Steinberg Nuendo - 5.0 Operation Manual

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Operation Manual

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Cristina Bachmann, Heiko Bischoff, Marion Bröer, Sabine Pfeifer, Heike Schilling

Thanks to: Ashley Shepherd

The information in this document is subject to change without notice and does not represent a commitment on the part of Steinberg Media Technologies GmbH. The software described by this document is subject to a License Agreement and may not be copied to other media except as specifically allowed in the License Agreement. No part of this publica tion may be copied, reproduced or otherwise transmitted or recorded, for any purpose, without prior written permission by Steinberg Media Technologies GmbH.

All product and company names are ™ or ® trademarks of their respective owners. Windows XP is a trademark of Microsoft Corporation. Windows Vista and Windows 7 are registered trademarks or trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the United States and/or other countries. The Mac logo is a trademark used under license. Macintosh and Power Macintosh are registered trademarks. MP3SURROUND and the MP3SURROUND logo are registered trademarks of Thomson SA, registered in the US and other countries, and are used under license from Thomson Licensing SAS.

Release Date: April 13, 2010

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9 About this manual

10 Welcome!

11 System requirements and installation

12 About this chapter 12 Minimum requirements 14 Hardware installation 15 Installing Nuendo 15 Defragmenting the hard disk (Windows only) 15 Register your software

16 Setting up your system

17 Setting up audio 22 Setting up MIDI 23 Connecting a synchronizer 23 Setting up video 23 Optimizing audio performance

27 VST Connections

28 About this chapter 28 The VST Connections window 28 Setting up busses 32 Setting up group and FX channels 32 About monitoring 32 External instruments/effects 36 Editing operations

38 The Project window

39 Window Overview 41 The track list 41 The Inspector 44 The toolbar 45 The status line 45 The info line 46 The overview line 47 The ruler 48 The Snap function 50 Auto-Scroll

51 Working with projects

52 Creating new projects 52 Opening projects 52 Closing projects 53 Saving projects 54 The Archive and Backup functions 56 Startup Options 57 The Project Setup dialog 58 Zoom and view options 61 Handling tracks 66 Audio handling 67 Auditioning audio parts and events 67 Scrubbing audio 67 Editing parts and events 76 Editing in Lane Display mode 77 Range editing 79 Region operations 79 The Edit History dialog 81 The Preferences dialog

83 Playback and the Transport panel

84 Background 85 Operations 87 Options and Settings 89 The Virtual Keyboard (Nuendo Expansion Kit only)

90 Recording

91 Background 91 Basic recording methods 93 Audio recording specifics 103 MIDI recording specifics 108 Options and Settings 111 Recovery of audio recordings after system failure

112 Fades, crossfades and envelopes

113 Creating fades 115 The Fade dialogs 116 Creating crossfades 117 The Crossfade dialog 120 Auto fades and crossfades 121 Event envelopes

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122 The arranger track

123 Introduction 123 Setting up the arranger track 124 Working with arranger events 126 Flattening the arranger chain 127 Live mode 127 Arranging your music to video

129 The transpose functions

130 Introduction 130 Transposing your music 133 Other functions

136 Using markers

137 Introduction 138 The Marker window 142 Marker tracks 145 Marker key commands 145 Exporting and importing markers

151 The Mixer

152 Overview 154 Configuring the Mixer 157 Basic mixing procedures 160 Audio-specific procedures 168 Routing 171 Direct Routing 174 MIDI-specific procedures 175 Utilities 176 VST Mixer Diagrams

179 Control Room

180 Virtual Control Room – The concept 180 Configuring the Control Room 184 The Control Room Mixer 190 Studios and Studio Sends 193 The Control Room Overview 194 Direct Monitoring and latency

195 Audio effects

196 About this chapter 196 Overview 197 Insert effects 203 Send effects 207 Using the side-chain input 208 Using external effects 208 Editing effects 209 Effect presets 212 Installing and managing effect plug-ins

215 VST instruments and instrument

tracks

216 Introduction 216 VST instrument channels vs. instrument tracks 216 VST instrument channels 218 Instrument tracks 220 What do I need? Instrument channel or

instrument track?

220 Instrument Freeze 221 VST instruments and processor load 221 Using presets for VSTi configuration 225 About latency 225 External instruments

226 Surround sound

227 Introduction 229 Preparations 230 Using the SurroundPanner V5 237 Using the MixConvert plug-in 238 Exporting a surround mix

239 Automation

240 Introduction 240 Working with automation curves 240 Enabling and disabling the writing of automation

data

241 Writing automation data 242 Editing automation events 243 Automation track operations 245 Virgin territory vs. the initial value 248 The Automation panel 260 Automation Preferences 261 Hints and further options 261 MIDI controller automation

263 Audio processing and functions

264 Background 264 Audio processing 273 Applying plug-ins 275 The Offline Process History dialog 276 Batch Processing 277 Freeze Edits 278 Detect Silence 279 The Spectrum Analyzer 281 Statistics

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282 The Sample Editor

283 Window overview 287 Operations 292 Options and settings 293 AudioWarp: Tempo matching audio 297 Free Warp 299 Working with hitpoints and slices 302 VariAudio 312 Flattening realtime processing

314 The Audio Part Editor

315 Background 315 Opening the Audio Part Editor 315 Window overview 316 Operations 318 Common methods 319 Options and Settings

320 The Pool

321 Background 322 Window overview 324 Operations

362 Track Quick Controls

363 Introduction 363 Setting up the Quick Controls tab 364 Setting up quick controls on an external remote

controller

364 Quick controls and automatable parameters

366 Remote controlling Nuendo

367 Introduction 367 Setting Up 368 Operations 369 The Generic Remote device 371 Track Quick Controls 371 Deactivating joysticks 371 Apple Remote (Macintosh only)

372 MIDI realtime parameters and effects

373 Introduction 373 The Inspector – general handling 373 The Inspector sections 377 MIDI effects 379 Managing plug-ins

334 The MediaBay

335 Introduction 336 Working with the MediaBay 337 The Define Locations section 338 The Locations section 339 The Results list 342 Previewing files 345 The Filters section 347 The Attribute Inspector 351 MediaBay aspects 352 Preferences 353 Key commands 353 Working with MediaBay-related windows 354 Working with Volume databases

356 Working with track presets

357 Introduction 357 Types of track presets 358 Applying track presets 360 Creating a track preset 361 Creating tracks from track presets or VST presets

380 Using MIDI devices

381 Background 381 MIDI devices – general settings and patch

handling

386 About Device panels 389 About Studio Connections

391 MIDI processing and quantizing

392 Introduction 392 The quantizing functions 397 Making your settings permanent 398 Dissolve Part 399 Bounce MIDI 399 Repeat Loop 400 Other MIDI functions

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403 The MIDI editors

404 Introduction 404 Opening a MIDI editor 406 The Key Editor – Overview 408 Key Editor operations 422 The In-Place Editor 424 The List Editor – Overview 425 List Editor operations 427 Working with SysEx messages 429 Recording SysEx parameter changes 429 Editing SysEx messages

431 The Logical Editor, Transformer, and

Input Transformer

432 Introduction 432 Opening the Logical Editor 433 Window overview 433 Setting up filter conditions 437 Selecting a function 438 Specifying actions 440 Applying the defined actions 440 Working with presets 440 The Input Transformer

442 The Project Logical Editor

443 Introduction 443 Opening the Project Logical Editor 443 Window overview 444 Setting up filter conditions 448 Specifying actions 450 Selecting a function 450 Applying Macros 450 Applying the defined actions 450 Working with presets

452 Editing tempo and signature

453 Background 453 Tempo and signature display 455 Editing tempo and signature 457 Process Tempo 457 The Process Bars dialog 458 The Beat Calculator 459 Merge Tempo From Tapping 459 The Time Warp tool

464 The Project Browser

465 Window Overview 466 Editing tracks

470 The Track Sheet

471 Overview 472 Printing the track sheet

473 Export Audio Mixdown

474 Introduction 474 Mixing down to audio files 475 The Export Audio Mixdown dialog 478 The available file formats

482 Networking

483 Introduction 483 What can I use the Networking functions for? 483 Networking protocol and ports 484 The network dialogs 484 Selecting a user name 485 Setting up a network 487 Sharing projects 492 Joining projects 493 Working with shared projects 495 Further options

496 Synchronization

497 Background 497 Timecode (positional references) 499 Clock sources (speed references) 500 Frame edge alignment (phase) 500 The Project Synchronization Setup dialog 508 Synchronized operation 509 Example scenarios 512 Working with VST System Link 514 Activating VST System Link

520 Video

521 Introduction 521 Before you start 523 Preparing a video project in Nuendo 524 Video files in the Project window 525 Playing back video 527 Editing video 528 Extracting audio from a video file 528 Replacing the audio in a video file 529 About film transfers 531 Compensating for speed changes in Nuendo 534 Tips

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535 Audio editing to picture

536 Introduction 536 Video timeline and the grid 537 Conforming production audio 539 Adding sound design elements 541 Conforming to picture changes 542 Synchronize tempo maps to picture 543 Using standard Nuendo tools for postproduction

purposes

548 ReWire

549 Introduction 549 Launching and quitting 550 Activating ReWire channels 550 Using the transport and tempo controls 551 How the ReWire channels are handled in Nuendo 551 Routing MIDI via ReWire2 551 Considerations and limitations

552 File handling

553 Importing audio 556 Exporting and importing OMF files 557 Exporting and importing AAF files 558 Exporting and importing AES31 files 559 Exporting and importing OpenTL files 560 Importing XSend projects from Liquid 560 Exporting and importing standard MIDI files 562 Exporting and importing MIDI loops 562 Exporting and importing track archives 563 Converting audio tracks (multi-channel to mono

and vice versa)

566 Clip packages

580 Key commands

581 Introduction 581 Setting up key commands 586 Setting up tool modifier keys 587 The default key commands

591 Index

570 Customizing

571 Background 571 Workspaces 572 Using the Setup options 573 Customizing track controls 575 Configuring the main menu items 576 Appearance 577 Applying colors in the Project window 579 Where are the settings stored?

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About this manual

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Welcome!

This is the Operation Manual for Steinberg’s Nuendo. Here you will find detailed information about all the features and functions in the program.

About the program versions

The documentation covers two different operating systems or “platforms”; Windows and Mac OS X.

Some features and settings are specific to one of the platforms. This is clearly stated in the applicable cases. In other words:

Ö If nothing else is said, all descriptions and procedures in the documentation are valid for both Windows and Mac

The screenshots are taken from the Windows version of Nuendo.

About the Nuendo Expansion Kit

The Nuendo Expansion Kit adds a number of music composition functions from Steinberg’s Cubase (the “Cubase Music Tools”) to the standard Nuendo application. The Nuendo Expansion Kit (NEK) is a separate product and can be purchased through your Steinberg dealer.

Whenever procedures in this manual use functions available only when the NEK is installed, this is indicated in the text by “Nuendo Expansion Kit only”.

Similarly, [Alt]/[Option]-[X] means “press [Alt] under Windows or [Option] under Mac OS X, then press [X]”.

Ö Please note that this manual often refers to right-clicking, for example, to open context menus. If you are using a Mac with a single-button mouse, hold down [Ctrl] and click.

Key command conventions

Many of the default key commands in Nuendo use modifier keys, some of which are different depending on the operating system. For example, the default key command for Undo is [Ctrl]-[Z] under Windows and [Command]-[Z] under Mac OS X.

When key commands with modifier keys are described in this manual, they are shown with the Windows modifier key first, in the following way:

[Win modifier key]/[Mac modifier key]-[key]

For example, [Ctrl]/[Command]-[Z] means “press [Ctrl] under Windows or [Command] under Mac OS X, then press [Z]”.

About this manual

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System requirements and installation

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About this chapter

General notes on how to set up your system

This chapter describes the requirements and installation procedures for the Windows version and the Mac version of Nuendo.

Minimum requirements

To use Nuendo, your computer must meet the following minimum requirements:

Windows

• Windows XP (Home or Professional, Service Pack 2, 32-bit), or Windows Vista (32-bit and 64-bit), or Windows 7 (32-bit and 64-bit)

• 2 GHz processor (Dual Core processor recommended)

•1024 MB RAM

• Windows DirectX compatible audio hardware; ASIO compatible audio hardware recommended for low latency performance.

• Display resolution of 1280x800 pixels recommended

•4 GB of free hard disk space

• QuickTime 7.1 and video card supporting OpenGL 1.2 (OpenGL 2.0 recommended) required for video playback

• USB-eLicenser and USB component connector

• DVD ROM drive required for installation

• Internet connection required for license activation

Macintosh

• Mac OS X 10.5.8 or 10.6

• Intel Core processor (Intel Core Duo recommended)

•1024 MB RAM

• CoreAudio compatible audio hardware

• Display resolution of 1280x800 pixels

•4 GB of free hard disk space

• QuickTime 7.1 and video card supporting OpenGL 1.2 (OpenGL 2.0 recommended) required for video playback

• USB-eLicenser and USB component connector

• DVD ROM drive required for installation

• Internet connection required for license activation

On the Steinberg web site, under “Support–DAW Components”, you can find detailed information on what to consider when setting up a computer system dedicated to audio work.

• RAM – There is a direct relation between the amount of available RAM and the number of audio channels that you can have running.

The amount of RAM specified above is the minimum requirement, but as a general rule “the more the better” applies (see also

24).

• Hard disk size – The size of the hard disk determines how many minutes of audio you will be able to record.

Recording one minute of stereo CD quality audio requires 10 MB of hard disk space. That is, eight stereo tracks in Nuendo use up at least 80 MB of disk space per recording minute.

• Hard disk speed – The speed of the hard drive also determines the number of audio tracks you can run.

That is the quantity of information that the disk can read, usually expressed as “sustained transfer rate”. Again, “the more the better” applies.

• Wheel mouse – Although a mouse without a wheel will work fine with Nuendo, we recommend that you use a wheel mouse.

This will speed up value editing and scrolling considerably.

“RAM” on page

MIDI requirements

If you intend to use the MIDI features of Nuendo, you need the following:

• A MIDI interface to connect external MIDI equipment to your computer.

•A MIDI instrument.

• Any audio equipment required to listen to the sound from your MIDI devices.

Audio hardware

Nuendo will run with audio hardware that meets the following specifications:

•Stereo.

•16 bit.

• Support of at least the 44.1kHz sampling rate.

• Windows XP – The audio hardware must be supplied with a special ASIO driver, or a DirectX compatible driver, see below.

System requirements and installation

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• Windows Vista/Windows 7 – If there is no dedicated ASIO

driver available, you can also use the Generic Low Latency ASIO Driver.

• Mac – The audio hardware must be supplied with Mac OS Xcompatible drivers (CoreAudio or ASIO).

Using the built-in audio hardware of the Macintosh (Mac only)

Although Nuendo is designed with multi-channel input and output in mind, it is of course possible to use the program with “basic” stereo inputs and outputs. As of this writing, all current Macintosh models provide at least builtin 16 bit stereo audio hardware. For detailed information, refer to the documentation describing your computer.

Depending on your preferences and requirements, using the built-in audio hardware may be sufficient for use with Nuendo. It is always available for selection in Nuendo – you do not have to install any additional drivers.

About drivers

A driver is a piece of software that allows a program to communicate with a certain piece of hardware. In this case, the driver allows Nuendo to use the audio hardware. For audio hardware, there are two different cases, requir ing different driver configurations:

If the audio hardware has a specific ASIO driver

Professional audio cards often come with an ASIO driver written especially for the card. This allows for direct com munication between Nuendo and the audio card. As a result, audio cards with specific ASIO drivers can provide lower latency (input-output delay), which is crucial when monitoring audio via Nuendo or using VST instruments. The ASIO driver may also provide special support for mul tiple inputs and outputs, routing, synchronization, etc.

Audio card-specific ASIO drivers are provided by the card manufacturers. Make sure to check the manufacturer’s web site for the latest driver versions.

If the audio card communicates via the Generic Low Latency ASIO driver (Windows Vista/Windows 7)

If you are working with Windows Vista or Windows 7, you can use the Generic Low Latency ASIO driver. This is a generic ASIO driver that provides ASIO support for all au dio cards supported by Windows Vista and Windows 7, thus allowing for low latency. The Generic Low Latency ASIO driver provides the Windows Core Audio technol ogy in Nuendo. No additional driver is needed.

Ö Though the Generic Low Latency ASIO driver provides low latency for all audio cards, you might get better results with on-board audio cards than with external USB audio devices.

If the audio card communicates via DirectX (Windows only)

DirectX is a Microsoft “package” for handling various types of multimedia data under Windows. Nuendo sup ports DirectX, or to be more precise, DirectSound, which is a part of DirectX used for playing back and recording audio. This requires two types of drivers:

• A DirectX driver for the audio card, allowing it to communicate with DirectX. If the audio card supports DirectX, this driver

should be supplied by the audio card manufacturer. If it isn’t

installed with the audio card, please check the manufacturer’s web site for more information.

• The ASIO DirectX Full Duplex driver, allowing Nuendo to communicate with DirectX. This driver is included with Nuendo,

and does not require any special installation.

If your audio hardware comes with a specific ASIO driver, we strongly recommend that you use this.

System requirements and installation

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Hardware installation

Copy protection

Please read the following section before installing the Nuendo software.

Many Steinberg products use the USB-eLicenser (also referred to as a “dongle”), a hardware copy protection de vice. Nuendo will not run if there is no USB-eLicenser containing an activated license.

• Steinberg software products always come with a license

activation code, but not always with an USB-eLicenser.

If you want to activate a license for such a Steinberg software (e. g. an update/upgrade, or a VSTi) on the USB-eLicenser you received with your original version of Nuendo, click the “Enter Activation Code” button of the eLicenser Control Center and follow the instructions.

More information on the transfer or activation of licenses can be found in the help for the eLicenser Control Center.

Installing the audio hardware and its driver

1. Install the audio card and related equipment in the

computer, as described in the card’s documentation.

2. Install the driver for the card.

Depending on the operating system of your computer, there are different types of drivers that could apply: card-specific ASIO drivers, the Generic Low Latency ASIO Driver (Windows Vista/Windows 7 only), DirectX drivers (Windows) or Mac OS X (Mac) drivers.

The USB-eLicenser is a USB device on which your Steinberg software licenses are stored. All hardware-protected Steinberg products use the same type of device, and you can store more than one license on one device. Also, li

censes can (within certain limits) be transferred between USB-Licensers – which is helpful, e. g. if you want to sell a piece of software.

The eLicenser Control Center (which can be found on the Start menu on Windows systems or the Applications folder on a Mac) is the place where you can check the li censes installed on your USB-eLicenser.

• If you are using other copy-protected Steinberg products, you may want to transfer all licenses for your applications to only one USB-eLicenser, thus using up only one USB port of your computer.

Please refer to the eLicenser Control Center Help for information on how to transfer licenses between USB-eLicensers.

• Nuendo is sold with an USB-eLicenser and an Activation Code, which is found on the Essential Product License In formation card within the product package. The USB-eLicenser already contains a time-limited license that allows you to use Nuendo out-of-the-box for a total of 25 non-con secutive hours. However, to be able to make unlimited use of your version of Nuendo, you must activate your perma

nent license manually, using the activation code.

To do so, click the “Enter Activation Code” button of the eLicenser Control Center and follow the instructions.

Specific ASIO drivers

If your audio card has a specific ASIO driver, it may be included with the audio card, but you should always make sure to check the audio card manufacturer’s web site for the most recent drivers. For details on how to install the driver, refer to the manufacturer’s instructions.

Generic Low Latency ASIO Driver (Windows Vista/ Windows 7 only)

On Windows Vista and Windows 7 systems, you can also use the Generic Low Latency ASIO Driver if there is no specific ASIO driver available. This driver is included with Nuendo and does not require any special installation.

DirectX drivers (Windows only)

If your audio card is DirectX compatible, its DirectX drivers will most likely be installed when you install the card. If you have downloaded special DirectX drivers for the audio card, you should follow the manufacturer’s installation in

structions.

Mac OS X drivers (Mac only)

If you are using a Macintosh computer, make sure that you

are using the latest Mac OS X drivers for your audio hardware. Follow the manufacturer’s instructions to install the driver.

System requirements and installation

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Testing the card

To make sure that the audio card works as expected, perform the following tests:

• Use any software included with the audio card to make sure that you can record and play back audio without problems.

• If the card is accessed via a standard operating system driver, try playing back audio using the computer’s standard audio application (e. g. Windows Media Player or Apple iTunes).

Installing a MIDI interface/synthesizer card

Installation instructions for a MIDI interface should be included with the product. However, here’s an outline of the necessary steps:

1. Install the interface (or MIDI synthesizer card) in your computer or connect it to a “port” (connector) on the computer.

Which is right for you depends on which type of interface you have.

2. If the interface has a power supply and/or a power switch, turn it on.

3. Install the driver for the interface, as described in the documentation that comes with the interface.

You should also make sure to check the manufacturer’s web site for the latest driver updates.

Installing Nuendo

The installation procedure puts all files in the right places, automatically.

Depending on your system, the Nuendo 5 Start Center program on the DVD may start automatically. If no interactive start screen appears, open the DVD and double-click the file “Nuendo 5 Start Center” to launch the interactive start screen. From there you can start the installation of Nuendo and browse through the additional options and information presented there.

In case you do not want to install Nuendo via the interactive start screen, follow the procedure below:

Macintosh

1. Double-click the file called “Nuendo 5.mpkg”.

2. Follow the instructions on screen.

Defragmenting the hard disk (Windows only)

If you plan to record audio on a hard disk where you have already stored other files, now is the time to defragment it. Defragmentation reorganizes the physical allocation of space on the hard disk in order to optimize its performance. It is done with a special defragmentation program.

It is crucial to the audio recording performance that your hard disk is optimized (defragmented). You should make sure to defragment regularly.

Register your software

We encourage you to register your software! By doing so you are entitled to technical support and kept aware of updates and other news regarding Nuendo.

To register your software, proceed as follows:

• In Nuendo, open the Help menu and select the Registration option.

This option is an Internet link that will open the Registration page of the Steinberg web site. To register, simply follow the instructions on screen.

• When you launch Nuendo, you will also be prompted to launch the registration process.

Windows

1. Double-click the file called Setup.exe.

2. Follow the instructions on screen.

System requirements and installation

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Setting up your system

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Setting up audio

Make sure that all equipment is turned off before making any connections!

Connecting audio

Exactly how to set up your system depends on many different factors, e. g. the kind of project you wish to create, the external equipment you want to use, or the computer hardware available to you. Therefore, the following sec tions can only serve as examples.

How you connect your equipment, i. e. whether you use digital or analog connections, also depends on your indi vidual setup.

Stereo input and output – the simplest connection

If you only use a stereo input and output from Nuendo, you can connect your audio hardware, e. g. the inputs of your audio card or your audio interface, directly to the input source and the outputs to a power amplifier and speaker.

Multi-channel input and output

Most likely however, you will have other audio equipment that you want to integrate with Nuendo, using several input and output channels. Depending on the equipment available to you, there are two ways to go: either mixing using an external mixing desk, or mixing using the Mixer in side Nuendo.

• External mixing means having a hardware mixing device with a group or bus system that can be used for feeding inputs on your audio hardware.

In the example below, four busses are used for feeding signals to the audio hardware’s inputs. The four outputs are connected back to the mixer for monitoring and playback. Remaining mixer inputs can be used for

connecting audio sources like microphones, instruments, etc.

A multi-channel audio setup using an external mixer

Ö When connecting an input source (like a mixer) to the audio hardware, you should use output busses, sends or similar that are separate from the mixer’s master output to avoid recording what you are playing back. You may also

A simple stereo audio setup

have mixing hardware that can be connected via FireWire.

This is probably the simplest of all setups – once you have set up the internal input and output busses, you can con

nect your audio source, e. g. a microphone, to your audio interface and start recording.

Setting up your system

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• When using the Mixer inside Nuendo, you can use the

inputs on your audio hardware to connect microphones and/or external devices. Use the outputs to connect your monitoring equipment.

You can create very complex setups using external instruments and external effects, and integrate Nuendo seamlessly with all your external equipment using the Control Room feature (see the chapters

nections” on page 27 and “Control Room” on page 179).

Mixing inside Nuendo

“VST Con-

Connecting for surround sound

If you plan to mix for surround sound, you can connect the audio outputs to a multi-channel power amplifier, driving a set of surround channels.

Recording from a CD player

Most computers come with a CD-ROM drive that can also be used as a regular CD player. In some cases the CD player is internally connected to the audio hardware so that you can record the output of the CD player directly into Nuendo (consult the audio hardware documentation if you are uncertain).

• All routing and level adjustments for recording from a CD (if available) are done in the audio hardware setup application (see below).

• You can also grab audio tracks directly from a CD in Nuendo (see the chapter

“File handling” on page 552).

Word clock connections

If you are using a digital audio connection, you may also need a word clock connection between the audio hardware and external devices. Please refer to the documentation that came with the audio hardware for details.

It is very important that word clock synchronization is done correctly or there might be clicks and crackles in recordings that you make!

About recording levels and inputs

When you connect your equipment, you should make sure that the impedance and levels of the audio sources and in puts are matched. Typically, different inputs may be designed for use with microphones, consumer line level

dBV) or professional line level (+4 dBV), or you may

(-10 be able to adjust input characteristics on the audio interface or in its control panel. Please check the audio hardware documentation for details.

Using the correct types of input is important to avoid distortion or noisy recordings.

Nuendo does not provide any input level adjustments

A surround sound playback configuration

Nuendo supports a number of surround formats. The example connection above will work for mixing both LRCS (ProLogic for example) and 5.1, in which case the two surround speakers will be playing the same material (from the

for the signals coming in to your audio hardware, since these are handled differently for each card. Ad justing input levels is either done in a special application included with the hardware or from its control panel (see below).

single surround channel). The difference between the two formats is the LFE channel, which is not used with LRCS.

Setting up your system

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Making settings for the audio hardware

Most audio cards come with one or more small applications that allow you to configure the inputs of the hardware to your liking. This includes:

• Selecting which inputs/outputs are active.

• Setting up word clock synchronization (if available).

• Turning monitoring via the hardware on/off (see “About moni-

toring” on page 21).

• Setting levels for each input. This is very important!

• Setting levels for the outputs, so that they match the equip-

ment you use for monitoring.

• Selecting digital input and output formats.

• Making settings for the audio buffers.

In many cases all available settings for the audio hardware are gathered in a control panel, which can be opened from within Nuendo as described below (or opened separately, when Nuendo isn’t running). In some cases, there may be several different applications and panels – please refer to the audio hardware documentation for details.

Plug and Play support for ASIO devices

The Steinberg MR816 hardware series supports Plug and Play in Nuendo. These devices can be plugged in and switched on while the application is running. Nuendo will automatically use the driver of the MR816 series and will re-map the VST connections accordingly.

Steinberg cannot guarantee that this will work with other hardware. If you are unsure of whether your device sup ports plug and play, please consult its documentation.

Selecting a driver and making audio settings in Nuendo

The first thing you need to do is select the correct driver in Nuendo to make sure that the program can communicate with the audio hardware:

1. Launch Nuendo and select Device Setup from the Devices menu.

2. In the Devices list to the left, click on “VST Audio System”.

The VST Audio System page is shown.

3. On the ASIO Driver menu, select your audio hardware driver.

There may be several options here that all refer to the same audio hardware. When you have selected a driver, it is added to the Devices list.

