ES-2024A
Ethernet Switch
User’s Guide
Version 3.60
6/2005
ES-2024A User’s Guide
Copyright
Copyright © 2005 by ZyXEL Communications Corporation.
The contents of this publication may not be reproduced in any part or as a whole, transcribed, stored in a
retrieval system, translated into any language, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic,
mechanical, magnetic, optical, chemical, photocopying, manual, or otherwise, without the prior written
permission of ZyXEL Communications Corporation.
Published by ZyXEL Communications Corporation. All rights reserved.
Disclaimer
ZyXEL does not assume any liability arising out of the application or use of any products, or software
described herein. Neither does it convey any license under its patent rights nor the patent rights of others.
ZyXEL further reserves the right to make changes in any products described herein without notice. This
publication is subject to change without notice.
Copyright 1
ES-2024A User’s Guide
Interference Statements and
Warnings
FCC Statement
This switch complies with Part 15 of the FCC rules. Operation is subject to the following two conditions:
1 This switch may not cause harmful interference.
2 This switch must accept any interference received, including interference that may cause undesired
operations.
FCC Warning
This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class A digital switch, pursuant
to Part 15 of the FCC Rules. These limits are designed to provide reasonable protection against harmful
interference in a commercial environment. This equipment generates, uses, and can radiate radio frequency
energy and, if not installed and used in accordance with the instruction manual, may cause harmful
interference to radio communications. Operation of this equipment in a residential area is likely to cause
harmful interference in which case the user will be required to correct the interference at his own expense.
CE Mark Warning:
This is a class A product. In a domestic environment this product may cause radio interference in which
case the user may be required to take adequate measures.
Taiwanese BSMI (Bureau of Standards, Metrology and Inspection) A Warning:
Notice 1
Changes or modifications not expressly approved by the party responsible for compliance could void the
user's authority to operate the equipment.
This Class A digital apparatus complies with Canadian ICES-003.
Cet appareil numérique de la classe A est conforme à la norme NMB-003 du Canada.
2 Interference Statements and Warnings
ES-2024A User’s Guide
Certifications
1 Go to www.zyxel.com
2 Select your product from the drop-down list box on the ZyXEL home page to go
to that product's page.
3 Select the certification you wish to view from this page.
Registration
Register your product online for free future product updates and information at
www.zyxel.com for global products, or at www.us.zyxel.com for North American products.
Safety Warnings
For your safety, be sure to read and follow all warning notices and instructions.
• To reduce the risk of fire, use only No. 26 AWG (American Wire Gauge) or larger telecommunication
line cord.
• Do NOT open the device or unit. Opening or removing covers can expose you to dangerous high
voltage points or other risks. ONLY qualified service personnel can service the device. Please contact
your vendor for further information.
• Use ONLY the dedicated power supply for your device. Connect the power cord or power adaptor to
the right supply voltage (110V AC in North America or 230V AC in Europe).
• Do NOT use the device if the power supply is damaged as it might cause electrocution.
• If the power supply is damaged, remove it from the power outlet.
• Do NOT attempt to repair the power supply. Contact your local vendor to order a new power supply.
• Place connecting cables carefully so that no one will step on them or stumble over them. Do NOT
allow anything to rest on the power cord and do NOT locate the product where anyone can walk on
the power cord.
• If you wall mount your device, make sure that no electrical, gas or water pipes will be damaged.
• Do NOT install nor use your device during a thunderstorm. There may be a remote risk of electric
shock from lightning.
• Do NOT expose your device to dampness, dust or corrosive liquids.
• Do NOT use this product near water, for example, in a wet basement or near a swimming pool.
• Make sure to connect the cables to the correct ports.
• Do NOT obstruct the device ventilation slots, as insufficient airflow may harm your device.
• Do NOT store things on the device.
• Connect ONLY suitable accessories to the device.
Interference Statements and Warnings 3
ES-2024A User’s Guide
ZyXEL Limited Warranty
ZyXEL warrants to the original end user (purchaser) that this product is free from any defects in materials
or workmanship for a period of up to two years from the date of purchase. During the warranty period, and
upon proof of purchase, should the product have indications of failure due to faulty workmanship and/or
materials, ZyXEL will, at its discretion, repair or replace the defective products or components without
charge for either parts or labor, and to whatever extent it shall deem necessary to restore the product or
components to proper operating condition. Any replacement will consist of a new or re-manufactured
functionally equivalent product of equal value, and will be solely at the discretion of ZyXEL. This
warranty shall not apply if the product is modified, misused, tampered with, damaged by an act of God, or
subjected to abnormal working conditions.
Note
Repair or replacement, as provided under this warranty, is the exclusive remedy of the purchaser. This
warranty is in lieu of all other warranties, express or implied, including any implied warranty of
merchantability or fitness for a particular use or purpose. ZyXEL shall in no event be held liable for
indirect or consequential damages of any kind of character to the purchaser.
To obtain the services of this warranty, contact ZyXEL's Service Center for your Return Material
Authorization number (RMA). Products must be returned Postage Prepaid. It is recommended that the unit
be insured when shipped. Any returned products without proof of purchase or those with an out-dated
warranty will be repaired or replaced (at the discretion of ZyXEL) and the customer will be billed for parts
and labor. All repaired or replaced products will be shipped by ZyXEL to the corresponding return address,
Postage Paid. This warranty gives you specific legal rights, and you may also have other rights that vary
from country to country.
4 ZyXEL Limited Warranty
Customer Support
Please have the following information ready when you contact customer support.
• Product model and serial number.
• Warranty Information.
• Date that you received your device.
• Brief description of the problem and the steps you took to solve it.
ES-2024A User’s Guide
METHOD
LOCATION
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support@zyxel.dk +45 39 55 07 00 www.zyxel.dk ZyXEL Communications A/S
sales@zyxel.dk +45 39 55 07 07
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+33 (0)4 72 52 19 20
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sales@zyxel.de +49-2405-6909-99
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+1-714-632-0882
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support@zyxel.no +47 22 80 61 80 www.zyxel.no ZyXEL Communications A/S
sales@zyxel.no +47 22 80 61 81
support@zyxel.es +34 902 195 420 www.zyxel.es ZyXEL Communications
sales@zyxel.es +34 913 005 345
support@zyxel.se +46 31 744 7700 www.zyxel.se ZyXEL Communications A/S
sales@zyxel.se +46 31 744 7701
www.us.zyxel.com ZyXEL Communications Inc.
Z y XE L Fr a nc e
REGULAR MAIL
ZyXEL Communications Corp.
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Customer Support 5
ES-2024A User’s Guide
METHOD
LOCATION
UNITED KINGDOM
SUPPORT E-MAIL TELEPHONE* WEB SITE
SALES E-MAIL FAX FTP SITE
support@zyxel.co.uk +44 (0) 8702 909090 www.zyxel.co.uk ZyXEL Communications UK
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* “+” is the (prefix) number you enter to make an international telephone call.
REGULAR MAIL
Ltd.,11, The Courtyard,
Eastern Road, Bracknell,
Berkshire, RG12 2XB,
United Kingdom (UK)
6 Customer Support
ES-2024A User’s Guide
Table of Contents
Copyright .................................................................................................................. 1
Interference Statements and Warnings.................................................................. 2
ZyXEL Limited Warranty ......................................................................................... 4
Customer Support ................................................................................................... 5
Table of Contents ..................................................................................................... 7
List of Figures ........................................................................................................ 15
List of Tables .......................................................................................................... 19
Preface.................................................................................................................... 21
Chapter 1
Getting to Know Your Switch................................................................................ 23
1.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 23
1.2 Software Features ............................................................................................. 23
1.3 Hardware Features ............................................................................................ 25
1.4 Applications ....................................................................................................... 25
1.4.1 Backbone Application ............................................................................... 25
1.4.2 Bridging Example ..................................................................................... 26
1.4.3 High Performance Switched Example ...................................................... 26
1.4.4 IEEE 802.1Q VLAN Application Examples .............................................. 27
1.4.4.1 Tag-based VLAN Example ............................................................. 27
1.4.4.2 VLAN Shared Server Example ....................................................... 28
Chapter 2
Hardware Installation and Connection ................................................................ 29
2.1 Freestanding Installation ................................................................................... 29
2.2 Mounting the Switch on a Rack ........................................................................ 30
2.2.1 Rack-mounted Installation Requirements ................................................ 30
2.2.1.1 Precautions .................................................................................... 30
2.2.2 Attaching the Mounting Brackets to the Switch ........................................ 30
2.2.3 Mounting the Switch on a Rack ................................................................ 30
Chapter 3
Hardware Overview................................................................................................ 33
3.1 Front Panel Connection .................................................................................... 33
Table of Contents 7
ES-2024A User’s Guide
3.1.1 Console Port ........................................................................................... 33
3.1.2 Ethernet Ports .......................................................................................... 34
3.1.2.1 Default Ethernet Settings ................................................................ 34
3.1.3 Mini-GBIC Slots ....................................................................................... 34
3.1.3.1 Transceiver Installation ................................................................ 35
3.1.3.2 Transceiver Removal ................................................................... 35
3.2 Rear Panel ........................................................................................................ 36
3.2.1 Power Connector ..................................................................................... 36
3.3 Front Panel LEDs .......................................................................................... 37
Chapter 4
The Web Configurator ........................................................................................... 39
4.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 39
4.2 System Login .................................................................................................. 39
4.3 The Status Screen ........................................................................................ 40
4.3.1 Change Your Password ........................................................................ 43
4.4 Switch Lockout ................................................................................................ 44
4.5 Resetting the Switch ....................................................................................... 44
4.5.1 Reload the Factory-default Configuration File ........................................ 44
4.6 Logging Out of the Web Configurator ............................................................... 45
4.7 Help ................................................................................................................. 46
Chapter 5
Initial Setup Example............................................................................................. 47
5.1 Overview ............................................................................................................ 47
5.1.1 Creating a VLAN ...................................................................................... 47
5.1.2 Setting Port VID ....................................................................................... 48
5.1.3 Configuring Switch Management IP Address ........................................... 49
Chapter 6
System Status and Port Statistics........................................................................ 51
6.1 Overview ............................................................................................................ 51
6.2 Port Status Summary ..................................................................................... 51
6.2.1 Status: Port Details .............................................................................. 52
Chapter 7
Basic Setting ......................................................................................................... 55
7.1 Overview ............................................................................................................ 55
7.2 System Information ........................................................................................ 55
7.3 General Setup .............................................................................................. 56
7.4 Introduction to VLANs ...................................................................................... 57
7.5 IGMP Snooping ................................................................................................ 58
7.6 Switch Setup Screen ...................................................................................... 58
8 Table of Contents
ES-2024A User’s Guide
7.7 IP Setup .......................................................................................................... 60
7.7.1 Management IP Addresses ...................................................................... 60
7.8 Port Setup ....................................................................................................... 62
Chapter 8
VLAN ....................................................................................................................... 65
8.1 Introduction to IEEE 802.1Q Tagged VLAN .................................................... 65
8.1.1 Forwarding Tagged and Untagged Frames ............................................. 65
8.2 Automatic VLAN Registration .......................................................................... 66
8.2.1 GARP ...................................................................................................... 66
8.2.1.1 GARP Timers ................................................................................. 66
8.2.2 GVRP ....................................................................................................... 66
8.3 Port VLAN Trunking ......................................................................................... 67
8.4 Select the VLAN Type ...................................................................................... 67
8.5 Static VLAN ....................................................................................................... 68
8.5.1 Static VLAN Status .................................................................................. 68
8.5.2 Configure a Static VLAN ...................................................................... 69
8.5.3 Configure VLAN Port Settings .............................................................. 71
8.6 Port-based VLAN Setup ............................................................................... 72
8.6.1 Configure a Port-based VLAN .................................................................. 72
Chapter 9
Static MAC Forwarding.......................................................................................... 77
9.1 Overview ............................................................................................................ 77
9.2 Configuring Static MAC Forwarding ............................................................. 77
Chapter 10
Filtering................................................................................................................... 79
10.1 Overview .......................................................................................................... 79
10.2 Configure a Filtering Rule ............................................................................. 79
Chapter 11
Spanning Tree Protocol......................................................................................... 81
11.1 Overview .......................................................................................................... 81
11.1.1 STP Terminology ................................................................................... 81
11.1.2 How STP Works .................................................................................... 82
11.1.3 STP Port States ..................................................................................... 82
11.2 STP Status ................................................................................................. 82
11.3 Configure STP .............................................................................................. 84
Chapter 12
Bandwidth Control................................................................................................. 87
12.1 Bandwidth Control Setup ................................................................................ 87
Table of Contents 9
ES-2024A User’s Guide
Chapter 13
Broadcast Storm Control ...................................................................................... 89
13.1 Overview .......................................................................................................... 89
13.2 Broadcast Storm Control Setup ...................................................................... 89
Chapter 14
Mirroring ................................................................................................................. 91
14.1 Overview .......................................................................................................... 91
14.2 Port Mirroring Setup ....................................................................................... 91
Chapter 15
Link Aggregation ................................................................................................... 93
15.1 Overview .......................................................................................................... 93
15.2 Dynamic Link Aggregation ............................................................................. 93
15.2.1 Link Aggregation ID ............................................................................... 94
15.3 Link Aggregation Status .................................................................................. 94
15.4 Link Aggregation Setup ................................................................................. 95
Chapter 16
Port Authentication................................................................................................ 99
16.1 Overview .......................................................................................................... 99
16.1.1 RADIUS ................................................................................................. 99
16.2 Port Authentication Configuration ................................................................... 99
16.2.1 Activate IEEE 802.1x Security .......................................................... 100
16.2.2 Configuring RADIUS Server Settings ............................................... 101
Chapter 17
Port Security......................................................................................................... 103
17.1 Overview ........................................................................................................ 103
17.2 Port Security Setup ....................................................................................... 103
Chapter 18
Queuing Method................................................................................................... 105
18.1 Overview ........................................................................................................ 105
18.1.1 Strict Priority Queuing (SPQ) .............................................................. 105
18.1.2 Weighted Round Robin Scheduling (WRR) ......................................... 105
18.2 Configuring Queuing Method ........................................................................ 106
Chapter 19
Static Route .......................................................................................................... 107
19.1 Configuring Static Route .............................................................................. 107
10 Table of Contents
ES-2024A User’s Guide
Chapter 20
Differentiated Services........................................................................................ 109
20.1 Overview ........................................................................................................ 109
20.1.1 DSCP and Per-Hop Behavior .............................................................. 109
20.1.2 DiffServ Network Example .................................................................. 109
20.2 Activating DiffServ ....................................................................................... 110
20.3 DSCP-to-IEEE802.1p Priority Mapping .....................................................111
20.3.1 Configuring DSCP Settings ...................................................................111
Chapter 21
Maintenance ..........................................................................................................113
21.1 The Maintenance Screen ............................................................................. 113
21.2 Firmware Upgrade ...................................................................................... 114
21.3 Restore a Configuration File ........................................................................ 114
21.4 Backing Up a Configuration File .................................................................. 115
21.5 Load Factory Defaults ................................................................................. 115
21.6 Reboot System ............................................................................................ 116
21.7 FTP Command Line ...................................................................................... 116
21.7.1 Filename Conventions ........................................................................ 116
