Apple 640 User Manual



Macintosh Performa

User’s Guide

Includes setup, troubleshooting, and health-related information for Macintosh Performa 640 series DOS Compatible computers

K Apple Computer, Inc.

Under the copyright laws, this manual may not be copied, in whole or in part, without the written consent of Apple. Your rights to the software are governed by the accompanying software license agreement.

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Apple Computer, Inc. 1 Infinite Loop Cupertino, CA 95014-2084 (408) 996-1010

Apple, the Apple logo, AppleDesign, AppleShare, AppleTalk, ImageWriter, LaserWriter, LocalTalk, Macintosh, MacTCP, Performa, PlainTalk, ProDOS, QuickTime, and StyleWriter are trademarks of Apple Computer, Inc., registered in the U.S. and other countries.

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Simultaneously published in the United States and Canada.

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Contents

Communications regulation information vii

Preface Your DOS-Compatible Macintosh Performa Computer ix

1 Getting Started 1

Plugging in the computer 1

Installing an expansion card 3

Connecting a monitor 3

Connecting the mouse and keyboard 6

Connecting other equipment 8

Turning the computer on 8

Problems turning your computer on? 10

What’s next? 11

Learning the basics 12

Reviewing the basics 13

Turning the computer off 14

Where to find answers 15

iii

2 Getting Help 17

Getting answers to your questions 18

Identifying objects on the screen 26

Learning useful shortcuts 27

3 Connecting Additional Equipment 29

Where to connect additional equipment 30

Connecting an Apple PlainTalk Microphone 31

Connecting external stereo speakers 32

Connecting a game controller 33

Expanding memory 34

Replacing internal storage devices 34

4 Installing and Using Application Programs in the

Macintosh Environment 35

Installing Macintosh application programs 36

Working with several programs at a time 37

Protecting the information on a disk 38

5 Operating in the PC Environment 41

Switching between the Macintosh and PC environments 42

Ejecting disks in the PC environment 44

Setting up the PC environment 44

Working in the PC environment 46

Running network software 55

Using multimedia, MIDI, and game programs 56

Using Macintosh peripheral devices in the PC environment 57

Using PC peripheral devices 61

Contents

6 Configuring the PC Environment 63

Choosing settings 64

Configuring the PC serial ports 65

Setting the monitor 66

Setting the time and date 66

Setting shared memory 67

Choosing shared folders or volumes 69

Tu rning on PC sounds 71

Configuring drives C and D 72

Managing PC files from the Mac OS 73

Changing the size of the drive container 74

Understanding the status line 78

7 Troubleshooting in the Macintosh Environment 79

When you have questions 79

If you have trouble 79

Solutions to common problems 83

Repairing a damaged disk 95

Initializing a hard disk 102

Installing or reinstalling Mac OS system software 103

8 Troubleshooting in the PC Environment 105

When you have questions 105

Reinstalling the DOS-compatibility software 111

Contents

Appendix A Health, Safety, and Maintenance Tips 121

Health-related information about computer use 121

Safety instructions 126

Handling your computer equipment 127

Cleaning your equipment 131

Locking and unlocking the mouse 133

Appendix B Installing an Expansion Card or Memory for the PC

Environment 135

Opening the computer 138

Installing or replacing a communication card 140

Installing or replacing a SIMM for the PC environment 141

Closing the computer 146

Appendix C Special Keys on Your Keyboard 149

Typing special characters and symbols 151

Special key combinations 152

Appendix D Installing Network Management Software 153

Installing NetWare client software 153

Installing Novell’s LAN Workplace for DOS TCP/IP software 157

Installing NetManage’s Chameleon TCP/IP software 159

Installing Windows for Workgroups 163

Installing Spry’s Air Series TCP/IP software 163

Installing Mosaic 167

Index 169

Contents

Communications regulation information

FCC statement

This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class B digital device in accordance with the specifications in Part 15 of FCC rules. See instructions if interference to radio or television reception is suspected.

Radio and television interference

The equipment described in this manual generates, uses, and can radiate radio-frequency energy. If it is not installed and used properly—that is, in strict accordance with Apple’s instructions—it may cause interference with radio and television reception.

This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class B digital device in accordance with the specifications in Part 15 of FCC rules. These specifications are designed to provide reasonable protection against such interference in a residential installation. However, there is no guarantee that interference will not occur in a particular installation.

You can determine whether your computer system is causing interference by turning it off. If the interference stops, it was probably caused by the computer or one of the peripheral devices.

If your computer system does cause interference to radio or television reception, try to correct the interference by using one or more of the following measures:

m Turn the television or radio antenna until the interference stops. m Move the computer to one side or the other of the television or radio. m Move the computer farther away from the television or radio. m Plug the computer into an outlet that is on a different circuit from the television or radio.

(That is, make certain the computer and the television or radio are on circuits controlled by different circuit breakers or fuses.)

If necessary, consult an Apple-authorized service provider or Apple. See the service and support information that came with your Apple product. Or, consult an experienced radio/television technician for additional suggestions. You may find the following booklet helpful:

Handbook (stock number 004-000-00493-1). This booklet, prepared by the Federal Communications Commission, is available from the U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402.

IMPORTANT

could void the FCC Certification and negate your authority to operate the product.

This product was tested for FCC compliance under conditions that included the use of Apple peripheral devices and Apple shielded cables and connectors between system components. It is important that you use Apple peripheral devices and shielded cables and connectors between system components to reduce the possibility of causing interference to radios, television sets, and other electronic devices. You can obtain Apple peripheral devices and the proper shielded cables and connectors through an Apple-authorized dealer. For non-Apple peripheral devices, contact the manufacturer or dealer for assistance.

Changes or modifications to this product not authorized by Apple Computer, Inc.,

Interference

Communications Regulation Information

vii

DOC statement

DOC Class B Compliance This digital apparatus does not exceed the Class B limits for radio noise emissions from digital apparatus as set out in the interference-causing equipment standard entitled “Digital Apparatus,” ICES-003 of the Department of Communications.

Observation des normes—Classe B Cet appareil numérique respecte les limites de bruits radioélectriques applicables aux appareils numériques de Classe B prescrites dans la norme sur le matériel brouilleur : “Appareils Numériques”, NMB-003 édictée par le ministre des Communications.

VCCI statement

CD-ROM drive

WARNING

equipment’s manual may result in hazardous exposure.

WARNING

this product is harmful to the eyes. The use of optical instruments, such as magnifying lenses, with this product increases the potential hazard to your eyes. For your safety, have this equipment serviced only by an Apple-authorized service provider.

If you have an internal Apple CD-ROM drive in your computer, your computer is a Class 1 laser product. The Class 1 label, located on the computer, indicates that the drive meets minimum safety requirements. A service warning label is on the CD-ROM drive inside the computer.

Making adjustments or performing procedures other than those specified in your

Do not attempt to disassemble the cabinet containing the laser. The laser beam used in

viii

Communications Regulation Information

Your DOS-Compatible Macintosh Performa Computer

Your Macintosh Performa includes hardware and software that let you use DOS and Windows directly on your Macintosh computer. It contains a highperformance microprocessor that’s fully compatible with the latest DOS and Windows software. You can

m simultaneously run Macintosh operating system (Mac OS) and PC

application programs

m switch between the Mac OS and PC environment at any time without

quitting the programs you’re using

m view the Macintosh or PC environment on a single monitor m use the same hard disk for both Mac OS and PC software m share files and folders (directories) between the Mac OS and the PC

environment

m cut, copy, and paste data between Mac OS and PC documents m use your Macintosh keyboard and mouse with PC software m use your Macintosh modem, monitor, and printer with PC software, or

connect PC-compatible equipment

m use a joystick or other game controller with PC programs

m share the random-access memory (RAM) in your Macintosh with the PC

environment, or use a memory module (SIMM) exclusively for the PC environment

m use the built-in Macintosh serial ports with PC software m access PC CD-ROM discs using an Apple CD-ROM drive m play Sound Blaster–compatible sounds m communicate with network servers and other computers running

PC software

To begin, follow the instructions in Chapters 1 and 2 to set up your computer and start using it. Read Chapters 3 and 4 when you are ready to connect additional equipment to your computer and install Mac OS application programs. Read Chapters 5 and 6 to start using application programs that run in DOS or Windows on your Macintosh computer. Turn to Chapters 7 and 8 if you have questions or problems using your Macintosh.

Your DOS-Compatible Macintosh Performa Computer

Monitor cable

(sometimes built into the monitor)

Monitor power cord

(sometimes built into the monitor)

Computer power cord

Keyboard

Macintosh Performa DOS-compatible computerMonitor

Mouse

Keyboard cable

(permanently attached

to the keyboard)

Follow the instructions in this

chapter to set up your computer

and learn the basics.

Getting Started

The illustration on the facing page shows all the equipment you need to set up your computer and begin using it. Place your equipment on a sturdy, flat surface near a grounded wall outlet. Before following the setup instructions in this chapter, you may want to read “Arranging Your Office” in Appendix A (in the section on health-related information) for tips on adjusting your work furniture so that you’re comfortable when using the computer.

If you used the setup poster: The poster included with your Macintosh Performa computer was designed to help you start using your computer as quickly as possible. This chapter contains more detailed information than the poster. If you have already set up your computer using the poster, you may want to turn to the section “What’s Next?” later in this chapter.

Plugging in the computer

Before you plug your Macintosh into a wall socket, carefully read all the setup instructions in this chapter. Then, before you connect anything to your Macintosh, follow the instructions in this section to plug it in. The plug grounds the computer and protects it from electrical damage while you are setting up.

When you are ready to begin, follow these steps:

Power cord plug Power cord socket Standby power button

1Plug the socket end of the computer’s power cord into the recessed power cord socket

≤

(marked with the symbol

2Plug the other end of the power cord into a three-hole grounded outlet or power strip.

) on the back of the computer.

Choose a power outlet to which you have easy access.

WARNING

This equipment is intended to be electrically grounded.Your Macintosh is equipped with a three-wire grounding plug—a plug that has a third (grounding) pin. This plug will fit only a grounded AC outlet. This is a safety feature. If you are unable to insert the plug into the outlet, contact a licensed electrician to replace the outlet with a properly grounded outlet. Do not defeat the purpose of the grounding plug!

IMPORTANT

Be sure that at least one end of the power cord is within easy

reach so that you can unplug the computer when you need to.

If the computer starts up: If you hear a tone, the computer has started up and you need to turn it off before proceeding. Press the power button (also called the standby power button) located on the back of the computer to turn the computer off.

Chapter 1

Installing an expansion card

If you purchased any expansion cards for your Macintosh or extra memory for use in the PC environment, install the cards or memory now. (For instructions, see Appendix B, “Installing an Expansion Card or Memory for the PC Environment,” as well as the documentation that came with the cards or memory module.) If you don’t have an expansion card or memory to install, go on to the next section, “Connecting a Monitor.”

Connecting a monitor

You can connect many types of monitors to your Macintosh. To connect a monitor from a manufacturer other than Apple, refer to the instructions that came with the monitor.

Connecting the monitor power cord

Monitors have two cords to connect—a power cord and a monitor cable.

To connect the monitor power cord, follow these steps:

1Place the monitor where you will be using it.

You can place a monitor with a 15-inch or smaller screen on top of your computer. Don’t place larger monitors on the computer.

Keep these considerations in mind: m Allow a few inches for air circulation around the sides of the computer

and monitor.

m Make sure that the top of the screen is slightly below eye level when you’re

sitting at the keyboard.

m Position the monitor to minimize glare and reflections on the screen from

overhead lights and windows.

m Consult “Arranging Your Office” in the section “Health-Related

Information About Computer Use” in Appendix A for other suggestions on positioning your computer equipment.

Getting Started

2Connect the monitor power cord to the monitor.

Monitor power cord

Monitor power socket

On some monitors, the cord is already attached.

3Plug in the monitor power cord.

Be sure to plug the power cord into a three-hole grounded outlet or power strip.

Chapter 1

Connecting the monitor cable

Monitor cable

™

Monitor port

After you plug in the monitor power cord, you connect the monitor cable to the computer’s monitor port.

To connect the monitor cable, follow these steps:

1Attach the monitor cable to the monitor.

On some monitors, the cable is already attached (as shown below).

2Attach the monitor cable to the monitor port on the back panel of the computer.

The monitor port is on the upper-right corner of the back panel. It is marked with the ™ icon (symbol). Be sure you plug the cable into the correct port.