If a device that does not support Plug and Play is connected/disconnected while the computer is run ning, it may get damaged.

Under Windows, we strongly recommend that you access your hardware via an ASIO driver written specifically for the hardware. If no ASIO driver is installed, we recommend that you check with your audio hard

ware manufacturer if they have an ASIO driver available, for example, for download via the Internet.

On Windows Vista and Windows 7 systems, you can also use the Generic Low Latency ASIO driver if no specific ASIO driver is available.

4. Select the driver in the Devices list to open the driver settings for your audio hardware.

Setting up your system

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5. Bring up the control panel for the audio hardware and

adjust the settings as recommended by the audio hardware manufacturer.

• Under Windows, you open the control panel by clicking the Control Panel button.

The control panel that opens when you click this button is provided by

the audio hardware manufacturer – not Nuendo (unless you use DirectX, see below). Hence it will be different for each audio card brand and model. The control panels for the ASIO DirectX driver and the Generic Low Latency ASIO Driver (Windows Vista and Windows 7 only) are exceptions, in that they are provided by Steinberg and described in the dialog help, opened by clicking the Help button in the dialog. See also the notes on DirectX below.

• Under Mac OS X, the control panel for your audio hardware is opened by clicking the “Open Config App” button on the settings page for your audio device in the Device Setup dialog.

Note that this button is available only for some hardware products. If “Open Config App” is not available in your setup, refer to the documen tation that came with your audio hardware for information on where to make hardware settings.

6. If you plan to use several audio applications simultaneously, you may want to activate the “Release Driver when Application is in Background” option on the VST Audio System page. This will allow another application to play back via your audio hardware even though Nuendo is running.

The application that is currently active (i. e. the “top window” on the desktop) gets access to the audio hardware. Make sure that any other audio application accessing the audio hardware is also set to release the ASIO (or Mac OS X) driver so Nuendo can use it when it becomes the active application again.

7. On the page for the driver, activate the Externally Clocked option if your audio hardware receives clock sig nals from an external sample clock source.

You should “tell” Nuendo that it receives external clock signals and therefore derives its speed from that source. It is essential that you set Nuendo’s project sample rate to the sample rate of the incoming clock signals for proper audio playback and recording, see

dialog” on page 57.

“The Project Setup

8. If your audio hardware and its driver support ASIO Direct Monitoring, you may want to activate the Direct Monitoring checkbox on the page for the driver.

Read more about monitoring later in this chapter and in the chapter “Re-

cording” on page 90.

9. Click Apply and then OK to close the dialog.

If you are using audio hardware with a DirectX driver (Windows only)

If your audio hardware does not have a specific ASIO driver and your Windows version does not support the Generic Low Latency ASIO driver, a DirectX driver is the next best option.

Nuendo comes with a driver called ASIO DirectX Full Duplex, available for selection on the ASIO Driver pop-up menu (VST Audio System page).

Ö To take full advantage of DirectX Full Duplex, the audio hardware must support WDM (Windows Driver Model) in combination with DirectX version 8.1 or higher. In all other cases, the audio inputs will be emulated by DirectX (see the dialog help for the ASIO DirectX Full Duplex Setup di alog for details about how this is reported).

Ö During the installation of Nuendo, the latest DirectX version will be installed on your computer.

When the ASIO DirectX Full Duplex driver is selected in the Device Setup dialog, you can open the ASIO Control Panel and adjust the following settings (for more details, click the Help button in the control panel):

• Direct Sound Output and Input Ports

In the list on the left in the window, all available Direct Sound output and input ports are listed. In many cases, there will be only one port in each list. To activate or deactivate a port in the list, click the checkbox in the left column. If the checkbox is ticked, the port is activated.

• You can edit the Buffer Size and Offset settings in this list if necessary, by double-clicking on the value and typ ing in a new value.

In most cases, the default settings will work fine. Audio buffers are used when audio data is transferred between Nuendo and the audio card. While larger buffers ensure that playback will occur without glitches, the

latency (the time between the moment Nuendo sends out the data and when it actually reaches the output) will be higher.

• Offset

If a constant offset is audible during playback of Audio and MIDI recordings, you can adjust the output or input latency time using this value.

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Setting up the input and output ports

Once you have selected the driver and made the settings as described above, you need to specify which inputs and outputs will be used and name these:

1. In the Device Setup dialog, select your driver in the Devices list on the left to display the driver settings for your audio hardware.

All input and output ports on the audio hardware are listed.

2. To hide a port, click in the “Visible” column for the port (deselecting the checkbox).

Ports that are not visible cannot be selected in the VST Connections window where you set up your input and output busses – see the chap ter “VST Connections” on page 27.

If you attempt to hide a port that is already used by a bus you will be asked whether this is really what you want – note that this will disable the port!

3. To rename a port, click on its name in the “Show as” column and type in a new name.

• It is a good idea to give your ports names that are related to the channel configuration (rather than to the actual hardware model)!

For example, if you are using a 5.1 surround audio setup, you could name the six ports Left, Right, Center, Lfe, Left Surround, and Right Surround. This makes it easier to transfer your projects between different comput ers, e.g. in different studios – if the same port names are used on both computers, Nuendo will automatically handle the bus connections prop erly when you open the project on the other computer.

4. Click OK to close the Device Setup dialog and apply your changes.

About monitoring

In Nuendo, monitoring means listening to the input signal while preparing to record or while recording. There are three ways to monitor:

External monitoring

External monitoring (listening to the input signal before it goes into Nuendo) requires an external mixer for mixing the audio playback with the input signal. This can be a classic mixing desk or a mixer application for your audio hardware, if this has a mode in which the input audio is sent back out again (usually called “Thru”, “Direct Thru” or similar).

Via Nuendo

In this case, the audio passes from the input into Nuendo, possibly through Nuendo effects and EQ and then back to the output. You control monitoring via settings in Nuendo.

This allows you to control the monitoring level from Nuendo and add effects to the monitored signal only.

ASIO Direct Monitoring

If your audio hardware is ASIO 2.0 compatible, it may support ASIO Direct Monitoring (this feature may also be available for audio hardware with Mac OS X drivers). In

this mode, the actual monitoring is done in the audio hard ware, by sending the input signal back out again. However, monitoring is controlled from Nuendo. This means that the audio hardware’s direct monitoring feature can be turned on or off automatically by Nuendo.

Monitoring is described in detail in the chapter “Record-

ing” on page 90. However, when setting up, there is one

thing to note:

• If you want to use the external monitoring via your audio hardware, make sure that the corresponding functions are activated in the card’s mixer application.

Ö If you are using RME Audio Hammerfall DSP audio

hardware, make sure that the pan law is set to -3 dB in the card’s preferences.

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Setting up MIDI

When “MIDI Thru” is active in Nuendo, MIDI data received is immediately “echoed” back out.

When you press a key, it is sent out via MIDI to Nuendo.

MIDI data coming in to the instrument is played by the “Synth” inside it.

When Local Control is turned on in the instrument, the keys you press will be played by the “Synth” inside the instrument. When Local Control is turned off, this connection is cut off.

“Synth”

Make sure that all equipment is turned off before making any connections!

This section describes how to connect and set up MIDI equipment. If you have no MIDI equipment, you can skip this section. Note that this is only an example – you might need or want to hook things up differently!

Connecting the MIDI equipment

In this example we assume that you have a MIDI keyboard and an external MIDI sound module. The keyboard is used both for feeding the computer with MIDI messages for re cording and for playing back MIDI tracks. The sound module is used for playback only. Using Nuendo’s MIDI Thru feature (described later) you will be able to hear the correct sound from the sound module while playing the keyboard or recording.

Setting MIDI Thru and Local On/Off

On the MIDI page in the Preferences dialog (located on the File menu under Windows and on the Nuendo menu under Mac OS X), you will find a setting called “MIDI Thru Active”. This is related to a setting in your instrument called “Local On/Off” or “Local Control On/Off”.

• If you use a MIDI keyboard instrument, as described earlier in this chapter, MIDI Thru should be activated and that instrument should be set to Local Off (sometimes called Local Control Off – see the instrument’s operation manual for details). The MIDI signal from the keyboard will be recorded in Nuendo and at the same time be re-routed back to the instrument so that you hear what you are playing, without the keyboard “trig

gering” its own sounds.

A typical MIDI Setup

If you want to use even more instruments for playback, simply connect MIDI Thru on the sound module to MIDI In on the next instrument, and so on. In this hook-up, you will al ways play the first keyboard when recording. But you can still use all your devices for providing sounds on playback.

If you plan to use more than three sound sources, we recommend that you either use an interface with more than one output, or a separate MIDI Thru box instead of the Thru jacks on each unit.

• If you use a separate MIDI keyboard – one that does not produce any sounds itself – MIDI Thru in Nuendo should also be

activated, but you don’t need to look for any Local On/Off setting in your instruments.

• The only case where MIDI Thru should be deactivated is if you use Nuendo with only one keyboard instrument and that instrument cannot be set to Local Off mode.

• MIDI Thru will be active only for MIDI tracks that are record enabled and/or have the Monitor button activated. See the chapter “Recording” on page 90 for more information.

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Setting up MIDI ports in Nuendo

The Device Setup dialog lets you set up your MIDI system as follows:

Ö When you change MIDI port settings in the Device Setup dialog, these are automatically applied.

Showing or hiding MIDI Ports

The MIDI ports are listed in the Device Setup dialog on the MIDI Port Setup page. By clicking in the “Visible” column for a MIDI input or output, you can specify whether or not it is listed on the MIDI pop-up menus in the program.

If you are trying to hide a MIDI port which is already selected for a track or a MIDI device, a warning message will appear, allowing you to hide – and disconnect – the port or to cancel the operation and keep the MIDI port visible.

Setting up the “All MIDI Inputs” option

When you record MIDI in Nuendo, you can specify which MIDI input each recording MIDI track should use. How ever, you can also select the “In ‘All MIDI Inputs’” option for an input port, which causes any MIDI data from any MIDI input to be recorded.

The “In ‘All MIDI Inputs’” option on the MIDI Port Setup page allows you to specify which inputs are included when you select All MIDI Inputs for a MIDI track. This can be es pecially useful if your system provides several instances of the same physical MIDI input – by deactivating the dupli cates you make sure only the desired MIDI data is recorded.

Ö If you have a MIDI remote control unit connected, you should also make sure to deactivate the “In ‘All MIDI Inputs’” option for that MIDI input. This will avoid accidentally recording the data from the remote control when the “All MIDI Inputs” option is selected as input for a MIDI track.

Connecting a synchronizer

Make sure that all equipment is turned off before making any connections!

When using Nuendo with external tape transports, you will most likely need to add a synchronizer to your system. All connections and setup procedures for synchronization are described in the chapter

“Synchronization” on page 496.

Setting up video

Nuendo plays back video files in a number of formats, such as AVI, QuickTime, or MPEG. QuickTime is used as playback engine. Which formats can be played back de pends on the video codecs installed on your system, see the chapter

There are several ways to play back video, e. g. without any special hardware, using a FireWire port, or using dedicated video cards, see

If you plan to use special video hardware, install it and set it up as recommended by the manufacturer.

Before you use the video hardware with Nuendo, we recommend that you test the hardware installation with the utility applications that came with the hardware and/or the

QuickTime Player application.

“Video” on page 520.

“Video output devices” on page 522.

Optimizing audio performance

This section gives you some hints and tips on how to get the most out of your Nuendo system, performance-wise. Some of this text refers to hardware properties and can be used as a guide when upgrading your system. This text is very brief. Look for details and current information on the Nuendo web site!

Two aspects of performance

There are two distinct aspects of performance with respect to Nuendo.

Tracks and effects

Simply put: the faster your computer, the more tracks, effects and EQ you will be able to play. Exactly what constitutes a “fast computer” is almost a science in itself, but some hints are given below.

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Short response times (latency)

Another aspect of performance is response time. The term “latency” refers to the “buffering”, i. e. the temporary storing, of small chunks of audio data during various steps of the recording and playback process on a computer. The more and larger those chunks, the higher the latency.

High latency is most irritating when playing VST instruments and when monitoring through the computer, i. e. when listening to a live audio source via the Nuendo Mixer and effects. However, very long latency times (several hundred milliseconds) can also affect other processes like mixing, e.

g. when the effect of a fader movement is heard

only after a noticeable delay.

While Direct Monitoring and other techniques reduce the problems associated with very long latency times, a sys

tem that responds fast will always be more convenient to work with.

• Depending on your audio hardware, it may be possible to “trim” your latency times, usually by lowering the size and the number of buffers.

For details, refer to the audio hardware documentation, or, if you are using a DirectX driver under Windows, the dialog help.

System factors that affect performance

RAM

Generally speaking, the more RAM is installed in your computer, the better.

On computers running a Windows 32 Bit operating system, a running application can address a maximum of 2 GB of RAM. On a Macintosh computer running Mac OS

This limitation is imposed by the operating system, and it is independent of the amount of RAM that you may have installed in your computer!

Ö Only Windows 64 Bit is able to assign considerably more than 4

GB of RAM to a running application.

X, this limit is 4 GB.

Some program functions may “eat up” all the available memory, e. g. recording, the use of effect plug-ins, and the pre-loading of samples (see also

“RAM requirements for recording” on page 94 and “Smart plug-in processing” on page 196).

When a function has used up all the memory made available by the operating system, the computer will crash.

Always keep in mind the RAM limitation of your operating system when setting up your projects.

CPU and processor cache

It goes without saying that the faster the computer processor, the better. But there are a number of factors that affect the apparent speed of a computer: the bus speed and type (PCI is strongly recommended), the processor cache size and of course, the processor type and brand. Nuendo relies heavily on floating point calculations. When shopping for a processor, please make sure that you get one that is pow erful in calculating floating point arithmetics.

Note also that Nuendo features full support for multi-processor systems. So, if you own a computer system with more than one processor, Nuendo can take advantage of the total capacity and evenly distribute the processing load to all available processors. For further information,

“The advanced options” on page 25.

see

Hard disk and controller

The number of hard disk tracks you can record and play back at the same time also depends on the speed of your hard disk and hard disk controller. If you use E-IDE disks and controllers, make sure that the transfer mode is DMA Busmaster. Under Windows, you can check the current mode by launching the Windows Device Manager and looking for properties of the IDE ATA/ATAPI Controller’s primary and secondary channel. DMA transfer mode is en abled by default, but may be turned off by the system should hardware problems occur.

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Audio hardware and driver

The hardware and its driver can have some effect on regular performance. A badly written driver can reduce the performance of your computer. But where the hardware driver design makes the most difference is with latency.

Again, we strongly recommend that you use audio hardware for which there is a specific ASIO driver!

This is especially true when using Nuendo for Windows:

• Under Windows, ASIO drivers written specifically for the hardware are more efficient than the Generic Low Latency ASIO Driver or a DirectX driver and produce shorter latency times.

• Under Mac OS X, audio hardware with properly written Mac OS X (Core Audio) drivers can be very efficient and produce very low latency times.

However, there are additional features currently only available with ASIO drivers, such as the ASIO Positioning Protocol.

• Under Mac OS X, you can adjust the size of the buffers on the VST Audio System page in the Device Setup dialog.

You may also find buffer settings in the control panel for the audio hardware.

• Under Windows, you adjust the buffer size settings in the control panel for the audio hardware (opened by clicking the Control Panel button on the driver page in the Device Setup dialog).

The advanced options

On the VST Audio System page you will find the “Advanced options” section. Here you find advanced settings for the VST Engine, including a Multi Processing option. When this is activated and there is more than one CPU in your system, the processing load is distributed evenly to all available CPUs, allowing Nuendo to make full use of the combined power of the multiple processors. See the dialog help for details.

Optimizing processor scheduling (Windows only)

To get the lowest possible latencies when using ASIO under Windows XP (on a single-CPU system), the “system performance” has to be optimized for background tasks:

1. Open the Windows Control Panel from the Start menu and select System.

2. Select the Advanced tab and click the Settings button in the Performance section.

The Performance Options dialog opens.

3. Select the Advanced tab.

4. In the Processor Scheduling section, select “Adjust

for best performance of: Background services”.

5. Click OK to close the dialogs.

Making settings that affect performance

Audio buffer settings

Audio buffers affect how audio is sent to and from the audio hardware. The size of the audio buffers affects both the latency and the audio performance. Generally, the smaller the buffer size, the lower the latency. On the other hand, working with small buffers can be demanding for the computer. If the audio buffers are too small, you may get clicks, pops or other audio playback problems.

About the VST Performance window

The VST Performance window is opened from the Devices menu. The window shows two meter displays: The ASIO meter, which indicates CPU load, and the Disk meter, which shows the hard disk transfer rate. It is rec ommended that you check this from time to time, or keep it always open. Even if you have been able to activate a number of audio channels in the project without getting any warning, you may run into performance problems when adding EQ or effects.

• The ASIO meter (at the top) shows the ASIO time usage, i. e. the time required to complete the current processing tasks. The more tracks, effects, EQ, etc. you use in your project, the longer processing will take, and the longer the ASIO meter will show activity.

If the overload indicator (on the far right) lights up, you need to decrease the number of EQ modules, active effects, and/or audio channels playing back simultaneously.

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• The lower bar graph shows the hard disk transfer load.

If the overload indicator (on the far right) lights up, the hard disk is not supplying data fast enough to the computer. You may need to reduce the number of tracks playing back by using the Disable Track function (see

“About track disable/enable” on page 87). If this does not help, you need

a faster hard disk.

Ö The overload indicator may occasionally blink, e. g. when you locate during playback. This does not indicate a problem, but happens because the program needs a mo ment for all channels to load data for the new playback position.

Ö The ASIO and Disk load meters can also be shown on the Transport panel (as “Performance”) and on the Project window toolbar (as “Performance Meter”). There they are shown as two miniature vertical meters (by default at the left side of the panel/toolbar).

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VST Connections

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About this chapter

Setting up busses

This chapter focuses on the settings you can perform in the VST Connections window. Here you can set up input and output busses, group and FX channels, external effects, and external instruments. Furthermore you can use this window to configure the Control Room and access the Control Room itself.

Since input and output busses are vital for working with Nuendo, a large part of this chapter concentrates on busses and this is also the reason why you find this chapter at the beginning of the Operation Manual. How to use the busses is described in detail in the section

page 168.

“Routing” on

The VST Connections window

The VST Connections window is opened from the Devices menu. It contains the following tabs:

• The Inputs and Outputs tabs allow you to set up and configure input and output busses, see “Setting up busses” on page 28.

• The Group/FX tab allows you to create group and FX channels/tracks and to make output assignments for these, see

“Setting up group and FX channels” on page 32.

• The External FX tab allows you to create effect send/return busses for connecting external effects which can then be selected via the effect pop-up menus from inside the program. For further information, see “External instruments/effects” on page 32 and

“Using external effects” on page 208.

• The External Instruments tab allows you to create input/output busses for connecting external instruments. For further information, see “External instruments/effects” on page 32 and the chapter “VST instruments and instrument tracks” on page 215.

• The Studio tab is where you enable and configure the Control Room, see

“VST Connections – Studio tab” on page 181.

Nuendo uses a system of input and output busses to transfer audio between the program and the audio hardware.

• Input busses let you route audio from the inputs on your audio hardware into the program. This means that when you record audio, you will always do this through one or several input busses.

• Output busses let you route audio from the program to the outputs on your audio hardware. When you play back audio, you will always do this through one or several output busses.

Once you understand the bus system and know how to set up the busses properly, it will be easy to go on with recording, playing back, mixing, and doing surround work.

Strategies

You can create any number of busses in Nuendo, in virtually any channel configuration – mono, stereo or a number of surround formats.

Ö The bus configuration is saved with the project – therefore it is a good idea to add and set up the busses you need and save these in a template project (see “Save

as Template” on page 53).

When you start working on new projects, you start from this template. That way you get your standard bus config uration without having to make new bus settings for each new project. If you need to work with different bus configurations in different projects, you can either create several different templates or store your configurations as presets (see “Presets” on page 31). The templates can of course also contain other settings that you regularly use – sample rate, record format, a basic track layout, etc.

So, which type of busses do you need? This depends on your audio hardware, your general audio setup (e. g. surround speaker setup) and what kind of projects you work with.

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Let’s say you are using audio hardware with eight analog

inputs and outputs and digital stereo connections (10 inputs and outputs all in all). Furthermore, you work with a surround setup in 5.1 format. In this scenario, you may want to add the following busses:

Input busses

• Most likely you need at least one stereo input bus assigned to an analog input pair. This will let you record stereo material. If you want to be able to record in stereo from other analog input pairs as well, you add stereo input busses for these, too.

• Although you can record mono tracks from one side of a stereo input, it may be a good idea to add a dedicated mono input bus. This can be assigned to an analog input to which you have connected a dedicated microphone pre-amp, for exam

ple. Again, you can have several different mono busses.

• You probably want a dedicated stereo input bus assigned to the digital stereo input, for digital transfers.

• If you want to transfer surround material directly to a surround

g. from surround-configured location recording equip-

track, e. ment, you need an input bus in that surround format – in this example, this will be a 5.1 input bus.

Output busses

• You will need one or several stereo output busses for routing stereo mixes to master recorders or other destinations.

• For digital transfers, you need a stereo bus assigned to a digital stereo output as well.

• You need a surround bus in the format of your speaker configuration (in this example, 5.1) assigned to the correct outputs. Only connect these outputs to the corresponding speakers if you are not using the Control Room (see the chapter

“Control Room” on page 179). You may want additional surround bus-

ses if you tend to work in different surround formats.

Different busses can use the same inputs/outputs on the audio hardware! For example, you may want a stereo output bus assigned to the same outputs as the front stereo channels in your surround bus – this enables you to listen to stereo mixes without having to reconnect your speakers.

Preparations

Before you set up busses, you should name the inputs and outputs on your audio hardware. For example, if you are using a 5.1 surround speaker setup, you should name the outputs according to which speaker they are connected to (Left, Right, Center, and so on).

The reason for this is compatibility – it makes it easier to transfer projects between different computers and setups. For example, if you move your project to another studio, the audio hardware may be of a different model. But if both you and the other studio owner have given your in puts and outputs names according to the surround setup (rather than names based on the audio hardware model), Nuendo will automatically find the correct inputs and out puts for your busses and you will be able to play and record without having to change the settings.

To assign names to the inputs and outputs of your audio hardware, proceed as follows:

1. Open the Device Setup dialog from the Devices menu.

2. On the VST Audio System page, make sure that the

correct driver for your audio hardware is selected.

If this is the case, your audio card is listed in the Devices list on the left of the Device Setup window.

3. In the Devices list, select your audio card.

The available input and output ports on your audio hardware are listed on the right.

4. To rename a port, click on its name in the Show As column and enter a new name.

• If needed, you can also disable ports by deactivating them in the Visible column.

Disabled ports are not shown in the VST Connections window. If you attempt to disable a port that is used by a bus, you will be asked whether this is really what you want – note that this will remove the port from the bus!

5. Click OK to close the Device Setup dialog.

Ö If you open a project created on another computer and the port names do not match (or the port configuration is not the same – e.

g. the project is created on a system with multi-channel i/o and you open it on a stereo in/out system), the Missing Ports dialog will appear. This allows you to manually re-route ports used in the project to ports available in your system.

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Mac OS X only: Retrieving channel names

For some audio cards, you can automatically retrieve the ASIO channel names for the ports of your audio hardware. Proceed as follows:

1. Open the Device Setup dialog via the Devices menu.

2. On the VST Audio System page, select your audio

card on the ASIO Driver pop-up menu.

3. In the Devices list on the left, select your audio card.

The available settings are displayed.

4. In the settings section on the right, click the Control Panel button.

5. In the control panel for your audio hardware, activate the “Use CoreAudio Channel Names” option.

6. When you now open the VST Connections window to set up the busses in your system, you will find that the port names in the Device Port column correspond to the names that are used by the CoreAudio driver.

Ö If you want to use the project later on with an earlier version of Nuendo, you will have to re-assign the port connections in the VST Connections window (see below).

Mac OS X only: Port selection and activation

On the settings page for your audio card (opened via the Device Setup dialog, see above), you can specify which input and output ports are active. This allows you to use the Microphone input instead of the Line input or even to deactivate the audio card input or output completely, if re quired.

Ö This function is only available for Built-In Audio, standard USB audio devices and a certain number of other audio cards (e.

g. Pinnacle CineWave).

Adding input and output busses

Depending on whether you have selected the Inputs or the Outputs tab in the VST Connections window, the corresponding busses are listed, with the following information:

Column Description

Bus Name Lists the busses. You can select and rename busses by

Speakers Indicates the speaker configuration (mono, stereo, sur-

Audio Device This shows the currently selected ASIO driver.

Device Port If a bus entry is expanded to show all speaker channels,

Click (Outputs tab only)

To add an input or output bus, proceed as follows:

1. Open the Inputs or Outputs tab depending on the type of bus that you want to add.

2. Click the Add Bus button.

A dialog opens.

3. Select a (channel) configuration.

The Configuration pop-up menu contains a Mono and a Stereo option as well as several surround formats. Additional surround formats are listed on the “More…” submenu.

• Alternatively, you can right-click in the VST Connections window and add a bus in the desired format directly from the context menu.

The new bus appears with the ports visible.

4. For each of the speaker channels in the bus, click in the Device Port column to select a port on your audio hardware.

The pop-up menu that opens lists the ports with the names you have assigned in the Device Setup dialog.

clicking on them in this column.

round formats) of each bus.

this column shows which physical inputs/outputs on your audio hardware are used by the bus. If the bus entry is col lapsed, only the first port used by this bus is visible here.

You can route the click to a specific output bus, regardless of the actual Control Room output, or even when the Control Room is disabled.

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Setting the Main Mix bus (the default output

bus)

The Main Mix is the output bus that each new audio, group or FX channel is automatically routed to.

Any of the output busses in the VST Connections window can be the default output bus. By right-clicking on the name of an output bus, you can set it as the Main Mix bus.

2. Select a channel configuration from the “Add Child Bus” submenu.

As you can see, you can create stereo child busses (routed to various speaker channel pairs in the surround bus) or other surround bus formats (with fewer channels than the “parent bus”).

The child bus that you created will be available for routing in the Mixer. It is a part of the parent surround bus, which means that it has no separate channel strip.

Although child busses are probably most useful in output busses, you can also create child busses within a sur

round input bus – for example if you want to record a stereo channel pair (e. g. front left-right) in the surround bus to a separate stereo track.

Setting the default output bus.

The Main Mix is indicated by an orange colored speaker icon next to its name.

Adding child busses

A surround bus is essentially a set of mono channels – 6 channels in the case of the 5.1 format. If you have a mono track in the project, you can route it to a separate speaker channel in the bus (or route it to the parent sur round bus and use the SurroundPanner to position it in the surround image). But what if you have a stereo track that you simply want to route to a stereo channel pair within the bus (Left and Right or Left Surround and Right Surround, for example)? For this you need to create a child bus.

Proceed as follows:

1. In the Bus Name column, select the surround bus and right-click on it to open the context menu.

Presets

On the Inputs and Outputs tabs you will find a Presets menu. Here you can find three different types of presets:

• A number of standard bus configurations.

• Automatically created presets tailored to your specific

hardware configuration.