21.7.1.1 Example FTP Commands .......................................................... 117
21.7.2 FTP Command Line Procedure .......................................................... 117
21.7.3 GUI-based FTP Clients ........................................................................ 118
21.7.4 FTP over WAN Restrictions ................................................................ 118
Chapter 22
Access Control......................................................................................................119
22.1 Overview ...................................................................................................... 119
22.2 The Access Control Main Screen .................................................................. 119
22.3 About SNMP ................................................................................................ 120
22.3.1 Supported MIBs ................................................................................. 121
22.3.2 SNMP Traps ....................................................................................... 121
22.3.3 Configuring SNMP .............................................................................. 121
22.4 Setting Up Login Accounts ......................................................................... 122
22.5 SSH Overview ............................................................................................... 123
22.6 How SSH works ............................................................................................. 124
22.7 SSH Implementation on the Switch ............................................................... 125
22.7.1 Requirements for Using SSH ............................................................... 125
22.7.2 SSH Login Example ............................................................................. 125
22.8 Introduction to HTTPS ................................................................................... 126
22.9 HTTPS Example ............................................................................................ 127
22.9.1 Internet Explorer Warning Messages ................................................... 127
22.9.2 Netscape Navigator Warning Messages .............................................. 128
22.9.3 The Main Screen .................................................................................. 129
Table of Contents 11
ES-2024A User’s Guide
22.10 Service Port Access Control ..................................................................... 131
22.11 Remote Management ............................................................................... 131
Chapter 23
Diagnostic............................................................................................................. 133
23.1 Diagnostic .................................................................................................... 133
Chapter 24
Cluster Management............................................................................................ 135
24.1 Overview ........................................................................................................ 135
24.2 Cluster Management Status ........................................................................ 136
24.2.1 Cluster Member Switch Management ................................................. 137
24.2.1.1 Uploading Firmware to a Cluster Member Switch .................... 137
24.3 Configuring Cluster Management ................................................................ 138
Chapter 25
MAC Table............................................................................................................. 141
25.1 Overview ........................................................................................................ 141
25.2 Viewing the MAC Table ................................................................................ 142
Chapter 26
ARP Table ............................................................................................................. 143
26.1 Overview ........................................................................................................ 143
26.1.1 How ARP Works .................................................................................. 143
26.2 Viewing the ARP Table ................................................................................ 143
Chapter 27
Introducing the Commands .............................................................................. 145
27.1 Overview ........................................................................................................ 145
27.1.1 Switch Configuration File ..................................................................... 145
27.2 Accessing the CLI ........................................................................................ 145
27.2.1 Access Priority .................................................................................... 146
27.2.2 The Console Port ................................................................................. 146
27.2.2.1 Initial Screen ............................................................................... 146
27.2.3 Telnet ................................................................................................... 146
27.2.4 SSH ...................................................................................................... 147
27.3 The Login Screen ......................................................................................... 147
27.4 Command Syntax Conventions ..................................................................... 148
27.5 Getting Help ................................................................................................... 148
27.5.1 List of Available Commands ................................................................. 148
27.5.2 Detailed Command Information ........................................................... 149
27.6 Command Modes .......................................................................................... 150
27.7 Using Command History ................................................................................ 151
12 Table of Contents
ES-2024A User’s Guide
27.8 Saving Your Configuration ............................................................................. 151
27.8.1 Logging Out .......................................................................................... 151
27.9 Command Summary ...................................................................................... 151
27.9.1 User Mode ............................................................................................ 152
27.9.2 Enable Mode ........................................................................................ 152
27.9.3 General Configuration Mode ................................................................ 155
27.9.4 interface port-channel Commands ....................................................... 162
27.9.5 config-vlan Commands ........................................................................ 164
Chapter 28
Command Examples........................................................................................... 167
28.1 Overview ........................................................................................................ 167
28.2 show Commands ........................................................................................... 167
28.2.1 show system-information .................................................................... 167
28.2.2 show ip ................................................................................................. 168
28.2.3 show logging ....................................................................................... 168
28.2.4 show interface ..................................................................................... 169
28.2.5 show mac address-table ..................................................................... 169
28.3 ping ............................................................................................................... 170
28.4 traceroute ...................................................................................................... 170
28.5 Enabling RSTP .............................................................................................. 171
28.6 Configuration File Maintenance .................................................................... 171
28.6.1 Restarting the Switch ........................................................................... 171
28.6.2 Resetting to the Factory Default ........................................................... 172
28.7 no Command Examples ................................................................................ 172
28.7.1 no mirror-port ...................................................................................... 172
28.7.2 no https timeout .................................................................................... 173
28.7.3 no trunk ................................................................................................ 173
28.7.4 no port-access-authenticator ................................................................ 174
28.7.5 no ssh ................................................................................................... 174
28.8 spq ................................................................................................................ 175
28.9 wrr ................................................................................................................. 175
28.10 interface Commands ................................................................................... 176
28.10.1 interface port-channel ....................................................................... 176
28.10.2 bmstorm-limit ..................................................................................... 176
28.10.3 bandwidth-limit .................................................................................. 177
28.10.4 mirror ................................................................................................. 177
28.10.5 gvrp ................................................................................................... 178
28.10.6 frame-type ......................................................................................... 179
28.10.7 egress set .......................................................................................... 179
28.10.8 qos priority .......................................................................................... 180
28.10.9 name .................................................................................................. 180
28.10.10 speed-duplex .................................................................................... 181
Table of Contents 13
ES-2024A User’s Guide
Chapter 29
IEEE 802.1Q Tagged VLAN Commands ............................................................. 183
29.1 IEEE 802.1Q Tagged VLAN Overview .......................................................... 183
29.2 VLAN Databases ........................................................................................... 183
29.2.1 Static Entries (SVLAN Table) ............................................................... 183
29.2.2 Dynamic Entries (DVLAN Table) .......................................................... 184
29.3 Configuring Tagged VLAN ............................................................................. 184
29.4 Global VLAN1Q Tagged VLAN Configuration Commands ............................ 185
29.4.1 GARP Status ........................................................................................ 185
29.4.2 GARP Timer ........................................................................................ 185
29.4.3 GVRP Timer ......................................................................................... 186
29.4.4 Enable GVRP ....................................................................................... 186
29.4.5 Disable GVRP ...................................................................................... 187
29.4.6 Enable Ingress Checking .................................................................... 187
29.5 Port VLAN Commands .................................................................................. 187
29.5.1 Set Port VID ........................................................................................ 187
29.5.2 Set Acceptable Frame Type ................................................................. 188
29.5.3 Enable or Disable Port GVRP .............................................................. 188
29.5.4 Modify Static VLAN ............................................................................. 188
29.5.4.1 Modify a Static VLAN Table Example ......................................... 189
29.5.4.2 Forwarding Process Example ..................................................... 189
29.5.5 Delete VLAN ID .................................................................................... 190
29.6 Enable VLAN ................................................................................................ 190
29.7 Disable VLAN ................................................................................................ 191
29.8 Show VLAN Setting ...................................................................................... 191
Chapter 30
Troubleshooting ................................................................................................... 193
30.1 Problems Starting Up the Switch ................................................................... 193
30.2 Problems Accessing the Switch .................................................................... 193
30.2.1 Pop-up Windows, JavaScripts and Java Permissions ......................... 194
30.2.1.1 Internet Explorer Pop-up Blockers .............................................. 194
30.2.1.2 JavaScripts ................................................................................. 197
30.2.1.3 Java Permissions ....................................................................... 199
30.3 Problems with the Password ......................................................................... 201
Appendix A
Product Specifications........................................................................................ 203
Appendix B
IP Subnetting........................................................................................................ 207
Index...................................................................................................................... 215
14 Table of Contents
ES-2024A User’s Guide
List of Figures
Figure 1 Backbone Application .............................................................................. 26
Figure 2 Bridging Application ................................................................................26
Figure 3 High Performance Switched Application ................................................. 27
Figure 4 Tag-based VLAN Application ...................................................................28
Figure 5 Shared Server Using VLAN Example ...................................................... 28
Figure 6 Attaching Rubber Feet ........................................................................... 29
Figure 7 Attaching the Mounting Brackets .............................................................30
Figure 8 Mounting the Switch on a Rack .............................................................. 31
Figure 9 Front Panel ............................................................................................. 33
Figure 10 Transceiver Installation Example ........................................................... 35
Figure 11 Installed Transceiver ............................................................................ 35
Figure 12 Opening the Transceiver’s Latch Example ............................................ 36
Figure 13 Transceiver Removal Example .............................................................. 36
Figure 14 Rear Panel ............................................................................................ 36
Figure 15 Web Configurator: Login ........................................................................ 39
Figure 16 Web Configurator Home Screen (Status) .............................................. 40
Figure 17 Change Administrator Login Password .................................................44
Figure 18 Resetting the Switch: Via the Console Port ........................................... 45
Figure 19 Web Configurator: Logout Screen .........................................................46
Figure 20 Initial Setup Network Example: VLAN ...................................................47
Figure 21 Initial Setup Network Example: Port VID ............................................... 49
Figure 22 Initial Setup Example: Management IP Address ................................... 50
Figure 23 Status .................................................................................................... 51
Figure 24 Status: Port Details ................................................................................ 53
Figure 25 System Info ........................................................................................... 55
Figure 26 General Setup ....................................................................................... 56
Figure 27 Switch Setup ......................................................................................... 59
Figure 28 IP Setup .................................................................................................61
Figure 29 Port Setup ............................................................................................. 63
Figure 30 Port VLAN Trunking ............................................................................... 67
Figure 31 Switch Setup: Select VLAN Type .......................................................... 68
Figure 32 VLAN: VLAN Status .............................................................................. 68
Figure 33 VLAN: Static VLAN ...............................................................................70
Figure 34 VLAN: VLAN Port Setting ...................................................................... 71
Figure 35 Port Based VLAN Setup (All Connected) .............................................. 73
Figure 36 Port Based VLAN Setup (Port Isolation) ...............................................74
Figure 37 Static MAC Forwarding .......................................................................... 77
Figure 38 Filtering .................................................................................................. 79
List of Figures 15
ES-2024A User’s Guide
Figure 39 Spanning Tree Protocol: Status ............................................................. 83
Figure 40 Spanning Tree Protocol: Configuration ..................................................84
Figure 41 Bandwidth Control .................................................................................87
Figure 42 Broadcast Storm Control ....................................................................... 89
Figure 43 Mirroring ................................................................................................ 91
Figure 44 Link Aggregation Control Protocol Status ............................................. 94
Figure 45 Link Aggregation: Configuration ............................................................ 96
Figure 46 RADIUS Server .................................................................................... 99
Figure 47 Port Authentication ................................................................................100
Figure 48 Port Authentication: 802.1x ...................................................................100
Figure 49 Port Authentication: RADIUS ................................................................101
Figure 50 Port Security .......................................................................................... 103
Figure 51 Queuing Method .................................................................................... 106
Figure 52 Static Routing ........................................................................................ 107
Figure 53 DiffServ: Differentiated Service Field .....................................................109
Figure 54 DiffServ Network Example ..................................................................... 110
Figure 55 DiffServ .................................................................................................. 110
Figure 56 DiffServ: DSCP Setting .......................................................................... 111
Figure 57 Maintenance ......................................................................................... 113
Figure 58 Firmware Upgrade ................................................................................ 114
Figure 59 Restore Configuration .......................................................................... 114
Figure 60 Backup Configuration ............................................................................115
Figure 61 Load Factory Default: Conformation .....................................................115
Figure 62 Load Factory Default: Start .................................................................... 116
Figure 63 Reboot System: Confirmation ............................................................... 116
Figure 64 Reboot System: Start ............................................................................116
Figure 65 Console Port Priority ............................................................................. 119
Figure 66 Access Control ...................................................................................... 119
Figure 67 SNMP Management Model .................................................................. 120
Figure 68 Access Control: SNMP .......................................................................... 122
Figure 69 Access Control: Logins ..........................................................................123
Figure 70 SSH Communication Example ............................................................... 124
Figure 71 How SSH Works ..................................................................................... 124
Figure 72 SSH Login Example .............................................................................. 126
Figure 73 HTTPS Implementation ..........................................................................127
Figure 74 Security Alert Dialog Box (Internet Explorer) .......................................... 128
Figure 75 Security Certificate 1 (Netscape) ............................................................ 128
Figure 76 Security Certificate 2 (Netscape) ............................................................ 129
Figure 77 Login Screen (Internet Explorer) ............................................................ 130
Figure 78 Login Screen (Netscape) ........................................................................130
Figure 79 Access Control: Service Access Control ...............................................131
Figure 80 Access Control: Remote Management .................................................. 132
Figure 81 Diagnostic ..............................................................................................133
16 List of Figures
ES-2024A User’s Guide
Figure 82 Clustering Application Example ............................................................. 135
Figure 83 Cluster Management: Status .................................................................136
Figure 84 Cluster Management: Cluster Member Web Configurator Screen ........ 137
Figure 85 Example: Uploading Firmware to a Cluster Member Switch ................. 138
Figure 86 Clustering Management Configuration .................................................139
Figure 87 MAC Table Flowchart ............................................................................ 141
Figure 88 MAC Table .............................................................................................142
Figure 89 ARP Table ............................................................................................. 144