Getting Started

Connecting the mouse and keyboard

This cable plugs into the Apple Desktop Bus (ADB) port, marked with the

◊

icon, on the back of the computer.

Plug the mouse into the recessed port on the keyboard. The flat part of the plug should be pointing down, as shown here.

1Plug the mouse cable into the recessed port on the back of the keyboard.

The plug and the port are marked with the ◊ icon (symbol). The positions of the port and icon on your keyboard may be different from those pictured.

By the way: A port marked with the ◊ icon is called an Apple Desktop Bus (ADB) port.

Chapter 1

2Plug the keyboard cable into the port marked with the ◊icon on the back of the

To adjust the keyboard angle, lower the feet until they snap into position.

ADB port

computer.

Some monitors have a port to which you can connect the keyboard or mouse. See the information that came with your monitor.

3If you want to adjust the keyboard angle, lower the feet on the keyboard.

Getting Started

Connecting other equipment

If you are new to the Macintosh, it’s a good idea to get some experience using your computer before you connect other equipment, such as a printer or scanner. To learn basic Macintosh skills, continue with the instructions in this chapter.

When you’re ready to connect other equipment to your Macintosh, see the instructions in Chapter 3.

Turning the computer on

Follow these steps to turn the computer on:

1 Turn on the monitor.

See the information that came with your monitor for the location of the power button.

2 Turn on your computer by pressing the Power key.

The Power key is at the top of the keyboard. You can recognize this key by the triangle outline on it (P).

You hear a tone from the computer as it starts up.

Chapter 1

3Check to see what’s on your screen.

m If you see the Macintosh desktop, as in the illustration below, your system

software has already been installed, and your computer is ready to use. Skip now to the section “What’s Next?” later in this chapter.

Hard disk icon

Your Launcher has

more items in it

than are shown in

this illustration.

Macintosh desktop

m If you see a blinking question mark, you may need to install system

software on your computer’s hard disk. (System software is the set of programs your computer uses to start itself up.) See “Solutions to Common Problems” in Chapter 7 for more information.

m If you see anything else on your screen, or nothing at all, see the next

section, “Problems Turning Your Computer On?”

Getting Started

Problems turning your computer on?

If you don’t see anything on the screen, check these items to see if you can identify the problem:

m Is the computer plugged into a power source? If it is plugged into a power

strip, is the power strip plugged in and turned on?

m Is the computer turned on? The power-on light on the front panel should

be on. If it isn’t on, press the standby power button on the computer’s back panel (marked with the symbol ®).

m Are the keyboard and mouse cables connected correctly? (Don’t disconnect

the keyboard or mouse cable while the computer is on. You could damage your equipment.)

m Is the monitor power cord plugged in? m Is the monitor turned on? (Check the power-on light on the front of the

monitor.)

m Is the monitor cable attached firmly to both the monitor and computer? m Is the brightness control on the monitor adjusted correctly? (On Apple

monitors, the brightness control is marked with the symbol ¤.)

Chapter 1

What’s next?

Congratulations! You’ve finished setting up your computer. Now continue with one of the following steps:

m If you are new to the Macintosh, turn to the next section, “Learning

the Basics.”

m If you are an experienced Macintosh user, turn to Chapter 2, “Getting

Help,” to learn about Macintosh Guide, your main source of information when you’re working with the Mac OS (the Macintosh environment).

m If you want to connect other equipment, such as a printer, to your

computer, see Chapter 3, “Connecting Additional Equipment.”

m If you want to use application programs that run in DOS or Windows on

your Macintosh, turn to Chapter 5, “Operating in the PC Environment.”

Before you begin working with your computer, be sure to read the important health and safety information in Appendix A.

IMPORTANT

If you need to turn off your computer at any point, please see “Turning the Computer Off” later in this chapter. It is very important to use the correct procedure for shutting down your Macintosh before turning it off.

Getting Started

Learning the basics

If you are new to the Macintosh, you should begin by looking at the easyto-use program called Performa Tutorial. The tutorial teaches you the basic skills you’ll need to use your computer. To start the tutorial once you are past the welcome sequence, follow these steps:

1Slide the mouse along your mouse pad or desk.

Hold the mouse as shown, with the cable pointing away from you. Don’t press the mouse button (under your index finger). Notice that the arrow (8) on the screen moves in the same direction that you move the mouse.

If the arrow doesn’t move, make sure that the cables connecting the mouse and keyboard are secure and that your mouse is positioned as shown in the illustration.

Chapter 1

2 Move the mouse so that the tip of the arrow (

Tutorial.”

) is over the picture labeled “Performa

If you don’t see the Performa Tutorial picture on your screen, put the arrow on the word “Learning” and click (press and release) the mouse button.

If you run out of room on your mouse pad or desk while moving the mouse, pick up the mouse and place it where there’s more room. (The arrow on the screen moves only when the mouse is in contact with the mouse pad or desk.)

3Without moving the mouse, click the mouse button.

A window appears welcoming you to the tutorial. You can set this book aside for now and follow the instructions on the screen. When you have completed both parts of the tutorial, return to this book.

Reviewing the basics

The following illustration summarizes many of the basic skills and terms you learned from the tutorial.

The strip across the

top of the screen is

called the menu bar.

The symbols and

words in it represent

menus that contain

commands.

Icons are small pictures

that represent disks,

folders, programs, and

documents. To open

an icon, click the

icon twice quickly.

To move a window,

drag it by the title bar.

To find an answer to a question about the

Macintosh

environment, look in

the Guide (

) menu.

You can have several application programs open at once. To see which program is active or to switch from one program to another, use this menu (called the Application menu).

This icon represents your computer’s internal hard disk.

Windows are boxes

that display text,

graphics, or icons. To

bring a partially

covered window to the

front, click anywhere

in the window.

To close a window, click

the close box.

To bring hidden portions of a window’s contents into view, click the scroll arrows.

To change the size or shape of a window, drag the

size box.

To throw away an item you no longer want, drag it to the Trash and choose Empty Trash from the Special menu.

Getting Started

Turning the computer off

To turn the computer off:

1Press the Power key (marked with a triangle) on the keyboard.

You will see a message asking whether you want to shut down or continue working.

2Click Shut Down.

To turn the computer on, simply press the Power key again.

You can also turn off your computer by choosing Shut Down from the Apple (K) menu. Detailed instructions follow. (Note: The Shut Down command is also available in the Special menu.)

1Move the tip of the arrow to the Apple (

2With the tip of the arrow on the apple, press and hold down the mouse button.

3While holding down the mouse button, move the arrow down the list of choices until the

words “Shut Down” are highlighted, then release the mouse button.

WARNING

Do not turn the computer off by pressing the standby power

) menu at the top left of the screen.

button on the back panel. If you do so, you may lose any work you haven’t previously saved to a disk. You also risk losing any open documents.

Chapter 1

Where to find answers

User’s GuideUser’s Guide

Macintosh PerformaMaci

toshPerforma

When you have questions about using your Macintosh, there are several places you can look for answers.

In this book

Use this book to help you set up your computer and learn about it, or to find solutions to problems with your equipment. See especially the chapters about troubleshooting in the Macintosh and PC environments.

In the Guide menu

The Guide menu (marked with the hicon) is your main source of information about the Macintosh. To learn how to get different kinds of help from the Guide menu, see Chapter 2 in this book.

Note:

The Guide menu is not available when you’re in the PC

( environment.)

In other manuals

For answers to questions about other equipment or about application programs you have purchased, see the manuals that came with the equipment or programs. Manuals for DOS and Windows are included with your computer.

From the Read Me files in the Apple Extras folder

The Apple Extras folder (in your System Folder) on your hard disk contains SimpleText documents with important information about some of the application programs included with your computer.

From Apple’s customer support hotline

If you can’t find an answer in any of the materials provided, call the customer support hotline. The phone number for the hotline is in the service and support information that came with your computer.

Note:

If you have problems with an application program not

( published by Apple, call the program’s publisher. Click the Phone Numbers button in the Service/Support area of the Launcher to get a software publisher’s phone number.)

Getting Started

Use the instructions in this

chapter to learn about the help

available to you in the Guide menu.

Getting Help

TheGuide menu is your main source of information when you’re working with your computer in the Macintosh environment. The menu is identified by a question mark (

(If you need instructions on using DOS or Windows, see the manuals that came with these programs.)

h) in the upper-right corner of the screen.

Getting answers to your questions

When you have a question while working with your computer, you can get the answer by choosing Macintosh Guide from the Guide menu.

1Pull down the Application menu (in the upper-right corner of the screen) and choose

Finder to make it the active application program.

A checkmark in the menu indicates that the Finder is the active program.

2Pull down the Guide menu (marked with the

icon) and choose Macintosh Guide.

The Macintosh Guide window appears.

Whenever you use Macintosh Guide, its window remains in front of other windows. If the window gets in your way, you can move it by dragging its title bar (the gray bar across the top of the window).

Chapter 2

3Notice the three buttons at the top of the window: Topics, Index, and Look For.

Macintosh Guide gives you three ways of finding information:

Topics

lets you choose from a list of general subjects; it is like the table of

contents in a book.

Index

lets you choose from an alphabetical list of more specific subjects; it

is like the index in a book.

Look For

lets you search for information related to a specific word or phrase

that you type.

In the following sections you will practice using each method.

If you have problems while using Macintosh Guide, see “Tips for Using Macintosh Guide” later in this chapter.

Getting answers with the Topics button

1 In the Macintosh Guide window, click the Topics button.

A list of general topics appears on the left side of the Macintosh Guide window. (Depending on the hardware and software you have, the list of topics may look different.)

Getting Help

2Click “Setting Options” in the list of topics.

When you click any topic area, a list of related questions appears on the right side of the Macintosh Guide window.

To get instructions, click a question…

…and then click OK.

3Click the question “How do I set the time and date?” and then click OK. Or double-click

the question.

A small window appears with instructions for you to follow.

If you want to

return to the main

Macintosh Guide

window, click here.

4 Read and follow the instructions in this window.

5When you have completed all the steps, click the Topics button in the lower-left corner to

Chapter 2

Click here to see the next step (if there is one).

Macintosh Guide provides step-by-step instructions to answer the question you selected. When you have completed each step, click the right arrow in the lower-right corner to see the next step.

return to the main Macintosh Guide window.

Now continue with the next section.

Getting answers with the Index button

1 In the Macintosh Guide window, click the Index button.

An alphabetical list of subjects appears on the left side of the window.

Slider

Scroll bar

2Scroll through the alphabetical list until the phrase “background pattern” is visible.

You can scroll through the list either by dragging the slider to the letter B or

by using the scroll bar at the right of the list.

3Click the phrase “background pattern” in the alphabetical list.

When you click any index entry, a list of related questions appears on the right side of the Macintosh Guide window.

To get instructions, click a question…

…and then click OK.

Getting Help

4Click the question “How do I change the background pattern?” and then click OK. Or

If you want to

return to the main

Macintosh Guide

window, click here.

5 Read and follow the instructions in the window.

6When you have completed all the steps, click the Topics button in the lower-left corner to

double-click the question.

A small window appears with instructions for you to follow.

Click here to see the next step (if there is one).

Macintosh Guide provides step-by-step instructions to answer the question you selected. When you have completed each step, click the right arrow in the lower-right corner to see the next step.

return to the main Macintosh Guide window.

Now continue with the next section.

Chapter 2

1 In the Macintosh Guide window, click the Look For button.

To activate the text

box, click here.

Type a word or phrase

in the text box…

…and then click here.

2 Click the arrow button to activate the text box.

3Type “sound” in the text box and then click Search.

Getting answers with the Look For button

A small box appears on the left side of the window, where you can type text.

When you click Search, a list of questions related to the word or phrase you typed appears on the right side of the Macintosh Guide window.

To get instructions, click a question…

…and then click OK.

Getting Help

4Click the question “How do I change the beep sound?” and then click OK. Or double-

If you want to close

Macintosh Guide,

click here.

5 Read and follow the instructions in the window.

6When you have completed all the steps, click the close box in the upper-left corner to

click the question.

A small window appears with instructions for you to follow.

Click here to see the next step (if there is one).

Macintosh Guide provides step-by-step instructions to answer the question you selected. When you have completed each step, click the right arrow in the lower-right corner to display the next step.

close Macintosh Guide.