On startup, Nuendo analyzes the physical inputs and outputs provided by your audio hardware and creates a number of hardware-dependent presets with the following possible configurations:

• one stereo bus

• various combinations of stereo and mono busses

• a number of mono busses

• one 5.1 bus (if you have 6 or more inputs)

• various combinations of 5.1 and stereo busses (if you have 6

or more inputs)

• various combinations of 5.1 and mono busses (if you have 6

or more inputs)

• Your own user presets that you can save by clicking the Store button (“+” symbol). You can then select the stored configuration directly from the Presets pop-up menu at any time. To remove a stored preset, select it and click the Delete button (“-” symbol).

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Setting up group and FX channels

The Group/FX tab in the VST Connections window shows all group channels and FX channels in your project. You can create new group or FX channels by clicking the corresponding Add button. This is the same as creating group channel tracks or FX channel tracks in the Project window (see “Using group channels” on page 170 and the chapter “Audio effects” on page 195).

However, the VST Connections window also allows you to create child busses for group and FX channels. This is useful if you have group or FX channels in surround format and want to route stereo channels to specific channel pairs in these.

Creating a child bus for a group or FX channel in surround format is similar to creating a child bus for input and out put busses, see “Adding child busses” on page 31.

About monitoring

The VST Connections window allows you to set up the busses used for monitoring, activate/deactivate the Con trol Room and open the Control Room Mixer. For details about using the Control Room and setting up the Studio tab in the VST Connections window, see the chapter

“Control Room” on page 179.

When the Control Room is disabled on the Studio tab of the VST Connections window, the Main Mix bus is used for monitoring. In this case you can adjust the monitoring level in the regular Project Mixer, see the chapter

Mixer” on page 151.

“The

External instruments/effects

Nuendo supports the integration of external effect devices and external instruments, e. the sequencer signal flow.

You can use the External Instruments tab and the External FX tab in the VST Connections window to define the necessary send and return ports and access the instru ments/effects through the VST Instruments window.

g. hardware synthesizers, into

External instruments and effects are indicated by an “x” icon in the list next to their names in the respective pop-up menus.

Requirements

• To use external effects, you need audio hardware with multiple inputs and outputs. To use external instruments, a MIDI interface must be connected to your computer.

An external effect will require at least one input and one output (or input/ output pairs for stereo effects) in addition to the input/output ports you use for recording and monitoring.

• As always, audio hardware with low-latency drivers is a good thing to have.

Nuendo will compensate for the input/output latency and ensure that the audio processed through external effects is not shifted in time.

Connecting the external effect/instrument

To set up an external effect or instrument, proceed as follows:

1. Connect an unused output pair on your audio hardware to the input pair on your external hardware device.

In this example, we assume that the hardware device has stereo inputs and outputs.

2. Connect an unused input pair on your audio hardware to the output pair on your hardware device.

Please note that it is possible to select input/output ports for external effects/instruments that are already used (i. e. that have been selected as inputs/outputs in the VST Connections window). If you select a used port for an external effect/instrument, the existing port assignment will be broken. Note that you will not get a warning message!

Once the external device is connected to the audio hardware of your computer, you have to set up the input/output busses in Nuendo.

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Setting up external effects

To set up an external effect in the VST Connections window, proceed as follows:

1. Open the External FX tab and click the “Add External FX” button.

A dialog opens.

2. Enter a name for the external effect and specify the send and return configurations.

Depending on the type of effect, you can specify mono, stereo or surround configurations.

• You also need a MIDI device that corresponds with the external effect. You can then click the “Associate MIDI Device” button to connect the two.

You can use the MIDI Device Manager to create a new MIDI device for the effect. Note that delay compensation will only be applied for the ef fect when you use MIDI devices. For information about the MIDI Device Manager and user device panels see the chapter on page 380.

3. Click OK.

This adds a new external FX bus.

4. Click in the Device Port column for the “left” and “right” ports of the Send Bus and select the outputs on your audio hardware that you want to use.

5. Click in the Device Port column for the “left” and “right” ports of the Return Bus and select the inputs on your audio hardware that you want to use.

6. If you like, make additional settings for the bus.

These are found in the columns to the right. Note that you can adjust these while actually using the external effect – which may be easier as you can hear the result.

“Using MIDI devices”

The following options are available:

Setting Description

Delay If your hardware effect device has an inherent delay (la-

Send Gain Allows you to adjust the level of the signal being sent to

Return Gain Allows you to adjust the level of the signal coming in from

MIDI Device When you click in this column, a pop-up menu opens

Used Whenever you insert an external effect into an audio

tency), enter this value here, as it allows Nuendo to compensate for that delay during playback. You can also let the delay value be determined by the program: Rightclick the Delay column for the effect and select “Check User Delay”. Note that you do not have to take the latency of the audio hardware into account – this is handled auto matically by the program.

the external effect.

the external effect. Note however that excessive output levels from an external effect device may cause clipping in the audio hardware. The Return Gain setting cannot be used to compensate for this – you have to lower the output level on the effect device instead.

where you can disconnect the effect from the associated MIDI device, select a MIDI device, create a new device or open the MIDI Device Manager to edit the MIDI device. When Studio Manager 2 is installed, you may also select an OPT editor to access your external effect.

track, this column shows a checkmark (“x”) to indicate that the effect is being used.

Ö Note that external device ports are exclusive, see

“Connecting the external effect/instrument” on page 32.

How to use the external effect

If you now click an insert effect slot for any channel, you will find the new external FX bus listed on the “External Plug-ins” submenu.

When you select it, the following happens:

• The external FX bus is loaded into the effect slot just like a

regular effect plug-in.

• The audio signal from the channel is sent to the outputs on the

audio hardware, through your external effect device and back to the program via the inputs on the audio hardware.

• A parameter window opens, showing the Delay, Send Gain

and Return Gain settings for the external FX bus. You can ad just these as necessary while playing back. The parameter window also provides the “Measure Effect’s Loop Delay for Delay Compensation” button. This is the same function as the “Check User Delay” option in the VST Connections window. It provides Nuendo with a Delay value to be used for delay com

VST Connections

Page 34

pensation. When you have defined a MIDI device for the ef-

Measure Effect’s Loop Delay button

fect, the corresponding Device window will be opened. When Studio Manager 2 is installed, and you have set up a corre

sponding OPT editor, this OPT editor is displayed.

The default parameter window for an external effect

Like any effect, you can use the external FX bus as an insert effect or as a send effect (an insert effect on an FX channel track). You can deactivate or bypass the external effect with the usual controls.

Setting up external instruments

To set up an external instrument in the VST Connections window, proceed as follows:

1. Open the External Instrument tab and click the “Add External Instrument” button.

A dialog opens.

4. Click in the Device Port column for the “left” and “right” ports of the Return Bus and select the inputs on your audio hardware to which you connected the external instrument.

5. If you like, make additional settings for the bus.

These are found in the columns to the right. Note that you can adjust these while actually using the external instrument – which may be easier as you can hear the result. The following options are available:

Setting Description

Delay If your hardware device has an inherent delay (latency),

Return Gain Allows you to adjust the level of the signal coming in from

MIDI Device When you click in this column, a pop-up menu opens

Used Whenever you insert the external instrument into a VST

enter this value here. This allows Nuendo to compensate for that delay during playback. Note that you do not have to take the latency of the audio hardware into account – this is handled automatically by the program.

the external instrument. Note however that excessive output levels from an external device may cause clipping in the audio hardware. The Re turn Gain setting cannot be used to compensate for this – you have to lower the output level on the device instead.

where you can disconnect the instrument from the asso ciated MIDI device, select a MIDI device, create a new device or open the MIDI Device Manager to edit the MIDI device. When Studio Manager 2 is installed, you may also select an OPT editor to access your external instrument.

instrument slot, this column shows a checkmark (“x”) to indicate that the instrument is being used.

2. Enter a name for the external instrument and specify the number of required mono and/or stereo returns.

Depending on the type of instrument, a specific number of mono and/or stereo return channels is required.

• You also need a MIDI device that corresponds with the external instrument. You can then click the “Associate MIDI Device” button to connect the two.

You can use the MIDI Device Manager to create a new MIDI device. For information about the MIDI Device Manager and user device panels, see the chapter

“Using MIDI devices” on page 380.

3. Click OK.

This adds a new external instrument bus.

Ö Note that external device ports are exclusive, see

“Connecting the external effect/instrument” on page 32.

How to use the external instrument

Once you have set up the external instrument in the VST Connections window, you can use it as a VST instrument. Open the VST Instruments window and click on an empty instrument slot. On the Instrument pop-up menu, your ex ternal instrument is listed on the External Plug-ins submenu:

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Page 35

When you select the external instrument in the VST Instru-

ments window, the following happens:

• A parameter window for the external device opens automatically. This may either be the Device window, allowing you to create a generic device panel, an OPT editor window or a de fault editor. For information about the Device window, the MIDI Device Manager and User device panels, see the chapter “Using MIDI devices” on page 380.

To send MIDI notes to the external instrument, open the Output Routing pop-up menu in the Inspector for the corresponding MIDI track and select the MIDI device to which the external instrument is connected. This ensures use of delay compensation. The instru ment will now play any MIDI notes it receives from this track and return them to Nuendo through the return channel(s) you have set up.

The external instrument will behave like any other VST instrument in Nuendo.

About the Favorites buttons

In the VST Connections window, both the External FX tab and the External Instruments tab feature a Favorites button.

Favorites are device configurations that you can recall at any time, like a library of external devices that are not constantly connected to your computer. They also allow you to save different configurations for the same device, e. multi-effect board or an effect that provides both a mono and a stereo mode.

To save a device configuration as a favorite, proceed as follows:

• When you have added a new device in the VST Con-

nections window, select it in the Bus Name column and click the Favorites button.

A context menu is displayed showing an option to add the selected effect or instrument to the Favorites.

• You can recall the stored configuration at any time by

clicking the Favorites button and selecting the device name from the context menu.

g. a

About the “plug-in could not be found” message

When you open a project that uses an external effect/instrument, you may get a “plug-in could not be found” mes-

sage. This will happen when you remove an external device from the VST Connections window although it is used in a saved project, or when transferring a project to another computer on which the external device is not de fined. You may also see this message when opening a project created with an earlier version of Nuendo.

In the VST Connections window, the broken connection to the external device is indicated by an icon in the Bus Name column.

To reestablish the broken connection to the external device, simply right-click the entry for the device in the Bus

Name column and select “Connect External Effect”. The icon is removed, and you can use the external device within your project as before.

Note that busses set up for external effects or external instruments are saved “globally”, i. e. for your particular computer setup.

Freezing external effects/instruments

Just as when working with regular VST instruments and effects, you can also choose to freeze external effects and instruments. The general procedure is described in detail in the chapters

struments and instrument tracks” on page 215.

Note that you have to perform Freeze in realtime. Otherwise external effects will not be taken into account.

When freezing external instruments or effects, you can adjust the corresponding tail value in the Freeze Channel Options dialog:

“Audio effects” on page 195 and “VST in-

VST Connections

Page 36

• Use the arrow buttons next to the Tail Size value field to

set the desired Tail length, i. e. the range after the part boundary is also to be included in the freeze. You can also click directly in the value field and enter the desired value manually (the maximum value being 60

s).

• When the Tail Size is set to 0 s (default), the freezing will only take into account the data within the Part boundaries.

Editing operations

Identifying exclusive port assignments

In some cases (i. e. for certain channel types such as Studio channels) the port assignment is exclusive. Once a port has been assigned to such a bus or channel, it should not be assigned to another bus since the assignment to the first bus is broken in that case.

To help you identify such exclusive port assignments and avoid accidental reassignment, the corresponding ports are marked in red on the Device Port pop-up menu.

On the different tabs of the VST Connections window the corresponding busses or channels are shown in a table containing a tree view with expandable entries. After you have set up all the required busses for a project it might be necessary to edit the names and/or change port as

signments. Nuendo provides a number of features to make such tasks easier.

Expanding and collapsing entries

• Bus entries can be expanded or collapsed to show or hide the corresponding speaker channels or sub-busses by clicking the “+” or “-” sign in front of the corresponding list entry.

• To expand or collapse all entries on a tab at the same time, use the “+ All” button or the “- All” button (respectively) above the tree view.

Determining how many busses a device port is connected to

To give you an idea how many busses a given port is already connected to, the busses are shown in square brackets on the Device Port pop-up menu, to the right of the port name.

Up to three bus assignments can be displayed in this way. If more connections have been made, this is indicated by a number at the far right.

Therefore if you see the following:

Adat 1 [Stereo1] [Stereo2] [Stereo3] (+2)...

this means that the Adat 1 port is already assigned to three stereo busses plus two additional busses.

Selecting/Deselecting multiple entries

• Using the key commands [Ctrl]/[Command]-[A] (Select All) and [Shift]-[Ctrl]/[Command]-[A] (Select None) you can select or deselect all entries in the Bus Name column.

Note that for this to work the table on the current tab needs to have the focus. This can be achieved by clicking anywhere on the background of the table.

• By holding [Shift] when selecting entries in the Bus Name column, you can select multiple entries at the same time.

This is useful for automatic renaming or changing the port assignments globally, see below.

Ö If you select a sub entry (e. g. a speaker channel in a bus) the parent entry is automatically selected as well.

Selecting entries by typing the name

In the Bus Name list you can jump to an entry by typing the first letter of the bus name on the keyboard.

This will only work if the table has the focus. To do this, simply select any list entry.

Navigating the Bus Name list using the [Tab] key

By pressing the [Tab] key you can jump to the next entry in the Bus Name list, allowing you to rename your busses quickly. Similarly, by pressing [Shift]-[Tab] you can return to the previous list entry.

VST Connections

Page 37

Automatically renaming selected busses

You can rename all the selected busses at once using incrementing numbers or letters from the alphabet.

• To use incrementing numbers, select the busses that you want to rename and enter a new name for one of the busses, followed by a number.

For example, if you have eight inputs that you want to be named “In 1, In

2, …, In 8”, you select all the busses and enter the name “In 1” for the

first bus. All other busses are renamed automatically.

• To use letters from the alphabet, you proceed as with numbers, but enter a capital letter instead of a number.

For example, if you have three FX channels that you want to be named “FX A, FX B, and FX C”, you select all the channels and enter the name “FX

A” for the first. All other channels are renamed automatically. The last letter to be used is Z. If you have more selected entries than there are let ters available, the remaining entries will be skipped.

When using letters instead of numbers it is important to note that these must be preceded by a space. If you leave out the space before the letter or if you do enter neither a letter nor a number, only the first se lected entry is renamed.

Ö You do not have to begin renaming with the topmost selected entry. The renaming will start from the bus where you edit the name, will go down the list to the bottom and then continue from the top until all selected busses have been renamed.

Changing the port assignment for multiple busses

To change the port assignment (or the output routing in case of groups/FX channels) for multiple entries in the Bus Name column at the same time, you need to select the corresponding busses first.

• To assign different ports to the selected busses, press [Shift], open the Device Port pop-up menu for the first se lected entry (i. e. the topmost bus) and select a device port.

All subsequent busses are automatically connected to the next available port.

Exclusive ports (e. g. ports already assigned to Control Room channels) will be skipped!

• To assign the same ports to all selected busses, press

[Shift]-[Alt]/[Option], open the Device Port pop-up menu for the first selected entry (i.

e. the topmost bus) and select

a device port.

Ö Using this procedure, you can also set all selected busses or channels to Not Connected.

Removing busses

To remove a bus you do not need, select it in the list, rightclick and select Remove Bus from the pop-up menu, or press [Backspace].

Changing the port assignment for a single bus

To change the port assignment for a single bus, you proceed as when you added it: Make sure that the channels are visible and click in the Device Port column to select ports.

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Page 38

The Project window

Page 39

Window Overview

Project

overview

The event display, showing audio parts and events, MIDI parts, automation, markers, etc.

Inspector

Ruler

Info line

Toolbar

The track list with various track types

Status line

The Project window is the main window in Nuendo. This provides you with an overview of the project, allowing you to navigate and perform large scale editing. Each project has one Project window.

About tracks

The Project window is divided vertically into tracks, with a timeline running horizontally from left to right. The following track types are available:

Track type Description

Audio For recording and playing back audio events and audio

Folder Folder tracks function as containers for other tracks, mak-

parts. Each audio track has a corresponding audio chan nel in the Mixer. An audio track can have any number of automation tracks for automating Mixer channel parameters, effect settings, etc.

ing it easier to organize and manage the track structure. They also allow you to edit several tracks at the same

“Folder tracks” on page 65.

time, see

The Project window

Track type Description

FX Channel FX channel tracks are used for adding send effects. Each

Group Channel

FX channel can contain up to eight effect processors – by routing effect sends from an audio channel to an FX chan nel, you send audio from the audio channel to the effect(s) on the FX channel. Each FX channel has a corresponding channel strip in the Mixer – in essence an effect return channel, see the chapter “Audio effects” on page 195. All FX channel tracks are automatically placed in a special FX channel folder in the track list, for easy management. An FX channel can also have any number of automation tracks for automating Mixer channel parameters, effect settings, etc.

By routing several audio channels to a Group channel, you can submix them, apply the same effects to them, etc.

“Using group channels” on page 170).

(see A Group channel track contains no events as such, but displays settings and automation curves for the corre sponding Group channel. Each Group channel track has a corresponding channel strip in the Mixer. In the Project window, Group channels are organized as tracks in a special Group Tracks folder.

Page 40

Track type Description

Instrument This allows you to create a track for a dedicated instru-

MIDI For recording and playing back MIDI parts. Each MIDI

Marker Marker tracks display markers which can be moved and

Arranger The arranger track is used for arranging your project, by

Ruler Ruler tracks contain additional rulers, displaying the time-

Signature Time signature events can be added and edited on the

Tempo You can create tempo changes within a project using the

Transpose The transpose track allows you to set global key changes.

Video For playing back video events. A project can have two

ment, making VST instrument handling easier and more intuitive. Instrument tracks have a corresponding channel strip in the Mixer. Each instrument track can have any num ber of automation tracks in the Project window. However, Volume and Pan are automated from within the Mixer. It is possible to edit instrument tracks directly in the Project window, using the Edit In-Place function (see

Place Editor” on page 422). For more information on in-

strument tracks, see the chapter “VST instruments and in-

strument tracks” on page 215.

track has a corresponding MIDI channel strip in the Mixer. It is possible to edit MIDI tracks directly in the Project window, using the Edit In-Place function (see

Place Editor” on page 422).

A MIDI track can have any number of automation tracks for automating Mixer channel parameters, insert and send effect settings, etc.

renamed directly in the Project window (see the chapter

“Using markers” on page 136).

marking out sections in the project and determining in which order they are to be played back. See the chapter

“The arranger track” on page 122 for details.

line from left to right. You can use any number of ruler tracks, each with a different display format if you wish. See

“The ruler” on page 47 for more information about

the ruler and the display formats.

signature track, or in the Tempo Track Editor. A project can have only one signature track. See the chapter

ing tempo and signature” on page 452 for details.

tempo track. A project can have only one tempo track. See the chapter

452 for details.

A project can have only one transpose track, see the chapter

video tracks.

“Editing tempo and signature” on page

“The transpose functions” on page 129.

“The In-

“Edit-

About parts and events

The tracks in the Project window contain parts and/or events. Events are the basic building blocks in Nuendo.

Different event types are handled differently in the Project window:

• Video events and automation events (curve points) are always viewed and rearranged directly in the Project window.

• MIDI events can always be found in MIDI parts, which are containers for one or more MIDI events. MIDI parts are rearranged and manipulated in the Project window. To edit the individual MIDI events in a part, you have to open the part in a MIDI edi tor (see “The MIDI editors” on page 403).

• Audio events can be displayed and edited directly in the Project window, but you can also work with audio parts con taining several events. This is useful if you have a number of events which you want to treat as one unit in the project. Au dio parts also contain information about the time position in the project.

An audio event and an audio part

Getting on-the-fly info with the Arrow tool

If the “Select Tool: Show Extra Info” option is activated in the Preferences dialog (Editing–Tools page), a tooltip will be shown for the Arrow tool, displaying information de pending on where you point it. For example, in the Project window event display, the tool will show the current pointer position and the name of the track and event you are point ing at.

The Project window

Page 41

The track list

Mute & Solo

Record Enable & Monitor

Track name

Lane Display Type

Show/hide automation

Indicate whether effect sends, EQ, or insert effects are activated for the track. Click to bypass.

Musical/Linear Time Base

Lock track

Automation Read/Write Edit Channel Settings

Track activity indicator

Freeze Audio Track

Automation Read/Write

Automation parameter (click to select parameter)

Append

automation

track

Mute Lock track

Record Enable & Monitor

Track name

MIDI OutputBank Patch MIDI channel

Lock track and Lane display type

Automation Read/Write

Edit Channel Settings

Mute & Solo

Effect sends/ insert effects indicators and bypass

Edit In-Place

Track activity indicator

The Inspector

The track list displays all the tracks used in a project. It contains name fields and settings for the tracks. Different track types have different controls in the track list. To see all the controls you may have to resize the track in the track list

“Resizing tracks in the track list” on page 59).

(see

• The track list area for an audio track:

• The track list area for an automation track (opened by

clicking the Show/Hide Automation button on a track):

The area to the left of the track list is called the Inspector. This shows additional controls and parameters for the track you have selected in the track list. If several tracks are selected, the Inspector shows the setting for the first (topmost) selected track.

Opening the Inspector

To show the Inspector, proceed as follows:

1. On the toolbar, click the “Set up Window Layout”

button.

A transparent pane appears, covering the Project window.

2. In the gray area in the middle, activate the Inspector

option.

• The track list area for a MIDI track:

• You can decide for each track type which controls are

shown in the track list – see

“Customizing track controls”

on page 573.

The Project window

Page 42

Inspector handling

For most track classes, the Inspector is divided into a number of sections, each containing different controls for the track. Which sections are available in the Inspector depends on the selected track.

• You can hide or show sections by clicking on their names.

Clicking the name for a hidden section brings it into view and hides the other sections. [Ctrl]/[Command]-clicking the section name allows you to hide or show a section without affecting the other sections. [Alt]/[Op tion]-clicking a section name shows or hides all sections in the Inspector.

• You can also use key commands to show different Inspector sections.

These are set up in the Key Commands dialog, see “Setting up key com-

mands” on page 581.

Ö Hiding a section does not affect its functionality. For example, if you have set up a track parameter or activated an effect, your settings will still be active even if you hide the respective Inspector section.

Not all Inspector tabs are shown by default. You can show/hide Inspector sections by right-clicking on an Inspector tab and activating/deactivating the desired options on the Inspector Setup context menu.

Ö Make sure that you right-click on an Inspector tab and not on the empty area below the Inspector, as this will open the Quick context menu instead.

Inspector sections

The Inspector contains the controls that can be found on the track list, plus some additional buttons and parameters. In the table below, these additional settings and the different sections are listed. Which sections are available for which track type is described in the following sections.

Parameter Description

Auto Fades Settings button

Edit Channel Settings

Volume Use this to adjust the level for the track. Changing this

Pan Use this to adjust the panning of the track. As with the

Delay This adjusts the playback timing of the audio track. Positive

Input Routing

Output Routing

Opens a dialog in which you can make separate Auto Fade settings for the audio track, see

settings for individual tracks” on page 121.

Opens the Channel Settings window for the track, allowing you to view and adjust effect and EQ settings, etc.,

“Using Channel Settings” on page 163.

see

setting will move the track’s fader in the Mixer window, and vice versa. See

157 to learn more about setting levels.

Volume setting, this corresponds to the Pan setting in the Mixer.

values delay the playback while negative values cause the track to play earlier. The values are set in milliseconds.

This lets you specify the input bus or MIDI input for the track. See tion about input busses.

Here you decide to which output the track is routed. For audio tracks you select an output bus (see

busses” on page 28) or Group channel, for MIDI tracks

you select a MIDI output and for instrument tracks, you select the instrument to which it is routed.

“Setting volume in the Mixer” on page

“Setting up busses” on page 28 for informa-

“Making Auto Fade

“Setting up

The Project window

Page 43

Parameter Description

Inserts section Allows you to add insert effects to the track, see the chap-

Equalizers section

Equalizer Curve section

Sends section Allows you to route an audio track to one or several FX

Studio Sends The Studio Sends are used to route cue mixes to Control

Surround Pan When the SurroundPanner is used for a track, this is also

Channel section

Notepad section

Network section

User Panel Here you can display device panels, e. g. for external MIDI

Quick Controls Here you can configure quick controls, e. g. to use remote

ters “Audio effects” on page 195 and “MIDI realtime pa-

rameters and effects” on page 372. The Edit button at the

top of the section opens the control panels for the added insert effects.

Lets you adjust the EQs for the track. You can have up to four bands of EQ for each track, see

tings” on page 164. The Edit button at the top of the sec-

tion opens the Channel Settings window for the track.

Lets you adjust the EQs for the track graphically, by clicking and dragging points in a curve display.

channels (up to eight), see the chapter

page 195. The Edit button above a slot opens the control

panel for the first effect in each FX channel. For MIDI tracks, this is where you assign MIDI send effects. Clicking the Edit button above a slot opens the control panel for the corresponding MIDI effect.

Room Studios. For a detailed description of Studios and Studio Sends, see the chapter

179.

available in the Inspector. For further information, see

“Using the SurroundPanner V5” on page 230.

Shows a duplicate of the corresponding Mixer channel strip. The channel overview strip to the left lets you acti vate and deactivate insert effects, EQs and sends.

This is a standard text notepad, allowing you to jot down notes about the track. If you have entered any notes about a track, the icon next to the “Notepad” heading will light up to indicate this. Moving the pointer over the icon will display the Notepad text in a tooltip.

This contains controls related to the Network functions of the program. For further information, see the chapter

“Networking” on page 482.

devices, audio track panels or VST insert effect panels. For information on how to create or import MIDI device and user panels, see the separate PDF document “MIDI Devices”.

devices, see the chapter

362.

“Track Quick Controls” on page

“Making EQ set-

“Audio effects” on

“Control Room” on page

Audio tracks

For audio tracks, all settings and sections listed above are available.

Instrument tracks

As explained in the chapter “VST instruments and instru-

ment tracks” on page 215, the Inspector for an instrument

track shows some of the sections from VST instrument channels and MIDI tracks.

MIDI tracks

When a MIDI track is selected, the Inspector contains a number of additional sections and parameters, affecting the MIDI events in realtime (e.

g. on playback). Which sections are available for MIDI tracks is described in the chapter

“MIDI realtime parameters and effects” on page 372.

Arranger track

For the arranger track, the Inspector displays the lists of available arranger chains and arranger events. See the chapter “The arranger track” on page 122 for details.

Folder tracks

When a folder track is selected, the Inspector shows the folder and its underlying tracks, much like a folder structure in the Windows Explorer or Mac OS X Finder.

Ö You can click one of the tracks shown under the folder in the Inspector to have the Inspector show the settings for that track. This way, you do not have to “open” a folder track to make settings for tracks within it.

FX channel tracks

When an FX channel track is selected, the following controls and sections are available:

• Edit button

• Volume control

•Pan control

• Output Routing pop-up menu

• Inserts section

• Equalizers section

• Equalizer Curve section

• Sends section

• Studio Sends section

• Surround Pan section

• Channel section

• Notepad section

The Project window

Page 44

FX channel tracks are automatically placed in a special folder, for easier management. When this folder track is selected, the Inspector shows the folder and the FX chan nels it contains. You can click one of the FX channels shown in the folder to have the Inspector show the settings for that FX channel – this way you do not have to “open” a folder track to access the settings for the FX channels in it.