Figure 90 Initial Console Port Screen ..................................................................... 146
Figure 91 SSH Login Example .............................................................................. 147
Figure 92 CLI Login .............................................................................................. 147
Figure 93 CLI Help: List of Commands: Example 1 ..............................................149
Figure 94 CLI Help: List of Commands: Example 2 ..............................................149
Figure 95 CLI Help: Detailed Command Information: Example 1 .......................... 150
Figure 96 CLI: Help: Detailed Command Information: Example 2 ......................... 150
Figure 97 CLI: History Command Example ........................................................... 151
Figure 98 CLI: write memory ................................................................................. 151
Figure 99 show system-information Command Example ...................................... 167
Figure 100 show ip Command Example ................................................................ 168
Figure 101 show logging Command Example ....................................................... 168
Figure 102 show interface Command Example ..................................................... 169
Figure 103 show mac address-table Command Example .....................................170
Figure 104 ping Command Example .....................................................................170
Figure 105 traceroute Command Example ............................................................ 171
Figure 106 Enable RSTP Command Example ...................................................... 171
Figure 107 CLI: boot config Command Example ................................................... 172
Figure 108 CLI: reload config Command Example ................................................ 172
Figure 109 CLI: Reset to the Factory Default Example ......................................... 172
Figure 110 no mirror-port Command Example ......................................................173
Figure 111 no https timeout Command Example ................................................... 173
Figure 112 no trunk Command Example ............................................................... 174
Figure 113 no port-access-authenticator Command Example ............................... 174
Figure 114 no ssh Command Example ..................................................................175
Figure 115 spq Command Example ...................................................................... 175
Figure 116 wrr Command Example ....................................................................... 176
Figure 117 interface Command Example .............................................................. 176
Figure 118 broadcast-limit Command Example ..................................................... 177
Figure 119 bandwidth-limit Command Example .................................................... 177
Figure 120 mirror Command Example .................................................................. 178
Figure 121 gvrp Command Example ..................................................................... 179
Figure 122 frame-type Command Example ........................................................... 179
Figure 123 egress set Command Example ........................................................... 180
Figure 124 qos priority Command Example .......................................................... 180
List of Figures 17
ES-2024A User’s Guide
Figure 125 name Command Example ................................................................... 181
Figure 126 speed-duplex Command Example ...................................................... 181
Figure 127 Tagged VLAN Configuration and Activation Example ......................... 184
Figure 128 CPU VLAN Configuration and Activation Example .............................185
Figure 129 GARP STATUS Command Example ................................................... 185
Figure 130 GARP Timer Command Example ......................................................... 186
Figure 131 GVRP Status Command Example ....................................................... 186
Figure 132 ingress-check Command Example ...................................................... 187
Figure 133 vlan1q port default vid Command Example ......................................... 188
Figure 134 frame type Command Example ........................................................... 188
Figure 135 no gvrp Command Example ................................................................ 188
Figure 136 Modifying Static VLAN Example .......................................................... 189
Figure 137 no vlan Command Example ................................................................ 190
Figure 138 show vlan Command Example ............................................................ 191
Figure 139 Pop-up Blocker ..................................................................................... 194
Figure 140 Internet Options ................................................................................... 195
Figure 141 Internet Options .................................................................................... 196
Figure 142 Pop-up Blocker Settings ....................................................................... 197
Figure 143 Internet Options .................................................................................... 198
Figure 144 Security Settings - Java Scripting .........................................................199
Figure 145 Security Settings - Java ........................................................................ 200
Figure 146 Java (Sun) ............................................................................................ 201
18 List of Figures
ES-2024A User’s Guide
List of Tables
Table 1 Front Panel ............................................................................................... 33
Table 2 Front Panel LEDs ...................................................................................... 37
Table 3 Navigation Panel Sub-links Overview ....................................................... 41
Table 4 Web Configurator Screen Sub-links Details .............................................. 41
Table 5 Navigation Panel Links ............................................................................. 42
Table 6 Status ........................................................................................................52
Table 7 Status: Port Details ....................................................................................53
Table 8 System Info ............................................................................................... 55
Table 9 General Setup ........................................................................................... 56
Table 10 Switch Setup ........................................................................................... 59
Table 11 IP Setup ................................................................................................... 61
Table 12 Port Setup ............................................................................................... 63
Table 13 IEEE 802.1q Terminology ....................................................................... 66
Table 14 VLAN: VLAN Status ................................................................................ 69
Table 15 VLAN: Static VLAN ................................................................................. 70
Table 16 VLAN: VLAN Port Setting ....................................................................... 71
Table 17 Port Based VLAN Setup ......................................................................... 75
Table 18 Static MAC Forwarding ........................................................................... 78
Table 19 FIltering ................................................................................................... 79
Table 20 STP Path Costs ...................................................................................... 81
Table 21 STP Port States ...................................................................................... 82
Table 22 Spanning Tree Protocol: Status ............................................................... 83
Table 23 Spanning Tree Protocol: Configuration ................................................... 84
Table 24 Bandwidth Control ................................................................................... 87
Table 25 Broadcast Storm Control .........................................................................90
Table 26 Mirroring ..................................................................................................92
Table 27 Link Aggregation ID: Local Switch ..........................................................94
Table 28 Link Aggregation ID: Peer Switch ...........................................................94
Table 29 Link Aggregation Control Protocol Status ...............................................95
Table 30 Link Aggregation Control Protocol: Configuration ...................................96
Table 31 Port Authentication: 802.1x ..................................................................... 100
Table 32 Port Authentication: RADIUS .................................................................. 101
Table 33 Port Security ...........................................................................................104
Table 34 Physical Queue Priority ........................................................................... 105
Table 35 Queuing Method ..................................................................................... 106
Table 36 Static Routing .......................................................................................... 107
Table 37 DiffServ ................................................................................................... 110
Table 38 Default DSCP-IEEE802.1p Mapping ...................................................... 111
List of Tables 19
ES-2024A User’s Guide
Table 39 DiffServ: DSCP Setting ........................................................................... 112
Table 40 Maintenance ........................................................................................... 113
Table 41 Filename Conventions ............................................................................117
Table 42 Access Control Overview ........................................................................ 119
Table 43 SNMP Commands ..................................................................................120
Table 44 SNMP Traps ............................................................................................ 121
Table 45 Access Control: SNMP ........................................................................... 122
Table 46 Access Control: Logins ...........................................................................123
Table 47 Access Control: Service Access Control ................................................. 131
Table 48 Access Control: Remote Management ................................................... 132
Table 49 Diagnostic ............................................................................................... 133
Table 50 ZyXEL Clustering Management Specifications .......................................135
Table 51 Cluster Management: Status ................................................................... 136
Table 52 FTP Upload to Cluster Member Example ............................................... 138
Table 53 Clustering Management Configuration ...................................................139
Table 54 MAC Table ..............................................................................................142
Table 55 ARP Table ............................................................................................... 144
Table 56 Command Summary: User Mode .......................................................... 152
Table 57 Command Summary: Enable Mode ........................................................ 152
Table 58 Command Summary: Configuration Mode .............................................. 155
Table 59 interface port-channel Commands .......................................................... 162
Table 60 Command Summary: config-vlan Commands ........................................ 164
Table 61 Troubleshooting the Start-Up of Your Switch .......................................... 193
Table 62 Troubleshooting Accessing the Switch ................................................... 193
Table 63 Troubleshooting the Password ................................................................ 201
Table 64 General Product Specifications ...............................................................203
Table 65 Management Specifications .................................................................... 204
Table 66 Physical and Environmental Specifications ............................................. 204
Table 67 Classes of IP Addresses ......................................................................... 207
Table 68 Allowed IP Address Range By Class ...................................................... 208
Table 69 “Natural” Masks ...................................................................................... 208
Table 70 Alternative Subnet Mask Notation ........................................................... 209
Table 71 Two Subnets Example ............................................................................ 209
Table 72 Subnet 1 .................................................................................................. 210
Table 73 Subnet 2 .................................................................................................. 210
Table 74 Subnet 1 .................................................................................................. 211
Table 75 Subnet 2 .................................................................................................. 211
Table 76 Subnet 3 .................................................................................................. 211
Table 77 Subnet 4 .................................................................................................. 212
Table 78 Eight Subnets .......................................................................................... 212
Table 79 Class C Subnet Planning ........................................................................ 212
Table 80 Class B Subnet Planning ........................................................................213
20 List of Tables
ES-2024A User’s Guide
Preface
Congratulations on your purchase of the ES-2024A Ethernet Switch.
This preface introduces you to the ES-2024A Ethernet Switch and discusses the conventions
of this User’s Guide. It also provides information on other related documentation.
Note: Register your product online to receive e-mail notices of firmware
upgrades and information at www.zyxel.com for global products, or at
www.us.zyxel.com for North American products.
About This User's Guide
This manual is designed to guide you through the installation and configuration of your
ES-2024A for its various applications.
Related Documentation
• Web Configurator Online Help
Embedded web help for descriptions of individual screens and supplementary
information.
• ZyXEL Glossary and Web Site
Please refer to www.zyxel.com for an online glossary of networking terms and additional
support documentation.
Syntax Conventions
• “Enter” means for you to type one or more characters. “Select” or “Choose” means for
you to use one of the predefined choices.
• Command and arrow keys are enclosed in square brackets.
carriage return key;
• Mouse action sequences are denoted using a comma. For example, “click the Apple icon,
Control Panels and then Modem” means first click the Apple icon, then point your
mouse pointer to Control Panels and then click Modem.
• For brevity’s sake, we will use “e.g.,” as a shorthand for “for instance”, and “i.e.,” for
“that is” or “in other words” throughout this manual.
• The ES-2024A Ethernet Switch may be referred to as “the ES-2024A” or “the switch” in
this User’s Guide.
[ESC] means the Escape key and [SPACE BAR] means the Space Bar.
[ENTER] means the Enter, or
Preface 21
ES-2024A User’s Guide
Graphics Icons Key
ES-2024A Computer Server
Computer DSLAM Gateway
Central Office/ ISP Internet Hub/Switch
User Guide Feedback
Help us help you. E-mail all User Guide-related comments, questions or suggestions for
improvement to techwriters@zyxel.com.tw or send regular mail to The Technical Writing
Team, ZyXEL Communications Corp., 6 Innovation Road II, Science-Based Industrial Park,
Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan. Thank you.
22 Preface
Getting to Know Your Switch
This chapter introduces the main features and applications of the switch.
1.1 Introduction
The ES-2024A is a stand-alone layer-2 Ethernet switch with 24 10/100Mbps ports and two
Gigabit Ethernet/mini-GBIC ports.
With its built-in web configurator, managing and configuring the switch is easy. In addition,
the switch can also be managed via Telnet, SSH (Secure SHell), any terminal emulator
program on the console port, or third-party SNMP management.
ES-2024A User’s Guide
CHAPTER 1
1.2 Software Features
This section describes the general software features of the switch.
DHCP Client
DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol RFC 2131 and RFC 2132) allows individual
computers to obtain TCP/IP configuration at start-up from a server. You can configure the
switch as a DHCP client to obtain TCP/IP information (such as the IP address and subnet
mask) from a DHCP server. If you disable the DHCP service, you must manually enter the
TCP/IP information.
VLAN
A VLAN (Virtual Local Area Network) allows a physical network to be partitioned into
multiple logical networks. Devices on a logical network belong to one group. A device can
belong to more than one group. With VLAN, a device cannot directly talk to or hear from
devices that are not in the same group(s); the traffic must first go through a router.
Differentiated Services (DiffServ)
With DiffServ, the switch marks packets so that they receive specific per-hop treatment at
DiffServ-compliant network devices along the route based on the application types and traffic
flow.
Chapter 1 Getting to Know Your Switch 23
ES-2024A User’s Guide
Queuing
Queuing is used to help solve performance degradation when there is network congestion.
Two scheduling services are supported: Strict Priority Queuing (SPQ) and Weighted Round
Robin (WRR). This allows the switch to maintain separate queues for packets from each
individual source or flow and prevent a source from monopolizing the bandwidth.
Port Mirroring
Port mirroring allows you to copy traffic going from one or all ports to another or all ports in
order that you can examine the traffic from the mirror port (the port you copy the traffic to)
without interference.
Static Route
Static routes tell the switch how to forward IP traffic when you configure the TCP/IP
parameters manually.
IGMP Snooping
The switch supports IGMP snooping enabling group multicast traffic to be only forwarded to
ports that are members of that group; thus allowing you to significantly reduce multicast
traffic passing through your switch.
STP (Spanning Tree Protocol) / RSTP (Rapid STP)
(R)STP detects and breaks network loops and provides backup links between switches,
bridges or routers. It allows a switch to interact with other (R)STP -compliant switches in your
network to ensure that only one path exists between any two stations on the network.
Link Aggregation
Link aggregation (trunking) is the grouping of physical ports into one logical higher-capacity
link. You may want to trunk ports if for example, it is cheaper to use multiple lower-speed
links than to under-utilize a high-speed, but more costly, single-port link.
Port Authentication and Security
For security, the switch allows authentication using IEEE 802.1x with an external RADIUS
server and port security that allows only packets with dynamically learned MAC addresses
and/or configured static MAC addresses to pass through a port on the switch.
Maintenance and Management Features
• Access Control
You can specify the service(s) and computer IP address(es) to control access to the switch
for management.
• Cluster Management
24 Chapter 1 Getting to Know Your Switch
Cluster management (also known as iStacking) allows you to manage switches through
one switch, called the cluster manager. The switches must be directly connected and be in
the same VLAN group so as to be able to communicate with one another.
• Configuration and Firmware Maintenance
You can backup or restore the switch configuration or upgrade the firmware on the
switch.
1.3 Hardware Features
This section describes the ports on the switch.
Ethernet Ports
The ports allow the switch to connect to another Ethernet devices.
Gigabit Ethernet Ports
ES-2024A User’s Guide
The ports allow the switch to connect to another WAN switch or daisy-chain to other switches.
Mini-GBIC Slots
Install SPF transceivers in these slots to connect to other Ethernet switches at longer distances
than the Ethernet port.
Console Port
Use the console port for local management of the switch.
1.4 Applications
This section shows a few examples of using the switch in various network environments.
1.4.1 Backbone Application
In this application, the switch is an ideal solution for small networks where rapid growth can
be expected in the near future.
The switch can be used standalone for a group of heavy traffic users. You can connect
computers directly to the switch’s port or connect other switches to the switch.
In this example, all computers can share high-speed applications on the server. To expand the
network, simply add more networking devices such as switches, routers, computers, print
servers etc.
Chapter 1 Getting to Know Your Switch 25
ES-2024A User’s Guide
Figure 1 Backbone Application
1.4.2 Bridging Example
In this example application the switch connects different company departments (RD and
Sales) to the corporate backbone. It can alleviate bandwidth contention and eliminate server
and network bottlenecks. All users that need high bandwidth can connect to high-speed
department servers via the switch. You can provide a super-fast uplink connection by using a
Gigabit Ethernet/mini-GBIC port on the switch.
Moreover, the switch eases supervision and maintenance by allowing network managers to
centralize multiple servers at a single location.
Figure 2 Bridging Application
1.4.3 High Performance Switched Example
The switch is ideal for connecting two networks that need high bandwidth. In the following
example, use trunking to connect these two networks.
26 Chapter 1 Getting to Know Your Switch
ES-2024A User’s Guide
Switching to higher-speed LANs such as ATM (Asynchronous Transmission Mode) is not
feasible for most people due to the expense of replacing all existing Ethernet cables and
adapter cards, restructuring your network and complex maintenance. The switch can provide
the same bandwidth as ATM at much lower cost while still being able to use existing adapters
and switches. Moreover, the current LAN structure can be retained as all ports can freely
communicate with each other.
Figure 3 High Performance Switched Application
1.4.4 IEEE 802.1Q VLAN Application Examples
This section shows a workgroup and a shared server example using 802.1Q tagged VLANs.
A VLAN (Virtual Local Area Network) allows a physical network to be partitioned into
multiple logical networks. Stations on a logical network belong to one group. A station can
belong to more than one group. With VLAN, a station cannot directly talk to or hear from
stations that are not in the same group(s) unless such traffic first goes through a router.
For more information on VLANs, refer to Chapter 8, “VLAN,” on page 65.
1.4.4.1 Tag-based VLAN Example
Ports in the same VLAN group share the same frame broadcast domain thus increase network
performance through reduced broadcast traffic. VLAN groups can be modified at any time by
adding, moving or changing ports without any re-cabling.
