Lexicon NUVERB - FOR MACINTOSH, NuVerb User Manual

Dig ita l eff e c ts c a rd for Macintos h
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NuVerb
U s e r G u i d e
Lexicon
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Unpacking and Inspection
After unpacking NuVerb, save all packing materials in case you ever need to ship the unit. Thoroughly inspect NuVerb and packing materials for signs of damage. Report any damage to the carrier at once; report equipment malfunction to your dealer.
Lexicon Part #070-09486
CAUTION
Copyright 1993, Lexicon Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Printed in the U.S.A.
Lexicon Inc. 3 Oak Park Bedford, MA 01730 Tel 781-280-0300 Fax 781-280-0490
Apple, the Apple logo, and Macintosh are registered trademarks of Apple Computer, Inc. NuBus is a trademark of Texas Instruments
RIS K OF ELECTRIC SHOCK
DO NOT OPE N
This triangle, which appears on your component, alerts you to important operating and main­tenance instructions in this ac­companying literature.
This triangle, which appears on your component, alerts you to the presence of uninsulated, dangerous voltage inside the enclosure... voltage that may be sufficient to constitute a risk of shock.
Notice
This equipment generates and uses radio frequency energy and if not installed and used properly, that is, in strict accordance with the manufacturer's instructions, may cause interference to radio and television reception. It has been type tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class A computing device in accordance with the specifications in Subpart J of Part 15 of FCC Rules, which are designated to provide reasonable protection against such interference in a residential installation. However, there is no guarantee that interference will not occur in a particular installation. If this equipment does cause interference to radio or television reception, which can be determined by turning the equipment OFF and ON, the user is encouraged to try to correct the interference by one or more of the following measures:
Reorient the receiving antenna Relocate the computer with respect to the receiver Move the computer away from the receiver Plug the computer into a different outlet so that the computer and receiver are on different branch circuits.
If necessary, the user should consult the dealer or an experienced radio/television technician for additional suggestions. The user may find the following booklet prepared by the Federal Communications Commission helpful:
"How to identify and Resolve Radio/TV Interference Problems."
This booklet is available from the U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402, Stock No. 004-000-00345-4.
Le présent appareil numérique n'émet pas de bruits radioélectriques dépassant les limites applicables aux appareils numériques de la class A prescrites dans le Règlement sur le brouillage radioélectrique édicté par le ministère des Communications du Canada.
Dig ita l effe cts ca r d for Maci n t osh
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NuVerb
U s e r G u i d e
NuVerb User Guide Section Title
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Table of Contents
Getting Started
Introduction.......................................................................... 1
Unpacking ............................................................................ 5
Contents of shipment .................................................. 5
Installation ............................................................................ 6
Setting Up ..................................................................... 6
Installing the NuVerb Digital Reverb
Effects Card ........................................................... 6
Installing NuVerb Software ............................................... 8
System Requirements • Installing the Application • Installing MIDI Manager
Connecting an AES Audio Source .................................. 10
Cables/Connections • Connecting an Analog Audio Source
Learning to Use NuVerb
Tutorial 1: Starting NuVerb ............................................. 13
Open NuVerb ............................................................. 14
Creating and Loading Programs............................. 15
Edit a Program ........................................................... 16
The Program Editor • Select a parameter
• Change the value of a parameter
• Viewing Effects
Naming Programs and Effects................................. 21
Saving a Program ...................................................... 21
Saving a Library......................................................... 22
Library Management ................................................ 22
The Default Library • Working with Multiple Libraries • To Create a New, Empty Library
• To Copy a Program • To Paste a Program
To Cut a Program • Cutting, Copying and Pasting Multiple Programs
Keyboard commands for selecting parameters,
changing values, and selecting views.............. 25
Tutorial 2: The Hot Palette ............................................... 26
Open NuVerb ............................................................. 27
Load a Program, change a Hot Palette parameter 28
Editing Hot Palette Parameters ............................... 29
Multi-parameter and Inverse
Fader/MIDI Control .......................................... 31
MIDI Controllers and the Hot Palette .................... 32
Viewing Fader Assignments.................................... 33
Saving Hot Palette Parameter Changes.................. 34
The Hot Palette and Multiple NuVerb Cards ....... 34
Tutorial 3: NuVerb and MIDI .......................................... 35
Selecting the MIDI Operating System .................... 36
The MIDI Setup Window ......................................... 37
Working with MIDI................................................... 38
Select a MIDI Driver • The MIDI Setup
Window • Select a NuVerb Card • Assign a
MIDI Port • MIDI Source Assignment
• Selecting MIDI Channel and Accepting
MIDI Program Change Messages
The Launch OMS Button .......................................... 43
The Update Button .................................................... 43
Tutorial 4: Automation ..................................................... 44
The Automation List window ................................. 45
Recording an Automation List ................................ 47
Playback ......................................................................48
Saving an Automation List ...................................... 48
Editing Commands ................................................... 49
Editing an Automation List ..................................... 52
Trimming • Offsets • Changing Parameter
Values • Editing a program in the list
• Comments
More on Recording Lists .......................................... 55
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Appendix
Troubleshooting Guide...................................................A-1
Specifications....................................................................A-5
Tutorial 5: Working with Other Systems ....................... 58
Hardware Considerations ........................................ 58
Connection.................................................................. 59
Software Considerations .......................................... 59
MIDI ............................................................................ 60
Applications ............................................................... 60
Example: Connection to a Digidesign ProTools
System .................................................................. 61
Reference
Summary of Keyboard Shortcuts.................................... 63
NuVerb Screen Graphics .................................................. 64
NuVerb Menus................................................................... 73
Effects and Parameters ..................................................... 76
MIDI Implementation ..................................................... 106
Timecode Applications ................................................... 107
About MIDI Manager ..................................................... 112
NuVerb User Guide Section Title
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NuVerb User Guide Getting Started
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Getting Started
Introduction
Congratulations on your purchase of NuVerb — and welcome to the next generation of effects processing technology. NuVerb provides the first comprehensive approach to effects creation and automation, and brings Lexicon’s world-class digital signal processing technology to the exciting arena of the desktop.