Group channel tracks

When a group channel track is selected, the following controls and sections are available:

• Edit button

• Volume control

• Pan control

• Output Routing pop-up menu

• Inserts section

• Equalizers section

• Equalizer Curve section

• Sends section

• Studio Sends section

• Surround Pan section

• Channel section

•Notepad section

Just like FX channel tracks, all group channel tracks are placed in a separate folder – when this is selected, the Inspector shows the folder and the group channels it contains. You can click one of the group channels shown in the folder to have the Inspector show the settings for that group channel – this way, you do not have to “open” a folder track to access the settings for the group channels in it.

Marker tracks

When the marker track is selected, the Inspector shows the marker list. For more information, see the chapter

“Us-

ing markers” on page 136.

Ruler tracks

For ruler tracks, the Inspector is not used.

Transpose track

When the transpose track is selected, the following con-

trols and sections are available:

• Mute button

• Keep Transpose in Octave range

• Toggle Timebase button

• Lock button

• Notepad section

•Network section

The transpose track controls are described in detail in the chapter “The transpose functions” on page 129.

Signature track and tempo track

For the signature track and the tempo track, the Inspector displays a list of all time signature events or tempo events. See the chapter “Editing tempo and signature” on page

452 for details.

Video tracks

When a video track is selected, the Inspector contains a lock button for locking the track (see the section “Locking

events” on page 74), a Mute button for interrupting video

playback and two settings for video thumbnails: Show Frame Numbers and Show Thumbnails (see the section

“Video files in the Project window” on page 524).

Video tracks make use of the Notepad and Network Inspector tabs.

The toolbar

The toolbar contains tools and shortcuts for opening other windows and various project settings and functions.

You can show/hide most of the toolbar elements (except the Activate Project and “Set up Window Layout” buttons) by activating/deactivating the corresponding options on the context menu. The following options are available:

Option Description

Constrain Delay Compensation

Media & Mixer Windows

This is described in the section “Constrain Delay

Compensation” on page 225.

When this is activated, buttons for opening or closing the MediaBay, the Pool, the Mixer, and the Control Room Mixer are displayed on the toolbar.

The Project window

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Option Description

Performance Meter When this is activated, meters for ASIO time usage

Network Controls When this is activated, buttons used when working

Automation Mode When this is activated, the automation mode and a

Auto-Scroll When this is activated, buttons for the options “Auto-

Locators When this is activated, the left and right locator posi-

Transport Buttons When this is activated, the transport buttons from the

Arranger Controls When this is activated, the controls used when work-

Time Display When this is activated, the Transport panel’s time

Markers When this is activated, the Transport panel’s marker

Snap to Zero Crossing

Tool Buttons When this is activated, tool buttons for editing in the

Color menu This shows/hides the color pop-up menu, see “Ap-

Nudge Palette Activate this to display the nudge buttons. These

Project Root Key Activate this to display the Project Root Key. For de-

Snap/Quantize These options are described in the sections “The

and hard disk transfer load are displayed, see

the VST Performance window” on page 25.

in a network are displayed. For details, see the chap ter “Networking” on page 482.

button to open/close the Automation panel are dis played on the toolbar. For details, see the chapter

“Automation” on page 239.

Scroll” and “Suspend Auto-Scroll when Editing” are displayed, see

tions are displayed on the toolbar.

Transport panel are also displayed on the toolbar.

ing with the arranger track are displayed, see the chapter

display is displayed on the toolbar.

buttons are displayed on the toolbar.

This is described in the section “Snap to Zero

Crossing” on page 49.

Project window are displayed on the toolbar.

plying colors in the Project window” on page 577.

buttons can be used to nudge events or parts in the Project window or for trimming (see on page 69 and “Resizing events” on page 72).

tails, see the chapter “The transpose functions” on

page 129.

Snap function” on page 48 and “The quantizing functions” on page 392.

“Auto-Scroll” on page 50.

“The arranger track” on page 122.

“About

“Moving events”

It displays the following information:

Option Description

Record Time Max This displays the time you have left for recording,

Record Format This displays the sample rate and the bit resolution

Project Frame Rate This displays the frame rate used in the project.

Project Audio Pull This displays the audio pull setting used in the

Project Pan Law This displays the current Pan Law setting.

depending on your project settings and the avail able hard disk space. Click in this field to display the remaining record time in a separate window.

used for recording.

project. For further information about audio pulls,

“The Project Setup dialog” on page 57.

see

Ö Clicking on any of the fields except the Record Time Max display opens the Project Setup dialog, where you can adjust the settings (see “The Project Setup dialog” on

page 57).

Nuendo permits different sample rate settings for a project and the audio hardware. However, as a result the audio files in a project will not play back in their original pitch. If the “Record Format” field is high lighted in a different color, there is a sample rate mismatch and you should check the settings in the Project Setup dialog. The same applies to the Project Audio Pull field.

• To show or hide the status line, click the “Set up Window Layout” button on the toolbar and activate or deactivate the Status Line option.

The info line

The info line is displayed below the status line in the Project window.

Ö How to further set up the toolbar is described in the section

“Using the Setup options” on page 572.

The info line shows information about the currently selected event or part in the Project window. You can edit almost all values on the info line using regular value editing.

The status line

The status line is displayed below the toolbar in the Project window.

Length and position values are displayed in the format cur rently selected for the ruler (see “The ruler” on page 47).

• To show or hide the info line, click the “Set up Window

Layout” button on the toolbar and activate or deactivate the Info Line option.

The Project window

Page 46

The following elements can be selected for display and editing on the info line:

• Audio events

•Audio parts

•MIDI parts

• Video events

•Markers

• Automation curve points

• Transpose events

• Arranger events

When several elements are selected

• If you have selected several elements, the info line shows information about the first item in the selection. The values are displayed in color to indicate that several elements are selected.

• If you edit a value on the info line, the value change is applied to all selected elements, relatively to the current values.

If you have selected two audio events, the first being one bar long and the second two bars, the info line shows the length of the first event (one bar). If you now change this value to 3 bars in the info line, the other event will be resized by the same amount – and will thus be 4 bars long.

• To enter absolute values for the selected elements, press [Ctrl]/[Command] while modifying the value on the info line. In the example above, both events would be re sized to 3 bars.

[Ctrl]/[Command] is the default modifier key for this – you can change this in the Preferences dialog (Editing–Tool Modifiers page, in the Info Line category).

• Adjusting the Velocity field shifts the velocity for the selected parts – the value you specify is added to the velocities of the notes in the parts.

Again, this velocity shift only affects the notes on playback, and again, the value you specify is added to the Vel.Shift. value set for the whole MIDI track in the Inspector.

The overview line

The overview line is displayed below the info line in the Project window. In the overview line, events and parts on all tracks are displayed as boxes.

• To show/hide the overview line, proceed as for the info line (see above), but activate the Overview Line option instead.

You can use the overview line to zoom in or out, and for navigating to other sections of the project. This is done by moving and resizing the track view rectangle in the over view line:

• The track view rectangle indicates the section of the project currently displayed in the event display.

• You zoom in or out horizontally by resizing the rectangle.

Resize it by dragging the edges of the rectangle.

Editing transpose and velocity for MIDI parts

When one or several MIDI parts are selected, the info line contains Transpose and Velocity fields.

• Adjusting the Transpose field transposes the selected parts in semitone steps.

Note that this transposition does not change the actual notes in the part – it is just a “play parameter”, affecting the notes on playback. The trans position you specify for a part on the info line is added to the transposition set for the whole track. For more information on transposing, see the chapter

“The transpose functions” on page 129.

The Project window

• You can drag the track view rectangle to view other sections of the project.

This can also be done by clicking anywhere in the upper part of the overview – the track view rectangle will be moved to where you clicked.

Page 47

The ruler

The ruler at the top of shows the timeline. Initially, the Project window ruler uses the display format specified in the Project Setup dialog (see “The Project Setup dialog” on page 57), as do all other rulers and position displays in the project. However, you can select an independent display format for the ruler by clicking the arrow button to the right of it and selecting an option from the pop-up menu (you can also bring up this pop-up menu by right-clicking anywhere in the ruler).

Option Positions and lengths displayed as

Bars+Beats Bars, beats, sixteenth notes and ticks. By default there

Seconds Hours, minutes, seconds and milliseconds.

Timecode This format displays hours, minutes, seconds, and

Feet+Frames

Samples Samples.

fps (User) Hours, minutes, seconds and frames, with a user-defin-

Time Linear When this is selected, the ruler will be linear relative to

Bars+Beats Linear

are 120 ticks per sixteenth note but you can adjust this with the “MIDI Display Resolution” setting in the Prefer ences dialog (MIDI page).

frames. The number of frames per second (fps) is set in the Project Setup dialog with the Frame Rate pop-up menu (see

Feet and frames, with 40 frames per foot.

Feet, frames and 1/4 frames, with 16 frames per foot.

able number of frames per second. You set the desired number of fps in the Preferences dialog (Transport page).

time. This means that if there are tempo changes on the tempo track, the distance between the bars will vary in Bars+Beats mode.

When this is selected, the ruler will be linear relative to the meter position – bars and beats. This means that if there are tempo changes on the tempo track, there still will be the same distance between bars in Bars+Beats mode. If the ruler is set to a time-based mode, the dis tance between seconds will vary depending on the tempo changes.

“The Project Setup dialog” on page 57).

• To set the display format globally (for all windows), use the primary display format pop-up on the Transport panel, or hold down [Ctrl]/[Command] and select a display for mat in any ruler.

• If you use the “Timecode” or “User” options and the “Show Timecode Subframes” option is activated in the Preferences dialog (Transport page), the frames will also display subframes.

There are 80 subframes per frame.

• For the “Feet+Frames” settings, there is an option in the Preferences dialog (Transport page) called “Feet’n’Frames Count from Project Start”.

When this is activated, time displays and rulers in Feet+Frames format will always start with 0’00 at the beginning of the project – regardless of any Start offset settings in the Project Setup dialog.

Using multiple rulers – ruler tracks

As described above, the Nuendo Project window contains a main ruler at the top of the event display, displaying the timeline from left to right.

If needed, you can have several rulers in the Project window, by adding ruler tracks to the project. Each ruler track contains an additional ruler.

• To add a ruler track, open the “Add Track” submenu from the Project menu and select “Ruler”.

A ruler track showing an additional ruler is added to the track list.

You can add any number of ruler tracks to a project, and position them as needed by dragging them up or down in the track list. Each of the rulers can show a separate display format.

• To select a display format for a ruler track, click on its name in the track list and select an option from the pop-up menu.

• The selection you make here affects the ruler, the info line and tooltip position values (which appear when you drag an event in the Project window).

You can also select independent formats for other rulers and position displays.

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Note that ruler tracks are completely independent from the

Snap activated.

main event display ruler, as well as rulers and position displays in other windows. This means that:

• Each ruler track in a project can have its own display format.

• Ruler tracks are not affected by the display format setting in the Project Setup dialog (see “The Project Setup dialog” on

page 57).

• Ruler tracks are not affected if you set the display format globally with the primary time display in the Transport panel.

Ö Ruler tracks are affected by the “Show Timecode Subframes” option in the Preferences dialog (Transport page, see above).

The Snap function

The Snap function helps you to find exact positions when editing in the Project window. It does this by restricting horizontal movement and positioning to certain positions. Operations affected by Snap include moving, copying, drawing, sizing, splitting, range selection, etc.

• You turn Snap on or off by clicking the Snap icon on the

toolbar.

When you are moving audio events with Snap activated, it is not necessarily the beginning of the event that is used as Snap position reference. Instead, each audio event has a snap point, which you can set to a relevant position in the audio (such as a downbeat, etc.).

The snap point is preferably set in the Sample Editor since it allows for a higher degree of precision (see “Adjusting

the snap point” on page 288). You can however also set

the snap point directly in the Project window, in the following way:

1. Select an event.

2. Place the project cursor at the desired position within

the selected audio event.

3. Pull down the Audio menu and select “Snap Point To Cursor”.

The snap point is set at the cursor position.

The snap point for an event is displayed as a blue line in the Project window.

The Snap Type pop-up menu

To determine how the Snap function works, open the Snap Type pop-up menu and select one of the available options.

In the Snap Type pop-up menu the following options are available:

Grid

If you select this Snap type, the Snap positions are set with the Grid Type pop-up menu. The options depend on the display format selected for the ruler. For example, if the ruler is set to show bars and beats, the grid can be set to bars, beats, or the quantize value set with the Quantize type pop-up menu. If a time or frame-based ruler format is selected, the Grid Type pop-up menu contains time or frame-based grid options, etc.

When Seconds is selected as ruler format, the Grid Type pop-up menu contains time-based grid options.

The Project window

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Grid Relative

12345

52431

Dragging event 2 past event 4…

…changes the order of events 2, 3 and 4.

If you select this Snap type, events and parts will not be “magnetic” to the grid. Rather, the grid determines the step size for moving the events. This means that a moved event will keep its original position relative to the grid.

For example, if an event starts at the position 3.04.01 (one beat before bar 4), Snap is set to Grid Relative and the Grid Type pop-up menu is set to “Bar”, you can move the event in steps of one bar – to the positions 4.04.01, 5.04.01 and so on. The event will keep its relative position to the grid, i.

stay one beat before the bar lines.

• This only applies when dragging existing events or parts

– when you create new events or parts this snap type works like “Grid”.

Events

This grid type makes the start and end positions of other events and parts become “magnetic”. This means that if you drag an event to a position near the start or end of another event, it is automatically aligned with the start or end of the other event. For audio events, the position of the snap point is also magnetic (see “Adjusting the snap

point” on page 288).

• Note that this includes marker events on the marker

track.

This allows you to snap events to marker positions, and vice versa.

The same principle works when changing the order of more than two events:

Magnetic Cursor

This grid type lets the project cursor become “magnetic”. Dragging an event near the cursor causes the event to be aligned with the cursor position.

Grid + Cursor

This is a combination of “Grid” and “Magnetic Cursor”.

Events + Cursor

This is a combination of “Events” and “Magnetic Cursor”.

Events + Grid + Cursor

This is a combination of “Events”, “Grid” and “Magnetic Cursor”.

Shuffle

Shuffle is useful when you want to change the order of adjacent events. If you have two adjacent events and drag the first one to the right, past the second event, the two events will change places.

Snap to Zero Crossing

When this option is activated on the toolbar or in the Preferences dialog (Editing–Audio page), splitting and sizing of audio events is done at zero crossings (positions in the audio where the amplitude is zero). This helps you avoid pops and clicks which might otherwise be caused by sud den amplitude changes.

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Auto-Scroll

“Auto-Scroll” and “Suspend Auto-Scroll when Editing” are activated

When the Auto-Scroll option is activated, the waveform display will scroll during playback, keeping the project cursor visible in the window. You can find the Auto-Scroll button on the toolbars of the Project window and all editors.

• If the “Stationary Cursors” option is activated in the

Preferences dialog (Transport page), the project cursor will be positioned in the middle of the screen (if possible).

Suspending Auto-Scroll

When editing parts or events during playback with AutoScroll enabled, you may suddenly “lose sight” of the ed ited material as the display follows the project cursor.

If you do not want the Project window display to change when editing during playback, you can activate the “Suspend Auto-Scroll when Editing” button. You will find this button right next to the Auto-Scroll button. When this op tion is enabled, auto-scrolling is suspended as soon as you click anywhere in the event display during playback.

Proceed as follows:

1. Open a project that contains audio or MIDI parts/

events.

2. Enable both the “Auto-Scroll” and the “Suspend Auto-

Scroll when Editing” buttons.

3. Start playback.

4. Edit an audio or MIDI part/event of your project (e. g.

click and drag it to a different location on its track).

The Auto-Scroll button turns orange.

Auto-Scrolling is now suspended, i. e. when the project cursor moves to the right edge of the Project window, the display will not follow to keep the cursor visible.

As soon as playback stops or when you click the AutoScroll button again, Nuendo will return to the normal AutoScroll behavior.

The Project window

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Working with projects

Page 52

Creating new projects

The New Project command on the File menu allows you to create a new project, either as an empty project or based on a template:

1. Select “New Project…” from the File menu.

The templates list is displayed. By default, this list is empty. How to create templates is described in the section “Save as Template” on page

53.

2. Select a template (or “Empty”) and click OK.

A file dialog opens, allowing you to specify a location for the project folder. This will contain all files related to the project.

3. Select an existing folder or create a new folder and

click OK.

A new, untitled project is created. If you selected a template, the new project will be based on this template and include the corresponding tracks, events, and settings.

Opening projects

The “Open…” command on the File menu is used for opening saved project files. Project files created with Nuendo (file extension “.npr”), Cubase (file extension “.cpr”) and Sequel (extension “.steinberg-project”) can be opened. Note that program-specific settings which cannot be applied in Nuendo will be ignored.

1. Select “Open…” from the File menu.

A file dialog opens, allowing you to select a project.

2. Click Open to open the selected project.

• Several projects can be open at the same time.

This is useful if you want to copy parts or entire sections from one project to another.

3. If there is already an open project, you will be asked if

you want to activate the new project.

• Click Activate to open and activate the new project.

The active project is indicated by the lit Activate Project button in the upper left corner of the Project window. To activate a different project, simply click its Activate Project button.

• You can also open project files by selecting an entry from the “Recent Projects” submenu of the File menu.

This submenu lists the projects you have recently worked with, with the most recent at the top of the list.

• You can also set Nuendo to automatically open a project when you launch the program (see

“Startup Options” on

page 56).

• You can drag projects from the MediaBay into the Nuendo application window (not into an existing Project window) to open them.

About the “Missing Ports” dialog

If you open a Nuendo project created on a different system (other audio hardware), the program tries to find matching audio inputs and outputs for the i/o busses (this is one of the reasons why you should use descriptive, ge neric names for your input and output ports – see “Prepa-

rations” on page 29).

If the program cannot resolve all audio/MIDI inputs and outputs used in the project, a Missing Ports dialog will open. This allows you to manually re-route any ports spec ified in the project to ports available in your system.

Closing projects

• Click No to open the project inactive.

This significantly reduces load times, especially for large projects.

The Close command on the File menu closes the active window. If a Project window is active, selecting this closes the corresponding project.

• If the project contains unsaved changes, you are asked whether you want to save it before closing.

If you select “Don’t Save” and have recorded or created new audio files since saving, you will be asked if you want to delete or keep these.

Working with projects

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Saving projects

Save and Save As

The commands Save and Save As allow you to save the active project as a project file (file extension “.npr”). The Save command stores the project under its current name and location, while Save As allows you to rename and/or relocate the file. If a project has not been saved yet or if it has not been changed since it was last saved, only Save As is available.

Generally, we recommend that you save project files in their project folders, to keep the projects as manageable as possible.

A word about file extensions

Under Windows, file types are indicated by three letter file name extensions (such as *.npr for Nuendo project files).

Under Mac OS X, it is not necessary to use file name extensions, since the file types are stored internally in the files. However, if you want your Nuendo projects to be compatible with both platforms, make sure that the “Use File Extension in File Dialog” option is activated in the Preferences dialog (General page). When this is acti vated, the proper file name extension is automatically added when you save a file.

Save New Version

This function is only available as a key command, by default [Ctrl]/[Command]-[Alt]/[Option]-[S]. When you use this function, an identical, new project file is being created and activated.

The new file will get the same name as the original project, but with an incremental number attached. For example, if your project is called “My Project”, you will get new ver sions called “My Project-01”, “My Project-02”, and so on.

Save New Version is useful if you are experimenting with edits and arrangements and want to be able to go back to a previous version at any time. The newest versions are al ways listed on the Recent Projects submenu of the File menu for instant access.

Save as Template

This function allows you to save the current project as a template. When you create a new project, the available templates are listed, allowing you to base the new project on a template.

Proceed as follows:

1. Set up a project.

2. Select “Save As Template…” from the File menu and

save the project template under the desired name.

• Templates can contain clips and events just like regular projects.

If this is not what you want, make sure to remove all clips from the Pool before you save the project as a template.

Templates are always stored in the Templates folder, see

“Where are the settings stored?” on page 579.

Setting up a default template

If you always want the same default project to open when you launch Nuendo, you can save a default template. Proceed as follows:

1. Set up a project.

2. Select “Save As Template…” from the File menu and

save the project template with the name “default”.

3. Open the Preferences dialog and select the General page.

4. Open the “On Startup” pop-up menu and select “Open ‘Default’ Template”.

The next time you launch Nuendo, the default template will automatically be opened. For details on the other Startup options, see

“Startup Options” on page 56.

Reverting to the last saved version

If you select “Revert” from the File menu, you will be asked whether you really want to revert to the last saved version of the project. If you click “Revert”, all changes you have made since saving will be discarded.

If you have recorded or created new audio files since saving, you will be asked whether you want to delete or keep these.

Working with projects

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Auto Save

If you activate the Auto Save option in the Preferences dialog (General page), Nuendo will automatically save backup copies of all open projects with unsaved changes.

These backup copies are named “<project name>-xx.bak”, where xx is an incremental number. Unsaved projects are backed up in a similar way as “UntitledX-xx.bak”, with X being the incremental number for unsaved projects. All backup files are saved in the project folder.

• Use the “Auto Save Interval” setting to specify the time

intervals in which a backup copy will be created.

• Use the “Maximum Backup Files” option to specify how

many backup files will be created with the Auto Save function.

When the maximum number of backup files is reached, the existing files will be overwritten (starting with the oldest file).

Ö With this option only the project files themselves will be backed up. If you want to include the files from the Pool and save your project in a different location, you need to use the “Back up Project” function.

The Archive and Backup functions

Prepare Archive

The “Prepare Archive” function verifies that every clip referenced in the project is located in the same folder, and takes actions if that is not the case:

• Any files that are located outside the current project

folder will be copied into it.

Please note that audio files residing within the project folder are not copied to the audio folder. Therefore, you have to copy them there manually before backing up the audio folder or save them separately during backup, see below.

• If any processing has been applied, you will be asked whether you want to Freeze Edits.

If you do this, you do not have to archive the Edits folder. Everything belonging to the project will be contained in the project file and the Audio folder.

Once you have performed a Prepare Archive operation, you can use the “Back Up Project” function to create a backup of the project file, containing copies of all neces

sary media files (with the exception of VST Sound content, see below).

It is not necessary to archive the Images folder, since these images can be recreated by Nuendo. You may also find a file with the extension “.csh” in the project folder. This contains image information for edited clips and other data that can be recreated, so it can safely be deleted.

Video clips are always referenced and not stored in the project folder.

Back up Project

This function is very useful if you want to create a backup copy of a project for your archive. It can also be used to prepare projects for delivery so that they only contain the necessary work data (while leaving the original project un touched). When you back up a project, all media files (except those coming from VST Sound archives) can be included as a copy.

VST Sound content provided by Steinberg is copyprotected and will not be included in the backup project. If you want to use a backup copy of a project using such data on a different computer, make sure that the corresponding content is also available on that computer.

Working with projects

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1. Select “Back up Project…” from the File menu.

A file dialog opens in which you can choose an existing empty folder or create a new folder to save the project.

2. Click OK.

The “Back up Project Options” dialog opens.

This dialog contains the following options:

Option Description

Project Name Enter a project name if you want to change it from the de-

Keep Current Project Active

Minimize Audio Files

Freeze Edits This will perform a Freeze Edits operation, making all pro-

Remove Unused Files

Do Not Back up Video

fault (the current name of the project).

When this option is activated, the current project will still be the active project after clicking OK. If you wish to switch to the new backup project instead, deactivate this option.

If this is activated, only the audio file portions that are actually used in the project will be included. This can significantly reduce the size of the project folder (if you are using small sections of large files), but it also means you cannot use other portions of the audio files if you continue working with the project in its new folder.

cessing and applied effects permanent to each clip in the

“Freeze Edits” on page 277.

Pool, see

When this is activated, only files in the Pool that are actually used in the project will be stored in the new folder.

When this is activated, any video clips on the video track or in the Pool of the current project will not be included in the backup project.

3. Make the desired settings.

4. Click OK.

A copy of the project is saved in the new folder. The original project is not affected.

Cleanup

The Cleanup function on the File menu helps you to save hard disk space by locating and – if you like – deleting unused audio files in the project folders on your disk.

1. Select “Cleanup…” from the File menu.

If there are any open projects, an alert shows. Clicking “Close” closes all open projects and brings up the dialog “Cleanup Nuendo Project Folders”.

2. To restrict the Cleanup function to a certain folder, click the “Search Folder” button and select the folder.

The default setting is that the Cleanup function is applied to all folders on all hard disks. Only select a specific folder if you are certain it does not contain audio files used in other projects (outside the folder), see below. You can reset the function to search all folders by opening the “Search Folder” dialog again and clicking “Cancel”.

3. Click the Start button.

Nuendo will now scan the selected folder (or all hard disks) for Nuendo project folders and check for audio and image files (in the Audio, Edits and Images subfolders) that are not used by any project. The found files are listed in the dialog.

4. When the scan is complete, you can select files by clicking in the list.

Use [Ctrl]/[Command]-click to select several files, and [Shift]-click to select a range of files. You can also click the Select All button to select all files in the list.

In the following situations, the Cleanup function will list files that are not unused:

• If you have moved or renamed files or folders (without updat-

ing the project files to use the new paths), there is no way for Nuendo to know that these files are used in a project.

• If you perform the Cleanup function on a folder in which there

are audio files belonging to other projects (outside the folder), these files will be considered “unused”.

• Also, make sure that you do not delete any files used in other applications, or files that you generally want to keep!

However, you can always safely delete image files since these can be reconstructed by the program, if necessary.

5. Delete any files you do not want to keep by selecting them and clicking Delete.

6. Close the dialog by clicking the Close button.

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Startup Options

The “On Startup” pop-up menu in the Preferences dialog (General page) allows you to specify what happens when you launch Nuendo.

The following options are available:

Option Description

Do Nothing Nuendo launches without opening a project.

Open Last Project

Open ‘Default’ Template

Show Open Options Dialog

Show Template Dialog

Show Open Options Dialog

The last saved project is opened on launch.

The default template is opened, see “Setting up a de-

fault template” on page 53.

The Open dialog opens on launch, allowing you to manually locate and open the desired project.

The Template dialog opens on launch, allowing you to create a new project from one of the templates.

The Open Document Options dialog opens on launch, see below. It allows you to make a different choice each time you launch Nuendo.

• If you hold down [Ctrl]/[Command] while launching Nuendo.

• To open a project, select it and click the “Open Selection” button.

• To open another project not listed here, click the “Open Other…” button.

A file dialog opens that allows you to look for the desired file on your disk.

• To create a new project, click the “New Project” button.

Nuendo Open Document Options dialog

The Open Document Options dialog lists your recently used projects. It will open in two cases:

• If you launch Nuendo with the “Show Open Options Dialog” option selected on the “On Startup” pop-up menu in the Preferences dialog (General page).

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The Project Setup dialog

General settings for the project are made in the Project Setup dialog. This is opened by selecting “Project Setup…” from the Project menu.

Ö If the “Run Setup on Create New Project” option is activated in the Preferences dialog (General page), the Project Setup dialog will open automatically when you create a new project.

The following settings are available in the Project Setup dialog:

Setting Description

Author Here you can add a name that will be written as the project

Company Here you can add a name that will be written as the com-

author into the iXML chunk when exporting audio files with the corresponding option activated (see

page 478). The default setting for this can be set in the

Preferences dialog (General–Personalization page).

pany name into the iXML chunk when exporting audio files with the corresponding option activated (see on page 478). The default setting for this can be set in the Preferences dialog (General–Personalization page).