Chapter 1 Getting to Know Your Switch 27
ES-2024A User’s Guide
Figure 4 Tag-based VLAN Application
1.4.4.2 VLAN Shared Server Example
Shared resources such as a server can be used by all ports in the same VLAN as the server, as
shown in the following example. In this example, only ports that need access to the server
need belong to VLAN 1. Ports can belong to other VLAN groups too.
Figure 5 Shared Server Using VLAN Example
28 Chapter 1 Getting to Know Your Switch
Hardware Installation and
This chapter shows you how to install and connect the switch.
2.1 Freestanding Installation
1 Make sure the switch is clean and dry.
2 Set the switch on a smooth, level surface strong enough to support the weight of the
switch and the connected cables. Make sure there is a power outlet nearby.
3 Make sure there is enough clearance around the switch to allow air circulation and the
attachment of cables and the power cord.
ES-2024A User’s Guide
CHAPTER 2
Connection
4 Remove the adhesive backing from the rubber feet.
5 Attach the rubber feet to each corner on the bottom of the switch. These rubber feet help
protect the switch from shock or vibration and ensure space between devices when
stacking.
Figure 6 Attaching Rubber Feet
Note: Do NOT block the ventilation holes. Leave space between devices when
stacking.
For proper ventilation, allow at least 4 inches (10 cm) of clearance at the front
and 3.4 inches (8 cm) at the back of the switch. This is especially important for
enclosed rack installations.
Chapter 2 Hardware Installation and Connection 29
ES-2024A User’s Guide
2.2 Mounting the Switch on a Rack
This section lists the rack mounting requirements and precautions and describes the
installation steps.
2.2.1 Rack-mounted Installation Requirements
• Two mounting brackets.
• Eight M3 flat head screws and a #2 Philips screwdriver.
• Four M5 flat head screws and a #2 Philips screwdriver.
Note: Failure to use the proper screws may damage the unit.
2.2.1.1 Precautions
• Make sure the rack will safely support the combined weight of all the equipment it
contains.
• Make sure the position of the switch does not make the rack unstable or top-heavy. Take
all necessary precautions to anchor the rack securely before installing the unit.
2.2.2 Attaching the Mounting Brackets to the Switch
1 Position a mounting bracket on one side of the switch, lining up the four screw holes on
the bracket with the screw holes on the side of the switch.
Figure 7 Attaching the Mounting Brackets
2 Using a #2 Philips screwdriver, install the M3 flat head screws through the mounting
bracket holes into the switch.
3 Repeat steps 1 and 2 to install the second mounting bracket on the other side of the
switch.
4 You may now mount the switch on a rack. Proceed to the next section.
2.2.3 Mounting the Switch on a Rack
1 Position a mounting bracket (that is already attached to the switch) on one side of the
rack, lining up the two screw holes on the bracket with the screw holes on the side of the
rack.
30 Chapter 2 Hardware Installation and Connection
Figure 8 Mounting the Switch on a Rack
ES-2024A User’s Guide
2 Using a #2 Philips screwdriver, install the M5 flat head screws through the mounting
bracket holes into the rack.
3 Repeat steps 1 and 2 to attach the second mounting bracket on the other side of the rack.
Chapter 2 Hardware Installation and Connection 31
ES-2024A User’s Guide
32 Chapter 2 Hardware Installation and Connection
Hardware Overview
This chapter describes the front panel and rear panel of the switch and shows you how to make
the hardware connections.
3.1 Front Panel Connection
The figure below shows the front panel of the switch.
Figure 9 Front Panel
ES-2024A User’s Guide
CHAPTER 3
Console Port
The following table describes the port labels on the front panel.
Table 1 Front Panel
LABEL DESCRIPTION
CONSOLE Only connect this port if you want to configure the switch using the command line
24 10/100
Mbps RJ-45
Ethernet Ports
Gigabit
Ethernet/ mini
GBIC ports
3.1.1 Console Port
For local management, you can use a computer with terminal emulation software configured
to the following parameters:
10/100 Mbps Ethernet Ports
interface (CLI) via the console port.
Connect these ports to a computer, a hub, an Ethernet switch or router.
Connect these Gigabit Ethernet ports to high-bandwidth backbone network Ethernet
switches or use them to daisy-chain other switches.
Alternatively, use mini-GBIC transceivers in these slots for fiber-optical connections to
backbone Ethernet switches
Gigabit Ethernet/
Mini-GBIC Ports
• VT100 terminal emulation
• 9600 bps
Chapter 3 Hardware Overview 33
ES-2024A User’s Guide
• No parity, 8 data bits, 1 stop bit
• No flow control
Connect the male 9-pin end of the console cable to the console port of the switch. Connect the
female end to a serial port (COM1, COM2 or other COM port) of your computer.
3.1.2 Ethernet Ports
The switch has 24 10/100Mbps auto-negotiating, auto-crossover Ethernet ports. In 10/
100Mbps Fast Ethernet, the speed can be 10Mbps or 100Mbps and the duplex mode can be
half duplex or full duplex.
There are two pairs of Gigabit Ethernet/mini-GBIC ports. The mini-GBIC ports have priority
over the Gigabit ports. This means that if a mini-GBIC port and the corresponding Gigabit port
are connected at the same time, the Gigabit port will be disabled. The speed of the Gigabit
Ethernet/mini-GBIC ports can be 100Mbps or 1000Mbps and the duplex mode can be half
duplex (at 100 Mbps) or full duplex.
An auto-negotiating port can detect and adjust to the optimum Ethernet speed (10/100Mpbs)
and duplex mode (full duplex or half duplex) of the connected device.
An auto-crossover (auto-MDI/MDI-X) port automatically works with a straight-through or
crossover Ethernet cable.
3.1.2.1 Default Ethernet Settings
The factory default negotiation settings for the Ethernet ports on the switch are:
• Speed: Auto
• Duplex: Auto
• Flow control: off
3.1.3 Mini-GBIC Slots
These are slots for mini-GBIC (Gigabit Interface Converter) transceivers. A transceiver is a
single unit that houses a transmitter and a receiver. The switch does not come with
transceivers. You must use transceivers that comply with the SFP Transceiver MultiSource
Agreement (MSA). See the SFF committee’s INF-8074i specification Rev 1.0 for details.
There are two pairs of Gigabit Ethernet/mini-GBIC ports. The mini-GBIC ports have priority
over the Gigabit ports. This means that if a mini-GBIC port and the corresponding Gigabit port
are connected at the same time, the Gigabit port will be disabled.
You can change transceivers while the switch is operating. You can use different transceivers
to connect to Ethernet switches with different types of fiber-optic connectors.
• Type: SFP connection interface
34 Chapter 3 Hardware Overview
• Connection speed: 1 Gigabit per second (Gbps)
Note: To avoid possible eye injury, do not look into an operating fiber-optic module’s
connectors.
3.1.3.1 Transceiver Installation
Use the following steps to install a mini GBIC transceiver (SFP module).
1 Insert the transceiver into the slot with the exposed section of PCB board facing down.
Figure 10 Transceiver Installation Example
ES-2024A User’s Guide
2 Press the transceiver firmly until it clicks into place.
3 The switch automatically detects the installed transceiver. Check the LEDs to verify that
it is functioning properly.
Figure 11 Installed Transceiver
3.1.3.2 Transceiver Removal
Use the following steps to remove a mini GBIC transceiver (SFP module).
1 Open the transceiver’s latch (latch styles vary).
Chapter 3 Hardware Overview 35
ES-2024A User’s Guide
Figure 12 Opening the Transceiver’s Latch Example
2 Pull the transceiver out of the slot.
Figure 13 Transceiver Removal Example
3.2 Rear Panel
The following figure shows the rear panel of the switch. The power receptacle is on the read
panel.
Figure 14 Rear Panel
3.2.1 Power Connector
Make sure you are using the correct power source as shown on the panel.
36 Chapter 3 Hardware Overview
To connect the power to the switch, insert the female end of power cord to the power
receptacle on the rear panel. Connect the other end of the supplied power cord to the power
source. Make sure that no objects obstruct the airflow of the fans.
3.3 Front Panel LEDs
The LEDs are located on the front panel. The following table describes the LEDs on the front
panel.
Table 2 Front Panel LEDs
LED COLOR STATUS DESCRIPTION
PWR Green On The system is turned on.
Off The system is off.
SYS Green Blinking The system is rebooting and performing self-diagnostic tests.
On The system is on and functioning properly.
Off The power is off or the system is not ready/malfunctioning.
ALM Red On There is a hardware failure.
Off The system is functioning normally.
LNK/ACT
(Ethernet
ports)
FDX/COL
(Ethernet
ports)
100/1000 Green On The link to a 1000 Mbps Ethernet network is up.
ACT Green Blinking The port is receiving or transmitting data.
LNK (mini
GBIC
Slots)
ACT (mini
GBIC
Slots)
Green Blinking The system is transmitting/receiving to/from a 10 Mbps Ethernet
On The link to a 10 Mbps Ethernet network is up.
Amber Blinking The system is transmitting/receiving to/from a 100 Mbps Ethernet
On The link to a 100 Mbps Ethernet network is up.
Off The link to an Ethernet network is down.
Amber Blinking The Ethernet port is negotiating in half-duplex mode and collisions
On The Ethernet port is negotiating in full-duplex mode.
Off The Ethernet port is negotiating in half-duplex mode and no
Amber On The link to a 100 Mbps Ethernet network is up.
Off The link to an Ethernet network is down.
On The port has a connection to an Ethernet network but not
Off The link to an Ethernet network is down.
Green On The port has a successful connection.
Off No Ethernet device is connected to this port.
Green Blinking The port is sending or receiving data.
Off The port is not sending or receiving data.
ES-2024A User’s Guide
network.
network.
are occurring; the more collisions that occur the faster the LED
blinks.
collisions are occurring.
receiving or transmitting data.
Chapter 3 Hardware Overview 37
ES-2024A User’s Guide
38 Chapter 3 Hardware Overview
This section introduces the configuration and functions of the web configurator.
4.1 Introduction
The web configurator is an HTML-based management interface that allows easy switch setup
and management via Internet browser. Use Internet Explorer 6.0 and later or Netscape
Navigator 7.0 and later versions. The recommended screen resolution is 1024 by 768 pixels.
In order to use the web configurator you need to allow:
• Web browser pop-up windows from your device. Web pop-up blocking is enabled by
default in Windows XP SP (Service Pack) 2.
• JavaScript (enabled by default).
• Java permissions (enabled by default).
ES-2024A User’s Guide
CHAPTER 4
The Web Configurator
4.2 System Login
1 Start your web browser.
2 Type “http://” and the IP address of the switch (for example, the default is 192.168.1.1) in
the Location or Address field. Press
3 The login screen appears. The default username is admin and associated default
password is 1234. The date and time display as shown if you have not configured a time
server nor manually entered a time and date in the General Setup screen.
Figure 15 Web Configurator: Login
[ENTER].
Chapter 4 The Web Configurator 39
ES-2024A User’s Guide
4 Click OK to view the first web configurator screen.
4.3 The Status Screen
The Status screen is the first screen that displays when you access the web configurator.
The following figure shows the navigating components of a web configurator screen.
Figure 16 Web Configurator Home Screen (Status)
In the navigation panel, click a main link to reveal a list of submenu links.
40 Chapter 4 The Web Configurator
Table 3 Navigation Panel Sub-links Overview
ES-2024A User’s Guide
BASIC SETTING
The following table lists the various web configurator screens within the sub-links.
Table 4 Web Configurator Screen Sub-links Details
BASIC SETTING
ADVANCED
APPLICATION
ADVANCED
APPLICATION
IP APPLICATION MANAGEMENT
IP APPLICATION MANAGEMENT
System Info
General Setup
Switch Setup
IP Setup
Port Setup
VLAN
VLAN Status
VLAN Port Setting
Static VLAN
Static MAC Forwarding
Filtering
Spanning Tree Protocol
Status
Spanning Tree
Protocol
Configuration
Bandwidth Control
Broadcast Storm
Control
Mirroring
Static Routing
DiffServ
DSCP Setting
Maintenance
Firmware Upgrade
Restore
Configuration
Backup
Configuration
Load Factory Default
Reboot System
Diagnostic
Access Control
SNMP
Logins
Service Access
Control
Remote
Management
Chapter 4 The Web Configurator 41
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Table 4 Web Configurator Screen Sub-links Details (continued)
BASIC SETTING
ADVANCED
APPLICATION
Link Aggregation
Link Aggregation
Protocol Status
Link Aggregation
Port Authentication
RADIUS
802.1x
Port Security
Queuing Method
IP APPLICATION MANAGEMENT
Cluster Management
Status
Cluster
Management
Configuration
MAC Table
ARP Table
The following table describes the links in the navigation panel.
Table 5 Navigation Panel Links
LINK DESCRIPTION
Basic Settings
System Info This link takes you to a screen that displays general system and hardware
General Setup This link takes you to a screen where you can configure general identification
Switch Setup This link takes you to a screen where you can set up global switch parameters such
IP Setup This link takes you to a screen where you can configure the management IP
Port Setup This link takes you to screens where you can configure settings for individual switch
Advanced
Application
VLAN This link takes you to screens where you can configure port-based or 802.1Q VLAN
Static MAC
Forwarding
Filtering This link takes you to a screen to set up filtering rules.
Spanning Tree
Protocol
Bandwidth
Control
Broadcast Storm
Control
Mirroring This link takes you to screens where you can copy traffic from one port or ports to
Link Aggregation This link takes you to a screen where you can logically aggregate physical links to
monitoring information.
information about the switch.
as VLAN type, MAC address learning, IGMP snooping, GARP and priority queues.
address, subnet mask (necessary for switch management) and DNS (domain name
server).
ports.
(depending on what you configured in the Switch Setup menu).
This link takes you to screens where you can configure static MAC addresses for a
port. These static MAC addresses do not age out.
This link takes you to screens where you can configure the STP/RSTP to prevent
network loops.
This link takes you to screens where you can cap the maximum bandwidth allowed
from specified source(s) to specified destination(s).
This link takes you to a screen to set up broadcast filters.
another port in order that you can examine the traffic from the first port without
interference
form one logical, higher-bandwidth link.
42 Chapter 4 The Web Configurator
Table 5 Navigation Panel Links (continued)
LINK DESCRIPTION
ES-2024A User’s Guide
Port
Authentication
Port Security This link takes you to a screen where you can activate MAC address learning and
Queuing Method This link takes you to a screen where you can configure SPQ or WFQ with
IP Application
Static Route This link takes you to screens where you can configure static routes. A static route
DiffServ This link takes you to screens where you can enable DiffServ and set DSCP-to-
Advanced
Management
Maintenance This link takes you to screens where you can perform firmware and configuration
Access Control This link takes you to screens where you can change the system login password
Diagnostic This link takes you to screens where you can view system logs and test port(s).
Cluster
Management
MAC Table This link takes you to a screen where you can view the MAC addresses (and types)
ARP Table This link takes you to a screen where you can view the MAC addresses – IP
Routing Table This link takes you to a screen where you can view the routing table in the switch.