Chapter 2

Tips for using Macintosh Guide

Here are a few tips for using Macintosh Guide effectively: m Macintosh Guide is available only when you are in the Finder—the

desktop area where you can see the icons of disks, folders, and files. (Other programs may also have help available in the Guide menu, however.) If you don’t see Macintosh Guide in the Guide menu, pull down the Application menu (to the right of the Guide menu) and choose Finder.

m Follow the steps when you’re instructed to; don’t skip ahead or read

ahead. That way the computer can check to make sure you’ve done a step correctly.

m Unlike most windows, the Macintosh Guide window stays in front of

other windows on the screen so that your instructions are never covered. If you need to move the Guide window out of the way, drag it by the title bar at the top of the window.

You can also move the window out of the way by clicking the zoom box. Click the box once to shrink the window; click it a second time to expand the window to its original size.

m If you need more information about an instruction or a term, click the

button labeled “Huh?” to get further explanation. (The “Huh?” button is dimmed when no additional information is available.)

m If you want to return to the main Macintosh Guide window, click the

Topics button in the lower-left corner of the Guide window.

m When you’re finished using Macintosh Guide, click the close box in

the upper-left corner of the window.

Close box

Topics button

“Huh?” button

Title bar

Zoom box

Right arrow

Getting Help

Identifying objects on the screen

Sometimes you’ll see an unfamiliar item on the screen and ask yourself, “What’s that?” You can get an answer by using a Macintosh feature known as Balloon Help.

Balloon Help explains the functions of icons, menus, commands, and other items on the Macintosh screen in balloons like those you see in comic strips.

Follow these steps to use Balloon Help:

1Pull down the Guide menu (marked with the

2Point to any object on the screen that you want to identify.

icon) and choose Show Balloons.

A balloon appears next to the object. In the following illustration, for example, pointing to the Trash displays a balloon that explains how to use the Trash to throw items away.

Although balloons appear next to items when you point to them, the way you work does not change; you can still select icons, choose commands, and so on.

3When you’re finished using Balloon Help, choose Hide Balloons from the Guide menu.

Chapter 2

Learning useful shortcuts

You can perform many tasks in the Finder more quickly if you use keyboard or mouse shortcuts. For example, instead of clicking an icon and choosing Open from the File menu, you can simply double-click the icon to open it.

Follow these steps to learn keyboard and mouse shortcuts:

1Pull down the Guide menu (marked with the

2 Click one of the category buttons.

If you want to

close the window,

click here.

icon) and choose Shortcuts.

The main Macintosh Shortcuts window appears.

Another window appears, describing shortcuts for that category.

Click here to return to

the main Macintosh

Shortcuts window for

more categories.

Click here to see the next window (if there is one).

Getting Help

3 Read about the shortcuts available for the category you selected.

Click the right arrow in the lower-right corner of the window to display the next window (if there is one).

4When you finish reading about the shortcuts for your category, click the Topics button in

the lower-left corner to return to the main Macintosh Shortcuts window. Or click the close box in the upper-left corner to close the window.

Chapter 2

Mouse

Monitor

Computer

Keyboard

Hard disk drive

(internal)

Floppy disk drive

CD-ROM drive

Volume buttons

Use these buttons to change the volume of the computer’s sound.

CD-ROM drive Open/Close button

Power-on light

Headphone jack

Remote control sensor

Read this chapter for information on

expanding your computer system

with additional hardware.

Connecting Additional Equipment

The illustration below shows a basic Macintosh system. You can expand your computer system by connecting additional hardware (such as a printer, modem, or external stereo speakers).

Where to connect additional equipment

Modem port

[

Printer port

Connects your Macintosh to a printer or LocalTalk network.

Apple Desktop Bus (ADB) port

Connects your Macintosh to input equipment, such as a keyboard or a trackball.

SCSI port

Connects your Macintosh to SCSI equipment, such as external hard disk drives and scanners.

Connects an external modem to your Macintosh.

≈

Sound output port

Connects your Macintosh to headphones, externally powered (amplified) speakers, or other audio output equipment.

Sound input port

Connects your Macintosh to a professional-quality microphone or other audio input equipment.

Security lock

port

Standby power button

≤

Power socket

™

Monitor port

Connects your monitor

to your Macintosh.

Communication card access cover

Covers port for optional communication card.

Joystick port

Connects your Macintosh to a joystick or other game controller (for the PC environment only).

Video input card (optional) Connects your Macintosh to a video camera, VCR, or other video equipment.

TV tuner card (optional) Connects your Macintosh to an external TV antenna or cable TV service.

The illustration on this page shows where equipment should be connected to your computer.

For instructions on connecting additional equipment such as a printer or scanner, see the manual that came with the equipment.

Chapter 3

Connecting an Apple PlainTalk Microphone

Sound input port

Sound output port

Your computer has a sound input port, which you can use to connect an Apple PlainTalk Microphone.

Use PlainTalk only: You should connect only the Apple PlainTalk Microphone. Other models of microphone will not work with your Macintosh.

To connect the microphone, do this:

Plug the microphone’s connector into the sound input port (marked with the icon

on the back of the computer.

)

Connecting Additional Equipment

Connecting external stereo speakers

Stereo miniplug

Audio In port

Sound output port

Externally

powered

speakers

You can take advantage of your computer’s stereo sound output by attaching externally powered (amplified) speakers. (Only externally powered speakers will work with your Macintosh.)

1 Assemble the speakers and the cable you need.

You need a cable with stereo miniplugs at each end to connect one or both speakers to the computer. (Some speakers require a dual-plug adapter. Others, like those shown here, accept a single stereo miniplug and are joined by standard speaker wires.)

The following illustration shows the equipment configuration and the connections for a computer sound system.

2 Turn off the Macintosh.

3Plug a stereo miniplug into the sound output port on the Macintosh.

4Plug a stereo miniplug into the Audio In port on one of the speakers.

If the speakers take a dual-plug cable, connect both plugs to the speakers’ Audio In ports.

Chapter 3

5Connect the speakers together with speaker wires, if necessary.

Joystick port

6 Turn on the computer.

You hear the computer’s sound through the external speakers.

Note: To control the volume of your external speakers, use the volume buttons on the front of the computer. If you are playing an audio compact disc (CD), you may also need to adjust the volume control in the program you’ re using to play CDs. For more information on sound and playing audio CDs in the Macintosh environment, see the “Sound” topic of Macintosh Guide, available in the Guide (h) menu. For information on hearing sounds in the PC environment, see “Turning On PC Sounds” in Chapter 6.

Connecting a game controller

To connect a game controller, such as a joystick, do this:

Remove the plastic cover from the joystick port on the lower-right corner of the computer’s back panel. Attach the joystick’s connector to the joystick port. Tighten the thumbscrews securely.

Connecting Additional Equipment

Expanding memory

You can install additional random-access memory (RAM) in your computer, which allows you to work with more programs and larger documents. Additional memory comes on memory modules (also called SIMMs). The Technical Information booklet that came with your computer describes how much additional memory can be installed in your Macintosh.

You can also add up to 32 megabytes (MB) of RAM for use exclusively in the PC environment. See Appendix B, “Installing an Expansion Card or Memory for the PC Environment,” for further information.

WARNING

To avoid damage to your computer, Apple recommends that only an Apple-certified technician install additional RAM. Consult the service and support information that came with your computer for instructions on how to contact an Apple-authorized service provider or Apple for service. If you attempt to install additional RAM yourself, any damage you may cause to your equipment will not be covered by the limited warranty on your computer. See an Apple-authorized dealer or service provider for information about this or any other warranty question.

Replacing internal storage devices

Your Macintosh comes with three internal storage devices—a floppy disk drive, a CD-ROM (compact disc read-only memory) drive, and a hard disk drive (several capacities are available). If you want to replace your internal drive, see your Apple-authorized dealer.

Chapter 3

Read this chapter to learn how to work

with application programs and protect

the information on your disks

while working in the Mac OS.

Installing and Using Application Programs

in the Macintosh Environment

Your computer came with several application programs already installed. You can open these programs by clicking their buttons in the Launcher.

The Apple Extras folder on your hard disk (and on the contains additional programs, including the following:

m QuickDraw GX gives your computer more powerful printing and font

capabilities. You’ll want to install QuickDraw GX only if you purchased another program that requires it. Your computer needs at least 8 megabytes of random-access memory (RAM) to use QuickDraw GX. You can install QuickDraw GX by opening the QuickDraw GX folder and double-clicking the Installer icon.

m PowerTalk provides an open collaboration environment with a universal

mailbox and other electronic mail services. You’ll want to install PowerTalk only if you use your computer on a local area network (connected to other computers) and if you purchased another program that requires it. Your computer needs at least 8 megabytes of RAM to use PowerTalk. You can install PowerTalk by opening the PowerTalk folder and double-clicking the Installer icon.

Macintosh Performa CD)

m Video Monitor is for use with computers that have audio-visual (AV)

capabilities. For information on using Video Monitor, see the “Video” topic of Macintosh Guide, available in the Guide (h) menu.

If you want to install DOS application programs, see Chapter 5, “Operating in the PC Environment,” and refer to your DOS manual.

Installing Macintosh application programs

Insert the floppy disk, metal end first, into the floppy disk drive of your computer.

You may want to buy and install additional application programs. See the manuals you receive with your programs for instructions on installing and using them.

In most cases, you’ll install an application program on your internal hard disk from floppy disks that contain the program. The following illustration shows how to insert a floppy disk in your computer’s floppy disk drive.

For instructions on how to eject floppy disks, see the “Disks” topic of Macintosh Guide, available in the Guide (h) menu.

Chapter 4

To use your programs most effectively, follow these guidelines: m Put only one copy of each program on your hard disk. Having more than

one copy can cause errors.

m Whenever you copy a program disk to your hard disk, be careful not to

copy a System Folder. Always check to see what you’ve copied, and drag any extra System Folders to the Trash.

m If you have problems using a program, read the manuals you received with

the program.

m If a program malfunctions consistently, try installing a fresh copy. If that

doesn’t help, find out from the software manufacturer whether your version of the program is compatible with your computer model and the system software you’re using.

To put a program into the Launcher, simply drag the program’s icon (or its alias) into the Launcher window, or onto the Applications category button in the Launcher.

Working with several programs at a time

You can open as many application programs and desk accessories as your computer’s memory allows.

All open programs are listed in the Application menu at the right end of the menu bar. The name of the active program (the one you’re using right now) has a checkmark next to it, and its icon appears in the menu bar.

The Finder icon

Commands to hide or display open windows

A checkmark

indicates the active

program.

Programs that are open

Finding out which programs are open

If you have several programs and windows open, you can find out which program is active and which other programs are open by pulling down the Application menu.

Switching programs

You can switch to another open program or desk accessory by choosing its name from the Application menu.

If a program’s icon is dimmed in the menu, that means its windows are hidden. Choosing the program from the Application menu displays its windows.

You can also switch to another program by clicking in a window that belongs to an open program, by double-clicking a program icon, or by double-clicking the icon of a document that was created with the program.

Installing and Using Application Programs in the Macintosh Environment

Hiding and showing windows on the desktop

You can hide all windows except those of the active program by choosing Hide Others from the Application menu.

The other programs remain open even though their windows are hidden. When you switch to another program, its windows become visible again.

If you want to see all the open windows, choose Show All from the Application menu.

Protecting the information on a disk

When you have a valuable document like a birth certificate, you probably make an extra copy of it for safekeeping. Similarly, you should make a copy of the documents you create on your computer. The extra copy is called a backup, and the process of making the copy is called backing up.

Once you have a backup, you’re protected from accidentally losing the information on your hard disk. In the unlikely event that something happens to your hard disk, you can easily get the information back.

Your computer’s hard disk comes with a lot of valuable information already stored on it, including system software and some application programs. The Macintosh Performa CD contains a backup copy of all the system software and application programs that came with your computer. See the Macintosh Performa CD booklet for instructions on using the CD to reinstall software.

Making backup copies of your documents

You should regularly make copies of the documents you create. m You can back up files stored on your hard disk by copying them to

floppy disks.

m You can back up an entire floppy disk by copying it to another floppy disk

of the same capacity or larger, or by copying it to a hard disk.

m You can use a commercial backup program to copy new and changed files

from a hard disk to another hard disk, to a tape drive, or to a series of floppy disks.

m If your computer is on a network, you may be able to back up files by

copying them to a shared disk on the network.