NuVerb's graphic interface allows you to create custom programs faster and easier. FX Automation™ frees you from dealing with effects as static events and lets you enter the world of true real-time effects processing.
NuVerb provides a palette of sophisticated effects, each containing a wide assortment of parameters which can be adjusted to customize each sound. Parameters can also be automated via time code. You can easily create a wide range of effects — from halls and chambers to totally wild spaces — the possibilities are endless.
The Operating Modes
NuVerb contains two DSP processors which can be configured to run in three different modes: Single, Dual Mono, or Cascade. All NuVerb programs are designed to run in one of these three modes. In the Single mode, the two processors are run as a single, unified machine. The Dual Mono mode assigns one processor to each input. In the Cascade mode, the two processors are arranged in a chain, so that processor A feeds processor B. This allows for a wide range of interesting and useful sounds to be created, by mixing different effects together.
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The Programs
NuVerb programs are specifically designed to run in the single mode or in one of the “split” modes (Dual Mono or Cascade). The programs available in Single Mode are: Random Hall, Random Ambience, Rich Plate, and Stereo Adjust.
Random Hall is a reverb program with a random element which allows a far more realistic hall simulation than any conventional reverb.
Random Ambience creates early reflection simulation, with similarly brilliant results. Rich Plate is a classic Lexicon plate effect, which is denser, smoother, and less colored than
conventional plates. Stereo Adjust has been optimized for achieving perfect level, EQ, and Balance in a mastering
facility.
In the Dual Mono and Cascade modes, the available programs are: Split Chamber, Dual Delay, Compressor, and PONS.
Split Chamber is a reverb program which provides a wide range of control over room characteristics.
Dual Delay includes multiple stereo delay lines with two all-pass filters (diffusers). The Compressor provides true digital look-ahead compression and expansion. PONS (Psychoacoustically-Optimized Noise Shaping) provides tools for properly truncating
and dithering 20-bit program material for distribution via 16-bit media.
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The Interface
NuVerb features the most user-friendly interface available in any digital effects processor. Each program is presented as an on-screen diagram, with dynamic control available within the diagram elements. Start with any program, and edit Input Level, Balance, and wet/dry Mix. Then select the Effect Edit button to call up a diagram that lets you fine tune all of the effect parameters. Depending on the program, these parameters include basic elements such as delay time, feedback, decay time, and reverb level, and details such as room size, shape, diffusion, and more. Each parameter is clearly marked and easily accessible: simply click to open an on­screen fader that lets you change the value of any parameter. An edit/compare feature makes it easy to hear your changes next to the original. A "Hot Palette" lets you assign your five most frequently used parameters to faders that are always within easy reach.
For MIDI users, an extensive MIDI implementation is provided. Each NuVerb program can have as many as ten parameters controlled via MIDI in real-time, and MIDI asignments can be different for each NuVerb program. Reverse scalings can be assigned, and MIDI control can be mapped across multiple NuVerb cards. NuVerb is compatible with both Apple MIDI Manager and Opcode OMS.
FX Automation™
NuVerb revolutionizes the process of effects automation. This capability, which we call FX Automation,™ gives you unprecedented, real-time control across multiple NuVerb cards. Far beyond simple program changes, FX Automation™ makes any parameter, in any program, available for real-time control. NuVerb offers not only extraordinary reverb and effects, but also the ability to automate room ambience and effects changes via MIDI time code.