This link takes you to a screen where you can configure RADIUS (Remote
Authentication Dial-In User Service), a protocol for user authentication that allows
you to use an external server to validate an unlimited number of users.
set the maximum number of MAC addresses to learn on a port.
associated queue weights for each port.
defines how the switch should forward traffic by configuring the TCP/IP parameters
manually.
IEEE802.1p mappings.
file maintenance as well as reboot the system.
and configure SNMP and remote management.
This link takes you to a screen where you can configure clustering management
and view its status.
of devices attached to what ports and VLAN IDs.
address resolution table.
4.3.1 Change Your Password
After you log in for the first time, it is recommended you change the default administrator
password. Click Management, Access Control and then Logins to display the next screen.
Chapter 4 The Web Configurator 43
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Figure 17 Change Administrator Login Password
4.4 Switch Lockout
You could lock yourself (and all others) out from the switch by:
1 Deleting the management VLAN (default is VLAN 1).
2 Deleting all port-based VLANs with the CPU port as a member. The “CPU port” is the
management port of the switch.
3 Filtering all traffic to the CPU port.
4 Disabling all ports.
5 Assigning minimum bandwidth to the CPU port. If you limit bandwidth to the CPU port,
you may find that the switch performs sluggishly or not at all.
Note: Be careful not to lock yourself and others out of the switch.
4.5 Resetting the Switch
If you lock yourself (and others) from the switch or forget the switch password, you will need
to reload the factory-default configuration file or reset the switch back to the factory defaults.
4.5.1 Reload the Factory-default Configuration File
Uploading the factory-default configuration file replaces the current configuration file with the
factory-default configuration file. This means that you will lose all previous configurations
and the speed of the console port will be reset to the default of 9600bps with 8 data bit, no
parity, one stop bit and flow control set to none. The password will also be reset to “1234” and
the IP address to 192.168.1.1.
44 Chapter 4 The Web Configurator
ES-2024A User’s Guide
To upload the factory-default configuration file, do the following:
1 Connect to the console port using a computer with terminal emulation software. See
Section 3.1.1 on page 33 for details.
2 Disconnect and reconnect the switch’s power to begin a session. When you reconnect the
switch’s power, you will see the initial screen.
3 When you see the message “
seconds ...
4 Type
atlc after the “Enter Debug Mode” message.
5 Wait for the “
” press any key to enter debug mode.
Starting XMODEM upload” message before activating XMODEM
Press any key to enter Debug Mode within 3
upload on your terminal.
6 After the factory-default configuration file upload, type
Figure 18 Resetting the Switch: Via the Console Port
Bootbase Version: V1.0 | 04/25/2003 10:01:06
RAM: Size = 32768 Kbytes
FLASH: Intel 32M
ZyNOS Version: V3.50(DU.0)| 07/11/2003 18:00:29
Press any key to enter debug mode within 3 seconds.
....................
Enter Debug Mode
ES-2024A> atlc
Starting XMODEM upload (CRC mode)....
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
Total 262144 bytes received.
Erasing..
................................................................
OK
ES-2024A> atgo
atgo to restart the switch.
The switch is now reinitialized with the factory-default configuration file including the default
password of “1234”.
4.6 Logging Out of the Web Configurator
Click Logout in a screen to exit the web configurator. You have to log in with your password
again after you log out. This is recommended after you finish a management session both for
security reasons and so as you don’t lock out other switch administrators.
Chapter 4 The Web Configurator 45
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Figure 19 Web Configurator: Logout Screen
4.7 Help
The web configurator’s online help has descriptions of individual screens and some
supplementary information.
Click the Help link from a web configurator screen to view an online help description of that
screen.
46 Chapter 4 The Web Configurator
This chapter shows how to set up the switch for an example network.
5.1 Overview
The following lists the configuration steps for the initial setup:
• Create a VLAN
• Set port VLAN ID
• Configure the switch IP management address
ES-2024A User’s Guide
CHAPTER 5
Initial Setup Example
5.1.1 Creating a VLAN
VLANs confine broadcast frames to the VLAN group in which the port(s) belongs. You can
do this with port-based VLAN or tagged static VLAN with fixed port members.
In this example, you want to configure port 10 as a member of VLAN 2.
Figure 20 Initial Setup Network Example: VLAN
Chapter 5 Initial Setup Example 47
ES-2024A User’s Guide
1 Click Advanced Application and VLAN in the navigation panel and click the Static
VLAN link.
2 In the Static VLAN screen,
select ACTIVE, enter a
descriptive name in the Name
field and enter 2 in the VLAN
Group ID field for the VLAN2
network.
Note: The VLAN Group ID field in
this screen and the VID field
in the IP Setup screen refer
to the same VLAN ID.
3 Since the VLAN2 network is
connected to port 10 on the
switch, select Fixed to configure
port 10 to be a permanent
member of the VLAN only.
4 To ensure that VLAN-unaware
devices (such as computers and
hubs) can receive frames
properly, clear the TX Tagging check box to set the switch to remove VLAN tags before
sending.
5 Click Add to save the settings.
5.1.2 Setting Port VID
Use PVID to add a tag to incoming untagged frames received on that port so that the frames
are forwarded to the VLAN group that the tag defines.
48 Chapter 5 Initial Setup Example
ES-2024A User’s Guide
In the example network, configure 2 as the port VID on port 10 so that any untagged frames
received on that port get sent to VLAN 2.
Figure 21 Initial Setup Network Example: Port VID
1 Click Advanced
Applications and VLAN
in the navigation panel.
Then click the VLAN
Port Setting link.
2 Enter 2 in the PVID field
for port 10 and click
Apply to save the
settings.
5.1.3 Configuring Switch Management IP Address
The default management IP address of the switch is 192.168.1.1. You can configure another IP
address in a different subnet for management purposes. The following figure shows an
example.
Chapter 5 Initial Setup Example 49
ES-2024A User’s Guide
Figure 22 Initial Setup Example: Management IP Address
1 Connect your computer to any Ethernet port on the switch. Make sure your computer is
in the same subnet as the switch.
2 Open your web browser and enter 192.168.1.1 (the default IP address) in the address bar
to access the web configurator. See Section 4.2 on page 39 for more information.
3 Click Basic Setting and IP
Setup in the navigation panel.
4 Configure the related fields in the
IP Setup screen.
For the VLAN2 network, enter
192.168.2.1 as the IP address and
255.255.255.0 as the subnet
mask.
5 In the VID field, enter the ID of
the VLAN group to which you
want this management IP address
to belong. This is the same as the
VLAN ID you configure in the
Static VLAN screen.
6 Click Add.
50 Chapter 5 Initial Setup Example
This chapter describes the system status (web configurator home page) and port details
screens.
6.1 Overview
The home screen of the web configurator displays a port statistical summary table with links to
each port showing statistical details.
ES-2024A User’s Guide
CHAPTER 6
System Status and Port
Statistics
6.2 Port Status Summary
To view the port statistics, click Status in all web configurator screens to display the Status
screen as shown next.
Figure 23 Status
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Chapter 6 System Status and Port Statistics 51
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Table 6 Status
LABEL DESCRIPTION
System up Time This field shows how long the system has been running since the last time it was
Port This identifies the Ethernet port. Click a port number to display the Port Details
Link This field displays the speed (either 10M for 10Mbps, 100M for 100Mbps or another
State This field displays the STP (Spanning Tree Protocol) state of the port. See the
LACP This fields displays whether LACP (Link Aggregation Control Protocol) has been
TxPkts This field shows the number of transmitted frames on this port.
RxPkts This field shows the number of received frames on this port.
Errors This field shows the number of received errors on this port.
Tx KB/s This field shows the number of kilobytes per second transmitted on this port.
Rx KB/s This field shows the number of kilobytes per second received on this port.
Up Time This field shows the total amount of time in hours, minutes and seconds the port has
Poll Interval(s) The text box displays how often (in seconds) this screen refreshes. You may change
Stop Click Stop to halt system statistic polling.
Clear Counter Select a port from the Port drop-down list box and then click Clear Counter to erase
started.
screen (refer to Figure 24 on page 53).
value depending on the uplink module being used) and the duplex (F for full duplex
or H for half duplex).
chapter on STP for details on STP states.
enabled on the port.
been up.
the refresh interval by typing a new number in the text box and then clicking Set
Interval.
the recorded statistical information for that port.
6.2.1 Status: Port Details
Click a number in the Port column in the Status screen to display individual port statistics.
Use this screen to check status and detailed performance data about an individual port on the
switch.
52 Chapter 6 System Status and Port Statistics
Figure 24 Status: Port Details
ES-2024A User’s Guide
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 7 Status: Port Details
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Port Info
Link This field shows whether the Ethernet connection is down, and the speed/duplex
Status This field shows the training state of the ports. The states are FORWARDING
LACP This field shows if LACP is enabled on this port or not.
TxPkts This field shows the number of transmitted frames on this port
RxPkts This field shows the number of received frames on this port
Errors This field shows the number of received errors on this port.
Tx KB/s This field shows the number kilobytes per second transmitted on this port.
Rx KB/s This field shows the number of kilobytes per second received on this port.
Up Time This field shows the total amount of time the connection has been up.
Tx Packet
The following fields display detailed information about packets transmitted.
mode.
(forwarding), which means the link is functioning normally or STOP (the port is stopped
to break a loop or duplicate path).
Chapter 6 System Status and Port Statistics 53
ES-2024A User’s Guide
Table 7 Status: Port Details (continued)
LABEL DESCRIPTION
TX Packet This field shows the number of good packets (unicast, multicast and broadcast)
Multicast This field shows the number of good multicast packets transmitted.
Broadcast This field shows the number of good broadcast packets transmitted.
Pause This field shows the number of 802.3x Pause packets transmitted.
Tagged This field shows the number of packets with VLAN tags transmitted.
Rx Packet
The following fields display detailed information about packets received.
RX Packet This field shows the number of good packets (unicast, multicast and broadcast)
Multicast This field shows the number of good multicast packets received.
Broadcast This field shows the number of good broadcast packets received.
Pause This field shows the number of 802.3x Pause packets received.
Error Packet
RX CRC This field shows the number of packets received with CRC (Cyclic Redundant Check)
Runt This field shows the number of packets received that were too short (shorter than 64
Distribution
64 This field shows the number of packets (including bad packets) received that were 64
65-127 This field shows the number of packets (including bad packets) received that were
128-255 This field shows the number of packets (including bad packets) received that were
256-511 This field shows the number of packets (including bad packets) received that were
512-1023 This field shows the number of packets (including bad packets) received that were
1024-1518 This field shows the number of packets (including bad packets) received that were
Giant This field shows the number of packets dropped because they were bigger than the
Poll Interval(s) The text box displays how often (in seconds) this screen refreshes. You may change
Stop Click Stop to stop port statistic polling.
transmitted.
received.
error(s).
octets), including the ones with CRC errors.
octets in length.
between 65 and 127 octets in length.
between 128 and 255 octets in length.
between 256 and 511 octets in length.
between 512 and 1023 octets in length.
between 1024 and 1518 octets in length.
maximum frame size.
the refresh interval by typing a new number in the text box and then clicking Set
Interval.
54 Chapter 6 System Status and Port Statistics
This chapter describes how to configure the System Info, General Setup, Switch Setup, IP
Setup and Port Setup screens.
7.1 Overview
The System Info screen displays general switch information (such as firmware version
number) and hardware polling information (such as fan speeds). The General Setup screen
allows you to configure general switch identification information. The General Setup screen
also allows you to set the system time manually or get the current time and date from an
external server when you turn on your switch. The real time is then displayed in the switch
logs. The Switch Setup screen allows you to set up and configure global switch features. The
IP Setup screen allows you to configure a switch IP address, subnet mask(s) and DNS
(domain name server) for management purposes.
ES-2024A User’s Guide
CHAPTER 7
Basic Setting
7.2 System Information
In the navigation panel, click Basic Setting and System Info to display the screen as shown.
You can check the firmware version number and monitor the switch temperature, fan speeds
and voltage in this screen.
Figure 25 System Info
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 8 System Info
LABEL DESCRIPTION
System Name This field displays the descriptive name of the switch for identification purposes.
ZyNOS F/W
Version
Ethernet
Address
This field displays the version number of the switch 's current firmware including the
date created.
This field refers to the Ethernet MAC (Media Access Control) address of the switch.
Chapter 7 Basic Setting 55
ES-2024A User’s Guide
Table 8 System Info (continued)
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Poll Interval(s) The text box displays how often (in seconds) this screen refreshes. You may change
the refresh interval by typing a new number in the text box and then clicking Set
Interval.
Stop Click Stop to halt statistic polling.
7.3 General Setup
Click Basic Setting and General Setup in the navigation panel to display the screen as shown.
Figure 26 General Setup
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 9 General Setup
LABEL DESCRIPTION
System Name Choose a descriptive name for identification purposes. This name consists of up to
32 printable characters; spaces are not allowed.
Location Enter the geographic location (up to 30 characters) of your switch.
Contact Person's
Name
56 Chapter 7 Basic Setting
Enter the name (up to 30 characters) of the person in charge of this switch.
Table 9 General Setup (continued)
LABEL DESCRIPTION
ES-2024A User’s Guide
Login
Precedence
Use Time Server
when Bootup
Time Server IP
Address
Current Time This field displays the time you open this menu (or refresh the menu).
New Time
(hh:min:ss)
Current Date This field displays the date you open this menu.
New Date (yyyymm-dd)
Time Zone Select the time difference between UTC (Universal Time Coordinated, formerly
Apply Click Apply to save the settings.
Cancel Click Cancel to reset the fields to your previous configuration.
Use this drop-down list box to select which database the switch should use (first) to
authenticate an administrator (user for switch management).
Configure the local user accounts in the Access Control Logins screen. The
RADIUS is an external server. Before you specify the priority, make sure you have
set up the corresponding database correctly first.
Select Local Only to have the switch just check the administrator accounts
configured in the Access Control Logins screen.
Select Local then RADIUS to have the switch check the administrator accounts
configured in the Access Control Logins screen. If the user name is not found, the
switch then checks the user database on the specified RADIUS server. You need to
configure Port Authentication Radius first.
Select RADIUS Only to have the switch just check the user database on the
specified RADIUS server for a login username and password.
Enter the time service protocol that a timeserver sends when you turn on the switch.
Not all time servers support all protocols, so you may have to use trial and error to
find a protocol that works. The main differences between them are the time format.
Daytime (RFC 867) format is day/month/year/time zone of the server.
Time (RFC-868) format displays a 4-byte integer giving the total number of seconds
since 1970/1/1 at 0:0:0.
NTP (RFC-1305) is similar to Time (RFC-868).
None is the default value. Enter the time manually. Each time you turn on the
switch, the time and date will be reset to 2000-1-1 0:0.
Enter the IP address (or URL if you configure a domain name server in the IP Setup
screen) of your timeserver. The switch searches for the timeserver for up to 60
seconds. If you select a timeserver that is unreachable, then this screen will appear
locked for 60 seconds. Please wait.