Chapter 4

To back up files in the Macintosh environment, copy the files to a disk manually or use a Macintosh backup program. Do not use PC backup programs in the Mac OS.

Restoring the information on your hard disk

If information on your hard disk becomes damaged or lost, you can restore it if you have a backup copy of the information. The Macintosh Performa CD contains copies of all the system software and application programs that came with your computer. See the Macintosh Performa CD booklet for instructions on using the Macintosh Performa CD.

Installing and Using Application Programs in the Macintosh Environment

Follow the instructions in this

chapter to start working in the PC

environment on your Macintosh.

Operating in the PC Environment

Your DOS-compatible Macintosh comes with standard versions of DOS and Windows already installed. Also installed is software you can use to work in both the Macintosh and PC environments and share data between the two environments. This software is described in this chapter and in Chapter 6, “Configuring the PC Environment.”

This chapter explains how to

m switch between the Mac OS and the PC environment m set up memory management in the PC environment m use floppy disks, CD-ROM discs, and disk drives m cut, copy, and paste data between Macintosh and PC documents m run network software m use multimedia, MIDI, and game application programs m use both Macintosh and PC peripheral devices in the PC environment

Switching between the Macintosh and PC environments

You switch between the Mac OS and the PC environment using the PC Setup control panel. Follow these steps:

1In the Macintosh environment, choose Control Panels from the Apple (

2Double-click the PC Setup icon to open the control panel.

3 Click Switch to PC to switch to the PC environment.

4 To switch back to the Mac OS, press

-Return.

) menu.

Chapter 5

Switching with a keyboard command

You can set a keyboard command, or “hot key,” to switch between the Mac OS and the PC environment. To set the hot key, you must be in the Macintosh environment. (If you are in the PC environment, press x-Return.)

To choose a hot key, open the PC Setup control panel and press the Tab key to select

the Hot Key text field; then press the keys you want to use.

The x key is automatically included in the hot key. You can use any other keys, including Option, Control, and Shift. However, x-Return always switches from the PC environment to the Mac OS, regardless of the other hot keys you set in the control panel.

Turning the PC environment on and off

You use the buttons near the bottom of the PC Setup control panel to switch environments, to restart the PC environment, or to shut the PC environment off.

Switch to PC

m m

Start/Restart PC

immediately switches to the PC environment.

starts the PC environment if it’s off, or restarts it if it’s

running (but doesn’t actually switch to the PC environment).

Shut Down PC

IMPORTANT

turns off the PC environment.

If you click Off at the top of the PC Setup control panel, you won’t

be able to switch to the PC environment. When you restart the computer, the PC environment is turned off and any RAM you requested for it is available to the Mac OS. (For more information on requesting RAM for the PC environment, see “Setting Shared Memory” in Chapter 6.)

Starting the PC environment automatically

To have the PC environment start automatically when you turn on your Macintosh:

Click to place an X in the Auto-start PC checkbox.

To make the PC environment appear when you turn on your Macintosh:

1Click to place an X in the Switch at Startup checkbox.

2 In the Control Panels folder, double-click the General Controls icon to open it.

Operating in the PC Environment

3 Turn off the Shut Down Warning option in the General Controls panel.

If the Shut Down Warning is turned on when you switch from the Mac OS to the PC environment, you will not be able to switch back again for a few minutes.

Fading the screen

To have the screen fade briefly before you switch environments, click to place an X in the Fade Screens checkbox in the PC Setup control panel. This prevents the display from flashing when you switch environments.

Ejecting disks in the PC environment

Here are a few commands you will find useful while you work in the PC environment.

To eject a disk from the Macintosh disk drive while you’re in the PC environment, pressx-E.

To eject a CD-ROM disc in the PC environment, press

For more details, see the section “Working in the PC Environment,” later in this chapter.

-Y.

Setting up the PC environment

In order to take advantage of certain memory management utilities, you may need to modify your DOS CONFIG.SYS file. For information about how to edit DOS files, see your DOS manual. For information about the kinds of changes you might need to make, read the information in this section.

Note: Your DOS system software also includes alternative versions of the CONFIG.SYS and AUTOEXEC.BAT files that allow you to select from a variety of memory management options each time you start DOS. For information on how to install these files, see “Replacing the CONFIG.SYS and AUTOEXEC.BAT Files” in the section “Reinstalling the DOS-Compatibility Software” in Chapter 8.

Chapter 5

Memory management utilities

If you use a memory management utility such as EMM386 or QEMM, you need to configure it so that it runs with your DOS-compatibility hardware and software.

IMPORTANT

Apple Computer does not recommend using automated memory configuration utilities with your DOS-compatible Macintosh, because they can require more memory than management utilities you configure manually. In addition, some memory configuration utilities may not be compatible with DOS-compatibility hardware.

If you want to use the EMM386 utility (included as part of DOS) and don’t require expanded memory, set a “DEVICE=” line in the CONFIG.SYS file to the following:

DEVICE=C:\DOS\EMM386.EXE NOEMS RAM=D000-EFFF

If you require expanded memory, set a “DEVICE=” line in the CONFIG.SYS file to the following:

DEVICE=C:\DOS\EMM386.EXE RAM=D000-EFFF FRAME=D000

If you want to use the QEMM utility, use the frame option (ST:F):

DEVICE=C:\QEMM\QEMM386.SYS RAM ST:F ARAM=B080-B7FF ARAM=C900-DFFF R:1

If you want to use the Stealth mapping option (ST:M), set a “DEVICE=” line in the CONFIG.SYS file to the following:

DEVICE=C:\QEMM\QEMM386.SYS RAM ST:M X=C800-CFFF X=FC00FCFF X=FE00-FFFF ARAM=B080-B7FF ARAM=C900-DFFF R:2

Configure other memory management utilities so that D000 through EFFF is the only area in the BIOS that can be mapped to upper memory.

To prevent the read-only memory (ROM) BIOS from becoming damaged when the DOS-compatibility card is configured for 2 MB of memory, set the switch in the CONFIG.SYS file to turn memory testing off.

DEVICE=C:\DOS\HIMEM.SYS /TESTMEM:OFF

For more information on making the best use of memory, read the sections on memory management in your DOS manual, or refer to the documentation for your memory manager if you are using a utility other than EMM386 or QEMM.

Operating in the PC Environment

Working in the PC environment

When you switch to DOS or Windows, you’re operating in a real PC world. The floppy disk drive, mouse, and keyboard all act as they would with a standard PC. There are, however, some issues you need to be aware of.

Floppy disk drives and floppy disks

The Macintosh floppy disk drive is drive A in the PC environment. To eject a disk from this disk drive while you’re in the PC environment, press x-E.

In the PC environment, you can insert only DOS-format disks or blank disks. If you try to insert a Mac OS–format floppy disk, it is ejected. If a Mac OS–format disk is already in the disk drive when you switch to the PC environment, you will not be able to use it in the PC environment. (In contrast, when you are in the Mac OS, you can use Mac OS disks as well as locked DOS-format disks.)

If you format a blank disk in the PC environment, it is formatted as a DOS disk. (In the Mac OS, you can format disks for DOS as well as for the Mac OS). Keep in mind, however, that some blank disks are preformatted by the manufacturer. If you insert a new, blank disk in the PC environment and it is ejected, it may have been preformatted as a Macintosh disk. To use the disk in the PC environment, you must first return to the Mac OS and reformat (reinitialize) the disk as a DOS disk.

Although you can format a floppy disk in a DOS 720 format in the PC environment, DOS computers may not be able to read it. For best results, format the disk in the Macintosh environment, choosing DOS 720K as the format. See “How do I prepare a disk for use?” in the “Disks” topic of Macintosh Guide, available in the Guide (h) menu.

Restarting the PC from a floppy disk

To restart (reboot) the PC environment from a floppy disk, insert the disk into the floppy disk drive. Press x-Control-Alt–[keypad] period. When the floppy disk is ejected, immediately reinsert it into the disk drive.

Chapter 5

CD-ROM discs and drives

Your DOS-compatible Macintosh allows you to use CD-ROM discs that run on DOS and Windows.

To eject a CD-ROM disc in the PC environment, press x-Y. If the CD-ROM disc cannot be ejected (because a file is in use or the CD-ROM disc is being shared), the Macintosh beeps.

You can listen to audio CDs in either the PC environment or the Mac OS, but you cannot control the same disc from both environments. For example, if you begin listening to an audio CD while working in the PC environment and then switch to the Mac OS, you can’t adjust the CD’s volume until you return to the PC environment.

If you play an audio CD in Windows while running low-level media tools, such as PC Tools or Microsoft Anti-Virus, your system may “crash.” It is best to reduce computer activity to a minimum while using such tools.

You cannot use more than one CD-ROM drive at a time in the PC environment.

The PC sets up a drive letter (E) for a CD-ROM drive even if no drive is connected. If no CD-ROM drive is connected to your computer, you can use this drive letter and free some memory by editing the AUTOEXEC.BAT and CONFIG.SYS files.

In the AUTOEXEC.BAT file, type

LH C:\DOS\MSCDEX /D:CDDRVR /L:E

REM at the beginning of the line

In the CONFIG.SYS file, type REM at the beginning of the line

DEVICE=C:\Apple\CDROM.SYS /D:CDDRVR

If you preface these commands with REM, DOS ignores them.

Operating in the PC Environment

Pointing device

The standard Macintosh pointing device (such as a mouse or trackball) has one button; most PC devices have two. The button on the Macintosh pointing device behaves like the left button on a PC device.

m To simulate the right button, press the = key on the keypad. m To simulate pressing the left and right buttons at the same time, press the

mouse button and the = key simultaneously.

If you have Windows installed, you can use its Mouse control panel to switch the button assignment.

Note: DOS does not come with a mouse driver. A mouse driver for Windows is installed on your system along with Windows, however.

Keyboard

The DOS-compatible Macintosh works with all Apple keyboards. In the PC environment, you can use the Option key on an Apple keyboard as the equivalent for the Alt key on a PC keyboard.

You can use the Apple Extended Keyboard and the AppleDesign Keyboard normally. With the Apple Keyboard II, use the following equivalents for keys on a PC keyboard. These equivalents also apply to the Apple Adjustable Keyboard if the function key keyboard isn’t plugged in.

Chapter 5

PC key Equivalent on Macintosh keyboard

F1 through F9

F10

F11

F12

F13

F14

F15

Home

PageUp

End

PageDown

Insert

-1 through 9

-0

-(minus)

-(equal)

–[keypad] 7

–[keypad] 9

–[keypad] 1

–[keypad] 3

–[keypad] 0

Del

–[keypad] period

Using the Apple Adjustable Keyboard: If you are using the Apple Adjustable Keyboard, you cannot use key combinations made up of keys from the main keyboard and function keys (for example, Shift-F1). This means you cannot restart the PC environment using the keyboard command x-Control-Alt–[keypad] period. Instead, click Restart PC in the PC Setup control panel to restart the PC environment.

MacShare

MacShare is a PC application program that lets you view Mac OS folders and volumes as drive letters when you’re in the PC environment. You can have as

“

many of these

To specify the number of drive letters, modify your CONFIG.SYS file to include a LASTDRIVE statement.

LASTDRIVE=x

where x is a letter between E and Z. (The PC environment reserves drives A through D for its floppy and hard disk drives.)

shared drives” as there are drive letters.

Operating in the PC Environment

For example, if you use M as your LASTDRIVE value, you could have up to nine extra drives using drives labeled E through M. A CD-ROM drive, if installed, uses E.

Each additional drive letter uses 100 bytes of PC memory.

Clipboards

You can exchange information between the PC environment and the Mac OS. The type of information you can exchange depends on whether you’re running DOS or Windows.

Windows Clipboard

You can exchange text, PICT, RTF, and bitmap files between the Mac OS and Windows using the Copy and Paste commands from the Edit menu. You can also purchase additional software from other manufacturers to provide translations of other kinds of files.

DOS “Clipboard”

If you’re running DOS, you can copy text or a PICT file that is diplayed on the screen to a kind of “clipboard,” then paste it into a file in the Macintosh environment. You do this by using the DOSCLIP TSR (Terminate-and-StayResident) program, a memory-resident program that is loaded automatically each time you switch to DOS. You activate DOSCLIP by pressing a keyboard command (preset to Shift-Control-C) and then selecting a region to copy.

If you have a mouse driver installed, follow these steps to copy and paste information using the DOSCLIP TSR program:

1In the PC environment, issue the keyboard command Shift-Control-C to activate

DOSCLIP.