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Desktop Digital Reverb and Effects
Desktop production systems provide remarkable power and performance within a very small working space, but, before NuVerb, they required sending audio out of a recorder, into an effects system, and then back into the recorder. With NuVerb, the integrity of your signal is never compromised by leaving the digital domain. Using multiple NuVerb cards with the interface software offers massive control and automation, centralized in one system. NuVerb offers greater flexibility, faster and easier programming, and world-reknowned Lexicon sound — all accessible from the desktop.
How to use this manual
The manual is organized into four sections: Getting Started, Learning to Use NuVerb, Reference, and Appendix.
Getting Started provides instructions for installing software and hardware, and for connecting an audio source.
Learning to Use NuVerb contains a series of tutorials which introduce you to all of the features of NuVerb.
These sections provide step-by-step guidance through procedures, with basic information presented in bold text, followed by a more detailed explanation.
Reference contains a summary of keyboard shortcuts, illustrations of NuVerb windows and menus, detailed descriptions of the NuVerb effects and their parameters, as well as MIDI Implementation and time code data.
TheAppendix contains a troubleshooting guide and product specifications.
For those who don't read manuals: go to the Reference section and look at the examples of NuVerb screen graphics for quick definitions of window and menu controls. See NuVerb and MIDI to configure NuVerb to work with your system.
NuVerb User Guide Getting Started
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Unpacking
Contents of Shipment
Your NuVerb package should contain a p.c. board, a cable, documentation, and two Macintosh disks. Please note the manner in which these items are packed, and keep all packing materials, in the event you need to re-ship your unit.
A: Sleeve B: Box C: Bottom foam insert D: Middle foam insert (inter-
changeable with E)
E: Top foam insert (inter-
changeable with D)
F: Documentation, disks
Use anti-static precautions when handling NuVerb card.
• Avoid plastic, vinyl, or styrofoam in the work area.
• Discharge personal static before handling.
• Keep card in its static-proof bag until installation.
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Installation
Setting Up
Setting up your Macintosh to run NuVerb requires the following steps:
• Installing the NuVerb Digital Reverb Effects Card into a NuBus slot
• Installing NuVerb software
• Connecting an AES digital audio source
• Setting up NuVerb to work with your MIDI system
Installing the NuVerb Digital Reverb Effects Card
Installing the Effects Card into a NuBus or Macintosh Expansion slot
1. Turn off the computer, and disconnect it from the power source.
The computer should remain unplugged for the entire installation procedure.
2. Place the computer on a clean, nonabrasive surface.
3. Place the anti-static bag containing the NuVerb card next to the computer.
Don't walk around with the card once it's removed from its anti-static bag, as moving your feet may generate static electricity which can damage the card.
3. Follow the instructions provided with your particular computer model for removing the cover.
4. Push out the plastic cover plate behind the expansion slot you want to use. (It doesn’t matter which slot you choose.) Set the cover plate aside.
Press down on the clip at the top of the cover plate to release the plate. If you have difficulty releasing the plate, use a screwdriver to press the clip.
5. Touch the metal part of the power supply case inside the computer to discharge any static electricity that might be on your clothes or body.
Always do this before you touch any parts, or install components inside the computer.
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6. Remove the NuVerb Effects Card from its static-proof bag.
Hold the card by its top edge. Avoid touching the connector on the bottom of the card. If you lay the card down, make sure to place it on its static-proof bag.
7. Align the card over the Expansion slot.
You may have to push the card toward the back of the computer chassis to do this, as there are small, spring-loaded metal tabs on the slots.
Once the card is aligned, press firmly to seat the card into the connector.
Hold the card by its upper edge.
8. Press down firmly on the card until the connector is seated.
Don’t force the card. If you meet a lot of resistance, pull the card out, and inspect the connector to make sure that none of the pins are bent. Try seating the card again.
To see if the card is properly connected, lift it gently. If it resists and stays in place, it’s connected.
9. Replace the cover on the computer. Refer to the instructions provided with your particular Macintosh model. Do not operate
the system without the cover.
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Installing NuVerb Software
System Requirements
NuVerb requires at least 8 megabytes of RAM. The application itself uses only 4 megabytes, but the Macintosh operating system also requires memory. Any software you run along with NuVerb will have additional memory requirements. Refer to the manufacturer's specifica­tions.
The behavior of NuVerb screens and faders is affected by the speed of your Macintosh. Note that black and white monitors tend to run the NuVerb graphic interface faster than color monitors. If you have a slower computer and/or a demanding application, you may want to run NuVerb in black and white.
Installing the Application
1. Insert the NuVerb application disk into your drive.
As with all applications, it is recommended that you make a copy of this disk and work from the copy, keeping the original in a safe place.
2. Create a new folder and name it “NuVerb.”
3. Insert the Program disk and double click on it.
The window should look like this:
NuVerb Read Me First
Any new items or changes will be documented in this file. Double click to open, and read the latest break­ing items.