“AIFF files” on

“AIFF files”

Setting Description

Start The start time of the project. Allows you to have the project

Length The length of the project. Nuendo is capable of having

Frame Rate This setting determines both the timecode standard and

Audio Pull-up/ Pull-down

Display Format This is the global display format used for all rulers and po-

Display Offset Offsets the time positions displayed in the ruler, etc., al-

start at another time than zero. Also used for setting the sync start position when synchronizing Nuendo to external devices (see the chapter The format of this value is always in timecode. When you change this setting you will be asked whether you want to keep the project content at its timecode positions. “Yes” means that all events will stay at their original timecode po sitions – i. e. they will be moved in relation to the start of the project. “No” means that all events keep their position rela tive to the project start. See also the note on Feet+Frames in the section

longer lengths than 24 hours because the timecode in cludes a “day” field. This can be handy when creating projects that use “time of day” timecode and cross the 24 hour mark. The maximum project length is 10 days.

frame rate for the project, see

page 498. The frame rate of a video file used in a project

should match the frame rate set for a project. The “Get From Video” button allows you to set the project frame rate to the frame rate of an imported video file, see the section When synchronizing Nuendo to an external device, make sure that this setting corresponds to the frame rate of any incoming timecode. However, there might be situations where perfect synchronization does not matter to you and you do not want to change the project frame rate. In this case, the frame rate mismatch will be indicated on the Transport panel in the Sync section.

When working with film transfers, this option is used to synchronize sound and images correctly. The pop-up menu is separated into two parts. In the upper part the pull factors available for your hardware are displayed. The lower part shows pull factors that are not supported by your audio hardware. If you select a non-supported pull factor, it will be highlighted in a different color. Audio pullup and pull-down is described in detail in the section

“Adjusting audio playback speed” on page 531.

sition displays in the program, except ruler tracks (see

“Ruler tracks” on page 44). However, you can make inde-

pendent display format selections for the individual rulers and displays if you like. For descriptions of the different display format options, see

lowing you to compensate for the Start position setting. Typically, if you synchronize Nuendo to an external source starting at a frame other than zero, you set the Start posi tion to this value. However, if you still want the display in Nuendo to start at zero, set the Display Offset to the same value.

“The ruler” on page 47.

“Adopting the video frame rate” on page 523.

“The ruler” on page 47.

“Synchronization” on page 496).

“Timecode standards” on

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Setting Description

Bar Offset This works just like “Display Offset” described above, in

Sample Rate The sample rate at which Nuendo records and plays au-

Bit Resolution/ Record File Type

Stereo Pan Law

that it offsets the time positions in the ruler by a number of bars, allowing you to compensate for the Start position setting. The difference is that Bar Offset is only used when the “Bars+Beats” display format is selected (see

“The ruler” on page 47).

dio. The order of the menu items depends on the sample rates available for your audio hardware. Supported set tings are displayed in the upper part of the menu, nonsupported settings are displayed in the lower part. Re garding the sample rate, there are two possible scenarios: Either your audio hardware generates the audio clock signals itself or it is clocked externally, i. nals from an external sample clock source. If the sample rate is generated internally, the following applies: When you select a sample rate non-supported by your audio hardware (from the lower part of the menu), it is highlighted in a different color and the corresponding tooltip shows a warning. In this case you must set a dif ferent sample rate to make your audio files play back properly. When you specify a project sample rate that your audio hardware supports but which is different from the current audio hardware sample rate, and you confirm your settings by clicking OK, the sample rate setting of the audio hardware is automatically changed to the project sample rate. If your audio hardware is clocked externally, ensure that the project sample rate corresponds to the external sam ple rate. Furthermore, you should “tell” Nuendo that it receives external clock signals in the Device Setup dialog on the page of your audio driver by activating the “Exter nally Clocked” option. When you now change the project sample rate, it will be highlighted to inform you about a possible sample rate mismatch.

When you record audio in Nuendo, the files that are created will be of this resolution and file type, see “Selecting

a recording file format” on page 93.

Decides whether panning uses power compensation or not, see

“About the “Stereo Pan Law” setting” on page

162.

e. receives sig-

While most Project Setup settings can be changed at any time, you should set the sample rate directly after creating a new project! If you change the sam ple rate at a later stage, you must convert all audio files in the project to the new sample rate to make them play back properly.

Zoom and view options

Zooming in the Project window is done according to the standard zoom techniques, with the following special notes:

• When you are using the Zoom tool (magnifying glass), the result depends on the “Zoom Tool Standard Mode: Horizontal Zooming Only” option in the Preferences dialog (Editing–Tools page).

If this is activated and you drag a selection rectangle with the Zoom tool, the window will only be zoomed horizontally (track height will not change). If the option is off, the window will be zoomed both horizontally and verti cally.

• When using the vertical zoom sliders, the tracks are scaled relatively.

In other words, if you have made any individual track height adjustments (see below), the relative height differences are maintained.

You find the following options are available on the Zoom submenu on the Edit menu:

Option Description

Zoom In Zooms in one step, centering on the project cursor.

Zoom Out Zooms out one step, centering on the project cursor.

Zoom Full Zooms out so that the whole project is visible. “The

Zoom to Selection

Zoom to Selection (Horiz)

Zoom to Event This option is available only in the Sample Editor (see

Zoom In Vertically Zooms in one step vertically.

Zoom Out Vertically

Zoom In Tracks Zooms in on the selected track(s) one step vertically.

Zoom Out Tracks Zooms out the selected track(s) one step vertically.

Zoom Selected Tracks

Undo/Redo Zoom

whole project” means the timeline from the project start to the length set in the Project Setup dialog (see above).

Zooms in horizontally and vertically so that the current selection fills the screen.

Zooms in horizontally so that the current selection fills the screen.

“Zooming” on page 287).

Zooms out one step vertically.

This zooms in vertically on the selected track(s) and minimizes the height of all other tracks.

These options allow you to undo/redo the last zoom operation.

• If the “Zoom while Locating in Time Scale” option is activated in the Preferences dialog (Transport page), you can also zoom by clicking in the ruler and dragging up or down with the mouse button pressed.

Drag up to zoom out; drag down to zoom in.

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• You can zoom the contents of parts and events verti-

cally, using the waveform zoom slider in the top right corner of the event display.

This is useful when viewing quiet audio passages.

To get an approximate reading on the level of the audio events by viewing the waveforms, make sure this slider is all the way down. Otherwise, zoomed waveforms may be mistaken for clipped audio.

• If you activate the option Quick Zoom in the Preferences dialog (Editing page), the contents of parts and events will not be continuously redrawn when you zoom manually.

Instead, the contents are redrawn once you have stopped changing the zoom – activate this if screen redraws are slow on your system.

• You can use the Track scale pop-up (opened by clicking the arrow button above the vertical zoom control) to set the number of tracks to view in the current Project window.

The track height will be adjusted to show only the number of tracks specified on the pop-up menu. By selecting “Zoom N Tracks” from the pop-up you can manually set the number of tracks to fit in the current Project win dow.

• Tracks can also be divided vertically in lanes – see “Ed-

iting in Lane Display mode” on page 76.

Resizing tracks in the track list

• You can change the height of an individual track by clicking on its lower border in the track list and dragging up or down.

To change the height of all tracks simultaneously, hold down [Ctrl]/ [Command] and resize one of the tracks in this way. If “Snap Track Heights” is activated on the Track scale pop-up (see below), the track height will change in fixed increments when you resize it.

This behavior is different when “Enlarge Selected Track” is activated on the Edit menu (see below).

• You can also change the width of the track list area, by dragging the border between the track list and the event display.

• By default, the controls shown for tracks in the track list will adapt to the track size. This means that when resizing a track’s height or width the controls will be placed where they best “fit in”.

If you prefer to have the controls in fixed positions, you can deactivate the “Wrap Controls” option in the Track Controls settings dialog (see

tomizing track controls” on page 573).

“Cus-

The Enlarge Selected Track option

When this option is activated on the Edit menu (or in the Preferences dialog, Editing–Project & Mixer page), the se lected track is enlarged automatically. This is useful if you are stepping through the tracks in the track list, to check or edit the settings. The tracks will revert to the size they had before when they are deselected. You can adjust the size directly in the track list if the default enlargement fac tor does not suit you.

While this is the program behavior you will want in most cases, it may be a disadvantage when changing the track height you started out with for one or more tracks (i. e. their “original” height, before “Enlarge Selected Track” was ac tivated). As soon as you try to resize a track, it is selected and automatically enlarged. Instead of turning off “Enlarge Selected Track”, resizing the desired track(s) and the acti vating “Enlarge Selected Track” again, you can resize a track in the track list without selecting it.

Proceed as follows:

1. Move the mouse pointer over the lower border of the (unselected) track you want to resize.

The mouse pointer turns into a divider symbol.

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2. Hold down [Alt]/[Option] and drag the lower border of

Click here…

…to open the context menu.

the track until it reaches the desired height.

Now, when you select this track, (and “Enlarge Selected Track” is activated), it will be enlarged. It will revert to the changed size, when you select a different track.

• If you want to rename a preset, select “Organize…” from the pop-up menu.

In the dialog that opens, select the desired preset in the list and click the Rename button. A second dialog opens, allowing you to type in a new name for the preset. Click OK to close the dialogs.

Zoom presets and cycle markers

The pop-up menu to the left of the horizontal zoom control allows you to select, create and organize zoom presets. These are useful if you want to toggle between different zoom settings (e. played in the project window and another with a high zoom factor for detailed editing). With this pop-up menu, you can also zoom in on the area between cycle markers in the project.

The upper part of the menu lists the zoom presets:

• To store the current zoom setting as a preset, select Add from the pop-up menu.

A dialog opens, allowing you to type in a name for the preset.

• To select and apply a preset, select it from the pop-up menu.

• The “Zoom Full” preset is always available. Selecting this option zooms out so that the whole project is visible. “The whole project” means the timeline from the project start to the length set in the Project Setup dialog (see

“The Project Setup dialog” on page 57).

• If you want to delete a preset, select “Organize…” from the pop-up menu.

In the dialog that opens, select the preset in the list and click the Delete button. The preset is removed from the list.

g. one where the whole project is dis-

Zoom presets are global for all projects, i. e. they are available in all projects you open or create.

The middle part of the pop-up menu lists any cycle markers you have added to the project:

• If you select a cycle marker from this menu, the event display is zoomed in to encompass the marker area.

• You cannot edit the cycle markers in this pop-up menu. For information on editing markers, see “The Marker win-

dow” on page 138.

Only the cycle markers you create in the current project are available on the menu.

The Zoom history

Nuendo maintains a history of recent zoom stages, allowing you to undo and redo zoom operations. This way you can zoom in several steps and then easily go back to the zoom stage at which you started.

There are two ways to invoke Undo Zoom and Redo Zoom:

• Use the items on the Zoom submenu on the Edit menu.

You can also assign key commands for these.

• Double-click with the Zoom tool (magnifying glass) to Undo Zoom.

Press [Alt]/[Option] and double-click to Redo Zoom.

Adjusting how parts and events are shown

The Preferences on the File menu (the Nuendo menu, under Mac OS X) contains several settings for customizing the display in the Project window.

The Event Display page contains common settings for all track types:

Option Description

Colorize Event Background

Show Event Names

Determines whether the backgrounds or “contents” (waveforms, etc.) of parts and events will be colorized,

“Handling tracks” on page 61.

see

Determines whether the names of parts and events are shown in the Project window.

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Option Description

Transparent Events

Show Data on Small Track Heights

When this is activated, events and parts will be transparent, showing the waveforms and MIDI events only.

If this is activated, the contents of events and parts will be shown, even if the height of a track is very small.

The Event Display–Audio page contains settings for audio events:

Option Description

Interpolate Audio Images

Outline Waveforms

Show Event Volume Curves Always

Thick Fade Lines

Show Waveforms

Background Color Modulation

If the option is deactivated, single sample values are drawn as “steps”. If the option is activated they are interpolated to form “curves”.

Determines whether audio waveforms are displayed as solid images or with an outline. This selection affects all waveform images in the Project window, Sample Editor, and Audio Part Editor.

If this is activated the “volume curves” created with the volume and fade handles are always shown – if not, the curves are only shown for selected events.

If this option is activated, the fade lines and volume curves are thicker, increasing their visibility.

Determines whether audio waveforms are shown at all.

When this is activated, the backgrounds of audio waveforms are displayed in a different way, reflecting the waveform dynamics. This is especially useful to get an overview when working with small track heights.

The Event Display–MIDI page contains settings for MIDI parts:

Option Description

Default Edit Action

Part Data Mode

Show Controllers

Edit as Drums when Drum Map is assigned (Nu endo Expansion Kit only)

Note Name Style

Determines which editor is opened when you doubleclick a MIDI part, or select it and press [Ctrl]/[Com mand]-[E].

Determines if and how events in MIDI parts are shown in the Project window: as score notes, as drum notes (Nu endo Expansion Kit only) or as lines. If “No Data” is selected, events will not be shown at all. Nuendo Expansion Kit only: Note that this setting is overridden for tracks with drum maps if the “Edit as Drums when Drum Map is as signed” option (see below) is activated.

Governs whether non-note events (controllers, etc.) are shown in MIDI parts in the Project window.

If this is activated, parts on MIDI tracks with drum maps assigned will be shown with drum note symbols in the Project window. Also, the parts will automatically open in

the Drum Editor when double-clicked (overriding the De fault Edit Action setting above).

Determines how MIDI note names (pitches) are displayed in editors, etc.

Handling tracks

To add a track to the project, open the “Add Track” submenu from the Project menu and select a track type. The new track is added below the currently selected track in the track list.

• The items on the “Add Track” submenu are also available on the context menu.

This is accessed by right-clicking the track list.

• If you select the Audio, MIDI, Group Channel, or Instrument option from the Add Track submenu, a dialog opens, allowing you to insert several tracks in one go.

You just need to enter the desired number of tracks in the Count field.

• For audio and group channel tracks, the channel configuration – mono, stereo or surround configuration – can be set in the Configuration pop-up menu.

• The Choose Track Preset option in the Add Track dialog is described in the chapter “Working with track pre-

sets” on page 356.

• In the Preferences dialog (Editing–Project & Mixer page), you can find the “Auto Track Color Mode” option.

This offers you several options for automatically assigning colors to tracks that are added to the project.

Once you have created tracks, you can manipulate and rearrange them in various ways:

• To rename a track, double-click in the name field and type in a new name.

If you hold down any modifier key when pressing [Return] to close the name field, all events on the track will get the name you entered.

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• To select a track, click on it in the track list.

This track is selected.

A selected track is indicated by a light gray color in the track list.

• To select several tracks press [Ctrl]/[Command] and click on them. [Shift]-click to select a continuous range of tracks.

• To move a track, click and drag it up or down in the list.

• To duplicate a track, complete with all contents and

channel settings, right-click the track list and select “Duplicate tracks” from the context menu, or select “Duplicate tracks” from the Project menu.

The duplicated track will appear below the original track.

• You can select a default color for a track with the Select Colors pop-up menu on the toolbar. The applied color will be used for all events on the track and will also be shown in the Mixer. You can override the default track color for in dividual events and parts by using the Color tool or the Select Colors pop-up menu. For more information, see

“Applying colors in the Project window” on page 577.

The “Colorize Event Background” option in the Preferences dialog (Event Display page) determines whether the backgrounds or waveforms of events will be colorized.

• To remove a track, right-click on it in the track list and select “Remove Selected Tracks” from the context menu.

You can also remove multiple selected tracks, by selecting “Remove Selected Tracks” either from the context menu or from the Project menu. Furthermore, you can remove all tracks not containing any events by se lecting “Remove Empty Tracks” from the Project menu.

• To change the track height of an individual track, click on its lower border in the track list and drag up or down, see

“Resizing tracks in the track list” on page 59.

Ö Note that you can also automatically enlarge the selected track, see “The Enlarge Selected Track option” on

page 59.

Disabling audio tracks

Audio tracks can be disabled by selecting “Disable Track” from the track list context menu. Disabling a track is similar to muting it (see “Muting events” on page 75), since a disabled track will not be played back. However, disabling a track not only “zeroes” the output volume from the track, but actually shuts down all disk activity for it. For more information, see “About track disable/enable” on page 87.

Track folding

On the Project menu you will find the Track Folding submenu, allowing you to quickly show, hide or invert what is displayed in the Project window event display. This en ables you for example to divide the project into several parts (by creating several folder tracks for the different project elements) and showing/hiding their contents by selecting a menu function (or using a key command). You can also fold in automation tracks this way. The following options are available:

• Toggle Selected Track

When you select this menu option, the fold state of the selected track is reversed, i. den), it is now unfolded (all subtracks displayed) and vice versa.

• Fold Tracks

Select this menu option to fold in all open folder tracks in the Project window. Please note that the exact behavior of this function depends on the “Deep Track Folding” setting in the Preferences dialog, see below.

• Unfold Tracks

Select this menu option to unfold all folder tracks in the Project window. Please note that the exact behavior of this function depends on the “Deep Track Folding” setting in the Preferences dialog, see below.

• Flip Fold States

Select this menu option to flip the fold states of the tracks in the Project window. This means that all tracks that were folded in will be unfolded

and all unfolded tracks will be folded in, respectively.

Ö You can assign key commands for these menu options in the Key Commands dialog (Project category).

e. if the track was folded in (its elements (subtracks) were hid-

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In the Preferences dialog (Editing–Project & Mixer page), you can find the following option affecting the track folding behavior:

• Deep Track Folding

When this is activated, any folding settings you make in the Track Folding submenu of the Project menu also affect the subelements of the tracks, i.

e. if you fold in a folder track which contains 10 audio tracks 5 of which have several automation tracks open, all these audio tracks within the folder track will be folded in as well.

Dividing the track list

It is possible to divide the track list into two parts. Both sections will have independent zoom and scroll controls (if needed), but resizing the window vertically will affect the lower section only (if possible). This is useful if you’re working with a video track along with multi-track audio for example. This way, you can place the video track in the upper track list, letting you scroll the audio tracks sepa rately in the lower track list, referencing them against the video track.

• To divide the track list, click the “Divide Track List” button in the top right corner of the Project window just below the ruler.

• To revert to a single track list, click the button again.

When the track list is divided into two parts, the following applies:

• If you add tracks from the Add Track submenu of the Project menu, video tracks, marker tracks, and arranger tracks are automatically placed in the upper part of the track list.

If the track list already contains tracks any video, marker, or arranger tracks, these are automatically moved to the upper part when you divide the track list. All other types of tracks are placed in the lower part.

• If you add tracks from the context menu invoked by right-clicking the track list, the tracks are added to the part of the track list in which you click.

• You can move any type of track from the lower track list to the upper and vice versa by right-clicking it in the track list and selecting “Toggle Track List” from the context menu.

• You can resize the upper part by clicking and dragging the divider between the track list sections.

Switching between musical and linear time base

Tracks can be either musical (tempo) or linear (time) based.

• On a track using linear time base, the events will be positioned on specific time positions – changing the playback tempo will not affect the time position of events.

• On a track using musical time base, the positions of events are represented as meter values (bars, beats, 1/16th notes and ticks, with 120 ticks per 1/16th note). If you change the playback tempo, the events will play back at an earlier or later time.

• In the Preferences dialog (Editing page), you can find the “Default Track Time Type” option.

This allows you to specify the default track time type for new tracks (audio, group/FX, MIDI, and marker tracks). When you change this setting, all new tracks will use the selected time type. You can choose between “Musical”, “Time Linear” and “Follow Transport Main Display”. Selecting “Musical” will cause all added tracks to be set to musical time type. When you select “Time Linear”, all new tracks will use linear time base. The third option uses the primary time format setting on the Transport panel. When this is set to “Bars+Beats”, tracks with musical time base will be added. When this is set to any of the other options (Seconds, Timecode, Samples, etc.), all new tracks will use linear time base.

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Whether to use musical or linear time base depends on the

Musical time base selected

Linear time base selected

type of project and recording situation. You can always change this setting individually for each track, by clicking the musical/linear time base button in the Inspector or track list. Musical time base is indicated by a note symbol, while linear time base is indicated by a clock symbol.

Internally, events on musical time based tracks use the same high precision for positioning (64 bit floating point values) as linear time based events. However, switching between linear and musical time base results in a very small loss of precision (introduced by the mathematical operations used for scaling values in the two different formats). Therefore you should avoid switching repeatedly between the two modes.

For more information about tempo changes, see the chapter “Editing tempo and signature” on page 452.

Adding events to a track

There are a number of ways to add events to a track:

• By recording (see “Basic recording methods” on page

91).

• By dragging files and dropping them on the track at the desired position.

You can create events by dragging and dropping from the following locations:

•The desktop

• The MediaBay and its related windows (see the chapter “The

MediaBay” on page 334)

•The Pool

• A library (a Pool file that is not attached to a project)

• The “Find media” dialog

• The Project window of another open project

• The Audio Part Editor of any open project

• The Sample Editor – press [Ctrl]/[Command] and drag to create an event of the current selection, or click in the left column of the region list and drag to create an event from a region.

While you drag the clip in the Project window, its position will be indicated by a marker line and a numerical position box (see also “Using

drag and drop” on page 325).

• By selecting “Audio File…” or “Video File…” from the

Import submenu on the File menu.

This opens a file dialog, allowing you to locate the file you wish to import. When you import a file this way, a clip is created for the file and an event that plays the whole clip is inserted on the selected track, at the position of the project cursor. You can also import MIDI files by using the Import submenu, but this works in a slightly different way (see

MIDI files” on page 560).

“Exporting and importing standard

• By grabbing audio CD tracks and converting them to au-

dio files (see “Importing audio CD tracks” on page 553).

• By importing only the audio portion of a video file and

converting it to an audio file (see “About thumbnail cache

files” on page 524).

• By using Copy and Paste on the Edit menu.

This allows you to copy all kinds of events between projects. You can also copy events within the project, e.

g. from the Sample Editor.

• By drawing.

Some types of events (markers and automation events) can be drawn directly into the Project window. For audio and MIDI tracks, you can draw parts (see

“Creating parts” on page 65).

Audio file import options

When you are importing audio files there are a number of options concerning how the files are treated by Nuendo:

• You can choose to copy the file into the audio folder of the project and have the project make reference to the copied file rather than the original file. This helps you keep your project “self-contained”.

• You can choose to split stereo and multi-channel files into a number of mono files.

• Furthermore, you may want all files in the project to have the same sample rate and sample size (resolution).

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The Preferences dialog (Editing–Audio page) contains a

A folder track

Tracks in the folder

setting that lets you decide which options to use. Select one of the following options on the “On Import Audio Files” pop-up menu:

• Open Options Dialog

An Options dialog opens when you import, allowing you to select whether you want to copy the files to the Audio folder and/or convert them to the project settings. Please note the following: – When importing a single file of a format other than the project settings, you can specify which properties (sample rate and/or resolution) are changed. – When importing multiple files at the same time, you can select to convert the imported files automatically if necessary, i. ent than the project’s or the resolution is lower than the project setting.

e. if the sample rate is differ-

• Use Settings

No Options dialog will appear when you import. Instead, you can choose to make any of the options below the pop-up menu the standard ac tion(s). Activate any number of the following options to have them performed automatically each time you import audio files:

Option Description

Copy Files to Working Directory

Convert and Copy to Project If Needed

Split multichannel files

If files are not already in the project’s audio folder they are copied there before being imported.

If files are not already in the project’s audio folder they are copied there before being imported. Furthermore, if the files have a different sample rate or a lower resolution than the project settings, they are automatically con verted.

If you import a multi-channel audio file (including twochannel stereo files), it will be split into a number of mono files – one for each channel – which are placed on sepa rate, automatically created mono tracks. Use the “Use numbers for split file names” option to give the created files the same name as the source file, appended by a number. This avoids confusion if the source file does not contain stereo or surround material, but poly-mono audio.

Creating parts

Parts are containers for MIDI or audio events. If you record MIDI, a MIDI part is automatically created, containing the recorded events. You can also create empty audio or MIDI parts and later add events to them.

There are two ways to do this:

• Draw a part on a MIDI or audio track with the Pencil tool.

You can also draw parts by pressing [Alt]/[Option] and using the Arrow tool.

• Double-click with the Arrow tool on a MIDI or audio

track, between the left and right locator.

To add events to a MIDI part, you use the tools and functions in a MIDI editor (see “The Key Editor – Overview” on

page 406). Adding events to audio parts is done in the

Audio Part Editor (see “Window overview” on page 315) by pasting or by using drag and drop.

• You can also gather existing audio events into a part, by

using the “Events to Part” function on the Audio menu.

This creates an audio part containing all selected audio events on the same track. To remove the part and make the events appear as indepen dent objects on the track again, select the part and use the “Dissolve Part” function on the Audio menu.

Folder tracks

Moving tracks into a folder is a way to structure and organize tracks in the Project window. By grouping tracks in folder tracks, you can solo and mute them in a quicker and easier way and perform editing on several tracks as one entity. Folder tracks can contain any type of track includ ing other folder tracks.

Handling folder tracks

• Creating a folder track

On the Project menu open the “Add Track” submenu and select “Folder”, or right-click the track list and select “Add Folder Track” from the context menu.

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• Moving tracks into a folder

In the track list, click on a track that you want to move into a folder and drag it onto a folder track. An arrow pointing to a folder appears when you drag the track onto the folder track in the list. The track is placed in the folder track, and all parts and events on the track will be represented by a corresponding folder part (see below). You can also create subfold ers by moving one folder track into another. For example, you could have a folder containing all the vocals in a project, and each vocal part could have a folder containing all the takes for easier handling, etc.

• Removing tracks from a folder

Drag a track out of the folder and release it in the track list to remove it from the folder.

• Hiding/showing tracks in a folder

Click on the “Expand/Collapse Folder” button (the folder icon) to hide or show the tracks located in a folder or use the corresponding options in the Track Folding submenu of the Project menu (see

page 62). Hidden tracks are played back as usual.

“Track folding” on

• Muting and soloing folder tracks

Click the Mute or Solo button on the folder track to mute or solo all tracks in the folder as one unit.

Working with folder parts

A folder part is a graphic representation of events and parts on the tracks in the folder. Folder parts indicate the position and length of the events and parts, as well as on which track they are (their vertical position). If part colors are used, these are also shown in the folder part.

Audio handling

When you work with audio files, it is crucial to understand how audio is handled in Nuendo:

When you edit or process audio in the Project window,

you always work with an audio clip that is automatically created on import or during recording. This audio clip refers to an audio file on the hard disk that itself remains untouched. This means, that audio editing and processing is “non-destructive”, in the sense that you can always undo changes or revert to the original versions.

An audio clip does not necessarily refer to just one original audio file! If you apply some processing to a specific section of an audio clip, for example, this will create a new audio file containing only this section. The processing will then be applied to the new audio file only, leaving the orig inal audio file unchanged. Finally, the audio clip is automatically adjusted, so that it refers both to the original file and to the new, processed file. During playback, the pro gram will switch between the original file and the processed file at the correct positions. You will hear this as a single recording, with processing applied to one section only. This feature makes it possible to undo processing at a later stage, and to apply different processing to different audio clips that refer to the same original file.

An audio event is the object that you place on a time position in Nuendo. If you make copies of an audio event and move them to different positions in the project, they will still all refer to the same audio clip. Furthermore, each audio event has an Offset value and a Length value. These determine at which positions in the clip the event will start and end, i. e. which section of the audio clip will be played back by the audio event. For example, if you resize the au dio event, you will just change its start and/or end position in the audio clip – the clip itself will not be affected.