2 Drag to select the information you want to copy.

The information is copied to the DOSCLIP “clipboard,” and you can paste it into another file.

The keyboard command starts the process: In the PC environment, you issue the keyboard command first; then you drag to select the information. In the Mac OS, you select the area first and then issue the keyboard command.

Chapter 5

If you don’t have a DOS mouse driver installed, follow these steps to copy and paste information using DOSCLIP:

1 In the PC environment, issue the keyboard command Shift-Control-C to activate

DOSCLIP.

A cursor appears in the center of the screen.

2 Use the arrow keys on the keyboard to move the cursor to the upper-left corner of the

region you want to copy.

3Holding down the Shift key, use the arrow keys to move the cursor to the lower-right

corner of the region.

4 Release the Shift key.

The selected area is copied to the DOSCLIP “clipboard.”

To paste text into DOS from the Mac OS, do this:

Issue the keyboard command Shift-Control-V.

Changing the predefined keyboard commands in DOS

The Shift-Control-C (Copy) and Shift-Control-V (Paste) keyboard commands are preset in DOS. However, you can change them if you wish by editing the AUTOEXEC.BAT file.

To change the keyboard command for the Copy command, use this form:

C:\APPLE\DOSCLIP/Cnm…

To change the keyboard command for the Paste command, use this form:

C:\APPLE\DOSCLIP/Pnm…

In both cases, you replace n with a number representing a key scan code from the following table, and you replace m… with one or more of the characters A, C, and S (for Alt, Control, and Shift).

For example, the preset keyboard command for Copy is Control-Alt-C, which is coded as keys”;

/C46CA. In this code, /C means “copy using the following

46 means “the C key”; C means “the Control key”; and A means

“the Alt key.” To change the keyboard command to F3, you’d type the following:

C:\APPLE\DOSCLIP/C61

Note: For on-screen help about other DOSCLIP options, type DOSCLIP /? at the DOS prompt.

Operating in the PC Environment

Key Scan code Key Scan code

0 11 ' " 40

1 2 , < 51

2 3 - _ 12

3 4 . > 52

4 5 / ? 53

5 6 ; : 39

6 7 = + 13

7 8 [ { 26

8 9 \ | 43

9 10 ] } 27

` ~ 41

+ (keypad) 78 tab 15

- (keypad) 74 alt 56

arrow (down) 80 bksp 14

arrow (left) 75 caps 58

Chapter 5

arrow (right) 77 center 76

arrow (up) 72 ctrl 29

del 83 pgdn 81

end 79 pgup 73

enter 28 prtsc 55

esc 1 scroll 70

home 71 shift (left side) 42

ins 82 shift (right side) 54

num 69 space 57

continued

Key Scan code Key Scan code

F1 59 F7 65

F2 60 F8 66

F3 61 F9 67

F4 62 F10 68

F5 63 F11 87

F6 64 F12 88

A 30 N 49

B 48 O 24

C 46 P 25

D 32 Q 16

E 18 R 19

F 33 S 31

G 34 T 20

H 35 U 22

I 23 V 47

J 36 W 17

K 37 X 45

L 38 Y 21

M 50 Z 44

Operating in the PC Environment

Tips for using the Clipboard

When the PC environment is running, you have three separate clipboards to work with—the Mac OS Clipboard, the Windows Clipboard, and the DOSCLIP “clipboard.” Translation between the clipboards takes place each time you switch between the PC and Macintosh environments. When using these clipboards, keep the following points in mind:

m If you copy an item to the Macintosh Clipboard, switch to Windows, and

then copy an item to the Windows Clipboard, you will lose the original Macintosh Clipboard contents. To prevent this problem from occurring, remove the PC Clipboard extension from the Extensions folder (inside the System Folder in the Mac OS).

m In order to translate the contents of the Macintosh Clipboard to the

Windows Clipboard, Windows must be already running when you switch environments. If you switch to DOS and then launch Windows, the Macintosh Clipboard will be translated into DOSCLIP, and the Windows Clipboard will be blank.

m In order to translate the contents of the Macintosh Clipboard to DOSCLIP,

Windows must not be running when you switch environments. If Windows is running when you switch to the PC environment, the Macintosh Clipboard will be translated into the Windows Clipboard, and DOSCLIP will be blank.

m DOSCLIP contents cannot be pasted into Windows, or vice versa. m Graphics can be copied from a DOS application program to DOSCLIP, but

graphics cannot be pasted into a DOS program from DOSCLIP.

m After copying a graphic from DOS using DOSCLIP, you may experience

difficulty in pasting the graphic into a Macintosh application program. If this happens, try increasing the Macintosh program’s memory. (See the “Working with Programs” topic of Macintosh Guide, available in the Guide [h] menu.)

m Sounds cannot be copied between the Macintosh and the PC environments. m Plain text is automatically translated from one environment to another, but

in order to retain font and style information, additional Macintosh Easy Open translators must be used (for example, MacLink Plus from DataViz).

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m When using DOSCLIP from within certain application programs, it may

not be possible to select the text using the mouse. In these cases, either use the keyboard to select your text, or check that the standard DOS mouse driver is not loaded.

m When the PC environment is active, all Macintosh programs are put in the

background to allow the PC Clipboard to run in the foreground. If you do not want your Macintosh programs to run in the background while you are in the PC environment, you must disable the Clipboard translation by removing the PC Clipboard Extension from the Extensions folder (inside the System Folder in the Mac OS).

Running network software

The DOS-compatibility software on your computer supports any networking protocols, operating systems, or application programs that are compatible with Novell’s Open Data-Link Interface specification (ODI).

To set up the software, install your networking client software in the PC environment.

Networking client software such as Novell’s NetWare is not included with the DOS-compatible Macintosh.

For information on installing network management software, see Appendix D.

Compatible and incompatible protocols

You can run NetWare in the PC environment at the same time that you’re running AppleTalk in the Mac OS.

To use IPX or TCP networking protocols, you must have an Ethernet card installed in your computer’s communication slot. For instructions on installing an Ethernet card, see Appendix B.

You can use the IPX and TCP protocols at the same time in the PC environment or in the Mac OS, or you can use one protocol in the PC environment and the other protocol in the Mac OS. However, you cannot use the same protocol in both environments at the same time.

Operating in the PC Environment

If you want to use the IPX protocol in the PC environment and you have installed MacIPX in the Mac OS, remove MacIPX from the Control Panels folder or select AppleTalk as your network interface in the MacIPX control panel.

If you want to use the TCP protocol in the PC environment, remove MacTCP from the Control Panels folder or select an interface other than Ethernet in the MacTCP control panel.

Network performance is improved by adding memory to the DOScompatibility card installed in your computer, as described in Appendix B.

For more information on installing network management software, see Appendix E.

Using multimedia, MIDI, and game programs

These types of programs, whether they are run in the PC or Macintosh environment, see a marked performance improvement when there is a memory SIMM on the DOS-compatibility card for the exclusive use of the PC environment. See the Technical Information booklet to determine whether your computer has a SIMM installed on the DOS-compatibility card. You can also install a SIMM with greater memory capacity, as described in Appendix B, “Installing an Expansion Card or Memory for the PC Environment.” QuickTime performance is especially improved with a SIMM.

Some DOS-based MPEG players require a VGA monitor to output video. All VGA modes can be displayed on Macintosh monitors supported by the DOScompatible Macintosh. If the monitor specified to display the PC is a VGA monitor, select VGA in the Display box in the PC Setup control panel. You cannot select VGA for a shared monitor configuration from the PC Setup control panel if your monitor is not capable of displaying VGA. Multiscan monitors can display VGA.

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Using Macintosh peripheral devices in the PC environment

You use the serial ports of your Macintosh just like the serial ports of any PC-compatible computer.

The maximum data transfer rate supported by the DOS-compatible hardware when a COM port is mapped to a Macintosh serial port is 19,200 bits per second (bps). If you’re capturing serial output to a Mac OS text file, there is no limit.

For more information about serial ports, see “Configuring the PC Serial Ports” in Chapter 6.

Using printers

For DOS or Windows printing, use the LPT1.DOS or LPT1 serial port. In general, you must use printers that are Macintosh-compatible, and you must use their corresponding Macintosh printer extensions. However, in a PC Novell NetWare environment you can print to a PC-compatible printer attached to a Novell network. See Appendix E, “Installing Network Management Software.”

DOS uses the printer selected in the Macintosh Chooser as the default LPT1 device. If you have a serial printer directly connected to a COM port, however, DOS uses that printer instead.

The DOS-compatible software can process output for Epson and PostScript

™

printers, and for all printers that use Hewlett-Packard’s page control language (PCL).

If a printer is not a PostScript or PCL printer, it’s considered to be a QuickDraw printer. QuickDraw printers such as the Apple StyleWriter or ImageWriter work only with Epson emulation. For non-PostScript PCL printers, use the appropriate PCL driver in the PC environment. For nonPostScript, non-PCL printers, configure your DOS application program to use the Epson LQ-2500 driver. If this driver isn’t available, try another Epson LQ or LX series driver. Be sure to turn on the PCL option if it’s available for your printer.

Operating in the PC Environment

The Epson emulator works by first translating the DOS text to a similar Macintosh font, then interpreting that text into a series of QuickDraw commands. Some characters in the original DOS character set may not have exact translations to a Macintosh font. The use of a PostScript font is recommended in these cases, because the PostScript standard requires no translation.

About color: When you use Epson emulation, you can’t print in color. When you print from the PC environment to a color or grayscale QuickDraw printer, be sure to select the Black & White option in the Print dialog box.

If you have a PCL printer and you’re printing over an AppleTalk network, printing is limited to text only or graphics only. To print text only, select your printer’s driver in the Windows Control Panel. To print graphics only, choose the LaserJet III driver in the Windows Control Panel. If you need to print mixed graphics and text, many Windows programs bitmap their text so that it becomes a graphic. Additionally, you may be able to print text and graphics together on a PCL printer when you print over a Novell network, where a PC print server is connected to the PCL printer and handles the print job. Select your printer’s own driver in the Windows Control Panel.

For PostScript printers, use the Apple LaserWriter II NT driver (or another PostScript driver if the Apple LaserWriter II NT driver is not available) or the PostScript driver for Windows.

Chapter 5

IMPORTANT

Be sure to make settings in the Mac OS PC Print Spooler that match the drivers you use in the PC environment, or your printer will not work correctly. For details, see “Setting Preferences in the PC Print Spooler” later in this chapter.

Tu rning off background printing in the Macintosh Chooser may improve the performance of some printers.

Configuring a printer for Windows: For better performance when you configure a printer for Windows, select LPT1.DOS instead of LPT as the port.

IMPORTANT

If you try to print a file using a PostScript printer driver for a non-PostScript printer, and the preferences are set to Epson, your file will not be printed. Instead, the file will be moved to a folder called “Spooler Rejected” in the Mac OS. To print the file, choose the proper printer driver in the PC environment and try again.

Note: Data sent to the LPT1 port is automatically routed to the printer selected in the Chooser in the Mac OS. There is no actual parallel port on the DOS-compatible Macintosh.

AppleShare Print Server

Do not install the AppleShare Print Server software in your DOS-compatible Macintosh, because this software causes conflicts with the PC Print Spooler. You can, however, connect your DOS-compatible Macintosh to a network that uses an AppleShare Print Server.

Setting preferences in the PC Print Spooler

You can set preferences in the PC Print Spooler to control a variety of print functions.

To choose your Print Spooler settings, follow these steps:

1 In the Macintosh environment, open the Extensions folder inside the System Folder.

2 Open the PC Print Spooler icon.

Operating in the PC Environment

3Choose Preferences from the File menu.

A dialog box appears.

4Choose your settings as appropriate.

The selection you make for “Interpret non-PostScript as” must match the type of printer you have specified in the PC environment. If the settings are mismatched, your printer may not function. In addition, the PCL option works only if the printer is set up to accept PCL commands.

The selection you make for “When emulating an Epson printer” determines how much of a page is available for printing. If you use the option that allows gaps between pages, configure your application programs to print a 60-line page, rather than a 66-line page, or your margins and text will not print correctly.

5 Click OK.

66-line maximum for Epson: If you use an Epson printer, or another printer in Epson emulation, you won’t able to print pages that are longer than 66 lines (standard letter-size paper). Legal-size and other larger pages will be cut off after either 60 or 66 lines, depending on the setting you’ve chosen. If you find that your printing is cut off at either the top or bottom of the page, click the No Gaps option.

