is particularly useful on gray (non-colored) Regions.
24 Chapter 2 Getting Started With Logic
Magnifying Glass
The Magnifying Glass allows you to zoom in on a section by rubber-band selecting it, right up to the maximum possible window size. To revert to a non-zoomed view, click on the background of the active window with the Magnifying Glass tool.
Crossfade Tool
In the Arrange window, the Crossfade tool allows you to simply click-hold and drag across the section where two Audio Regions meet. A crossfade will automatically be created between the Audio Regions.
Velocity Tool
In the Matrix and Score editors, you can use the Velocity tool to change the velocity of notes. To do so, click-hold on the desired notes and move your mouse vertically. Moving up increases velocity, and down, decreases velocity.
Automation Tool
When editing mixer automation data, this tool has various functions which are dependent on the setting shown in the pull-down menu just below the Toolbox.
Note: View > Track Automation must be active for this pull-down menu to be visible.
The two pull-down menu options are Curve and Select.
• Curve—You can bend the line between two nodes or any selection. There are four
different curve types available: convex, concave, and two different types of S-curves.
• Select—You can rubber band select any lines and/or nodes in the Automation track.
If the Region is clicked once, all currently visible automation events that fall within the Region borders will be selected. Once a selection has been made, you can freely adjust the Automation data levels, copy, move them, and so on.
Note: The Automation Tool is only available in Logic Pro, not in Logic Express.
Chapter 2 Getting Started With Logic 25
Marquee Tool
In the Arrange window, you can use the Marquee tool (looks like a crosshair, or plus sign) to select a portion of an individual Region, or a horizontal selection of multiple Regions. To use the Marquee tool, select it from the Toolbox and drag from left to right across the desired Regions. As you do so, you will see a Marquee box (shaded area) appear onscreen, indicating the range of the Marquee selection. All data that falls within the Marquee area will be affected by parameter changes or functions.
Note: Obviously, some parameters are only relevant to either Audio Regions or MIDI Regions. If such parameter changes are applied when both Audio Regions and MIDI Regions are selected, there will be no change with one type of data, while the desired change is made to the selection. As an example, if a portion of an Audio Region and MIDI Region are selected, and the Transpose parameter is used, only the MIDI Region will be affected.

The Track/Instrument Parameters

The parameters in this area are linked to the Track List. They vary in accordance with the type of track selected (audio, Audio Instrument, MIDI, and so on) and affect all Regions on this track.
Note: Track type is determined by the Audio Object it is assigned to. The parameters of a track or instrument simply mirror the parameters of the corresponding Audio Object. Given this relationship, the Parameter box below the Toolbox to the left of the Arrange window, is known as the Object Parameter box.
The Object Parameter box (Instrument Parameter box) will update each time a new track is selected in the Track List. Please select a few tracks in the Track List with the mouse, or by using the up/down arrow keys on your computer keyboard. While doing so, watch the changes in the Object Parameter box.
26 Chapter 2 Getting Started With Logic

The Channel Strip of the Selected Track

At the lower left border of the Arrange window, a mixer channel strip is displayed. This channel strip corresponds to the selected track in the Arrange window’s Track List.
If the lower portion of the channel is obscured, you can click on the small arrowheads at the top left of the Region and Object Parameter boxes to collapse one, or both, of these panels. This will allow you view the entire channel strip.
The Arrange channel strip is identical to the channel strips found in the Track Mixer and Environment windows. Changes made in any of these windows/mixers will instantly be reflected on their counterparts in other windows.
Note: The advantage of having the channel strip accessible from the Arrange window is that it saves a visit to another window in order to make a quick adjustment to a sound. It also allows you to insert plug-ins and instruments and change routings directly from the Arrange window, thus saving you time.
Chapter 2 Getting Started With Logic 27

Key Commands

You can activate most of Logic’s functions via key commands. A key command is a computer keyboard shortcut for a function or task in Logic. A number of functions are only available as key commands. The Key Commands window is used for the assignment of key commands to your computer’s keyboard. The use of key commands allows you to customize Logic to suit your own working style, and will speed up your use of the program.
Your personal key commands are stored (along with settings made in the Preferences window) in ~/Library/Preferences/com.apple.Logic (“~” denotes the path to your user folder: hard disk/users/username/, for example).

Key Commands Window

The Key Commands window can be opened via the Logic > Preferences > Key Commands menu option or with the Option-K key command—give it a try!
The list of key commands (arranged in groups) appears to the left of the window, and the Properties Box is to the right.
In the List shown to the left of the Key Command window, the following applies:
• Groups can be extended or collapsed by clicking on the arrow to the left.
• When the list has keyboard focus, physically pressing a key command (or key
command combination) selects the appropriate key command.
• If the triggered key command is located in a collapsed group, the group will
automatically be expanded.
28 Chapter 2 Getting Started With Logic
To assign a function to a key:
1 Click on the Learn by Key Label button. 2 Select the desired function in the list by clicking once on it with the mouse. 3 Press the desired key on your computer keyboard, plus any modifier key(s)—
Command, Shift, Control, and Option—that you wish to use as part of the key command.
4 To create further key commands, repeat steps 2 and 3. 5 Deactivate the Learn by Key Label button!
To delete key command assignments:
1 Click on the Learn by Key Label button. 2 Use the mouse to select the function with a key assignment that you wish to delete. 3 Press Backspace. 4 To erase more assignments, repeat the second and third steps. 5 Deactivate the Learn by Key Label button.
To check the function of a key:
1 Deactivate the Learn by Key Label button. 2 Press the key command (or combination of keys) that you want to check. The
associated function will be highlighted, and displayed in the middle of the window.
Special Keys
Some keys have special functions:
• The Control, Command, Shift, and Option modifier keys can only be used in
conjunction with other keys.
• The Backspace key has the fixed Delete selected Objects function. It can only be
assigned to another function in conjunction with the modifier keys.
The Plus and Minus keys increase or decrease any selected parameter value in single units. They can, however, be assigned different functions which override this default behavior.
Chapter 2 Getting Started With Logic 29
Controlling Windows—Screensets
Every song created in Logic can have up to 90 Screensets. Screensets are window combinations that can be customized by you, and stored to a specific numeric key/ combination of keys on your computer keyboard. To recall a Screenset, you simply need to press the appropriate key or key combination. Each Screenset remembers the type of edit or Arrange window(s) opened plus their individual size, position, and zoom settings. This facility accelerates your workflow massively, and allows you to tailor Logic to fit your needs and tastes.
To set up a Screenset:
1 Press any of the numeric keys above your computer keyboard (you can also use a
numeric keypad, if using a PowerBook or iBook).
2 Open the desired windows by selecting them from the Windows menu, or by using the
appropriate Key Commands.
3 Resize, zoom, and reposition your selected windows to meet your needs. Resizing and
repositioning of windows is as per any Macintosh application. Zooming of individual windows is achieved with the Zoom sliders.
4 Press the numeric key again.
Note: This will only work for keys/Screensets 1 to 9.
To set up more than nine Screensets:
m
Press Control while typing in the desired numeric key combination.
Important: You can not use the number 0 for any of your Screenset combinations. The
reason is that number 0 is assigned for the Transport Bar Play function, using the computer’s keyboard.
To lock Screensets:
m
If you want to ensure that your Screensets remain as you intended, you should always lock your Screensets by pressing Shift-L. The lock also includes zoom settings, catch mode and the visible area.
30 Chapter 2 Getting Started With Logic
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