Enter the new time in hour, minute and second format. The new time then appears
in the Current Time field after you click Apply.
Enter the new date in year, month and day format. The new date then appears in
the Current Date field after you click Apply.
known as GMT, Greenwich Mean Time) and your time zone from the drop-down list
box.
7.4 Introduction to VLANs
A VLAN (Virtual Local Area Network) allows a physical network to be partitioned into
multiple logical networks. Devices on a logical network belong to one group. A device can
belong to more than one group. With VLAN, a device cannot directly talk to or hear from
devices that are not in the same group(s); the traffic must first go through a router.
Chapter 7 Basic Setting 57
ES-2024A User’s Guide
In MTU (Multi-Tenant Unit) applications, VLAN is vital in providing isolation and security
among the subscribers. When properly configured, VLAN prevents one subscriber from
accessing the network resources of another on the same LAN, thus a user will not see the
printers and hard disks of another user in the same building.
VLAN also increases network performance by limiting broadcasts to a smaller and more
manageable logical broadcast domain. In traditional switched environments, all broadcast
packets go to each and every individual port. With VLAN, all broadcasts are confined to a
specific broadcast domain.
Note: VLAN is unidirectional; it only governs outgoing traffic.
See Chapter 8 on page 65 for information on port-based and 802.1Q tagged VLANs.
7.5 IGMP Snooping
A switch can passively snoop on IGMP Query, Report and Leave (IGMP version 2) packets
transferred between IP multicast routers/switches and IP multicast hosts to learn the IP
multicast group membership. It checks IGMP packets passing through it, picks out the group
registration information, and configures multicasting accordingly. IGMP snooping allows the
switch to learn multicast groups without you having to manually configure them.
The switch forwards multicast traffic destined for multicast groups (that it has learned from
IGMP snooping or that you have manually configured) to ports that are members of that
group. The switch discards multicast traffic destined for multicast groups that it does not
know. IGMP snooping generates no additional network traffic, allowing you to significantly
reduce multicast traffic passing through your switch.
7.6 Switch Setup Screen
Click Basic Setting and then Switch Setup in the navigation panel to display the screen as
shown. The VLAN setup screens change depending on whether you choose 802.1Q or Port
Based in the VLAN Type field in this screen. Refer to the chapter on VLAN.
58 Chapter 7 Basic Setting
Figure 27 Switch Setup
ES-2024A User’s Guide
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 10 Switch Setup
LABEL DESCRIPTION
VLAN Type Choose 802.1Q or Port Based. The VLAN Setup screen changes depending on
IGMP Snooping Select the Active checkbox to enable IGMP snooping have group multicast traffic
MAC Address
Learning
Aging Time Enter a time from 10 to 3000 seconds. This is how long all dynamically learned MAC
GARP Timer: Switches join VLANs by making a declaration. A declaration is made by issuing a Join
message using GARP. Declarations are withdrawn by issuing a Leave message. A Leave All message
terminates all registrations. GARP timers set declaration timeout values. See the chapter on VLAN
setup for more background information.
Join Timer Join Timer sets the duration of the Join Period timer for GVRP in milliseconds. Each
Leave Timer Leave Time sets the duration of the Leave Period timer for GVRP in milliseconds.
Leave All Timer Leave All Timer sets the duration of the Leave All Period timer for GVRP in
whether you choose 802.1Q VLAN type or Port Based VLAN type in this screen.
See Chapter 8 on page 65 for more information.
only forwarded to ports that are members significantly reducing multicast traffic
passing through your switch. See Section 7.5 on page 58 for more information on
IGMP snooping.
MAC address learning reduces outgoing traffic broadcasts. For MAC address
learning to occur on a port, the port must be active.
addresses remain in the MAC address table before they age out (and must be
relearned).
port has a Join Period timer. The allowed Join Time range is between 100 and
65535 milliseconds; the default is 200 milliseconds. See the chapter on VLAN setup
for more background information.
Each port has a single Leave Period timer. Leave Time must be two times larger
than Join Timer; the default is 600 milliseconds.
milliseconds. Each port has a single Leave All Period timer. Leave All Timer must be
larger than Leave Timer; the default is 1000 milliseconds.
Chapter 7 Basic Setting 59
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Table 10 Switch Setup (continued)
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Priority Queue Assignment
IEEE 802.1p defines up to eight separate traffic types by inserting a tag into a MAC-layer frame that
contains bits to define class of service. Frames without an explicit priority tag are given the default
priority of the ingress port. Use the next two fields to configure the priority level-to-physical queue
mapping.
The switch has four physical queues that you can map to the 8 priority levels. On the switch, traffic
assigned to higher index queues gets through faster while traffic in lower index queues is dropped if the
network is congested.
Priority Level (The following descriptions are based on the traffic types defined in the IEEE 802.1d
standard (which incorporates the 802.1p).
Level 7 Typically used for network control traffic such as router configuration messages.
Level 6 Typically used for voice traffic that is especially sensitive to jitter (jitter is the
Level 5 Typically used for video that consumes high bandwidth and is sensitive to jitter.
Level 4 Typically used for controlled load, latency-sensitive traffic such as SNA (Systems
Level 3 Typically used for “excellent effort” or better than best effort and would include
Level 2 This is for “spare bandwidth”.
Level 1 This is typically used for non-critical “background” traffic such as bulk transfers that
Level 0 Typically used for best-effort traffic.
Apply Click Apply to save the settings.
Cancel Click Cancel to reset the fields to your previous configuration.
variations in delay).
Network Architecture) transactions.
important business traffic that can tolerate some delay.
are allowed but that should not affect other applications and users.
7.7 IP Setup
Use the IP Setup screen to configure the default gateway device, the default domain name
server and add switch IP address.
7.7.1 Management IP Addresses
The switch needs an IP address for it to be managed over the network. The factory default IP
address is 192.168.1.1. The subnet mask specifies the network number portion of an IP
address. The factory default subnet mask is 255.255.255.0.
You can configure up to 128 IP addresses which are used to access and manage the switch
from the ports belonging to the pre-defined VLAN(s).
Note: You must configure a VLAN first.
60 Chapter 7 Basic Setting
Figure 28 IP Setup
ES-2024A User’s Guide
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Tabl e 11 IP Setup
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Domain
Name Server
Default Management IP Address
Configure the fields to set the default management IP address.
DHCP Client Select this option if you have a DHCP server that can assign the switch an IP address
Stat ic IP
Address
IP
Address
IP Subnet
Mask
Default
Gateway
DNS (Domain Name System) is for mapping a domain name to its corresponding IP
address and vice versa. Enter a domain name server IP address in order to be able to
use a domain name instead of an IP address.
and subnet mask, a default gateway IP address and a domain name server IP address.
Select this option if you don't have a DHCP server or if you wish to assign static IP
address information to the switch. You need to fill in the following fields when you select
this option.
Enter the IP address of your switch in dotted decimal notation for example 192.168.1.1.
Enter the IP subnet mask of your switch in dotted decimal notation for example
255.255.255.0.
Enter the IP address of the default outgoing gateway in dotted decimal notation, for
example 192.168.1.254
Chapter 7 Basic Setting 61
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Tabl e 11 IP Setup (continued)
LABEL DESCRIPTION
VID Enter the VLAN identification number associated with the switch IP address. This is the
Apply Click Apply to save the settings.
Cancel Click Cancel to reset the fields to your previous configuration.
Management IP Addresses
Configure the fields to set additional management IP address.
IP Address Enter the IP address for managing the switch by the members of the VLAN specified in
IP Subnet
Mask
VID Enter the VLAN identification number.
Add Click Add to save the new rule to the switch. It then displays in the summary table at the
Cancel Click Cancel to reset the fields to your previous configuration.
Index This field displays the index number of an entry.
IP Address This field displays the management IP address of the switch.
Subnet Mask This field displays the subnet mask of the switch.
VID This field displays the VLAN identification number of the network.
Delete Click Delete to remove the selected entry from the summary table.
Cancel Click Cancel to clear the Delete check boxes.
VLAN ID of the CPU and is used for management only. The default is "1". All ports, by
default, are fixed members of this "management VLAN" in order to manage the device
from any port. If a port is not a member of this VLAN, then users on that port cannot
access the device. To access the switch make sure the port that you are connected to is
a member of Management VLAN.
the VID field below.
Enter the IP subnet mask in dotted decimal notation. For example, 255.255.255.0.
bottom of the screen.
7.8 Port Setup
Click Basic Setting and then Port Setup in the navigation panel to enter the port
configuration screen.
62 Chapter 7 Basic Setting
Figure 29 Port Setup
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
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Table 12 Port Setup
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Port This is the port index number.
Active Select this check box to enable a port. The factory default for all ports is enabled. A
port must be enabled for data transmission to occur.
Name Enter a descriptive name that identifies this port.
Type This field displays 10/100M for an Ethernet connection and 1000M for the Gigabit
Ethernet/ mini-GBIC ports.
Speed/Duplex Select the speed and the duplex mode of the Ethernet connection on this port.
For Ethernet ports, select Auto, 10M/Half Duplex, 10M/Full Duplex, 100M/Half
Duplex or 100M/Full Duplex.
For Gigabit Ethernet/mini-GBIC ports (25 and 26), select Auto, 100M/Full Duplex or
1000M/Full Duplex.
Selecting Auto (auto-negotiation) allows one port to negotiate with a peer port
automatically to obtain the connection speed and duplex mode that both ends support.
When auto-negotiation is turned on, a port on the switch negotiates with the peer
automatically to determine the connection speed and duplex mode. If the peer port
does not support auto-negotiation or turns off this feature, the switch determines the
connection speed by detecting the signal on the cable and using half duplex mode.
When the switch’s auto-negotiation is turned off, a port uses the pre-configured speed
and duplex mode when making a connection, thus requiring you to make sure that the
settings of the peer port are the same in order to connect.
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Table 12 Port Setup (continued)
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Flow Control A concentration of traffic on a port decreases port bandwidth and overflows buffer
802.1P Priority This priority value is added to incoming frames without a (802.1p) priority queue tag.
Apply Click Apply to save the settings.
Cancel Click Cancel to reset the fields to your previous configuration.
memory causing packet discards and frame losses. Flow Control is used to regulate
transmission of signals to match the bandwidth of the receiving port.
The switch uses IEEE802.3x flow control in full duplex mode and backpressure flow
control in half duplex mode.
IEEE802.3x flow control is used in full duplex mode to send a pause signal to the
sending port, causing it to temporarily stop sending signals when the receiving port
memory buffers fill.
Back Pressure flow control is typically used in half duplex mode to send a "collision"
signal to the sending port (mimicking a state of packet collision) causing the sending
port to temporarily stop sending signals and resend later. Select Flow Control to
enable it.
See Priority Queue Assignment in Table 10 on page 59 for more information.
64 Chapter 7 Basic Setting
CHAPTER 8
The type of screen you see here depends on the VLAN Type you selected in the Switch Setup
screen. This chapter shows you how to configure 802.1Q tagged and port-based VLANs.
8.1 Introduction to IEEE 802.1Q Tagged VLAN
A tagged VLAN uses an explicit tag (VLAN ID) in the MAC header to identify the VLAN
membership of a frame across bridges - they are not confined to the switch on which they were
created. The VLANs can be created statically by hand or dynamically through GVRP. The
VLAN ID associates a frame with a specific VLAN and provides the information that switches
need to process the frame across the network. A tagged frame is four bytes longer than an
untagged frame and contains two bytes of TPID (Tag Protocol Identifier, residing within the
type/length field of the Ethernet frame) and two bytes of TCI (Tag Control Information, starts
after the source address field of the Ethernet frame).
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VLAN
The CFI (Canonical Format Indicator) is a single-bit flag, always set to zero for Ethernet
switches. If a frame received at an Ethernet port has a CFI set to 1, then that frame should not
be forwarded as it is to an untagged port. The remaining twelve bits define the VLAN ID,
giving a possible maximum number of 4,096 (212) VLANs. Note that user priority and VLAN
ID are independent of each other. A frame with VID (VLAN Identifier) of null (0) is called a
priority frame, meaning that only the priority level is significant and the default VID of the
ingress port is given as the VID of the frame. Of the 4096 possible VIDs, a VID of 0 is used to
identify priority frames and value 4095 (FFF) is reserved, so the maximum possible VLAN
configurations are 4,094.
TPID
2 Bytes
User Priority
3 Bits
CFI
1 Bit
VLAN ID
12 bits
8.1.1 Forwarding Tagged and Untagged Frames
Each port on the switch is capable of passing tagged or untagged frames. To forward a frame
from an 802.1Q VLAN-aware switch to an 802.1Q VLAN-unaware switch, the switch first
decides where to forward the frame and then strips off the VLAN tag. To forward a frame
from an 802.1Q VLAN-unaware switch to an 802.1Q VLAN-aware switch, the switch first
decides where to forward the frame, and then inserts a VLAN tag reflecting the ingress port's
default VID. The default PVID is VLAN 1 for all ports, but this can be changed.
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8.2 Automatic VLAN Registration
GARP and GVRP are the protocols used to automatically register VLAN membership across
switches.
8.2.1 GARP
GARP (Generic Attribute Registration Protocol) allows network switches to register and deregister attribute values with other GARP participants within a bridged LAN. GARP is a
protocol that provides a generic mechanism for protocols that serve a more specific
application, for example, GVRP.
8.2.1.1 GARP Timers
Switches join VLANs by making a declaration. A declaration is made by issuing a Join
message using GARP. Declarations are withdrawn by issuing a Leave message. A Leave All
message terminates all registrations. GARP timers set declaration timeout values.
8.2.2 GVRP
GVRP (GARP VLAN Registration Protocol) is a registration protocol that defines a way for
switches to register necessary VLAN members on ports across the network. Enable this
function to permit VLANs groups beyond the local switch.
Please refer to the following table for common GARP terminology.
Table 13 IEEE 802.1q Terminology
VLAN PARAMETER TERM DESCRIPTION
VLAN Type Permanent VLAN This is a static VLAN created manually.
VLAN Administrative
Control
VLAN Tag Control Tagged Ports belonging to the specified VLAN tag all outgoing
Dynamic VLAN This is a VLAN configured by a GVRP registration/
deregistration process.
Registration Fixed Fixed registration ports are permanent VLAN members.
Registration
Forbidden
Normal Registration Ports dynamically join a VLAN using GVRP.
Untagged Ports belonging to the specified don't tag all outgoing
Ports with registration forbidden are forbidden to join the
specified VLAN.
frames transmitted.
frames transmitted.
66 Chapter 8 VLAN
Table 13 IEEE 802.1q Terminology (continued)
VLAN PARAMETER TERM DESCRIPTION
VLAN Port Port VID This is the VLAN ID assigned to untagged frames that
Acceptable frame
type
Ingress filtering If set, the switch discards incoming frames for VLANs
8.3 Port VLAN Trunking
Enable VLAN Trunking on a port to allow frames belonging to unknown VLAN groups to
pass through that port. This is useful if you want to set up VLAN groups on end devices
without having to configure the same VLAN groups on intermediary devices.