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Using PC peripheral devices

Because of the RS-422 implementation of the Macintosh, the following RS-232 signals are not available to the PC:

m Carrier Detect (CD) m Data Set Ready (DSR) m Request to Send (RTS) m Ring Indicator (RI)

Applications or peripheral devices requiring these signals won’t work with your DOS-compatible Macintosh.

While the DOS-compatible Macintosh does not support Carrier Detect (CD) signals, you can set most communications application programs to respond to the CARRIER string sent back by most modems.

For more information about using serial ports from DOS, see the documentation that came with your DOS software.

IMPORTANT

The following chart lists the various signals present on the Macintosh Mini DIN-8 connector, and on what pins these signals are present on PC-style DB-9 and DB-25 connectors. This information may be of use if you are planning to have a custom cable built. Refer to the manual for the peripheral device that you plan to attach to the Macintosh for the recommended serial connection, and use the following chart to find out what the proper Macintosh wiring should be.

Macintosh signal Macintosh Mini DIN-8 DB-9 DB-25 RS-232 name

HSK0 1 4 20 DTR

HSK1 2 8 5, 8 CTS, DCD

TXD- 3 3 2 TXD

GND 4 5 7 GND

RXDA- 5 2 3 RXD

TXDA+ 6 N/C N/C

GP1 7 N/C N/C

RXD+ 8 5 7 GND

Operating in the PC Environment

Use the instructions in this chapter

if you need to change settings for

the PC environment.

Configuring the PC Environment

This chapter explains how to configure the PC environment and change PC options using the PC Setup control panel.

Your Macintosh comes with the PC environment already configured and ready to use. Read this chapter only if you want to change the way the PC environment is set up, or if you have reinstalled the DOS-compatibility software and need to reconfigure it.

You can control how your Macintosh and your DOS-compatible hardware and software work together with the PC Setup control panel. You use the control panel to accomplish the following tasks:

m configure PC serial ports m set display options m set the shared memory size m choose folders or volumes to be shared between the Mac OS and the PC

environment

m turn PC sounds on and off and use Sound Blaster sound capabilities m configure PC drives m turn the PC card on and off

You also use the control panel to switch environments immediately and to start, restart, or shut down the PC.

Choosing settings

To choose settings, follow these steps:

1Choose Control Panels from the Apple (

2Double-click the PC Setup control panel to open it.

3When you have specified the settings you want, close the control panel.

) menu.

All settings except the setting for RAM take effect as soon as you make them. If you change the RAM setting, you must restart the Macintosh before the change can take effect.

Online help available: To get brief on-screen explanations of items in the control panel, choose Show Balloons from the Guide (h) menu. To get detailed step-by-step help, see the “DOS Compatibility Software” topic of Macintosh Guide, available in the Guide (h) menu.

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Configuring the PC serial ports

Your DOS-compatible Macintosh supports two serial ports, COM1 and COM2. You can assign these ports to an unused Macintosh printer port or modem port, to a text file for later processing, or to a setting of None.

To assign a Macintosh serial port to a COM port, make a selection in the COM port’s

pop-up menu in the PC setup control panel.

When you assign a port to a text file, you specify a name and location for the file in a dialog box that appears. Macintosh serial ports already in use appear dimmed in the menu. (The printer port may be in use by AppleTalk, which may be used for a network or LaserWriter connection; the modem port may be in use by communications or fax software.) Changes to these selections take place immediately.

Assigned ports may not be available to the Mac OS: Mac OS programs may no longer be able to access ports that you’ve assigned to DOS. Allocate these ports only when they’re needed, and deallocate them when they’re no longer required by your DOS programs. (You won’t have to restart the computer to have the changes take effect.)

The maximum baud rate supported by the DOS-compatible Macintosh when a COM port is assigned to a Macintosh serial port is 19,200 bits per second (bps). However, when the MODE command is issued in DOS and the serial port is set at 19,200 baud, the incorrect message “Function not supported on this computer” is displayed. This occurs because DOS is looking for specific hardware (a PC UART) that is not emulated by the DOS-compatible Macintosh. The Macintosh actually does support 19,200 baud, and can be set by a number of communications application programs.

Configuring the PC Environment

Setting the monitor

The monitor connected to your Macintosh DOS-compatible system displays the environment (Mac OS or PC) you’re working in. Even though you see only one environment at a time, the other environment can still be active in the background.

To set the monitor for the PC environment:

See the Technical Information booklet that came with your computer for a list of supported Macintosh monitors and for VGA and SVGA monitor specifications.

If the DOS-compatibility software recognizes the monitor connected to your computer as a non-multiscan display, it makes the appropriate selection for you; other choices in the menu are dimmed.

16" monitor requires driver: If you have a 16" monitor, the PC environment doesn’t use the entire screen unless you install a display driver for the program that you’re using. (DOS can’t use a video driver, so there will always be a large black border around the DOS screen.) See “Reinstalling Video Drivers” in the section “Reinstalling the DOS-Compatibility Software” in Chapter 8 for instructions.

Choose a monitor type in the Display pop-up menu of the PC Setup control panel.

Setting the time and date

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The PC environment uses the same date and time settings as the Mac OS. If you change the time and date in the PC environment, it will not affect the time and date on the Mac OS.

When you restart the PC environment, it synchronizes its time and date with the settings you’ve chosen in the Mac OS. (The PC environment may lag up to 10 seconds behind the Mac OS.)

Setting shared memory

You can install a 72-pin SIMM (Single Inline Memory Module) on the DOScompatibility card in your computer to give the card up to 32 MB of RAM for its exclusive use. When no memory module is installed, the card uses a portion of the RAM installed in your Macintosh.

If your computer came with a memory module already installed on the DOS-compatibility card, you cannot share memory between the Mac OS and the PC environment. The PC environment uses the memory installed on the DOS-compatibility card exclusively. The shared memory options in the PC Setup control panel will be dimmed (unavailable). See the Technical Information booklet to determine whether your computer contains a memory module installed on the DOS-compatibility card.

Choose the amount of memory you want for the PC environment in the RAM

pop-up menu.

In the RAM pop-up menu, a small square (M) shows the RAM that the PC is currently using and a bullet (•) indicates how much RAM you assigned. When the Macintosh starts up, it claims RAM for its own use before it sets aside RAM for the PC. If the PC has less RAM than you installed, turn off the Mac OS RAM disk (if you’re using one) in the Memory control panel. You may also need to decrease the disk cache size in the Memory control panel to 128K or less.

Memory changes take place when you restart the Macintosh.

IMPORTANT

Memory that you set aside for the PC environment is not available to the Mac OS. To make this memory available, you must turn off the PC environment (click the Off button at the top of the PC Setup control panel) and restart the Macintosh.

Configuring the PC Environment

Changing the amount of conventional memory

Many DOS and Windows programs require conventional memory to run. At the same time, many device drivers and TSR (Terminate and Stay Resident) programs may be loaded into conventional memory. If you find that you do not have enough conventional memory to run some of your DOS or Windows programs, take the following steps.

To increase Upper Memory Block (UMB) space to 122K instead of 64K, add the following line to your CONFIG.SYS file:

DEVICE=C:\WINDOWS\EMM386.EXE RAM=D000-EFFF FRAME=D000

To load DOS into the UMB (also known as high memory), also add the following to your CONFIG.SYS file:

DOS=HIGH, UMB

Insert the LOADHIGH (LH) command before all TSRs and device drivers in the AUTOEXEC.BAT file. For example:

LH C:\DOS\SMARTDRV.EXE /X

This will load these programs into UMB. If you run out of UMB space, you may see an error message like this during the startup (boot) process:

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Run time error R6009

-not enough space for environment.

In this case, remove LH from TSRs and device drivers one or two at a time, and try again until the error message does not appear.

If you issue a DOSCLIP copy command while using Harvard Graphics 3.0, the PC environment crashes when you quit Harvard Graphics. To prevent this, use the steps outlined above, making sure that SMARTDRV is one of the drivers preceded with LH.

IMPORTANT

To prevent the system BIOS from becoming damaged when the PC environment is configured for 2 MB of memory, set the switch in the CONFIG.SYS file to turn memory testing off:

DEVICE=C:\DOS\HIMEM.SYS /TESTMEM:OFF

Choosing shared folders or volumes

You can set up a Mac OS folder, Macintosh hard disk, shared disk, or CD-ROM disc on a network to act as a PC drive.

Sharing a folder on your Macintosh hard disk is a convenient way to transfer files between the Mac OS and the PC environment, especially if you are dealing with many files, or large files.

You can share entire disks, or volumes. This is especially useful for network volumes, CD-ROM drives, or other volumes that otherwise would not be readily available to the PC environment. DOS treats all shared volumes as network volumes. Some DOS commands, such as FORMAT, CHKDSK, UNDELETE, and SUBST, will not work on shared volumes.

Choose an available drive letter from the Sharing pop-up menu in the PC Setup

control panel.

A dialog box appears, letting you select a folder or disk (volume) for the drive.

Shared folders and volumes revert to their usual unshared status when you shut down your Macintosh. To have a folder or volume automatically assigned to a drive letter at startup, click the checkbox next to Attach at Startup. The name of an automatically attached folder or volume appears underlined in the Sharing pop-up menu. To turn off an assignment, choose the underlined item in the menu.

IMPORTANT

For the sharing functions to work properly, DOS must be running, MacShare should be loaded as part of the AUTOEXEC.BAT file, and a LASTDRIVE=x statement should appear in the CONFIG.SYS file, where x is the highest drive letter available for sharing. AUTOEXEC.BAT and CONFIG.SYS have x preset to M. See “MacShare” in the section “Working in the PC Environment” in Chapter 5 for more information.

See the “Using DOS Files & Disks” topic of Macintosh Guide, available in the Guide (h) menu, for more information on transferring files between the PC environment and the Mac OS using floppy disks and other media.

IMPORTANT

Use caution when handling the drive file. Erasing a drive file is equivalent to reformatting the hard drive it is emulating. The drive file is locked when it is installed on your computer. If you must unlock it, be very careful not to erase it.

Configuring the PC Environment

Using shared folders

Because two operating systems have access to each shared folder, you may notice a decrease in performance when using these folders for high-speed PC application programs such as multimedia programs, or during large file transfers between them. For optimum performance, place PC application programs and their files in the C or D drive rather than in a shared folder. The performance of Macintosh programs is unaffected if placed in shared folders.

Since the PC doesn’t understand the concept of resource forks the same way the Macintosh does, information in a Macintosh file’s “resource fork” is lost when it is copied by the PC environment. For example, if a Macintosh file is copied between two shared folders using the COPY command in DOS, that file’s original icon will be lost, and the file itself may be unusable in the Mac OS.

Many document files do not have resource forks and can be copied between shared folders with no problems. The programs that created the files contain the resource information for these files. However, QuickTime files cannot be successfully copied between shared folders.

Some Microsoft application programs misrepresent the shared drive icons. When you open a file from a shared folder in Microsoft Excel or Microsoft Word, the shared drive icon may appear as a floppy disk or CD. This does not affect the file’s content, and the file is still usable.

Do not attempt to use shared folders from a DOS shell run from Windows.

Strange text characters in a document

Sometimes when you use shared folders to exchange documents between the Mac OS and the PC, a Macintosh program may not be able to interpret the file format of a PC document. When this happens, the document’s formatting is displayed incorrectly and you may see strange characters in the document.

m Try using a different Macintosh program. m Translate the document into a different file format using one of the file

format translation utilities available for the Macintosh (such as MacLink Plus Easy Open Translators from DataViz).

m Transfer the text using DOSCLIP. m Use the Export feature found in many programs. m Use a PC-Macintosh translation utility.

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Turning on PC sounds

To have Sound Blaster and other PC sounds played through the Macintosh speaker or through headphones, you need to specify settings in both the PC Setup control panel and in the Sound control panel.

Choosing a setting in the Sound pop-up menu

The Sound pop-up menu in the PC Setup control panel gives you three choices:

m To hear PC sounds in both the PC environment and the Mac OS, choose

Enabled.

m To hear PC sounds only when you’re in the PC environment, choose

Auto Enabled.

m To shut off PC sounds entirely, choose Disabled.