An audio region is a section within a clip with a length value, a start time, and a snap point. Audio regions are shown in the Pool and are best created and edited in the Sample Editor.

Ö If you want to use one audio file in different contexts, or if you want to create several loops from one audio file, convert the corresponding regions of the audio clip to events and bounce them into separate audio files. This is necessary since different events that refer to the same clip access the same clip information.

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Auditioning audio parts and events

Audio parts and events can be auditioned in the Project window with the Play tool:

When auditioning, audio will be routed directly to the Control Room, if the Control Room is activated. When the Control Room is deactivated, the audio will be routed to the default output bus, bypassing the audio channel’s settings, effects and EQs.

1. Select the Play tool.

Ö When scrubbing with the mouse, insert effects are always bypassed.

Ö It is also possible to “scrub” all audio and video tracks of your project with the Jog wheel and Shuttle Speed control on the Transport panel, see “The shuttle speed con-

trol” on page 87.

Scrubbing can be quite a burden on your system. If playback problems occur, try deactivating the “Use High Quality Scrub Mode” option in the Preferences dialog (Transport–Scrub page). The resampling quality will then be lower, but scrubbing will be less demanding on the processor. This can be useful when scrubbing in large projects.

2. Click where you want playback to start, and keep the mouse button pressed.

Only the track on which you click is played back, starting at the click position.

3. Release the mouse button to stop playback.

Scrubbing audio

The Scrub tool allows you to locate positions in the audio part or event by playing back, forwards or backwards, at any speed:

1. Select the Play tool and click a second time on the icon.

A pop-up menu opens.

2. Select “Scrub”.

3. Click at the desired position of your audio event or

part and keep the mouse button pressed.

The project cursor moves to the position where you click. The mouse pointer is not visible anymore.

4. Drag to the left or right.

The project cursor moves correspondingly and the audio is played back. The speed and thus the pitch of the playback depend on how fast you move the mouse.

You can adjust the volume of the Scrub function in the Preferences dialog (Transport–Scrub page).

Editing parts and events

This section describes techniques for editing in the Project window. If not explicitly stated, all descriptions apply to both events and parts, even though we use the term “event” for convenience.

Ö When you are using the tools for editing, you can in many cases get additional functions by pressing modifier keys (e. g. pressing [Alt]/[Option] and dragging with the Arrow tool creates a copy of the dragged event).

On the following pages, the default modifier keys are described – you can customize these in the Preferences dialog (Editing–Tool Modifiers page), see “Setting up tool

modifier keys” on page 586.

Selecting events

Selecting events is done using any of the following methods:

• Use the Arrow tool.

The standard selection techniques apply.

• Use the Select submenu on the Edit menu.

The options are:

Option Description

All Selects all events in the Project window.

None Deselects all events.

Invert Inverts the selection – all selected events are dese-

In Loop Selects all events that are partly or wholly between

lected and all events that were not selected are selected instead.

the left and right locator.

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Option Description

From Start to Cursor

From Cursor to End

Equal Pitch These are available in the MIDI Editors (see “Select-

Select Controllers in Note Range

All on Selected Tracks

Events under Cursor

Select Event This is available in the Sample Editor (see “Window

Left/Right Selection Side to Cursor

Selects all events that begin to the left of the project cursor.

Selects all events that end to the right of the project cursor.

ing notes” on page 412) and the Sample Editor (see “Using the Select menu” on page 289).

This is available in the MIDI Editors (see “Selecting

controllers within the note range” on page 412).

Selects all events on the selected track.

Automatically selects all events on the selected track(s) that are “touched” by the project cursor.

overview” on page 283).

These two functions are only used for range selection editing (see

“Creating a selection range” on page 77).

Note that these functions work differently when the Range Selection tool is selected (see “Creating a

selection range” on page 77).

• Select all events on a track by right-clicking on it in the track list and selecting “Select All Events” from the context menu.

• It is also possible to select ranges, regardless of the event and track boundaries.

This is done using the Range Selection tool (see “Range editing” on

page 77).

• Use the arrow keys on the computer keyboard to select the closest event to the left, right, above, or below.

If you press [Shift] and use the arrow keys, the current selection will be kept, allowing you to select several events.

By default, tracks are selected with the up/down arrow keys on the computer keyboard. Therefore using these to select events, too, can be confusing. If you want to use the naviga tion controls for track selection only (a most vital operation

in both editing and mixing), you can activate the “Use Up/ Down Navigation Commands for selecting Tracks only” op tion in the Preferences dialog (Editing page). The following applies:

• When this option is deactivated and no event/part is selected in the Project window, the up/down arrow keys on the computer keyboard are used to step through the tracks in the track list.

• When this option is deactivated and an event/part is selected in the Project window, the up/down arrow keys still step through the tracks in the track list – but on the currently se lected track, the first event/part will automatically be selected as well.

• When this option is activated, the up/down arrow keys are only used to change the track selection – the current event/ part selection in the Project window will not be altered.

• If the “Auto Select Events under Cursor” option is acti-

vated in the Preferences dialog (Editing page), all events on the selected track(s) that are “touched” by the project cursor are automatically selected.

This can be helpful when rearranging your project, because it allows you to select whole sections (on all tracks) by selecting all tracks and moving the project cursor.

Using the cross hair cursor

Also in the Preferences dialog (Editing–Tools page), you can find the Cross Hair Cursor section. When enabled, a cross hair cursor is displayed when working in the Project window and in the editors, facilitating navigation and edit ing, especially when arranging large projects. You can set up the colors for the line and the mask of the cross hair cursor, and define its width. The cross hair cursor works as follows:

• When the Selection tool (or one of its subtools) is se-

lected, the cross hair cursor appears when you start mov-

ing/copying a part/event, or when using the event trim

handles.

• When the Pencil tool, the Scissors tool, or any other tool that makes use of this function is selected, the cross hair cursor appears as soon as you move the mouse over the event display.

• The cross hair cursor is only available for tools where such a function is of any use. The Mute tool, for example, does not use a cross hair cursor, as you have to click di rectly on an event to mute it.

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Moving events

To move events in the Project window, use the following methods:

• Click and drag to a new position.

All selected events are moved, maintaining their relative positions. You can only drag events to tracks of the same type. If Snap is activated, this determines to which positions you can move the events (see

function” on page 48).

Note also that you can restrict movement to be either horizontal or vertical only, by holding down [Ctrl]/[Command] while dragging.

“The Snap

• Use the Nudge buttons on the toolbar.

These move the selected events to the left or right. The amount of movement depends on the selected display format (see “The Project Setup di-

alog” on page 57) and the value set on the Grid pop-up menu.

You will note that there is a slightly delayed response when you move an event by dragging. This helps you avoid accidentally moving events when you click on them in the Project window. You can adjust this delay with the Drag Delay setting in the Preferences dialog (Editing page).

• Select the event and edit the Start position in the info line.

• Use the “Move to” options on the Edit menu.

The following options are available:

Option Description

Cursor Moves the selected event to the project cursor position. If

Origin Moves the selected events to their original positions, i. e.

Front/Back This function does not actually change the position of the

there are several selected events on the same track, the first event will start at the cursor, and the following will be lined up end-to-start after the first one.

the positions at which they were originally recorded.

events, but moves the selected events to the front or back, respectively. This is useful if you have overlapping events and want to see one that is partially obscured. For audio events, this is an extra important feature, because only the visible sections of events will be played back. Moving an obscured audio event to front (or moving the obscuring event to back) will allow you to hear the whole event on playback (see also on page 316). Note that it is also possible to use the “To Front” function on the event context menu for this (although this works in a different way, see on page 99).

“Create Events mode (Preferences)”

“Overlapping events”

When the Range Selection tool is used, the Nudge buttons move the selection range (see “Moving and

duplicating” on page 78).

Ö The Nudge buttons are not visible on the toolbar by default. You can decide which items are visible by rightclicking on the toolbar and activating the corresponding option on the context menu (see

“The setup context

menus” on page 572).

• Use the Up/Down key commands, found in the Nudge category in the Key Commands dialog.

These commands allow you to nudge one or more events (except folder parts) up or down to the nearest track.

Ö Nudging up/down will not create new tracks: If there is no destination track that matches the track configuration of the nudged event, nothing happens.

There are two exceptions to this behavior:

• If you select events in Lane Display mode, these are moved to

the upper or lower lane.

• If you select MIDI events in the In-Place Editor, the MIDI

events are nudged up or down.

Aligning events

Nuendo provides shortcuts to quickly align audio events and parts in the project window. You can align to selected parts, events or ranges or to the cursor.

When the snap point is set, it will be used as a reference when you align events.

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To align audio events or parts to selected parts or events,

proceed as follows:

1. Select an event or part of any type on any track.

This will be taken as a reference for aligning.

2. Point on the audio event or part you want to move, press one of the modifiers listed in the table below and click.

The mouse pointer will change its shape and the audio event or part will be aligned to the selected part or event.

To align audio events or parts to selection ranges, proceed as follows:

1. Make a selection range on any track.

This will be taken as a reference for aligning.

2. Point on an audio event or part, press one of the modifiers listed in the table below and click.

The mouse pointer will change its shape and the audio event or part will be aligned to the selected range.

Note that the functions depend on where you point with the mouse.

In both cases, the following modifiers are available:

Modifier Icon Description

[Ctrl]/[Command] This aligns the start of the audio event/part

[Ctrl]/[Command]

-[Alt]/[Option]

[Ctrl]/[Command] This aligns the end of the audio event/part to

[Ctrl]/[Command]

-[Alt]/[Option]

[Ctrl]/[Command]

-[Shift]

to the start of the selected event, part or range. This function is available when you move the mouse on the beginning of the non-selected event.

This copies the audio event/part and aligns its start to the start of the selected event, part or range. This function is available when you move the mouse on the beginning of the non-selected event.

the start of the selected event, part or range. This function is available when you move the mouse on the end of the non-selected event.

This copies the audio event/part and aligns its end to the start of the selected event, part or range. This function is available when you move the mouse on the end of the non-se lected event.

This aligns the start of the audio event/part to the end of the selected event, part or range. This function is available when you move the mouse on the beginning of the non-selected event.

Modifier Icon Description

[Ctrl]/[Command]

-[Shift]

-[Alt]/[Option]

[Ctrl]/[Command]

-[Shift]

[Ctrl]/[Command]

-[Shift]

-[Alt]/[Option]

This copies the audio event/part and aligns its start to the end of the selected event, part or range. This function is available when you move the mouse on the beginning of the non-selected event.

This aligns the end of the audio event/part to the end of the selected event, part or range. This function is available when you move the mouse on the end of the non-selected event.

This copies the audio event/part and aligns its end to the end of the selected event, part or range. This function is available when you move the mouse on the end of the non-se lected event.

You can also align audio events or parts to the project cursor. This is done in the following way:

1. Set the cursor to the position where you want to move the audio part or event.

This will be taken as a reference for aligning.

2. Make sure that nothing is selected in your project.

3. With the arrow tool selected, point on the audio event

or part you want to move, press one of the modifiers listed in the table below and click.

The mouse pointer will change its shape and the audio event or part will be aligned to the cursor.

For aligning audio events or parts to the cursor, the following modifiers are available:

Modifier Icon Description

[Ctrl]/[Command] This aligns the start of the audio event/part to

[Ctrl]/[Command]

-[Alt]/[Option]

[Ctrl]/[Command] This aligns the end of the audio event/part to

[Ctrl]/[Command]

-[Alt]/[Option]

the cursor. This function is available when you move the mouse on the beginning of the nonselected event.

This copies the audio event/part and aligns its start to the cursor. This function is available when you move the mouse on the beginning of the non-selected event.

the cursor. This function is available when you move the mouse on the end of the non-se lected event.

This copies the audio event/part and aligns its end to the cursor. This function is available when you move the mouse on the end of the non-selected event.

Ö You can change the modifiers in the Preferences dialog (Editing–Tool Modifiers page).

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Duplicating events

Events can be duplicated in the following ways:

• Hold down [Alt]/[Option] and drag the event to a new position.

If Snap is activated, this determines to which positions you can copy the events (see

• Audio and MIDI parts can also be duplicated by clicking on the part, pressing [Alt]/[Option]-[Shift], and dragging.

This creates a shared copy of the part. If you edit the contents of a shared copy, all other shared copies of the same part are automatically edited in the same way.

“The Snap function” on page 48).

If you hold down [Ctrl]/[Command] as well, movement direction is restricted to either horizontal or vertical. That means if you drag an event vertically it cannot be moved horizontally at the same time.

• You can also perform the Repeat function by dragging: Select the event(s) to repeat, press [Alt]/[Option], click the handle in the lower right corner of the last selected event and drag to the right.

The longer to the right you drag, the more copies are created (as shown by the tooltip).

• Selecting “Fill Loop” from the Edit menu creates a number of copies starting at the left locator and ending at the right locator.

The last copy is automatically shortened to end at the right locator position.

Shared copies are indicated by an icon on the right.

Note:

• When you duplicate audio events, the copies are always shared. This means that shared copies of audio events always refer to the same audio clip (see “Audio

processing” on page 264).

• You can convert a shared copy to a real copy by selecting “Convert to Real Copy” from the Edit menu. This creates a new version of the clip (that can be edited independently) and adds this to the Pool. Note that no new files are created by this operation – for that you need to use the “Bounce Selection” function from the Audio menu (see

“Ex-

porting regions as audio files” on page 330).

• Selecting “Duplicate” from the Edit menu creates a copy of the selected event and places it directly after the original.

If several events are selected, all of these are copied “as one unit”, maintaining the relative distance between the events.

• Selecting “Repeat…” from the Edit menu opens a dialog, allowing you to create a number of copies (regular or shared) of the selected event(s).

This works just like the Duplicate function, but you can specify the number of copies.

Using Cut, Copy and, Paste

You can cut or copy selected events, and paste them in again, using the functions on the Edit menu.

• When you paste an audio event, it is inserted on the selected track, positioned so that its snap point is aligned with the cursor position.

If the selected track is of the wrong type, the event will be inserted on its original track. See the snap point.

“The Snap function” on page 48 for information about

• If you use the “Paste at Origin” function, the event is pasted at its original position (the position from which you cut or copied it).

Using Cut Head and Cut Tail

You can cut everything to the left or right of the cursor or a selected range:

• If you use “Cut Head”, everything to the left of the cursor/selection range will be deleted. No data will be kept in the clipboard.

• If you use “Cut Tail”, everything to the right of the cursor/selection range will be deleted. No data will be kept in the clipboard.

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Renaming events

By default, audio events show the name of their clip, but you can enter a separate descriptive name for separate events if you like. This is done by selecting the event and typing in a new name in the “Description” field in the info line, or by using the Rename Object command from the Edit menu.

• You can also give all events on a track the same name as the track by changing the track name, holding down a modifier key and pressing [Return].

See “Handling tracks” on page 61.

• The Rename Objects command is useful when renaming multiple events at the same time. Select one or more events. Then choose “Rename…” from the Edit menu. You have several options for renaming events automatically us ing sequential numbers, timestamps and more (see “Re-

naming clips or regions in the Pool” on page 324).

Gluing events together

You can glue events together using the Glue Tube tool. There are three possibilities:

• Clicking on an event with the Glue Tube tool glues it together with the next event on the track. The events do not have to touch one another.

The result is a part containing the two events, with one exception: If you first split an event and then glue the two sections together again (without moving or editing them first), they become a single event again.

• You can select several events on the same track and click on one of them with the Glue Tube tool.

A single part is created.

• When you hold down [Alt]/[Option] while clicking on an event with the Glue Tube tool, this event will be glued to-

gether with all following events on this track.

You can change the default key command for this in the Preferences dialog (Editing–Tool Modifiers page).

Splitting events

You can split events in the Project window in the following ways:

• Click with the Scissors tool on the event you want to split.

If Snap is activated, this determines the exact split position (see “The

Snap function” on page 48). You can also split events by pressing [Alt]/

[Option] and clicking with the Arrow tool.

• Select “Split at Cursor” from the Edit menu.

This splits the selected events at the position of the project cursor. If no events are selected, all events (on all tracks) that are intersected by the project cursor will be split.

• Select “Split Loop” from the Edit menu.

This splits events on all tracks at the left and right locator positions.

Ö If you split a MIDI part so that the split position intersects one or several MIDI notes, the result depends on the “Split MIDI Events” option in the Preferences dialog (Edit ing–MIDI page). If the option is activated, the intersected notes will be split (creating new notes at the beginning of the second part). If it is deactivated, the notes will remain in the first part, but “stick out” after the end of the part.

Resizing events

Resizing events means to move their start or end positions individually. In Nuendo, there are three modes for resizing:

Resizing mode Description

Normal Sizing The contents of the event stay fixed, and the start or

Sizing Moves Contents

Sizing Applies Time Stretch

To select one of the resizing modes, select the Arrow tool and then click again on the Arrow tool icon on the toolbar. This opens a pop-up menu from which you can select one of the options.

The icon on the toolbar will change, indicating the selected resizing mode.

end point of the event is moved to “reveal” more or less of the contents.

The contents follow the moved start or end of the event (see the figure below).

The contents will be time stretched to fit the new event length (see the separate section

time stretch” on page 73).

“Resizing events using

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The actual resizing is done by clicking and dragging the lower left or right corner of the event. If Snap is activated, the Snap value determines the resulting length (see

“The

Snap function” on page 48).

Normal sizing

Sizing moves contents

• If several events are selected, all will be resized in the same way.

• It is also possible to resize events by using the Trim buttons (located in the Nudge palette) on the toolbar.

This will move the start or end position of the selected event(s) by the amount set on the Grid Type pop-up menu. The sizing type currently se lected applies to this method too, with the exception of “Sizing Applies Time Stretch” which is not possible with this method. You can also use key commands for this (by default, press [Ctrl]/[Command] and use the left and right arrow key).

Resizing events using time stretch

If you want to resize a part and make its contents “fit” the new size, you should use this sizing mode. Proceed as follows:

1. Click the Arrow icon on the toolbar and click again to select the “Sizing Applies Time Stretch” option from the pop-up menu.

2. Point close to the end point of the part you want to stretch.

3. Click and drag left or right.

When you move the mouse, a tooltip shows the current mouse position and length of the part. Note that the snap value applies, as with any part operation.

4. Release the mouse button.

The part is “stretched” or “compressed” to fit the new length.

Ö Note that the Nudge palette is not visible on the toolbar by default. See “The setup context menus” on page

572 for instructions on how to show and hide items on the

toolbar.

Ö When resizing events, any automation data will not be taken into account.

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• For MIDI parts, this means that the note events are stretched (moved and resized).

Controller data will be moved.

• For audio parts, this means that the events are moved, and that the referenced audio files are time stretched to fit the new length.

A dialog shows the progress of the time stretch operation.

Ö In the Preferences dialog (Editing–Audio page), you can adjust which algorithm is used for the time stretch algorithm.

For more information about time stretch, see “Time

Stretch” on page 272.

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Sliding the contents of an event or part

The padlock symbol indicates that one or more of the lock options are activated for the event.

You can move the contents of an event or part without changing its position in the Project window. By default, this is done by pressing [Alt]/[Option]-[Shift], clicking in the event or part and dragging to the left or right.

When sliding the contents of an audio event, you cannot slide past the start or end of the actual audio clip. If the event plays the whole clip, you cannot slide the audio at all.

Locking events

If you want to make sure that you do not edit or move an event by accident, you can lock it. Locking can affect one (or any combination) of the following properties:

Lock Options Description

Position If this is locked, the event cannot be moved.

Size If this is locked, the event cannot be resized.

Other If this is locked, all other editing of the event is disabled.

This includes adjusting the fades and event volume, pro cessing, etc.

Grouping events

Sometimes it is useful to treat several events as one unit. This can be done by grouping them: Select the events (on the same or different Tracks) and select “Group” from the Edit menu.

Grouped events are indicated by a group icon on the right.

If you edit one of the grouped events in the Project window, all other events in the same group are affected too (if applicable).

Group editing operations include:

• Selecting events.

• Moving and duplicating events.

• Resizing events.

• Adjusting fade-in and fade-out (audio events only, see “Creat-

ing fades” on page 113).

• Splitting events (splitting one event will automatically split any other grouped events that are intersected by the split position).

• Locking events.

• Muting events (see below).

• Deleting events.

• To specify which of these properties are affected by the Lock function, use the “Lock Event Attributes” pop-up menu in the Preferences dialog (Editing page).

• To lock events, select them and select “Lock…” from the Edit menu.

The events will be locked according to the options specified in the Preferences dialog.

• You can adjust the lock options for a locked event by selecting it and selecting “Lock…” from the Edit menu again.

This opens a dialog in which you can activate or deactivate the desired lock options.

• To unlock an event (turn off all lock options), select it and select “Unlock” from the Edit menu.

• It is also possible to lock a whole track, by clicking the padlock symbol in the track list or in the Inspector.

This disables all editing of all events on the track.

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Muting events

To mute individual events in the Project window, proceed as follows:

• To mute or unmute a single event, click on it with the

Mute tool.

• To mute or unmute several events, select them – either

by using the standard selection techniques, or by using one of the options on the Select submenu on the Edit menu – and click on one of the selected events with the Mute tool.

All selected events will be muted.

• You can also click in an empty area with the Mute tool

and drag a selection rectangle around several events you want to mute or unmute, and then click on one of them with the Mute tool.

• You can mute events by selecting them and selecting

“Mute” from the Edit menu.

Similarly, you can unmute the selected events by selecting “Unmute” from the Edit menu.

• You can also change the mute status of selected events

on the info line.

Muted events can be edited as usual (with the exception of adjusting fades), but are not played back.

Muted events are “grayed out”.

• You can also mute whole tracks by clicking the Mute

(“M”) button in the track list, the Inspector or the Mixer.

Clicking the Solo (“S”) button for a track mutes all other tracks. Note that there are two modes for the track solo function: If the “Enable Solo on Selected Track” option is activated in the Preferences dialog (Editing–Project & Mixer page) and you have soloed a track, selecting another track in the track list will automatically solo that track instead – the solo state “moves” with the track selection. If the option is not activated, the track you solo stays soloed, regardless of the selection.

Removing events

To remove an event from the Project window, use any of the following methods:

• Click on the event with the Erase tool.

Note that if you press [Alt]/[Option] while you click, all following events on the same track will be deleted, but not the event you clicked and all events before it.

• Select the event(s) and press [Backspace], or select “Delete” from the Edit menu.

Creating new files from events

An audio event plays a section of an audio clip, which in turn refers to one or more audio files on the hard disk. However, in some situations you may want to create a new file that consists only of the section played by the event. This is done with the function “Bounce Selection” on the Audio menu:

1. Select one or several audio events.

2. Set up fade in, fade out and event volume (on the info

line or using the volume handle) as desired.

These settings will be applied to the new file. For details on fades and event volume, see

3. Select “Bounce Selection” from the Audio menu.

You are asked whether you want to replace the selected event or not.

• If you click “Replace”, a new file is created, containing only the audio in the original event. A clip for the new file is added to the Pool, and the original event is replaced by a new event playing the new clip.

• If you click “No”, a new file is created and a clip for the new file is added to the Pool.

The original event is not replaced.

You can also apply the Bounce Selection function to an audio part. In that case, the audio from all events in the part will be combined into a single audio file. If you choose “Replace” when asked, the part will be replaced with a single audio event playing a clip of the new file.

“Creating fades” on page 113.

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Editing in Lane Display mode

When you are recording in Stacked cycle recording mode, each take ends up on a separate lane on the track, see “Recording audio in Stacked mode” on page 101 and

“Cycle Record mode: Stacked/Stacked 2 (No Mute)” on page 105. However, you can also select this lane mode

manually for individual tracks, and use it when editing in the Project window. This makes it easier to view and han dle overlapping events and parts.

Audio tracks

1. In the track list or in the Inspector for the selected

track, click the Lane Display Type button and select “Lanes Fixed” from the pop-up menu.

The audio track is divided vertically into two lanes. By default, all audio events end up in the first (top) lane.

3. After rearranging the overlapping events so that you hear what you want, you can select all events and select “Delete Overlaps” from the Advanced submenu on the Audio menu.

This puts all events in the top lane and resizes events so that overlapping sections are removed.

4. To turn off Lanes mode, select “Lanes Off” from the Lane Display Type pop-up menu.

If you do this without using the “Delete Overlaps” function, all overlapping sections will be kept. However, the sections that were green will now be the sections visible (“on top”) and thus the sections that will be heard.

MIDI tracks

1. In the track list or in the Inspector for the selected track, click the Lane Display Type button and select “Lanes Auto” or “Lanes Fixed”.

2. Now you can move events or parts between lanes, ei-

ther by dragging or by using the “To Front” commands on the Edit menu or the context menu (this will move the event on the lane that has playback priority).

Note that if there are overlapping audio events, the audio on the lowest lane has playback priority – moving events between lanes affects what will be heard!

If the vertical zoom factor is sufficiently high, the sections that will be heard on playback are indicated in green.

• Note that there will always be an extra, empty lane at the

bottom of the track – moving an event there always will add another lane.

Depending on the number of lanes used, you may want to adjust the vertical zoom for the track – simply drag the track edges in the track list.

Working with projects

• In Lanes Auto mode, extra lanes will automatically be added where necessary – if two MIDI parts overlap, they will automatically be put on separate lanes.

• In Lanes Fixed mode, you have to move MIDI parts between lanes manually (by dragging them or by using the “Move to Front/Back” commands on the Edit menu or context menu).

In this mode, there will always be an extra, empty lane at the bottom of the track – if you move a part there, another lane will be added and so on.

2. You can edit the overlapping parts as usual – by cutting, deleting or muting sections in the Project window or by opening them in a MIDI editor.

In an editor, parts on different lanes will be treated just like parts on different tracks – you can use the part list pop-up menu to select an active part for editing, etc. Note that there is no playback priority between lanes on a MIDI track – all unmuted parts will be heard during playback.

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3. To merge all overlapping parts into one, make sure

that the MIDI track is selected, position the left and right locators around the parts and select “Merge MIDI in Loop” from the MIDI menu.

In the dialog that opens, activate the Erase Destination option and click OK. This merges all unmuted MIDI between the locators to a single part.

4. To turn off Lanes mode, select “Lanes Off” from the

Lane Display Type pop-up menu.

Range editing

Editing in the Project window is not necessarily restricted to handling whole events and parts. You can also work with selection ranges, which are independent from the event/part and track boundaries.

Option Description

Range to Next Event

Range to Previous Event

Enlarge Range to Next Event

Enlarge Range to Previous Event

Moves the selection range to the next event head or tail on the selected track(s) and turns it to a zero selection

Moves the selection range to the previous event head or tail on the selected track(s) and turns it to a zero selec tion.

Moves the right side of the current selection range to the next event head or tail on the selected track(s).

Moves the left side of the current selection range to the previous event head or tail on the selected track(s).

• Double-clicking on an event with the Range Selection tool creates a selection range encompassing the event.

If you hold down [Shift] you can double-click several events in a row, and the selection range will expand to encompass them all. Double-clicking a second time on an event opens it for editing in the Sample Editor.

Creating a selection range

To make a selection range, drag with the Range Selection tool.

When the Range Selection tool is selected, the Select submenu on the Edit menu has the following items for making selection ranges:

Option Description

All Makes a selection that covers all tracks, from the start of

None Removes the current selection range.