Refer to the following figure. Suppose you want to create VLAN groups 1 and 2 (V1 and V2)
on devices A and B. Without VLAN Trunking, you must configure VLAN groups 1 and 2 on
all intermediary switches C, D and E; otherwise they will drop frames with unknown VLAN
group tags. However, with VLAN Trunking enabled on a port(s) in each intermediary switch
you only need to create VLAN groups in the end devices (A and B). C, D and E automatically
allow frames with VLAN group tags 1 and 2 (VLAN groups that are unknown to those
switches) to pass through their VLAN trunking port(s).
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this port received.
You may choose to accept both tagged and untagged
incoming frames or just tagged incoming frames on a
port.
that do not have this port as a member
Figure 30 Port VLAN Trunking
8.4 Select the VLAN Type
1 Select a VLAN type in the Switch Setup screen.
Chapter 8 VLAN 67
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Figure 31 Switch Setup: Select VLAN Type
8.5 Static VLAN
Use a static VLAN to decide whether an incoming frame on a port should be
• sent to a VLAN group as normal depends on its VLAN tag.
• sent to a group whether it has a VLAN tag or not.
• blocked from a VLAN group regardless of its VLAN tag.
You can also tag all outgoing frames (that were previously untagged) from a port with the
specified VID.
8.5.1 Static VLAN Status
Click Advanced Application, VLAN from the navigation panel to display the VLAN Status
screen as shown next.
Figure 32 VLAN: VLAN Status
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
68 Chapter 8 VLAN
Table 14 VLAN: VLAN Status
LABEL DESCRIPTION
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The Number of
VLAN
Index This is the VLAN index number.
VID This is the VLAN identification number that was configured in the VLAN Setup
Port Number This column displays the ports that are participating in a VLAN. A tagged port is
Elapsed Time This field shows how long it has been since a normal VLAN was registered or a static
Status This field shows how this VLAN was added to the switch; dynamically using GVRP or
Poll Interval(s) The text box displays how often (in seconds) this screen refreshes. You may change
Stop Click Stop to halt polling statistics.
Change Pages Click Previous Page or Next Page to show the previous/next screen if all status
This is the number of VLANs configured on the switch.
screen.
marked as T, an untagged port is marked as U and ports not participating in a VLAN
are marked as “–“.
VLAN was set up.
statically, that is, added as a permanent entry.
the refresh interval by typing a new number in the text box and then clicking Set
Interval.
information cannot be seen in one screen.
8.5.2 Configure a Static VLAN
To configure a static VLAN, click Static VLAN in the VLAN Status screen to display the
screen as shown next.
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Figure 33 VLAN: Static VLAN
The following table describes the related labels in this screen.
Table 15 VLAN: Static VLAN
LABEL DESCRIPTION
ACTIVE Select this check box to activate the VLAN settings.
Name Enter a descriptive name for the VLAN group for identification purposes.
VLAN Group ID Enter the VLAN ID for this static entry; the valid range is between 1 and 4094.
Port The port number identifies the port you are configuring.
Control Select Normal for the port to dynamically join this VLAN group using GVRP. This is
the default selection.
Select Fixed for the port to be a permanent member of this VLAN group.
Select Forbidden if you want to prohibit the port from joining this VLAN group.
Tagging Select TX Tagging if you want the port to tag all outgoing frames transmitted with
this VLAN Group ID.
Add Click Add to add the settings as a new entry in the summary table below.
Cancel Click Cancel to reset the fields.
Clear Click Clear to start configuring the screen again.
VID This field displays the ID number of the VLAN group. Click the number to edit the
VLAN settings.
70 Chapter 8 VLAN
Table 15 VLAN: Static VLAN (continued)
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Active This field indicates whether the VLAN settings are enabled (Yes) or disabled (No).
Name This field displays the descriptive name for this VLAN group.
Delete Click Delete to remove the selected entry from the summary table.
Cancel Click Cancel to clear the Delete check boxes.
8.5.3 Configure VLAN Port Settings
To configure the VLAN settings on a port, click the VLAN Port Setting link in the VLAN
Status screen.
Figure 34 VLAN: VLAN Port Setting
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The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 16 VLAN: VLAN Port Setting
LABEL DESCRIPTION
GVRP GVRP (GARP VLAN Registration Protocol) is a registration protocol that defines a
way for switches to register necessary VLAN members on ports across the
network.
Select this check box to permit VLAN groups beyond the local switch.
Port Isolation Port Isolation allows each port (1 to 26) to communicate only with the CPU
management port but not communicate with each other. All incoming ports are
selected while only the CPU outgoing port is selected. This option is the most
limiting but also the most secure.
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Table 16 VLAN: VLAN Port Setting (continued)
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Ingress Check Select this check box to activate ingress filtering on the switch.
Port This field displays the port number.
PVID Enter a number between 1and 4094 as the port VLAN ID.
GVRP Select this check box to allow GVRP on this port.
Acceptable Frame
Type
VLAN Trunking Enable VLAN Trunking on ports connected to other switches or routers (but not
Apply Click Apply to save the changes
Cancel Click Cancel to start configuring the screen again.
Clear this check box to disable ingress filtering the switch.
Specify the type of frames allowed on a port. Choices are All and Tag On ly.
Select All from the drop-down list box to accept all untagged or tagged frames on
this port. This is the default setting.
Select Tag Only to accept only tagged frames on this port. All untagged frames will
be dropped.
ports directly connected to end users) to allow frames belonging to unknown VLAN
groups to pass through the switch.
8.6 Port-based VLAN Setup
Port-based VLANs are VLANs where the packet forwarding decision is based on the
destination MAC address and its associated port.
Port-based VLANs require allowed outgoing ports to be defined for each port. Therefore, if
you wish to allow two subscriber ports to talk to each other, for example, between conference
rooms in a hotel, you must define the egress (an egress port is an outgoing port, that is, a port
through which a data packet leaves) for both ports.
Port-based VLANs are specific only to the switch on which they were created.
Note: When you activate port-based VLAN, the switch uses a default VLAN ID of 1.
You cannot change it.
In screens (such as IP Setup and Filtering) that require a VID, you must enter
1 as the VID.
The port-based VLAN setup screen is shown next. The CPU management port forms a VLAN
with all Ethernet ports.
8.6.1 Configure a Port-based VLAN
Select Port Based as the VLAN Type in the Switch Setup screen (see Figure 31 on page 68)
and then click VLAN from the navigation panel to display the next screen.
72 Chapter 8 VLAN
Figure 35 Port Based VLAN Setup (All Connected)
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Chapter 8 VLAN 73
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Figure 36 Port Based VLAN Setup (Port Isolation)
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
74 Chapter 8 VLAN
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Table 17 Port Based VLAN Setup
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Setting Wizard Choose All connected or Port isolation.
All connected means all ports can communicate with each other, that is, there are no
virtual LANs. All incoming and outgoing ports are selected. This option is the most
flexible but also the least secure.
Port isolation means that each port can only communicate with the CPU
management port and cannot communicate with each other. All incoming ports are
selected while only the CPU outgoing port is selected. This option is the most limiting
but also the most secure.
After you make your selection, click Apply (top right of screen) to display the screens
as mentioned above. You can still customize these settings by adding/deleting
incoming or outgoing ports, but you must also click Apply at the bottom of the screen.
Incoming These are the ingress ports; an ingress port is an incoming port, that is, a port through
which a data packet enters. If you wish to allow two subscriber ports to talk to each
other, you must define the ingress port for both ports. The numbers in the top row
denote the incoming port for the corresponding port listed on the left (its outgoing port).
CPU refers to the switch management port. By default it forms a VLAN with all
Ethernet ports. If it does not form a VLAN with a particular port then the switch cannot
be managed from that port.
Outgoing These are the egress ports; an egress port is an outgoing port, that is, a port through
which a data packet leaves. If you wish to allow two subscriber ports to talk to each
other, you must define the egress port for both ports. CPU refers to the switch
management port. By default it forms a VLAN with all Ethernet ports. If it does not form
a VLAN with a particular port then the switch cannot be managed from that port.
Apply Click Apply to save the changes.
Cancel Click Cancel to start configuring the screen again.
Chapter 8 VLAN 75
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76 Chapter 8 VLAN
Use these screens to configure static MAC address forwarding.
9.1 Overview
A static MAC address is an address that has been manually entered in the MAC address table.
Static MAC addresses do not age out. When you set up static MAC address rules, you are
setting static MAC addresses for a port. This may reduce the need for broadcasting.
Static MAC address forwarding together with port security allow only computers in the MAC
address table on a port to access the switch. See Chapter 17 on page 103 for more information
on port security.
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CHAPTER 9
Static MAC Forwarding
9.2 Configuring Static MAC Forwarding
Click Advanced Applications, Static MAC Forwarding in the navigation panel to display
the configuration screen as shown.
Figure 37 Static MAC Forwarding
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Chapter 9 Static MAC Forwarding 77
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Table 18 Static MAC Forwarding
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Active Select this check box to activate your rule. You may temporarily deactivate a rule
Name Enter a descriptive name for identification purposes for this static MAC address
MAC Address Enter the MAC address in valid MAC address format, that is, six hexadecimal
VID Enter the VLAN identification number.
Port Select a port where the MAC address entered in the previous field will be
Add After you set the fields above, click Add to insert a new rule.
Cancel Click Cancel to reset the fields.
Clear Click Clear to begin configuring this screen afresh.
Index Click an index number to modify a static MAC address rule for a port.
Active This field displays whether this static MAC address forwarding rule is active (Yes) or
Name This field displays the descriptive name for identification purposes for this static MAC
MAC Address This field displays the MAC address that will be forwarded and the VLAN identification
Port This field displays the port where the MAC address shown in the next field will be
VID This field displays the VLAN identification number.
Delete Click Delete to remove the selected entry from the summary table.
Cancel Click Cancel to clear the Delete check boxes.
without deleting it by clearing this check box.
forwarding rule.
character pairs.
Note: Static MAC addresses do not age out.
automatically forwarded.
not (No). You may temporarily deactivate a rule without deleting it.
address-forwarding rule.
number to which the MAC address belongs.
forwarded.
78 Chapter 9 Static MAC Forwarding
CHAPTER 10
This chapter discusses static IP and MAC address port filtering.
10.1 Overview
Port filtering means discarding (or dropping) packets based on the MAC addresses and VLAN
group.
10.2 Configure a Filtering Rule
Click Advanced Application and Filtering in the navigation panel to display the screen as
shown next.
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Filtering
Figure 38 Filtering
The following table describes the related labels in this screen.
Table 19 FIltering
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Active Make sure to select this check box to activate your rule. You may temporarily deactivate
Name Type a descriptive name (up to 32 printable ASCII characters) for this rule. This is for
MAC Type a MAC address in valid MAC address format, that is, six hexadecimal character
VID Type the VLAN group identification number.
a rule without deleting it by deselecting this check box.
identification purpose only.
pairs.
Chapter 10 Filtering 79
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Table 19 FIltering (continued)
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Add Click Add to save the new rule to the switch. It then displays in the summary table at the
Cancel Click Cancel to reset the fields to your previous configuration.
Clear Click Clear to clear the fields to the factory defaults.
Index This field displays the index number of the rule. Click an index number to change the
Active This field displays Yes when the rule is activated and No when is it deactivated.
Name This field displays the descriptive name for this rule. This is for identification purpose
MAC
Address
VID This field displays the VLAN identification number.
Delete Check the rule(s) that you want to remove in the Delete column and then click the
Cancel Click Cancel to clear the selected checkbox(es) in the Delete column.
bottom of the screen.
settings.
only.
This field displays the source/destination MAC address with the VLAN identification
number to which the MAC address belongs.
Delete button.
80 Chapter 10 Filtering
Spanning Tree Protocol
This chapter introduces the Spanning Tree Protocol (STP).
11.1 Overview
STP detects and breaks network loops and provides backup links between switches, bridges or
routers. It allows a switch to interact with other STP-compliant switches in your network to
ensure that only one route exists between any two stations on the network.
11.1.1 STP Terminology
The root bridge is the base of the spanning tree; it is the bridge with the lowest identifier value
(MAC address).
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CHAPTER 11
Path cost is the cost of transmitting a frame onto a LAN through that port. It is assigned
according to the speed of the link to which a port is attached. The slower the media, the higher
the cost.
Table 20 STP Path Costs
LINK SPEED RECOMMENDED VALUE
Path Cost 4Mbps 250 100 to 1000 1 to 65535
Path Cost 10Mbps 100 50 to 600 1 to 65535
Path Cost 16Mbps 62 40 to 400 1 to 65535
Path Cost 100Mbps 19 10 to 60 1 to 65535
Path Cost 1Gbps 4 3 to 10 1 to 65535
Path Cost 10Gbps 2 1 to 5 1 to 65535
On each bridge, the root port is the port through which this bridge communicates with the root.
It is the port on this switch with the lowest path cost to the root (the root path cost). If there is
no root port, then this switch has been accepted as the root bridge of the spanning tree
network.
For each LAN segment, a designated bridge is selected. This bridge has the lowest cost to the
root among the bridges connected to the LAN.
RECOMMENDED
RANGE
ALLOWED RANGE
Chapter 11 Spanning Tree Protocol 81
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11.1.2 How STP Works
After a bridge determines the lowest cost-spanning tree with STP, it enables the root port and
the ports that are the designated ports for connected LANs, and disables all other ports that
participate in STP. Network packets are therefore only forwarded between enabled ports,
eliminating any possible network loops.
STP-aware switches exchange Bridge Protocol Data Units (BPDUs) periodically. When the
bridged LAN topology changes, a new spanning tree is constructed.
Once a stable network topology has been established, all bridges listen for Hello BPDUs
(Bridge Protocol Data Units) transmitted from the root bridge. If a bridge does not get a Hello
BPDU after a predefined interval (Max Age), the bridge assumes that the link to the root
bridge is down. This bridge then initiates negotiations with other bridges to reconfigure the
network to re-establish a valid network topology.
11.1.3 STP Port States
STP assigns five port states to eliminate packet looping. A bridge port is not allowed to go
directly from blocking state to forwarding state so as to eliminate transient loops.
Table 21 STP Port States
PORT STATE DESCRIPTION
Disabled STP is disabled (default).
Blocking Only configuration and management BPDUs are received and processed.
Listening All BPDUs are received and processed.
Learning All BPDUs are received and processed. Information frames are submitted to the
learning process but not forwarded.
Forwarding All BPDUs are received and processed. All information frames are received and
forwarded.
11.2 STP Status
Click Advanced Application, Spanning Tree Protocol in the navigation panel to display the
status screen as shown next.
82 Chapter 11 Spanning Tree Protocol
Figure 39 Spanning Tree Protocol: Status
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The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 22 Spanning Tree Protocol: Status
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Spanning Tree
Protocol
Configuration Click Configuration to configure STP settings. Refer to Section 11.3 on page 84.