Sound control panel takes precedence: The setting in the PC Setup control panel’s Sound pop-up menu has no effect on sounds generated in the Mac OS. If the volume is set to 0 in the Sound control panel, however, you won’t hear any PC sounds no matter what the setting is in the PC Setup control panel’s Sound menu.

For sounds generated by the Sound Blaster card and for sounds from the PC, the Sound control panel must be set with the Internal CD playthrough option turned on. For instructions, see the “Sound” topic of Macintosh Guide, available in the Guide (h) menu.

The PC sound setting in the PC Setup control panel does not affect sounds produced by the Sound Blaster card. Only PC-generated sounds, such as the system beep, are affected by this setting. To turn off both PC and Sound Blaster–generated sounds, use the master volume control of the Mixer Control application program from the Audio program group, or turn off the Internal CD playthrough option in the Sound control panel in the Mac OS. (For instructions, see the “Sound” topic of Macintosh Guide, available in the Guide (h) menu.)

Configuring the PC Environment

The Sound Blaster card installed in your DOS-compatible Macintosh is not able to record sounds.

The DOS-compatible Macintosh does not fully support Sound Blaster 8-bit, Sound Blaster 2.0, or Sound Blaster Pro drivers. If problems occur, use the Sound Blaster 16 driver that comes with your computer.

Configuring drives C and D

You use the C: and D: pop-up menus to create or select PC drives. Drive C is required; drive D is optional. You can use a DOS-format SCSI hard drive attached to your Macintosh, or you can create a storage area called a drive container—a “virtual PC drive”—on any Macintosh hard drive. You can even use a drive container created by SoftPC or SoftWindows.

To use a DOS-format SCSI drive as a startup (boot) drive, format the drive to be bootable by using the FORMAT C: /S command.

To create a drive container for drive C or D, choose New Drive File from the C: or D: pop-up menu.

Set a location for the drive container, and give it a name and a size. Then click Initialize Drive File.

™

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When using a DOS-format SCSI device as the PC’s C or D drive, ensure that the driver for that device is not loaded by Macintosh PC Exchange. This would cause Macintosh PC Exchange to mount the drive instead of the PC environment. Open the PC Exchange control panel and click the Options button. Make sure the SCSI driver for the device you want to use is not checked. Then click OK. This ensures that the PC will be able to load the C drive.

Single versus multiple partitions: When you initialize a container this way, it contains a single partition. To initialize a container with multiple partitions, prepare it in DOS using the FDISK command instead of initializing it through the PC Setup control panel. Then format it using the FORMAT command. Use the /S parameter in the FORMAT command to make the container bootable (for example, type

FORMAT C: /S at the DOS prompt).

See the DOS manual for further instructions on using these commands.

To change the drive container for drive C or D, choose Other Drive File from the C: or D: pop-up menu, then locate the new drive container in the dialog box that appears.

The change takes effect the next time you restart the PC environment. To have the change take place immediately, click the Restart PC button at the bottom of the control panel.

To use a PC drive or partition, choose Drive Partition from the C: or D: pop-up menu.

A dialog box appears with a list of available partitions.

If you use a PC drive or partition and you have a utility that mounts these devices on the Macintosh, unmount the drive or partition before starting the PC by dragging its icon to the Trash.

WARNING

If you don’t unmount the drive or partition, you may lose data because both the Macintosh and the PC environments may write to the device at the same time.

If you intend to mount your PC drive container, partition, or disk on the Macintosh using Macintosh PC Exchange, do not use a PC compression program. Drives that are compressed cannot be mounted.

Managing PC files from the Mac OS

You can gain access to files in a drive container even if you’re in the Mac OS. Follow these steps:

1Double-click the drive container in the Finder.

The drive container appears as a disk icon on the Mac OS desktop.

Configuring the PC Environment

2Double-click the container’s disk icon.

The icon opens and you have access to the files inside it.

You can now manipulate these files as you would any Mac OS files.

Drive container may be read-only: If the PC environment is running, you won’t be able to add anything to the drive container from the Mac OS. If you need to add files to the drive container, shut down the PC environment from the PC Setup control panel and then do steps 1 and 2 above.

Changing the size of the drive container

You may find, after installing software in a drive container, that the container is too small or too large for your needs. You cannot change the size of an existing drive container, but you can create a new one in the appropriate size and move the software to it. You can also create an additional drive container to supplement the existing one.

Two active containers maximum: For the following procedure to work, drive D must be available for assignment to a new drive container. If both drives C and D have been assigned, you must first set drive D to None and drive C to the container you need to replace. (The contents of the container assigned to drive D are unaffected.)

Calculating the proper size

To determine the proper size for the new container, follow these steps:

1Make sure you’re in the Mac OS, then open the PC Setup control panel.

You see a small Apple icon at the upper-left corner of the screen when you’re in the Mac OS.

2Check the name of the container associated with drive C.

The name of the container appears above the C: pop-up menu.

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3 Locate the container in the Finder.

4 Open the container’s Info window and note the container’s size.

To open the container’s Info window, select the container’s icon and choose Get Info from the File menu.

5Close the Info window by clicking its close box.

6Switch to the PC environment.

7 At the DOS C: prompt, type

DIR

Note how much space is available.

8Subtract the amount of available space on the drive from the container size.

The number you get is the current size you need for storage.

9Add 10 percent to the result of the calculation in step 8.

It’s a good idea to have extra space available, because some application programs may need to write temporary work files to the drive, or you may need to add software to the drive at a later time. The 10 percent figure, however, is arbitrary; use a number that suits your needs.

If the current container is too large, the result of this calculation is the size that the new container should be. Skip to step 12.

10 Determine the amount of storage needed by the additional software you want to install.

To do so, add together the amounts of storage space required for the programs you want to install. This information is probably available in the documentation that came with your software.

Configuring the PC Environment

11 Add the sums from steps 9 and 10.

The resulting sum is the size that the new container should be.

12 Pressx-Return to switch back to the Mac OS.

Creating the new container

Now that you know what size the container should be, you’re ready to create it.

1 Follow the instructions in “Configuring Drives C and D” earlier in this chapter to create a

new container for drive D.

You may need to remove some files from your hard disk to free enough space for the new container.

2Click Restart PC at the bottom of the PC Setup control panel.

3 Click Switch to PC.

You now have two drives available—drive C, your original container, and drive D, the container you just created.

Moving the files

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You can transfer your files from the old container to the new one in either the Mac OS or the PC environment.

To move files in the Mac OS, drag all the files from the existing drive container to the new one.

To move the files in the PC environment, follow these steps:

1 At the DOS prompt, type

FORMAT D: /S

and press Return.

This command makes the new drive container bootable.

Type Y when DOS asks if you’re sure.

2When the DOS prompt returns, type the following command:

XCOPY C:\*.* D:\*.* /E /V

This command copies all the files and directories from your drive C container to your drive D container.

3Pressx-Return to switch back to the Mac OS when copying is finished.

4 In the PC Setup control panel, choose None from the D: pop-up menu.

Doing so deallocates drive D.

5Choose Other Drive File from the C: pop-up menu and select the container you

just created.

Your new container is now associated with drive C.

6Click Restart PC at the bottom of the PC Setup control panel.

7 Click Switch to PC.

8 At the DOS prompt, type

DIR

You should see a list of all the files you copied.

You may want to run some of your programs to verify that everything has been copied correctly.

To throw away the original drive container, first switch to the Mac OS. Then drag the original container to the Trash and choose Empty Trash from the Special menu.

Doing so frees up the space on your hard disk that the container held in reserve.

Configuring the PC Environment

Understanding the status line

The status line at the bottom of the control panel gives you messages about the status of the PC hardware and software. Messages can include any of the following:

DOS-compatibility card not present

Your computer’s system software did not recognize the DOS-compatibility card installed in your computer. Reinstall the PC software according to the directions in Chapter 8.

If reinstalling the software doesn’t help, contact an Apple-authorized service provider for assistance, or call Apple’s customer support hotline. (The phone number for the hotline is in the service and support information that came with your computer.)

PC Setup software not loaded

An error occurred during the startup process

and the DOS environment won’t run.

PC is running

PC is shut down

You’ve clicked Start PC and the card is active.

The card is installed but not running. To start the card,

click Start PC, or select Auto-start PC and restart the computer.

PC is turned off

The Off button at the top of the PC Setup control panel

is selected.

Not enough memory

Your computer must have at least 8 megabytes (MB) of RAM installed, and the PC environment requires at least 2 MB of free RAM if you don’t have a memory module installed on the DOScompatibility card for the exclusive use of the PC. Turn off the RAM disk (if you’re using one) in the Memory control panel, and restart your Macintosh.

Chapter 6

Consult this chapter if you experience

problems using the Mac OS.

Tr oubleshooting in the Macintosh Environment

When you have questions

If you want to know how to do a particular task in the Mac OS, refer to Macintosh Guide in the Guide ( Macintosh Guide, see Chapter 2 of this manual.

If you have problems working in the PC environment on your Macintosh, see Chapter 8, “Troubleshooting in the PC Environment.”

If you have questions about using DOS, see your DOS manual.

If you have trouble

While you’re using your computer, you may occasionally see a bomb icon or an error message, or the pointer (8) may “freeze” on the screen. If you have trouble with your computer, take a few minutes to read the information in this chapter. If your problem is related to a particular procedure, you should also look for information on that procedure in Macintosh Guide, available in the Guide (h) menu. For additional troubleshooting information and a list of common questions relating to your system software, see the “Troubleshooting” topic of Macintosh Guide.

h) menu. For instructions on using

If you are unable to access Macintosh Guide (for example, if your screen is “frozen”), refer to this chapter to see if you can resolve the problem.

Take your time

When you see an error message, you don’t have to take action immediately. The message stays on the screen until you click the OK (or Restart) button or turn off the Macintosh.

To help diagnose and correct the problem, gather as much information on the situation as you can. Then follow the instructions in the next section, “Start Over.”

m Make a note of exactly what you were doing when the problem occurred.

Write down the message on the screen. List the programs you were using and the names of any items you know have been added to the System Folder since the system software was installed. This information will help aservice person diagnose the problem. (It is helpful to keep a printed copy of the items in your System Folder. For instructions on printing the contents of a folder, see the “Printing & Fonts” topic of Macintosh Guide, available in the Guide [h] menu.)

m Check the screen for any clues. Is a menu selected? What programs and

document icons are open? Note anything else that seems relevant.

m If you were typing text and were not able to save it before the problem

occurred, you can write down the parts of the text still visible on the screen so that some of your work will be easy to replace.

m Ask other Macintosh users about the problem you’re having; they may have

a solution for it.

If you need repair service, consult the service and support information that came with your computer for instructions on how to contact an Appleauthorized service provider or Apple for assistance.

Chapter 7

Start over

Often you can eliminate a problem simply by clearing the computer’s memory and starting over.

If you can, save any open documents before restarting the Macintosh. If your system is frozen and does not respond to anything you do, or if you have a “bomb” message on the screen, saving may not be possible. You can try pressing x-Option-Esc to quit the program in use when the problem occurred; if this works, you can then save the documents open in other programs before restarting. (

program to quit only if you can’t choose Quit from the File menu.)

To restart your Macintosh, try the following steps:

1If you can, choose Restart from the Special menu or from the dialog box that’s on

screen.

Dialog boxes contain messages from the computer. If something goes wrong, a message may appear on the screen, asking you to restart the computer.

Note: Use this key combination to force a

2If you can’t choose Restart, hold down the

Power key (marked with a triangle).

and Control keys while you press the

This key combination restarts the computer. (Use this key combination only when you can’t choose Restart from the Special menu.)

3If nothing happens, turn off your computer with the standby power button (on the back of

the computer), wait at least 10 seconds, and then turn it on again.

4If the standby power button doesn’t turn off the computer, unplug your Macintosh.

If you suspect that the problem is with other equipment, such as a printer or an external hard disk that’s attached to your computer, turn that equipment off for 10 seconds or longer, then turn it on again and restart the Macintosh.

Troubleshooting in the Macintosh Environment

Rebuild your desktop regularly

A process known as “rebuilding the desktop” helps your Macintosh keep track of data on your disks. It’s a good idea to rebuild the desktop of your disks once a month or so, especially your startup disks. (Although you usually use the hard disk in your computer as a startup disk, you can also start up from any other disk that has system software installed.)

To rebuild the desktop of your internal hard disk disk, follow these steps:

1Hold down the Option and xkeys while you start up your computer.

Do not release the keys until you see a message asking whether you want to rebuild the desktop.