Invert Only used for event selection (see “Selecting events” on

In Loop Makes a selection between the left and right locator, on

From Start to Cursor

From Cursor to End

All on Selected Tracks

Select Event This is available in the Sample Editor (see “Using the

Left Selection Side to Cursor

Right Selection Side to Cursor

the project to the end (as defined by the Length setting in the Project Setup dialog).

page 67).

all tracks.

Makes a selection on all tracks, from the start of the project to the project cursor.

Makes a selection on all tracks, from the project cursor to the end of the project.

Only used for event selection (see “Selecting events” on

page 67).

Select menu” on page 289).

Moves the left side of the current selection range to the project cursor position.

Moves the right side of the current selection range to the project cursor position.

Making selection ranges for several non-contiguous tracks

You can create selection ranges that cover several tracks. It is also possible to exclude tracks from a selection range:

1. Create a selection range from the first to the last desired track.

2. Press [Alt]/[Option] and click in the selection range on the tracks you want to exclude from the selection.

3. In the same manner, you can add a track to the selection range by [Alt]/[Option]-clicking in the selection range area on the track.

• If you press [Shift]-[Alt]/[Option] while creating a selection range, the range will encompass all tracks in the track list.

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The Range Selection pop-up menu

If you want to work with different selection ranges the Range Selection pop-up menu comes in handy. Activating one of the options (Selection A or Selection B) from the pop-up menu will not only select the corresponding selec tion but also cause the event display to switch between the two locations.

Proceed as follows:

1. With the Range Selection tool, define a destination

range for your selection.

By default, the first selection you perform will be selection A. The letter currently displayed on the tool icon shows which selection range you are to define.

2. Click on the Range Selection tool again and select

Selection B from the pop-up menu.

This switches the selection ranges.

3. Define the destination range for selection B.

You can now select your defined ranges by opening the Range Selection pop-up menu and choosing the desired option.

When you are done do not forget to deactivate the Range Selection tool. Otherwise, you might accidentally overwrite your defined selections.

• By using the Trim buttons on the toolbar.

The left Trim buttons will move the start of the selection range and the right buttons will move the end. The edges will be moved by the amount specified on the Grid pop-up menu.

• By using the Nudge buttons on the toolbar.

These will move the whole selection range to the left or the right. The amount of movement depends on the selected display format (see

Project Setup dialog” on page 57) and the value specified on the Grid

pop-up menu.

Note that the contents of the selection are not moved – using the Nudge buttons is the same as adjusting the start and end of the selection range at the same time, by the same amount.

Ö The Trim buttons and the Nudge buttons are located in the Nudge palette, which is not visible on the toolbar by default.

See “The setup context menus” on page 572 for instructions on how to show and hide items on the toolbar.

“The

Editing selection ranges

Adjusting the size of the selection range

You can adjust the size of a selection range in the following ways:

• By dragging its edges.

The pointer takes the shape of a double arrow when you move it over an edge of the selection range.

• By holding down [Shift] and clicking.

The closest selection range edge will be moved to the position at which you clicked.

Moving and duplicating

• To move a selection range, click and drag it to a new position.

This will move the contents of the selection range to the new position. If the range intersected events or parts, these will be split before moving, so that only the sections within the selection range are affected.

• To duplicate a selection range, hold down [Alt]/[Option] and drag.

You can also use the Duplicate, Repeat and Fill Loop functions, just as when duplicating events (see

“Duplicating events” on page 71).

• By adjusting the selection range start or end position on

the info line.

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Using Cut, Copy, and Paste

When working with selection ranges, you can either use Cut, Copy and Paste on the Edit menu, or use the functions “Cut Time” and “Paste Time” on the Range submenu on the Edit menu. These work differently to their related functions on the Edit menu:

Function Description

Cut Cuts out the data in the selection range and moves it to

Copy Copies the data in the selection range to the clipboard.

Paste Pastes the clipboard data at the start position and track

Paste at Origin

Cut Time Cuts out the selection range and moves it to the clip-

Paste Time Pastes the clipboard data at the start position and track

Paste Time at Origin

the clipboard. The selection range is replaced by empty track space in the Project window, meaning that events to the right of the range keep their positions.

of the current selection. Existing events are not moved to make room for the pasted data.

Pastes the clipboard data back at its original position. Existing events are not moved to make room for the pasted data.

board. Events to the right of the removed range are moved to the left to fill out the gap.

of the current selection. Existing events are moved to make room for the pasted data.

Pastes the clipboard data back at its original position. Existing events are moved to make room for the pasted data.

Deleting selection ranges

Again, you can either use “regular” Delete or “Delete Time”:

• If you use the Delete function on the Edit menu (or press

[Backspace]), the data within the selection range is replaced by empty track space.

Events to the right of the range keep their position.

• If you use “Delete Time” on the Edit menu’s Range sub-

menu, the selection range is removed and events to the right are moved to the left to close up the gap.

Other functions

On the Range submenu on the Edit menu, you will find three more range editing functions:

Function Description

Global Copy This copies everything in the selection range.

Split Splits any events or parts that are intersected by the se-

lection range, at the positions of the selection range edges.

Function Description

Crop All events or parts that are partially within the selection

Insert Silence

range are cropped, that is, sections outside the selection range are removed. Events that are fully inside or outside the selection range are not affected.

Inserts empty track space from the start of the selection range. The length of the silence equals the length of the selection range. Events to the right of the selection range start are moved to the right to “make room”. Events that are intersected by the selection range start are split, and the right section is moved to the right.

Region operations

Regions are sections within a clip, with various uses. While regions are perhaps best created and edited in the Sample Editor (see

“Working with regions” on page 291), the fol-

lowing region functions are available in the Advanced submenu of the Audio menu:

Function Description

Event or Range as Region

Events from Regions

This function is available when one or several audio events or selection ranges are selected. It creates a region in the corresponding clip, with the start and end position of the region determined by the start and end position of the event or selection range within the clip.

This function is available if you have selected an audio event whose clip contains regions within the boundaries of the event. The function will remove the original event and replace it with event(s) positioned and sized accord ing to the Region(s).

The Edit History dialog

In the Edit History dialog you can undo and redo many edit actions. Actions that can be undone include all functions in the Project window as well as in the editors. It is also possible to undo audio processes or applied plug-in ef fects. However, these are better removed and modified using the Offline Process History (see “The Offline Pro-

cess History dialog” on page 275).

Ö In the Preferences dialog (General page) you can limit the Undo function by setting the number in the “Maximum Undo” field to the desired value. This is useful if you run out of hard disk space, for example.

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To undo and redo your actions, proceed as follows:

1. On the Edit menu, select “History…”.

The Edit History dialog opens.

The dialog contains a list of all your edits, with the most recent action at the bottom of the list. The Action column displays the name of the action while the Time column tells you when this action was performed. In the Details column further details are shown. Here you can enter new text by double-clicking in the column.

2. Move the horizontal, colored line upwards to the desired position to undo your actions.

You can only undo your actions in reverse order, i. e. the last performed action is the first action to be undone.

3. Move the line down the List again to redo an action that was undone previously.

Working with branches

If you activate the “Use Undo Branches” option in the Preferences dialog (General page), actions are gathered in branches. This way you do not have to undo every sin gle action you performed, instead you can undo whole branches.

A branch is created when you have undone at least one action. All following actions you perform will then be gathered in a new branch.

If you have two or more branches, you can choose to undo edits of the separate branches. Proceed as follows:

1. Select the desired branch by clicking on it in the lower part of the dialog.

The corresponding actions are listed in the upper part of the dialog.

2. Click the “Activate Selected” button or click a second time on the branch to activate it.

All actions from the subsequent branches are undone while all actions of the now active branch are redone.

If you undo some of the actions and then perform new edit operations, a new child branch is created at that position in the tree.

When you are happy with your edits and you do not need the inactive branches any longer, you can choose to re

move them. Proceed as follows:

• Click the “Remove Inactive” button.

All inactive branches are removed, leaving only the active actions on a single, linear branch.

You can now undo separate actions of the branch as usual in the upper part of the dialog.

Removing inactive branches cannot be undone!

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The Preferences dialog

When you open the File menu (the Nuendo menu on a Mac) and select “Preferences…”, the Preferences dialog opens. This dialog provides a large number of options and settings that control the global behavior of Nuendo.

The dialog has a number of pages, each containing options and settings belonging to a particular topic.

• In the list on the left, click on one of the entries to open the corresponding page.

• You can find detailed descriptions of all Preferences options in the dialog help, opened by clicking the Help button at the bottom left of the dialog.

About preference presets

In the Preferences dialog it is possible to save complete or partial preference settings as presets. This lets you recall settings quickly and easily.

Saving a preference preset

When you have made your preferences settings, proceed as follows to save all settings as a preset:

1. Make sure that the “Store marked preferences only” option is not activated.

This is because this option is used for saving partial settings (see below), as opposed to complete settings.

2. Click the Store button in the lower left section of the Preferences dialog.

A dialog opens, allowing you to type in a name for the preset.

3. Click OK to save the preset.

Your saved settings are now available from the Preference Presets pop-up menu.

Loading a preference preset

To load a saved preference preset, simply select a preset from the Preference Presets pop-up menu. The preset is applied immediately.

Saving partial preferences settings

It is also possible to save partial preferences settings. This is useful when you have made settings that only relate to a certain project or situation, for example. When you apply a saved partial preference preset, you only change the saved settings. All other preferences will be left unchanged.

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When you have made your specific preferences settings, proceed as follows to save the partial settings as a preset:

1. Activate “Store marked preferences only”.

A new “Store” column is added to the Preferences list.

2. Click in the Store column of the Preferences items you wish to save.

Note that if you activate a Preferences page that contains subpages, these will also be activated. If this is not what you want, simply deactivated the subpages.

3. Click the Store button in the lower left section of the Preferences dialog.

A dialog opens, asking you to type in a name for the preset. It is a good idea to choose a descriptive name for a partial preference preset, prefer ably relating to the saved settings (for example “Configuration” or “Editing–Controls”).

4. Click OK to save.

Your saved settings are now available from the Preference Presets pop-up menu.

Any Project window editing you perform to a folder part affects all the events and parts it contains. You can select several folder parts if you like – this allows you to handle and edit them together. The editing you can perform in

cludes:

• Moving a folder part. This will move its contained events and parts (possibly resulting in other folder parts, depending on how the parts overlap).

• Using cut, copy and paste.

• Deleting a folder part. This will delete its contained events and parts.

• Splitting a folder part with the Scissors tool.

• Gluing folder parts together with the Glue tube tool. This will only work if the adjacent folder parts contain events or parts on the same track.

• Resizing a folder part resizes the contained events and parts according to the selected resizing method, see “Resizing

events” on page 72.

• Muting a folder part. This will mute its contained events and parts.

Tracks inside a folder can be edited as one entity by performing the editing directly on the folder part containing the tracks. You can also edit individual tracks within the folder by showing the contained tracks, selecting parts and opening editors as usual.

Double-clicking a folder part opens the editors for the corresponding track classes present in the folder. The following applies:

• All MIDI parts located on the tracks within the folder are

displayed as if they were on the same track, just like when opening the Key Editor with several MIDI parts selected.

To be able to easily discern the different tracks in the editor, give each track a different color in the Project window and use the “Part Colors” option in the editor (see

“Coloring notes and events” on page 410).

• If the folder contains tracks with audio events and/or au-

dio parts, the Sample and/or Audio Part Editors are opened with each audio event and audio part in a separate window.

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Playback and the Transport panel

Page 84

Background

Activates Auto

Quantize

Record mode pop-up menu

Cycle Record mode pop-up menu

CPU load and

Disk Cache

meters

Right locator

Punch In

Left locator

Post-roll: value and on/off

Shuttle speed

Jog Wheel

Nudge +/- 1 Frame

Pre-roll: value and on/off

Punch Out

Primary Time Display

Position

slider

Record

Play

Fast forward

Go to next marker/ project end

Nudge position

right/left

Go to

marker/

project

start

Secondary Time Display

Exchange time formats

Cycle on/off

Rewind

Stop

Active Arranger

Chain

Activate Arranger Mode

First/Last Repeat of Current Arranger Event

Previous/Next Arranger Event

Arranger Selector

Current Arranger

Event

Tempo track

on/off

Synchronization

on/off

The tempo and time signature display

Metronome

click on/off

Show Markers (opens the Marker window)

Jump to Marker

Precount on/off

MIDI In/Out

activity

(left/right)

Output Level Control

Clipping indicators

Audio input/output activity

This chapter describes the various methods available for controlling playback and transport functions in Nuendo.

The Transport panel

Below you can find a brief description of each item on the Transport panel.

The pictures below show the Transport panel with all controls visible. The Transport panel is divided into the following sections, from left to right.

Ö The Output Activity and Clipping indicator as well as the Output Level Control refer to the Control Room chan nel, if the Control Room is activated. If the Control Room is disabled, these controls refer to the Main Mix Output bus as defined on the Outputs tab in the VST Connec

tions window. For information on the Control Room, see the chapter “Control Room” on page 179.

• The main Transport functions (Cycle/Stop/Play/Record) can also be shown on the toolbar.

In addition, various play options are available on the Transport menu.

Hiding and showing the Transport panel

The Transport panel is shown automatically when you launch a new project. To hide or show it, select “Transport Panel” on the Transport menu (or use a key command – by default [F2]).

About Pre-roll and Post-roll

These items are described in the chapter “Recording”, see

“About Pre-roll and Post-roll” on page 108.

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Page 85

Changing the Transport panel setup

You can customize the appearance of the Transport panel by right-clicking anywhere on the panel and selecting/deselecting the corresponding options on the context menu.

This is described in detail in the section “The setup con-

text menus” on page 572.

The numeric keypad

In the default Key Command settings, various Transport panel operations are assigned to the numeric keypad on the computer keyboard. The keypads are slightly different on PC and Macintosh computers:

Numeric Key Function

[Enter] Play

[+] Fast Forward

[-] Rewind

[*] Record

[÷] (Win)/[/] (Mac) Cycle On/Off

[,] Return to Zero

[0] Stop

[1] Go to Left Locator

[2] Go to Right Locator

[3-9] Go to marker 3 to 9

Operations

Setting the project cursor position

There are several ways to move the project cursor position:

• By using Fast Forward and Rewind.

• By using the Jog/Shuttle/Nudge control on the Trans-

port panel (see “The shuttle speed control” on page 87).

• By dragging the project cursor in the lower part of the ruler.

• By clicking in the ruler.

Double-clicking in the ruler moves the cursor and starts/stops playback.

• If the “Locate when Clicked in Empty Space” option is activated in the Preferences dialog (Transport page) you can click anywhere in an empty section of the Project win dow to move the cursor position.

• By changing the value in any of the position displays.

• By using the position slider above the transport buttons

in the Transport panel.

The range of the slider relates to the Length setting in the Project Setup dialog. Hence, moving the slider all the way to the right will take you to the end of the project.

• By using markers (see the chapter “Using markers” on

page 136).

• By using playback options (see “Playback functions” on

page 88).

• By using the arranger function (see “The arranger track” on page 122).

• By using functions on the Transport menu.

The following functions are available:

Function Description

Locate Selection/Locate Selection End

Locate Next/ Previous Marker

Locate Next/ Previous Event

Moves the project cursor to the beginning or end of the current selection. For this to be available, you must have selected one or more events or parts, or made a selection range.

This moves the project cursor to the closest marker to the right or left (see

This moves the project cursor forwards or backwards respectively, to the closest beginning or end of any event on the selected track(s).

“Marker tracks” on page 44).

Ö If Snap is activated when dragging the project cursor, the Snap value is taken into account. This is helpful for finding exact positions quickly.

Ö There are also numerous key commands available for moving the project cursor (in the Transport category in the Key Commands dialog). For example, you can assign key commands to the “Step Bar” and “Step Back Bar” func tions, allowing you to move the project cursor in steps of one bar, backwards and forwards.

About the Transport panel display formats

Primary time display (left) and secondary time display (right)

The time unit shown in the ruler can be independent from the time unit shown in the main time display on the Trans port panel. This means that you can display timecode in

the transport position display and bars and beats in the ruler, for example. In addition, there is a secondary time display to the right of the primary time display which is

Playback and the Transport panel

Page 86

also independent, giving you three different time units shown at the same time (in the Project window, you can also create additional ruler tracks – see

“Using multiple

rulers – ruler tracks” on page 47).

The following rules apply:

• If you change the time format of the primary time display on the Transport panel, the time format of the ruler will be changed as well.

This is the same as changing the display format in the Project Setup. Therefore, to have different display formats in the ruler and the main time display you should change the format in the ruler.

• The primary time display format is set on the pop-up menu to the right in the main position display.

• This setting also determines the time format displayed for the left and right locators on the Transport panel.

• The secondary time display is completely independent, and the display format is set on the pop-up menu to the right in the secondary time display.

• You can swap time formats between the primary and secondary time displays by clicking the double arrow symbol between them.

The left and right locators

The left and right locators are a pair of position markers used for specifying punch-in and punch-out positions during recording, and as boundaries for cycle playback and recording.

Ö When cycle mode is activated on the Transport panel, the area between the left and right locators will be repeated (cycled) on playback. However, if the right locator is positioned before the left, this will work as a “jump” or “skip mode” – when the project cursor reaches the right locator it will immediately jump to the left locator position and continue playback from there.

There are several ways to set locator positions:

• To set the left locator, press [Ctrl]/[Command] and click at the desired position in the ruler.

Similarly, pressing [Alt]/[Option] and clicking in the ruler sets the right locator. You can also drag the locator “handles” directly in the ruler.

The locators are indicated by the “flags” in the ruler. The area between the locators is highlighted in the ruler and in the Project window (see

“Appearance” on page 576). Note that if the right locator is before the

left locator, the color of the ruler between the locators will change.

• Click and drag in the upper half of the ruler to “draw” a locator range.

If you click on an existing locator range, you can drag to move it.

• Pressing [Ctrl]/[Command] and pressing [1] or [2] on the numeric keypad sets the left or right locator to the project cursor position.

Similarly, you can press [1] or [2] on the numeric keypad (without [Ctrl]/ [Command]) to set the project cursor position to the left or right locator position. Note that these are default key commands – you can change these if you like.

• By creating cycle markers you can store any number of left and right locator positions, which can be recalled by simply double-clicking on the corresponding marker (see

“Editing markers on marker tracks” on page 142).

• The “Locators to Selection” item on the Transport menu (default key command [P]) sets the locators to encompass the current selection.

This is available if you have selected one or several events or made a selection range.

• You can also adjust the locators numerically on the Transport panel.

Clicking the L/R buttons in the locator section on the Transport panel will move the project cursor to the respective locator. If you press [Alt]/[Op tion] and click the L or R button, the corresponding locator will be set to the current project cursor position.

Playback and the Transport panel

Page 87

The shuttle speed control

The shuttle speed control (the outer wheel on the Transport panel) allows you to play back the project at any speed (four times the playback speed at maximum), forwards or backwards. This is a quick way to locate or “cue” to any po sition in the project.

• Turn the shuttle speed wheel to the right to start playback.

The further to the right you move the wheel, the faster the playback speed.

• If you turn the wheel to the left instead, the project will play backwards.

The speed depends on how far to the left you turn the wheel.

• The “Use Inserts While Scrubbing” option in the Preferences (Transport–Scrub page) allows you to activate insert effects for scrubbing with the shuttle speed control.

By default, insert effects are bypassed.

Ö You can also access the shuttle speed control via a remote control device.

Project scrubbing – the jog wheel

• The “Use Inserts While Scrubbing” option in the Preferences dialog on the Transport–Scrub page allows you to activate insert effects for scrubbing with the jog wheel.

By default, insert effects are bypassed.

Ö You can also use a jog wheel on a remote controller for scrubbing.

The nudge position buttons

The “+” and “–” buttons in the middle of the Shuttle/Jog section allow you to nudge the project cursor position one frame at a time to the right or left.

Options and Settings

The “Return to Start Position on Stop” preference

This setting is found on the Transport page in the Preferences dialog (opened from the File menu under Windows, or the Nuendo menu under Mac OS X).

• If “Return to Start Position on Stop” is activated when you stop playback, the project cursor will automatically return to the position where recording or playback last started.

• If “Return to Start Position on Stop” is deactivated, the project cursor will remain at the position where you stop playback.

Pressing Stop again will return the project cursor to the position where recording or playback last started.

The middle wheel on the Transport panel serves as a jog wheel. By clicking and turning it to the right or left you will move the playback position manually forwards or back wards – much like scrubbing on a tape deck. This helps you pinpoint exact locations in the project.

• Note that the jog wheel is an “endless rotary encoder” – you can turn it as many times as needed to move to the desired location.

The faster you turn the wheel, the faster the playback speed. The original playback speed is the fastest speed possible.

• If you click the jog wheel during playback, playback automatically stops and scrubbing starts.

Playback and the Transport panel

About track disable/enable

For audio tracks, the track context menu contains an item named “Disable Track”. This shuts down all disk activity for the track, as opposed to using Mute, which merely turns down the output volume for a track. For example, if you often record “alternative takes” you can easily build up a large number of takes on different tracks. Even though these tracks are muted, they are actually still “playing back” from the hard disk during playback. This puts an un necessary load on your disk system, so using “Disable Track” is recommended for such situations.

• Select “Disable Track” for tracks that you want to keep in the project for later use but do not want to play back now.

The track color changes to indicate that the track is disabled.

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• Select “Enable Track” from the track context menu to

re-enable disabled tracks.

Playback functions

Apart from the standard transport controls on the Transport panel, you can also find a number of functions on the Transport menu that can be used to control playback. The items have the following functionality:

Option Description

Post-roll from Selection Start/End

Pre-roll to Selection Start/End

Play from Selection Start/End

Play until Selection Start/End

Play until Next Marker

Play Selection Range

Loop Selection This activates playback from the start of the current

Starts playback from the beginning or end of the currently selected range and stops after the time set in the Post-roll field on the Transport panel.

Starts playback from a position before the start or end of the currently selected range and stops at the selection start or end, respectively. The play back start position is set in the Pre-roll field on the Transport panel.

Activates playback from the beginning or end of the current selection.

Activates playback two seconds before the start or end of the current selection and stops at the selec tion start or end, respectively.

This activates playback from the project cursor and stops at the next marker.

This activates playback from the start of the current selection and stops at the selection end.

selection and keeps starting over again when reaching the selection end.

For example, let’s say you have a MIDI track with a program change event inserted at the beginning. This event makes a synth switch to a piano sound.

At the beginning of the first chorus you have another program change event which makes the same synth switch to a string sound.

You now play back the song. It begins with the piano sound and then switches to the string sound. In the middle of the chorus you stop and rewind to some point between the beginning and the second program change. The synth will now still play the string sound although in this section it really should be a piano!

The Chase function takes care of that. If program change events are set to be chased, Nuendo will track the music back to the beginning, find the first program change and transmit it to your synth, setting it to the correct sound.

The same thing can apply to other event types as well. The Chase Events settings in the Preferences dialog (MIDI

page) determine which event types will be chased when you locate to a new position and start playback.

The functions listed above (except “Play until Next Marker”) are only available if you have selected one or more events or made a selection range.

Ö Event types for which the checkbox is activated here

Ö In the Preferences dialog (Editing–Audio page) you

will find the “Treat Muted Audio Events like Deleted” op tion. When you activate this option, any events overlapped by a muted event will become audible.

About Chase

Chase is a function that makes sure your MIDI instruments sound as they should when you locate to a new position and start playback. This is accomplished by the program transmitting a number of MIDI messages to your instru

will be chased.

• In this section of the Preferences dialog, you will also find the “Chase not limited to Part Boundaries” option.

When you activate this option, MIDI controllers are also chased outside the part boundaries, i. by the cursor as well as on all the parts to the left of it. Please note that this option should be deactivated for very large projects, as it consider ably slows down operations such as positioning and soloing. When you deactivate this option, the MIDI controllers are only chased within the parts under the position cursor.

e. the Chase will be performed on the part touched

ments each time you move to a new position in the project, making sure all MIDI devices are set up correctly with re

gard to program change, controller messages (such as MIDI Volume), etc.

Playback and the Transport panel

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The Virtual Keyboard (Nuendo

Expansion Kit only)

The Virtual Keyboard can be displayed in the Transport panel. It allows you to play and record MIDI notes by using your computer keyboard or mouse. This is useful if you have no external MIDI instrument at hand and you do not want to draw in notes with the Pencil tool. The Virtual Keyboard can perform all functions that can be controlled by external MIDI keyboards, e.

• You can choose between two different keyboard display modes: computer keyboard and piano keyboard. To switch between these two modes, click the “Change Virtual Keyboard Display Type” button in the lower right corner of the Virtual Keyboard section or use the [Tab] key.

The Virtual Keyboard in computer keyboard display mode

g. playing and recording MIDI notes.

When the Virtual Keyboard is displayed, the usual key commands are blocked because they are reserved for the Virtual Keyboard. The only exceptions are: [Ctrl]/ [Command]-[S] (Save), Num [*] (Start/Stop Record), [Space] (Start/Stop Playback), Num

[1] (Jump to left locator), [Delete] or [Backspace] (Delete), Num [/] (Cycle on/off), [F2] (Show/Hide Transport panel), and [Alt]/[Option]-[K] (Show/Hide Virtual Keyboard).

3. Activate the Record button and press a key on your computer keyboard to enter a note.

You can also click on the keys of the Virtual Keyboard to enter notes.

• You can also press several keys simultaneously to enter polyphonic parts. The maximum number of notes that can be played at one time varies between the different operating systems and hardware configurations.

4. Use the fader “Note velocity level” to the right of the virtual keyboard to adjust the volume.

You can also use the up and down arrow keys for this.

5. Enter the desired notes this way.

6. When you are done, hit the Stop button and close the

Virtual Keyboard.

When the Virtual Keyboard is hidden, all key commands are available again.

Options and settings

• In piano keyboard mode, you have a wider range of keys at your disposal, allowing you to enter two voices simultaneously, for example bass and lead voice or bass drums and HiHats.

In computer keyboard mode, you can use the two rows of keys that are displayed on the Virtual Keyboard to enter notes. In piano keyboard mode, you can also use the two rows of keys below these.

• You have seven full octaves at your disposal. Use the “Octave Offset” buttons at the bottom of the virtual key board to offset the octave range of the keyboard.

You can also use the left and right arrow keys to switch the keyboard range to a lower or higher octave, respectively.

The Virtual Keyboard in piano keyboard display mode

To record MIDI using the Virtual Keyboard, proceed as follows:

1. Create or choose a MIDI or an instrument track and activate the “Record Enable” button for it.

2. Open the Virtual Keyboard by selecting “Virtual Keyboard” on the Devices menu, by pressing [Alt]/[Option]-

• In piano keyboard mode, you can use the two sliders to the left of the keyboard to introduce pitchbend (left slider) or modulation (right slider).

You can also click on a key, hold the mouse button pressed until the mouse pointer becomes a crosshair tool and drag upwards/downward to introduce modulation or left/right to create pitchbend.

[K] or by right-clicking on the Transport panel and selecting “Virtual Keyboard” on the context menu.

The Virtual Keyboard is displayed in the Transport panel.

Playback and the Transport panel

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Recording

Page 91

Background

This chapter describes the various recording methods that you can use in Nuendo. As it is possible to record both audio and MIDI tracks, both recording methods are covered in this chapter.

Before you start

This chapter assumes that you are reasonably familiar with certain basic recording concepts, and that the following initial preparations have been made:

• You have properly set up, connected and calibrated your audio hardware.

• You have opened a project and set the project setup parameters to your specifications.