Bridge Root refers to the base of the spanning tree (the root bridge). Our Bridge is this
Bridge ID This is the unique identifier for this bridge, consisting of bridge priority plus MAC
Hello Time
(second)
Max Age (second) This is the maximum time (in seconds) a switch can wait without receiving a
Forwarding Delay
(second)
Cost to Bridge This is the path cost from the root port on this switch to the root switch.
Port ID This is the priority and number of the port on the switch through which this switch
Topology Changed
Times
Time Since Last
Change
This field displays Running if STP is activated. Otherwise, it displays Down.
switch. This switch may also be the root bridge.
address. This ID is the same for Root and Our Bridge if the switch is the root
switch.
This is the time interval (in seconds) at which the root switch transmits a
configuration message. The root bridge determines Hello Time, Max Age and
Forwarding Delay
configuration message before attempting to reconfigure.
This is the time (in seconds) the root switch will wait before changing states (that
is, listening to learning to forwarding).
must communicate with the root of the Spanning Tree.
This is the number of times the spanning tree has been reconfigured.
This is the time since the spanning tree was last reconfigured.
Chapter 11 Spanning Tree Protocol 83
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Table 22 Spanning Tree Protocol: Status (continued)
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Poll Interval(s) The text box displays how often (in seconds) this screen refreshes. You may
change the refresh interval by typing a new number in the text box and then
clicking Set Interval.
Stop Click Stop to halt STP statistic polling.
11.3 Configure STP
To configure STP, click the Configuration link in the Spanning Tree Protocol screen as
shown next.
Figure 40 Spanning Tree Protocol: Configuration
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 23 Spanning Tree Protocol: Configuration
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Status Click Status to display the Spanning Tree Protocol Status screen (see Figure 39
on page 83).
Active Select this check box to activate STP. Clear this checkbox to disable STP.
84 Chapter 11 Spanning Tree Protocol
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Table 23 Spanning Tree Protocol: Configuration (continued)
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Bridge Priority Bridge priority is used in determining the root switch, root port and designated port.
The switch with the highest priority (lowest numeric value) becomes the STP root
switch. If all switches have the same priority, the switch with the lowest MAC
address will then become the root switch. Select a value from the drop-down list
box.
The lower the numeric value you assign, the higher the priority for this bridge.
Bridge Priority determines the root bridge, which in turn determines Hello Time,
Max Age and Forwarding Delay.
Hello Time This is the time interval in seconds between BPDU (Bridge Protocol Data Units)
Max Age This is the maximum time (in seconds) a switch can wait without receiving a BPDU
Forwarding Delay This is the maximum time (in seconds) a switch will wait before changing states.
configuration message generations by the root switch. The allowed range is 1 to 10
seconds.
before attempting to reconfigure. All switch ports (except for designated ports)
should receive BPDUs at regular intervals. Any port that ages out STP information
(provided in the last BPDU) becomes the designated port for the attached LAN. If it
is a root port, a new root port is selected from among the switch ports attached to
the network. The allowed range is 6 to 40 seconds.
This delay is required because every switch must receive information about
topology changes before it starts to forward frames. In addition, each port needs
time to listen for conflicting information that would make it return to a blocking state;
otherwise, temporary data loops might result. The allowed range is 4 to 30
seconds.
As a general rule:
Note: 2 * (Forward Delay - 1) >= Max Age >= 2 * (Hello Time + 1)
Port This field displays the port number.
Active Select this check box to activate STP on this port.
Priority Configure the priority for each port here.
Priority decides which port should be disabled when more than one port forms a
loop in a switch. Ports with a higher priority numeric value are disabled first. The
allowed range is between 0 and 255 and the default value is 128.
Path Cost Path cost is the cost of transmitting a frame on to a LAN through that port. It is
assigned according to the speed of the bridge. The slower the media, the higher
the cost - see Table 20 on page 81 for more information.
Apply Click Apply to save your changes back to the switch.
Cancel Click Cancel to begin configuring this screen afresh.
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86 Chapter 11 Spanning Tree Protocol
Bandwidth Control
This chapter shows you how you can cap the maximum bandwidth using the Bandwidth
Control screen.
12.1 Bandwidth Control Setup
Bandwidth control means defining a maximum allowable bandwidth for incoming and/or outgoing traffic flows on a port.
Click Advanced Application and then Bandwidth Control in the navigation panel to bring
up the screen as shown next.
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CHAPTER 12
Figure 41 Bandwidth Control
The following table describes the related labels in this screen.
Table 24 Bandwidth Control
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Active Select this check box to enable bandwidth control on the switch.
Port This field displays the port number.
Chapter 12 Bandwidth Control 87
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Table 24 Bandwidth Control (continued)
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Active Make sure to select this check box to activate bandwidth control on a port.
Ingress Rate Specify the maximum bandwidth allowed in Kilobits per second (Kbps) for the incoming
Egress Rate Specify the maximum bandwidth allowed in Kilobits per second (Kbps) for the out-
Apply Click Apply to save the settings.
Cancel Click Cancel to reset the fields to your previous configuration.
traffic flow on a port.
If you enter a number between 64 and 1728, the switch automatically rounds the
number down to the nearest multiple of 64.
If you enter a number between 1729 and 1999, the rate is fixed at 1792.
If you enter a number between 2000 and 103999, the switch rounds the number down
to the nearest multiple of 1000.
On a Gigabit Ethernet/ Mini-GBIC port, the switch rounds a number down to the
nearest multiple of 8000 for a number between 104000 and 1000000.
going traffic flow on a port.
If you enter a number between 64 and 1728, the switch automatically rounds the
number down to the nearest multiple of 64.
If you enter a number between 1729 and 1999, the rate is fixed at 1792.
If you enter a number between 2000 and 103999, the switch rounds the number down
to the nearest multiple of 1000.
On a Gigabit Ethernet/ Mini-GBIC port, the switch rounds a number down to the
nearest multiple of 8000 for a number between 104000 and 1000000.
88 Chapter 12 Bandwidth Control
CHAPTER 13
Broadcast Storm Control
This chapter introduces and shows you how to configure the broadcast storm control feature.
13.1 Overview
Broadcast storm control limits the number of broadcast frames that can be stored in the switch
buffer or sent out from the switch. Broadcast frames that arrive when the buffer is full are
discarded. Enable this feature to reduce broadcast traffic coming into your network.
13.2 Broadcast Storm Control Setup
ES-2024A User’s Guide
Click Advanced Application, Broadcast Storm Control in the navigation panel to display
the screen as shown next.
Figure 42 Broadcast Storm Control
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Chapter 13 Broadcast Storm Control 89
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Table 25 Broadcast Storm Control
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Active Select this check box to enable broadcast storm control on the switch. Clear this
Port This field displays a port number.
Active Select this check box to enable broadcast storm control on the port. Clear this check
Rate Specify the traffic a port receives in Kilobits per second (Kbps).
Apply Click Apply to save your changes back to the switch.
Cancel Click Cancel to begin configuring this screen afresh.
check box to disable the feature.
box to disable the feature.
If you enter a number between 64 and 1728, the switch automatically rounds the
number down to the nearest multiple of 64.
If you enter a number between 1729 and 1999, the rate is fixed at 1792.
If you enter a number between 2000 and 103999, the switch rounds the number down
to the nearest multiple of 1000.
On a Gigabit Ethernet/ Mini-GBIC port, the switch rounds a number down to the
nearest multiple of 8000 for a number between 104000 and 1000000.
90 Chapter 13 Broadcast Storm Control
This chapter discusses the Mirror setup screens.
14.1 Overview
Port mirroring allows you to copy a traffic flow to a mirror port (the port you copy the traffic
to) in order that you can examine the traffic from the mirror port without interference.
14.2 Port Mirroring Setup
Click Advanced Application, Mirroring in the navigation panel to display the Mirroring
screen. Use this screen to select a mirror port and specify the traffic flow to be copied to the
mirror port.
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CHAPTER 14
Mirroring
Figure 43 Mirroring
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Chapter 14 Mirroring 91
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Table 26 Mirroring
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Active Clear this check box to deactivate port mirroring on the switch.
Mirror Port The mirror port is the port you copy the traffic to in order to examine it in more detail
Ingress You can specify to copy all incoming traffic or traffic to/from a specified MAC address.
Egress You can specify to copy all outgoing traffic or traffic to/from a specified MAC address.
Port This field displays the port number.
Mirrored Select this option to mirror the traffic on a port.
Direction Specify the direction of the traffic to mirror. Choices are Egress (outgoing), Ingress
Apply Click Apply to save the changes.
Cancel Click Cancel to start configuring the screen again.
without interfering with the traffic flow on the original port(s). Select this port from this
drop-down list box.
Select All to copy all incoming traffic from the mirrored port(s).
Select Destination MAC to copy incoming traffic to a specified MAC address on the
mirrored port(s). Enter the destination MAC address in the fields provided.
Select Source MAC to copy incoming traffic from a specified MAC address on the
mirrored port(s). Enter the source MAC address in the fields provided.
Select All to copy all outgoing traffic from the mirrored port(s).
Select Destination MAC to copy outgoing traffic to a specified MAC address on the
mirrored port(s). Enter the destination MAC address in the fields provided.
Select Source MAC to copy outgoing traffic from a specified MAC address on the
mirrored port(s). Enter the source MAC address in the fields provided.
(incoming) and Both.
92 Chapter 14 Mirroring
This chapter shows you how to logically aggregate physical links to form one logical, higherbandwidth link.
15.1 Overview
Link aggregation (trunking) is the grouping of physical ports into one logical higher-capacity
link. You may want to trunk ports if for example, it is cheaper to use multiple lower-speed
links than to under-utilize a high-speed, but more costly, single-port link.
However, the more ports you aggregate then the fewer available ports you have. A trunk group
is one logical link containing multiple ports.
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CHAPTER 15
Link Aggregation
The beginning port of each trunk group must be physically connected to form a trunk group.
15.2 Dynamic Link Aggregation
The switch adheres to the IEEE 802.3ad standard for static and dynamic (LACP) port
trunking.
The switch supports the link aggregation IEEE802.3ad standard. This standard describes the
Link Aggregate Control Protocol (LACP), which is a protocol that dynamically creates and
manages trunk groups.
When you enable LACP link aggregation on a port, the port can automatically negotiate with
the ports at the remote end of a link to establish trunk groups. LACP also allows port
redundancy, that is, if an operational port fails, then one of the “standby” ports become
operational without user intervention. Please note that:
• You must connect all ports point-to-point to the same Ethernet switch and configure the
ports for LACP trunking.
• LACP only works on full-duplex links.
• All ports in the same trunk group must have the same media type, speed, duplex mode
and flow control settings.
Configure trunk groups or LACP before you connect the Ethernet switch to avoid causing
network topology loops.
Chapter 15 Link Aggregation 93
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15.2.1 Link Aggregation ID
LACP aggregation ID consists of the following information1:
Table 27 Link Aggregation ID: Local Switch
SYSTEM PRIORITY MAC ADDRESS KEY PORT PRIORITY PORT NUMBER
0000 00-00-00-00-00 0000 00 0000
Table 28 Link Aggregation ID: Peer Switch
SYSTEM PRIORITY MAC ADDRESS KEY PORT PRIORITY PORT NUMBER
0000 00-00-00-00-00 0000 00 0000
15.3 Link Aggregation Status
Click Advanced Application, Link Aggregation in the navigation panel. The Link
Aggregation Control Protocol Status screen displays by default.
Figure 44 Link Aggregation Control Protocol Status
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
1. Port Priority and Port Number are 0 as it is the aggregator ID for the trunk group, not the individual
port.
94 Chapter 15 Link Aggregation
Table 29 Link Aggregation Control Protocol Status
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Index This field displays the trunk ID to identify a trunk group, that is, one logical link
containing multiple ports.
Aggregator ID Refer to Section 15.2.1 on page 94 for more information on this field.
Enabled Port These are the ports you have configured in the Link Aggregation screen to be in the
Synchronized
Ports
Poll Interval(s) The text box displays how often (in seconds) this screen refreshes. You may change
Stop Click Stop to halt statistic polling.
trunk group.
These are the ports that are currently transmitting data as one logical link in this trunk
group.
the refresh interval by typing a new number in the text box and then clicking Set
Interval.
15.4 Link Aggregation Setup
ES-2024A User’s Guide
Click Configuration in the Link Aggregation Control Protocol Status screen to display the
screen shown next.
Chapter 15 Link Aggregation 95
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Figure 45 Link Aggregation: Configuration
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 30 Link Aggregation Control Protocol: Configuration
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Link Aggregation Control Protocol
Active Select this checkbox to enable Link Aggregation Control Protocol (LACP).
System
Priority
Group ID The field identifies the link aggregation group, that is, one logical link containing
Active Select this option to activate a trunk group.
Dynamic
(LACP)
Port This field displays the port number.
Group Select the trunk group to which a port belongs.
LACP system priority is a number between 1 and 65,355. The switch with the lowest
system priority (and lowest port number if system priority is the same) becomes the
LACP “server”. The LACP “server” controls the operation of LACP setup. Enter a
number to set the priority of an active port using Link Aggregate Control Protocol
(LACP). The smaller the number, the higher the priority level.
multiple ports
Select this check box to enable LACP for a trunk.
96 Chapter 15 Link Aggregation
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Table 30 Link Aggregation Control Protocol: Configuration (continued)
LABEL DESCRIPTION
LACP Timeout Timeout is the time interval between the individual port exchanges of LACP packets in
order to check that the peer port in the trunk group is still up. If a port does not respond
after three tries, then it is deemed to be “down” and is removed from the trunk. Set a
short timeout (one second) for busy trunked links to ensure that disabled ports are
removed from the trunk group as soon as possible. Select either 1 second or 30
seconds.
Apply Click Apply to save your changes back to the switch.
Cancel Click Cancel to begin configuring this screen afresh.
Chapter 15 Link Aggregation 97
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98 Chapter 15 Link Aggregation
This chapter describes the 802.1x authentication method and RADIUS server connection
setup.
16.1 Overview
IEEE 802.1x is an extended authentication protocol2 that allows support of RADIUS (Remote
Authentication Dial In User Service, RFC 2138, 2139) for centralized user profile and
accounting management on a network RADIUS server.
16.1.1 RADIUS
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CHAPTER 16
Port Authentication
RADIUS (Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service) authentication is a popular protocol
used to authenticate users by means of an external server instead of (or in addition to) an
internal device user database that is limited to the memory capacity of the device. In essence,
RADIUS authentication allows you to validate an unlimited number of users from a central
location.
Figure 46 RADIUS Server
16.2 Port Authentication Configuration
To enable port authentication, first activate IEEE802.1x security (both on the switch and the
port(s)) then configure the RADIUS server settings.
Click Advanced Application, Port Authentication in the navigation panel to display the
screen as shown.
2. At the time of writing, only Windows XP of the Microsoft operating systems supports it. See the Microsoft web site
for information on other Windows operating system support. For other operating systems, see its documentation.
If your operating system does not support 802.1x, then you may need to install 802.1x client software.
Chapter 16 Port Authentication 99
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