2 Click OK.

You can also use this procedure to rebuild the desktop of an external hard disk or a floppy disk. Simply turn on the external hard disk or insert the floppy disk into a floppy disk drive before you turn on the computer.

If icons do not appear correctly after you rebuild the desktop, restart your computer while pressing the Shift key to temporarily turn off system extensions. When you see the “Welcome to Macintosh—extensions off” message, release the Shift key and press the Option and x keys until you see a message asking if you want to rebuild the desktop.

Chapter 7

Solutions to common problems

The computer is turned on but the screen is dark.

One of the following is probably the cause: m You have a screen saver program that darkens the screen when the

computer has not been used for a certain period.

Press a key or move the mouse to turn off the screen saver.

m The monitor’s brightness control (¤) is not adjusted properly.

Check the monitor’s brightness control and turn it up if necessary.

m The Macintosh or the monitor is not getting power.

Make sure the monitor is plugged in and turned on, and that the monitor cable is firmly connected to both the computer and the monitor.

Make sure the computer’s power cord is firmly connected to the computer and plugged into a grounded electrical outlet, and that the outlet has power.

If you have more than one monitor and only one is dark, check that it is set up correctly in the Monitors control panel. For information on using more than one monitor, see the “Monitors” topic of Macintosh Guide, available in the Guide (h) menu.

m The monitor is plugged into the wrong port on the computer.

Make sure the monitor is plugged into the monitor port (marked with the ™ icon) on the upper-right corner of the computer’s back panel. If the monitor is plugged into another port, it will not work.

If you are displaying video from your computer on a television screen, it is normal for your computer monitor to be dark.

The computer won’t start up.

m The game controller is plugged into the wrong port.

Make sure the game controller is plugged into the joystick port on the lower-right corner of the computer’s back panel. If the game controller is plugged into another port, the computer will not start up.

Troubleshooting in the Macintosh Environment

The computer’s clock keeps time inaccurately.

Your computer has a clock that runs continuously. When the computer is turned off, a battery keeps the clock running. If your clock begins to keep time inaccurately, have your Apple-authorized service provider replace the battery.

When you start up, a disk icon with a blinking question mark appears in the middle of the screen.

This icon indicates that your Macintosh cannot find the system software it needs to start up. One of the following is probably the cause:

m Your computer may be having a problem recognizing external SCSI

equipment, such as hard disks, CD-ROM drives, and scanners. (SCSI stands for Small Computer System Interface.)

Shut down the computer, turn off all external SCSI equipment, and disconnect the first SCSI device in the chain from your computer’s SCSI port. Then restart the computer. If the computer starts up after you disconnect your SCSI equipment, refer to the manuals that came with the equipment for information on the proper way to connect SCSI equipment and assign SCSI ID numbers.

If you have a printer connected to your computer’s SCSI port, make sure your printer is connected properly. Most printers connect to the printer port, not the SCSI port. Check the manuals that came with your printer for information on how to connect it properly.

m System software is not installed on the startup hard disk, the system

software is damaged, or the hard disk is not working properly.

Insert the Macintosh Performa CD. Then follow the instructions in “Repairing a Damaged Disk” later in this chapter, to test your startup hard disk and repair any damage.

If repairing the disk doesn’t help, follow the instructions in the Macintosh Performa CD booklet to reinstall system software on your startup hard disk.

Chapter 7

A disk icon with an X appears in the middle of the screen, and a floppy disk is ejected from the disk drive.

This icon indicates that the floppy disk you tried to start up from is not a startup disk. When you turn on your computer, it looks first in the floppy disk drive for a disk containing system software. If the disk in the drive does not contain system software, the computer ejects the disk and looks on its internal hard disk for system software.

Wa it a few seconds. The computer should start up from its internal hard disk. Make sure you insert floppy disks only after the computer has begun starting up.

A “sad Macintosh” icon appears and the computer won’t start up.

This icon indicates that your Macintosh cannot start up because of a problem with the system software or the computer hardware.

Eject any floppy disks by turning off the computer and then holding down the mouse button while you turn the computer on again. Try starting up with the Macintosh Performa CD. (For instructions on how to start up your computer from the CD-ROM disc, see “Starting Up From a CD-ROM Disc” in the section “Repairing a Damaged Disk” later in this chapter.) If the “sad Macintosh” icon appears again, consult the service and support information that came with your computer for information on contacting an Appleauthorized service provider or Apple for assistance.

Troubleshooting in the Macintosh Environment

The Macintosh “hangs” or “freezes” during startup.

If the Mac OS is sharing 16 MB or more of memory with the PC environment, and Disklight of Norton Utilities 3.1.1 is installed, the computer will freeze during startup. This does not occur with 8 MB or less shared memory. Restart the Macintosh using one of the techniques described in “Start Over” in the section “If You Have Trouble,” earlier in this chapter. Also open the PC Setup control panel and change the shared memory setting to 8 MB or less.

The hard disk icon does not appear on the desktop.

If you don’t see a hard disk icon on the desktop, try the following: m If the hard disk is internal, shut down your computer, wait at least 10

seconds, and then turn it on again.

m If the hard disk is external, make sure that it is turned on and that its cable

is connected firmly; then restart the Macintosh.

m Check the ID numbers of all SCSI equipment connected to your computer.

See the manuals that came with your SCSI equipment for information on setting SCSI ID numbers.

m If the hard disk is your startup disk, start your computer with the Macintosh

Peforma CD. (For instructions on how to start up your computer from the

CD-ROM disc, see “Starting Up From a CD-ROM Disc” in the section “Repairing a Damaged Disk” later in this chapter.) Then follow the rest of the instructions on repairing a disk to test your startup hard disk and repair any damage.

If repairing the disk doesn’t help, follow the instructions in “Installing or Reinstalling Mac OS System Software” later in this chapter to reinstall system software on your startup hard disk.

Chapter 7

Icons do not appear correctly on your screen.

You need to rebuild the desktop—a process that helps your Macintosh keep track of files and folders on your hard disks. For instructions, see “Rebuild Your Desktop Regularly” in the section “If You Have Trouble” earlier in this chapter.

Your Macintosh can’t read a floppy disk.

If you see a message that a floppy disk is unreadable, try one of the following: m If the disk has never been used, you may simply need to initialize it. For

instructions, see the “Disks” topic of Macintosh Guide, available in the Guide (h) menu.

m The disk may be damaged. See “Repairing a Damaged Disk” later in this

chapter for information on testing and repairing disks.

m If the disk is a high-density disk previously used on another computer, the

disk may have been formatted incorrectly as an 800K disk rather than as a 14 40K (high-density) disk. If so, use the other computer to copy the disk’s contents onto a properly formatted disk.

m The disk may have been formatted for use on another kind of computer.

You may be able to use a program that lets you work with such disks on your Macintosh.

m The disk may be a DOS disk that the Macintosh environment cannot use.

Try switching to the PC environment and inserting the disk again.

Troubleshooting in the Macintosh Environment

You can’t start an application program or it quits unexpectedly. Or, when you try to open a program, you see a message that not enough memory is available.

One of the following is probably the cause: m The Macintosh ran out of memory.

Quit the programs that you have open and then open the program you want to use, or restart your Macintosh.

Use the Memory control panel to turn on virtual memory. For more information on virtual memory, see the “Memory” topic of Macintosh Guide, available in the Guide (h) menu.

m The program needs more memory.

Use the program’s Info window to give it more memory. For more information on increasing a program’s memory, see the “Memory” topic of Macintosh Guide, available in the Guide (h) menu.

m The program is incompatible with your Macintosh.

Contact the program’s publisher to see if there is an upgrade available for the program.

You see a message that you need to have an FPU installed.

Your computer has a floating-point unit (FPU) installed. If you see this message, the program is probably incompatible with your Macintosh. Contact the program’s publisher to see if there is an upgrade available for the program.

Chapter 7

A dialog box with a bomb appears.

Your system has a software problem. m Note what you were doing when the message appeared, and write down

the text of the message.

m Restart your Macintosh. (See “Start Over” in the section “If You Have

Tr ouble” earlier in this chapter for instructions.) Most software problems are temporary, and restarting usually corrects the problem.

m If the problem recurs, check the startup disk and application program you

were using when the dialog box appeared. Make sure that all programs, desk accessories, and system extensions you’re using are compatible with the system software. Reinstalling the system software or the program may correct the problem.

m Sometimes incompatible system extensions or control panels can cause

system software problems. Restart while holding down the Shift key; this temporarily turns off all system extensions. If your computer works normally after you do this, use the Extensions Manager control panel to turn on extensions and control panels one at a time. Restart after you turn on each extension. This procedure should identify incompatible extensions and control panels.

For information on using the Extensions Manager control panel to manage system extensions, see the “Setting Options” topic of Macintosh Guide, available in the Guide (h) menu.

m If the problem recurs, you may need to reinstall system software. See the

Macintosh Performa CD booklet for instructions.

Troubleshooting in the Macintosh Environment

The pointer (8) doesn’t move when you move the mouse.

One of the following situations is probably the cause. m Your system has a software problem. Try the following:

Press x-Option-Esc to quit the application program in use when the problem occurred. If this works, you can save the documents open in other programs before restarting.

m Follow the suggestions in the previous section, “A Dialog Box With a Bomb

Appears.”

m The mouse is not connected properly.

Turn the computer off using the power switch, check that the mouse and keyboard cables are connected properly, and then restart the computer.

m Signals from the mouse are not reaching the computer, either because the

mouse needs cleaning or because there is something wrong with the mouse.

Clean the mouse according to the instructions in Appendix A of this book.

If you have another mouse or pointing device, try connecting and using it. (Turn off the computer before connecting it.) If the new device works, there is probably something wrong with the mouse you replaced.

If none of these procedures solves the problem, consult the service and support information that came with your computer for instructions on how to contact an Apple-authorized service provider or Apple for assistance.

Chapter 7

Typing on the keyboard produces nothing on the screen.

One of the following is probably the cause: m Some system software features are turned on that affect the way the

keyboard works.

Use the Easy Access control panel to turn off Sticky Keys, Slow Keys, and Mouse Keys.

m There is a software problem.

Restart your Macintosh. For instructions, see “Start Over” in the section “If You Have Trouble” earlier in this chapter.

Check the startup disk and application program you were using when the problem occurred. Make sure that all programs, desk accessories, and system extensions you’re using are compatible with the system software.

If the problem recurs, you may need to reinstall system software. See the Macintosh Performa CD booklet for instructions.

m You haven’t selected any text or set the insertion point (i).

Make sure the program you want to type in is the active program. Then place the pointer (8) in the active window and click to set an insertion point (i) or drag to select text (if you want to replace the text with your typing).

m The keyboard is not connected properly.

Tu rn off the computer using the standby power button (on the back of the computer), then check that the keyboard cable is connected properly at both ends.

If you have a keyboard with an ADB port (marked with the ◊ icon) on each end, turn off the Macintosh using the standby power button and plug the keyboard cable into the other ADB port on the keyboard. (You may have to unplug the mouse to do this.) Then restart the computer.

m The keyboard is damaged.

If you have access to another keyboard, try using it instead. (Turn the computer off before connecting it.) If the new keyboard works, there is probably something wrong with the one you replaced.

Troubleshooting in the Macintosh Environment

You can’t open a document, or you see a message that an application program can’t be found.

The Macintosh Easy Open control panel is not installed. This is a control panel that you can use to open documents when you don’t have the program that created them. Reinstall the control panel from the Macintosh Performa CD. (See the booklet that came with the CD.)

m Some documents can be opened by more than one program. Try starting a

program that you think might be able to open the document, then choose Open from the program’s File menu to try to open the document.

m Purchase and install the correct software to use the document, or find out

if the creator of the document can convert it to a form that one of your programs can use.

m Don’t try to open the files in your System Folder. Most of the files in your

System Folder are used by your computer for internal purposes and are not intended to be opened.

m Rebuild your desktop by holding down the Option and x keys while

starting up your computer. Keep holding down the keys until you see a message asking whether you want to rebuild the desktop. Click OK.

m If the document is from a DOS computer, use the PC Exchange control

panel to specify which Macintosh program will open the document. For information about working with DOS documents on your Macintosh, see the “Using DOS Files & Disks” topic of Macintosh Guide, available in the Guide (h) menu.

Chapter 7

Apple 640 User Manual

Specifications and Main Features

Frequently Asked Questions

User Manual