Project setup parameters determine the record format, sample rate, project length, etc. that affect the audio recordings you make during the course of the project, see

• If you plan to record MIDI, your MIDI equipment has to be set up and connected correctly.

“The Project Setup dialog” on page 57.

Basic recording methods

This section describes the general methods used for recording. However, there are additional preparations and procedures that are specific to audio and MIDI recording respectively. Make sure to read these sections before you start recording (see

93 and “MIDI recording specifics” on page 103).

“Audio recording specifics” on page

Record-enabling tracks

Nuendo can record on a single track or on several tracks (audio and/or MIDI) simultaneously. To make a track ready for recording, activate the Record Enable button for the track in the track list, in the Inspector, or in the Mixer.

Record Enable in the Inspector, track list, and Mixer

Ö If the “Enable Record on Selected Track” option is activated in the Preferences dialog (Editing–Project & Mixer page), tracks are automatically record-enabled when you select them in the track list.

Ö You can set up key commands to record-enable all audio tracks simultaneously and to deactivate Record Enable for all audio tracks (Arm/Disarm all Audio Tracks). You will find these commands in the Key Commands dia log, in the Mixer category (see “Setting up key commands” on page 581).

Ö The exact number of audio tracks you can record simultaneously depends on your computer CPU and hard disk performance. In the Preferences dialog (VST page), you can find the “Warn on Processing Overloads” option. When this is activated, a warning message will be dis played as soon as the CPU clip indicator (on the Transport panel) lights up during recording.

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Manually activating recording

You activate recording by clicking the Record button on the Transport panel or toolbar or by using the corresponding key command (by default [*] on the numeric keypad).

Recording can be activated in Stop mode (from the current cursor position or from the left locator) or during playback:

• If you activate recording in Stop mode, and the “Start Record at Left Locator” option is activated on the Transport menu, recording will start from the left locator.

The pre-roll setting or the metronome count-in will be applied (see

“About Pre-roll and Post-roll” on page 108).

• If you activate recording in Stop mode, and “Start Record at Left Locator” is deactivated, recording will start from the current project cursor position.

• If you activate recording during playback, Nuendo will immediately enter Record mode and start recording from the current project cursor position.

This is known as “manual punch in”.

Activating recording in Sync mode

If you are synchronizing the Nuendo transport to external equipment (Sync is activated on the Transport panel) and you activate recording, the program will go into “record ready” mode (the record button on the Transport panel will light up). In this case, recording will start when a valid timecode signal is received (or when you click the Play button). See the chapter

“Synchronization” on page 496

for more information.

Automatically activating recording

Nuendo can automatically switch from playback to recording at a given position. This is known as “automatic punch in”. A typical use for this is if you need to replace a section of a recording, and want to listen to what is already re corded, up to the recording start position.

1. Set the left locator to the position where you want recording to start.

2. Activate the Punch In button on the Transport panel.

3. Activate playback from some position before the left locator.

When the project cursor reaches the left locator, recording is automatically activated.

Stopping recording

Again, this can be done automatically or manually:

• If you click the Stop button on the Transport panel (or use the corresponding key command, by default [0] on the numeric keypad), recording is deactivated and Nuendo goes into Stop mode.

• If you click the Record button (or use the key command for recording, by default [*]), recording is deactivated but playback continues.

This is known as “manual punch out”.

• If the Punch Out button is activated on the Transport panel, recording will be deactivated when the project cur sor reaches the right locator.

This is known as “automatic punch out”. By combining this with automatic punch in, you can set up a specific section to record – again very useful if you want to replace a certain part of a recording (see also

after Automatic Punch Out” on page 108).

Punch In and Out activated

“Stop

Cycle recording

Nuendo can record and play back in a cycle – a loop. You specify where the cycle starts and ends by setting the left and right locators. When the cycle is active, the selected section is seamlessly repeated until you hit Stop or deac tivate cycle mode.

• To activate cycle mode, click the cycle button on the Transport panel.

Punch In activated

Cycle activated

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Page 93

• To record in cycle mode, you can start recording from the left locator, from before the locators or from within the cycle, in Stop mode or during playback.

As soon as the project cursor reaches the right locator, it will jump back to the left locator and continue recording a new lap.

• The results of cycle recording depend on the selected cycle record mode and are different for audio (see “Re-

cording audio in cycle mode” on page 99) and MIDI (see “Recording MIDI in cycle mode” on page 105).

Audio recording specifics

Selecting a recording file format

The format for recorded files is set in the Project Setup dialog on the Project menu. There are three settings: Sample Rate, Bit Resolution, and Record File Type. While the sample rate is set once and for all when you start working on a new project, the bit resolution and file type can be changed at any time.

Audio pre-record

This feature allows you to capture up to 1 minute of any incoming audio you play in Stop mode or during playback, “after the fact”. This is possible because Nuendo can cap ture audio input in buffer memory, even when not recording.

Proceed as follows:

1. Open the Preferences dialog (Record–Audio page).

2. Specify a time (up to 60 seconds) in the “Audio Pre-

Record Seconds” field.

This activates the buffering of audio input, making Pre-Record possible.

3. Make sure an audio track is record-enabled and receives audio from the signal source.

4. When you have played some audio material you want to capture (either in Stop mode or during playback), click the Record button.

5. After a few seconds stop the recording.

An audio event is created, starting at where the cursor position was when you activated recording. If you were in stop mode and the cursor was at the beginning of the project, you may have to move the event to the right in the next step. If you were playing along to a project you, leave the event where it is.

6. Select the Arrow tool and place the cursor on the bottom left edge of the event so that a double arrow appears, then click and drag to the left.

Now the event is extended and the audio you played before activating record is inserted – this means that if you played along during playback, the captured notes will end up exactly where you played them in relation to the project.

The position where the recording was activated is indicated by a colored line in the audio event.

Record File Type

The Record File Type setting determines which type of files will be created when you record:

File type Description

Wave File Wave files have the extension “.wav” and are a common

Wave 64 File Wave 64 is a proprietary format developed by Sonic

Broadcast Wave File

AIFF File Audio Interchange File Format, a standard defined by Ap-

file format on the PC platform.

Foundry Inc. Audio-wise it is identical to the Wave format, but the internal file structure makes much larger file sizes possible. This is useful for long live recordings in sur round format, where the audio files can become huge.

In terms of audio content, the same as regular Wave files, but with embedded text strings for supplying additional information about the file (see below).

ple Inc. AIFF files have the extension “.aif” and are used on most computer platforms. Like Broadcast Wave files, AIFF files can contain embedded text strings (see below).

• If you select Broadcast Wave File or AIFF format, you can specify Author, Description and Reference text strings that will be embedded in the recorded file.

This is done on the Record–Audio–Broadcast Wave page in the Preferences dialog.

Bit Resolution

The available options are 16 bit, 24 bit, and 32 bit float. Use the following guidelines:

• Normally, select the record format according to the bit resolution delivered by your audio hardware.

For example, if your audio hardware has 20 bit A/D converters (inputs), you may want to record at 24 bit resolution to capture the full bit resolu tion. On the other hand, if your hardware has 16 bit inputs, it is pointless to record with a higher bit resolution – this will only make the audio files larger, with no difference in audio quality. The exception is if you record with effects – see

“Recording with effects” on page 101.

Recording

Page 94

• The higher the bit resolution, the larger the files and the

more strain is put on the disk system.

If this is an issue, you may want to lower the record format setting.

For further information on the options in the Project Setup dialog, see

“The Project Setup dialog” on

page 57.

RAM requirements for recording

When recording live music performances, or during large postproduction projects, you will often simultaneously record on a large number of tracks at the same time.

Each track on which you record requires a certain amount of RAM, and the memory usage increases the longer the recording lasts.

Please consider the RAM limitation (see “RAM” on page

24) of your operating system when setting up your project

for recording.

When a recording has used up all the memory made available by the operating system, the computer will crash.

For each audio channel, 2.4 MB of RAM are required for mixer settings, etc. One minute of audio recording with a sample rate of 96 kHz on a mono track will increase memory usage by another 176 KB (Windows Task Manager, average).

Examples:

• Recording on a Windows 32 Bit system with 64 mono tracks at a sample rate of 44.1

This would require a total of 403 MB of memory – not a problem on a modern computer.

• Recording on a Windows 32 Bit system with 128 mono tracks at a sample rate of 96 kHz, lasting 60 minutes.

This would require 1658 MB of memory – dangerously close to the 2 GB limit for RAM on a Windows 32 Bit computer.

Ö Also note that the maximum file size for regular Wave files is 2

GB. If you want to record larger files, use the

Waves 64 format (see “Record File Type” on page 93).

kHz, lasting 60 minutes.

Setting up the track

Creating a track and selecting the channel configuration

Audio tracks can be configured as mono, stereo or surround tracks, with almost any combination of channels (LCRS, 5.1, 7.1, 10.2, etc). This allows you to record or import a file containing multiple channels and treat it as one entity, with no need to split it up into several mono files, etc. The signal path for an audio track maintains its channel configuration all the way from the input bus, via EQ, level and other Mixer settings to the output bus.

You specify the channel configuration for a track when you create it:

1. Select “Add Audio Track” from the track list context menu or the Project menu (or, if an audio track is already selected, double-click in an empty area of the track list).

A dialog opens with a channel configuration pop-up menu.

2. Select the desired format from the pop-up menu.

The most common formats are listed directly on the pop-up menu, with the remaining surround formats listed on the “More…” submenu. For a list of the available surround formats, see

page 229.

• The Browse item in this dialog allows you to browse your disk(s) for created track presets, which can be used as a basis (or template) for tracks.

This is described in detail in the chapter “Working with track presets” on

page 356.

3. Click the Add Track button.

A track is added, set to the specified channel configuration. In the Mixer, a corresponding channel strip appears. You cannot change the channel configuration for a track.

Selecting an input bus for a track

Here we assume that you have added and set up the required input busses (see “Setting up busses” on page 28). Before you record, you need to specify from which input bus the track will record. You can do this in the Inspector or in the Mixer.

“Output bus configuration” on

Recording

Page 95

• In the Inspector, you select an input bus on the Input

Click here to select an input bus for

the track.

Click here to select an input bus for the track.

Click here to show or hide the input and output settings.

Routing pop-up menu in the top section.

As described in the section “The Inspector” on page 41, the Inspector shows the settings for the selected track.

• In the Mixer, you select an input bus on the Input Routing pop-up menu at the top of the track’s channel strip.

If this pop-up menu is not shown, you need to open the Mixer Routing View by clicking the “Show Routing” button in the extended Mixer com mon panel or by selecting “Show Routing View” from the Window submenu of the Mixer context menu. See “Configuring the Mixer” on page

154 for more information about the Mixer.

Recording from busses

You can also select an output bus, a group bus or an FX channel bus as an Input for your recording.

Let’s assume you want to create a downmix of separate tracks, e. g. bass drum, hihats, snare, etc.

Proceed as follows:

1. Set up your separate tracks as desired and add a group track.

2. For each of the drum tracks, open the Output Routing pop-up menu and select the Group track as output.

3. Create a new audio track, open the Input Routing popup menu for it and select the Group track as input for this audio track.

4. Record enable this audio track and start recording.

Now, the output of the group track will be recorded on the new track and you will get a mix of your separate tracks.

Ö You can also select an FX channel as recording source. In this case, only the output of the FX channel will be recorded.

For more information about the routing possibilities, see

“Routing” on page 168.

Selecting a folder for the recorded audio files

Each Nuendo project has a project folder containing (among other things) an “Audio” folder. By default, this is where recorded audio files are stored. However, you can select record folders independently for each audio track if needed.

Proceed as follows:

1. To select the same record folder for several audio

tracks, select them by pressing [Shift] or [Ctrl]/[Command] and clicking on them in the track list.

2. Right-click the track list for one of the tracks to bring up the context menu.

3. Select “Set Record Folder”.

A file dialog opens.

4. Navigate to the desired folder (or create a new folder with the Create button).

Tip: if you want to have separate folders for different types of material (speech, ambient sounds, music, etc.), you can create subfolders within the project’s “Audio” folder and assign different tracks to different sub folders. This way, all audio files will still reside within the project folder, which will make managing the Project easier.

• It is possible to have different tracks record to totally different locations, even on different disks. However, if you need to move or archive the project, there is a risk of miss ing some files. The solution is to use the “Prepare Archive” function in the Pool to gather all external files into the project folder first, see

Recording

“Prepare Archive” on page 332.

Page 96

Setting input levels

When recording digital sound, it is important to set the input levels correctly – loud enough to ensure low noise and high audio quality, but not so loud that clipping (digital distortion) occurs.

Clipping typically occurs in the audio hardware when a too loud analog signal is converted to digital in the hard ware’s A/D converters.

• It is also possible to get clipping when the signal from the input bus is written to a file on your hard disk.

This is because in Nuendo, you can make settings for the input bus, adding EQ, effects, etc. to the signal as it is being recorded. This may raise the level of the signal, causing clipping in the recorded audio file.

To check the level of the “unprocessed” signal coming into the audio hardware, you need to switch the level meters to “Meter Input”. In this mode, the input channel level meters will show the level of the signal at the input of the bus, before any adjustments such as input gain, EQ, effects, level or pan:

1. Right-click in the Mixer window to open the context menu.

2. Select the Global Meter Settings submenu and make sure that “Meter Input” is activated.

3. Play back the audio and check the level meter for the input channel.

The signal should be as loud as possible without exceeding 0 dB (the Clipping indicator for the input bus should not light up).

• If your audio hardware supports the ASIO Control Panel function, it may be possible to make input level settings.

To open the ASIO control panel, open the Device Setup dialog via the Devices menu and, in the list to the left (below “VST Audio System”), select your audio card. When this is selected, you can open the Control Panel by clicking the Control Panel button in the settings section to the right.

The next step is to check the level of the audio being written to a file on your hard disk. This is only necessary if you have made any adjustments to the input channel (level settings, EQ, insert effects, etc.).

Also note the following:

• If you record in 32 bit float format, the bit resolution will not be reduced – which means there is no risk of clipping at this stage.

Also, this preserves the signal quality perfectly. Therefore, you should consider using 32 bit float format when you are recording with effects (see

“Recording with effects” on page 101).

• If you record in 16 or 24 bit format, the available headroom is lower, which means clipping can occur if the signal is too loud. To avoid this, set the signal as described below.

1. Bring up the Mixer context menu, open and select Global Meter Settings “Meter Post-Fader”.

2. Set up the input channel, by adding EQ and/or effects.

With some effects you may want to adjust the level of the signal going into the effect – use the Input Gain knob for this. Note that you need to press [Shift] or [Alt]/[Option] to adjust the Input Gain.

The Clipping indicator

4. If necessary, adjust the input level in one of the following ways:

• Adjust the output level of the sound source or external mixer.

• Use the audio hardware’s own application program to set the input levels (if possible).

See the documentation for the audio hardware.

Adjusting the Input Gain.

3. Play back the audio and check the level meter of the input channel.

The signal should be reasonably loud without exceeding 0 dB (the Clipping indicator for the input bus should not light up).

4. If necessary, use the input channel fader to adjust the signal level.

Recording

Page 97

Monitoring

In this context, “monitoring” means listening to the input signal during recording. There are three fundamentally different ways to do this: via Nuendo, externally (by listening to the signal before it reaches Nuendo), or by using ASIO Direct Monitoring (which is a combination of both other methods – see below).

Monitoring via Nuendo

If you monitor via Nuendo, the input signal is mixed in with the audio playback. The advantage of this is that you can adjust the monitoring level and panning in the Mixer, and add effects and EQ to the monitor signal just as during playback (using the track’s channel strip – not the input bus!).

The disadvantage of monitoring via Nuendo is that the monitored signal will be delayed according to the latency value (which depends on your audio hardware and driv ers). Therefore, monitoring via Nuendo requires an audio hardware configuration with a low latency value. You can check the latency of your hardware in the Device Setup dialog (VST Audio System page).

Ö If you are using plug-in effects with large inherent delays, the automatic delay compensation function in Nuendo will increase the latency. If this is a problem, you can use the Constrain Delay Compensation function while recording,

“Constrain Delay Compensation” on page 225.

see

When monitoring via Nuendo, you can select one of four Auto Monitoring modes in the Preferences dialog (VST page):

• Manual

This option allows you to turn input monitoring on or off by clicking the Monitor button in the Inspector, the track list or in the Mixer.

• While Record Enabled

With this option, you will hear the audio source connected to the channel input whenever the track is record enabled.

• While Record Running

This option switches to input monitoring only during recording.

• Tapemachine Style

This option emulates standard tapemachine behavior: input monitoring in Stop mode and during recording, but not during playback.

• In the Preferences dialog (VST–Metering page) you can find the “Map Input Bus Metering to Audio Track (in Direct Monitoring)” option.

When Direct Monitoring is activated in the Device Setup dialog, this option allows you to map the input bus metering to monitor-enabled audio tracks. This gives you the opportunity to watch the input levels of your audio tracks when working in the Project window.

When Direct Monitoring is activated in the Device Setup dialog, this function works as follows:

• When “Map Input Bus Metering to Audio Track (in Direct Monitoring)” is activated, audio tracks show the metering signal from the input bus they are routed to as soon as the track is record-enabled. Note that the tracks are mirroring the input bus signal, i. e. you will see the same signal in both places. When using mapped metering, any functions (e.

g. trimming) you apply to the audio

track are not reflected in its meters.

• When “Map Input Bus Metering to Audio Track (in Direct Monitoring)” is not activated, metering works as usual.

External monitoring

External monitoring (listening to the input signal before it goes into Nuendo) requires some sort of external mixer for mixing the audio playback with the input signal. This can be a stand-alone physical mixer or a mixer application for your audio hardware, if this has a mode in which the input audio is sent back out again (usually called “Thru”, “Direct Thru” or similar).

When using external monitoring, you cannot control the level of the monitor signal from within Nuendo or add VST effects or EQ to the monitor signal. The latency value of the audio hardware configuration does not affect the mon itor signal in this mode.

Ö If you want to use external monitoring, you need to make sure that monitoring via Nuendo is not activated as well. Select the “Manual” monitoring mode in the Prefer

ences dialog (VST page) and do not activate the Monitor buttons.

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ASIO Direct Monitoring

If your audio hardware is ASIO 2.0 compatible, it may support ASIO Direct Monitoring (this feature may also be available for audio hardware with Mac OS X drivers). In this mode, the actual monitoring is done in the audio hardware, by sending the input signal back out again. However, moni toring is controlled from Nuendo. This means that the audio hardware’s direct monitoring feature can be turned on or off automatically by Nuendo, just as when using internal moni toring.

• To activate ASIO Direct Monitoring, open the Device Setup dialog on the Devices menu and activate the Direct Monitoring checkbox on the page for your audio hardware.

If the checkbox is grayed out, your audio hardware (or its driver) does not support ASIO Direct Monitoring. Consult the audio hardware manufac turer for details.

• When ASIO Direct Monitoring is activated, you can select a monitoring mode in the Preferences dialog (VST page), as when monitoring via Nuendo (see “Monitoring

via Nuendo” on page 97).

• Depending on the audio hardware, it may also be possible to adjust the monitoring level and panning from the Mixer (including the Control Room section, but excluding the Talkback and External Return channels) by adjusting the volume faders, and the input gain controls and the send levels for Control Room studios.

Consult the documentation of the audio hardware if in doubt.

• VST effects and EQ cannot be applied to the monitor signal in this mode, since the monitor signal does not pass through Nuendo.

• Depending on the audio hardware, there may be special restrictions as to which audio outputs can be used for di rect monitoring.

For details on the routing of the audio hardware, see its documentation.

The latency value of the audio hardware configuration does not affect the monitor signal when using ASIO Direct Monitoring.

When using Steinberg hardware (MR816 series) in combination with ASIO Direct Monitoring, monitoring will be virtually latency-free.

Ö If you are using RME Audio Hammerfall DSP audio hardware, make sure that the pan law is set to -3

dB in the

card’s preferences.

Recording

Recording is done using any of the general recording methods (see “Basic recording methods” on page 91). When you finish recording, an audio file is created in the Audio folder within the project folder. In the Pool, an audio

clip is created for the audio file, and an audio event that plays the whole clip appears on the recording track. Fi nally, a waveform image is calculated for the audio event. If

the recording was very long, this may take a while.

Ö If the “Create Audio Images During Record” option is activated in the Preferences dialog (Record–Audio page), the waveform image will be calculated and displayed dur ing the actual recording process. This realtime calculation uses some processing power – if your processor is slow or you are working on a CPU-intensive project, consider turning this option off.

Undoing recording

If you decide that you do not like what you just recorded, you can delete it by selecting Undo from the Edit menu. The following will happen:

• The event(s) you just created will be removed from the Project

window.

• The audio clip(s) in the Pool will be moved to the Trash folder.

• The recorded audio file(s) will not be removed from the hard

disk.

However, since their corresponding clips are moved to the Trash folder, you can delete the files by opening the Pool and selecting “Empty Trash” from the Media menu,

“Deleting from the hard disk” on page 326.

see

Recording overlapping events

The basic rule for audio tracks is that each track can play

back a single audio event at a time. This means that if two or more events are overlapping, only one of them will be heard at any given time.

What happens when you record overlapping events (record in an area where there are already events on the track) depends on the Linear Record Mode setting on the Transport panel:

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• In “Normal” or “Merge” mode, recording where something has already been recorded creates a new audio event that overlaps the previous one(s).

When you record audio, there is no difference between “Normal” and “Merge” mode – the difference only applies to MIDI recording (see

“About overlap and the Record Mode setting” on page 104).

• In “Replace” mode, existing events (or portions of events) that are overlapped by the new recording will be removed.

This means that if you record a section in the middle of a longer existing recording, the original event will be cut into two events with a gap for the new event.

Which event will be heard?

If two or more events are overlapping, you will only hear the events (or portions of events) that are actually visible. Overlapped (hidden) events or sections are not played back.

• The functions “Move to Front” and “Move to Back” on the Edit menu (Move submenu, see “Moving events” on

page 69) are useful for managing overlapping events, as is

the “To Front” function.

Recording audio in cycle mode

If you are recording audio in cycle mode, the result depends on two factors:

• The “Cycle Record Mode” setting on the Transport panel.

• The “Audio Cycle Record Mode” setting in the Preferences dialog (Record–Audio page).

There are five different modes on the Transport panel, but the first two modes only apply to MIDI recording. For audio cycle recording, the following applies:

• If “Keep Last” is selected, the last complete “take” (the last completely recorded lap) is kept as an audio event.

In reality, all laps you recorded are saved in one audio file divided into regions – one region for each take. You can easily select a previous take for playback – this is done as when recording in “Create Regions” mode (see

“Create Regions mode (Preferences)” on page 100).

• If “Stacked” is selected, each take will appear as an event on a separate “lane” on the track.

This is useful when you want to view and edit the different takes and eventually combine them to one recording. In this mode, the Audio Cycle Record Mode preference does not matter. Stacked 2 (No Mute) is the same as Stacked, except that all the takes will be audible, see

ing audio in Stacked mode” on page 101.

“Record-

• If any of the other cycle recording modes is selected, the result depends entirely on the “Audio Cycle Record Mode” setting in the Preferences dialog (Record–Audio page).

These options are described below.

Create Events mode (Preferences)

Cycle Record Modes on the Transport panel

When “Audio Cycle Record Mode” is set to “Create Events” in the Preferences dialog (Record–Audio page), the following will happen when you record audio in cycle mode:

• One continuous audio file is created during the entire recording process.

• For each recorded lap of the cycle, one audio event is created.

The events will have the name of the audio file plus the text “Take *”, where “*” indicates the number of the take.

• The last take (the last recorded lap) will be on top (and will thus be the one you hear when you activate playback).

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To select another take for playback, proceed as follows:

1. Holding [Alt]/[Option], right-click the event and select “To Front” on the context menu.

Whether a right click opens the context menu or the toolbox is determined by the “Popup Toolbox on Right Click” option in the Preferences dialog (Editing–Tools page). Depending on this setting the context menu is opened by right-clicking or by right-clicking holding any modifier key.

The “To Front” submenu, listing all the other (obscured) events.

2. Select the desired take.

The corresponding event is brought to front.

This method allows you to quickly combine the best parts of each take, in the following way:

1. Use the Scissors tool to split the events in several sections, one for each part of the take.

For example, if you recorded four lines of vocals (in each take), you can split the events so that each line gets a separate event.

The events after splitting. Note that since the original take events overlap each other, clicking with the Scissors tool will split all takes at the same position.

2. For each section of the take, use the “To Front” function to bring the best take to the front.

This way, you can quickly combine the best sections of each take, using the first vocal line from one take, the second line from another take, and so on.

You can also compile a “perfect” take in the Audio Part Editor, see

“Assembling a “perfect take”” on page 318.

Create Regions mode (Preferences)

When Audio Cycle Record Mode is set to “Create Regions” in the Preferences dialog (Record–Audio page), the following will happen when you record audio in cycle mode:

• One continuous audio file is created during the entire recording process.

• The audio event in the Project window shows the name of the audio file plus the text “Take *” (with “*” being the number of the last completed cycle lap).

• If you play back the recorded event, you will only hear what was recorded during the last lap of the cycle recording.

The previous “takes” recorded in the cycle are still available, however.

• The audio clip is divided into regions (called takes), one for each lap of the cycle that was recorded.

If you locate the audio file you just recorded in the Pool, and click on the “+” sign beside it, you can see the regions that have been created, one for each lap of the cycle that was completed during recording.

“Take” regions in the Pool window

To play back the different “takes”, proceed as follows:

1. In the Project window, open the context menu for the event that was created during cycle recording.

2. Select the “Set To Region” menu item.

A submenu opens with the takes you recorded during cycle record.

3. Now you can select any of the takes from the submenu and it will replace the previous take event in the Project window.

Use this method to listen through the various takes. Select the best single take, or compile a “perfect” take by cutting out the best bits from each take and putting them together

“Assembling a “perfect take”” on page 318).

(see

Create Events + Regions mode (Preferences)

In this mode, both events and regions are created. If you work with the takes as events in this mode, you can edit the events freely (e.

g. splitting them), see “Create Events

mode (Preferences)” on page 99. However, in case you

want to go back to the original takes, they are still available as regions (on the “Set To Region” submenu, in the Pool or in the Sample Editor).

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Recording

Steinberg Nuendo - 5.0 Operation Manual

Specifications and Main Features

Frequently Asked Questions

User Manual

Table of Contents

About this manual

Welcome!

System requirements and installation

About this chapter

Minimum requirements

Hardware installation

Installing Nuendo

Defragmenting the hard disk (Windows only)

Register your software

Setting up your system

Setting up audio

Setting up MIDI

Connecting a synchronizer

Setting up video

Optimizing audio performance

VST Connections

About this chapter

Setting up busses

The VST Connections window

Setting up group and FX channels

About monitoring

External instruments/effects

Editing operations

The Project window

Window Overview

The track list

The Inspector

The toolbar

The info line

The status line

The overview line

The ruler

The Snap function

Auto-Scroll

Working with projects

Creating new projects

Opening projects

Closing projects

Saving projects

The Archive and Backup functions

Startup Options

The Project Setup dialog

Zoom and view options

Handling tracks

Audio handling

Auditioning audio parts and events

Scrubbing audio

Editing parts and events

Editing in Lane Display mode

Range editing

Region operations

The Edit History dialog

The Preferences dialog

Playback and the Transport panel

Background

Operations

Options and Settings

Recording

Background

Basic recording methods

Audio recording specifics