System Folder Items
Items that need to be placed in the System Folder
System Extensions
Items that need to be placed in the System Extensions Folder
NuVerb .sea
A compressed copy of the NuVerb application
Apple Menu Items
Items that need to be placed in the Apple Menu Folder
TeachText
An application that allows the “NuVerb Read Me First” file to be read.
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3. Select all of the items on the disk and copy them to the NuVerb folder you created.
4. Eject the NuVerb disk and store it safely, as this is your original master copy.
5. Open the NuVerb folder and double click on the NuVerb .sea icon.
This starts the installation process. During the installation, you will be asked to select a location for the application. Although the application can be located anywhere you like, we recommend selecting the newly-created NuVerb folder as the destination, in order to keep all your NuVerb items together.
Installing MIDI Manager
NuVerb uses MIDI Manager for Automation to support the communication of real-time information such as MTC (MIDI Time Code) between applications. As MTC is necessary for control of NuVerbFX Automation,™ the use of MIDI Manager is required.
Although Apple provides a driver with MIDI Manager, a number of manufacturers whose software uses MIDI Manager provide their own drivers. NuVerb supports the use of most of these. Check for updated information shipped with the NuVerb package, or included in the NuVerb Read Me First file which is part of the NuVerb software package.
To install MIDI Manager:
1. Open the folder labeled Apple Menu Items. Select all of the items in this folder, and copy them to the Apple Menu Folder.
2. Open the folder labeled System Folder Items. Select all of the items in this folder, and copy them to the System Folder.
3. Open the folder labeled System Extensions. Select all of the items in this folder, and copy them to the System Extensions Folder.
If you encounter problems in installing NuVerb software, refer to Troubleshooting in the Appendix.
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Connecting an AES Audio Source
Cables/Connections
1. Use the cable provided with NuVerb.
NuVerb is supplied with a cable with aDB-9 connector for attachment to your Mac and an XLR connector for attachment to your AES/EBU source.
2. If you do not have the correct cable, contact Lexicon or your NuVerb dealer for a replacement.
To insure the integrity of digital communications, audio cable extenders or adapters should be made using Belden #9271, or Manhattan #M4159.
FEMALE MALE
DB9 PIN XLR XLR FUNCTION
1 1 1 CHASSISGROUND 2 3 - AES IN (-) 3 - - N/C 4 - 2 AES OUT (+) 5 - - N/C 6 2 - AES IN (+) 7 - - N/C 8 - 3 AES OUT (-) 9 - - N/C
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Connecting an Analog Audio Source
NuVerb can be used with a traditional analog mixing console using an analog-to-digital/ digital-to-analog converter that provides an AES output from analog and also converts AES back to analog. These are available from several manufacturers. Also, check for updated information shipped with the NuVerb package, or included in the NuVerb Read Me First file which is part of the NuVerb software package.
The connection between your Macintosh and any A/D-D/A converter is via AES connectors. See Cables/Connections as well as the information provided by the converter manufacturer for specific cable requirements.
Note that NuVerb is slave device and will use the AES sample clock supplied to its input from the A/D converter.
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NuVerb User Guide Learning to Use NuVerb
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Learning to Use NuVerb
Tutorial 1: Starting NuVerb
Once you have successfully completed hardware and software installation, you are ready to open NuVerb. This tutorial assumes you have an audio source connected directly via AES, or via an analog converter, and are monitoring the output of NuVerb. Select a piece of program material to audition while doing this tutorial. If you have any questions about audio connec­tions, refer to the Audio Connections section in the previous chapter.
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Open NuVerb
To open NuVerb, double click on the NuVerb program icon.
When opened, NuVerb will create a default library of programs and open them in a Library window on your screen. If this does not happen, select Create Default Library from the Options menu. The default library will open with Large Hall selected.
You can open as many default libraries as you want. They will open as "Untitled 1", "Untitled 2", etc.
A control panel on each library al­lows you to load and edit programs, and to assign libraries to different NuVerb cards.
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Creating and Loading Programs
A new program is created simply by copying one of the factory default programs, editing it and renaming it.
Highlight Large Hall and select Copy from the Edit menu. This places a copy of the program into the Macintosh clipboard. Next, select Paste from the Edit menu. This pastes a copy of Large Hall above the original selection in the Library listing.
(Note that the NuVerb Cut, Copy, and Paste commands are also available via the familiar Macintosh keystrokes: Command X, Command C, and Command V.)
Now, select any other program in the Library listing (in our example, we've selected Rooms), and type Command V again.
Another copy of Large Hall is pasted above the program you selected, and becomes the selected program. Copied items are always inserted above the currently selected program. If no program is selected, copied items are pasted at the end of the library.
Select a program...
The clipboard contents (in this case, a copy of the program Large Hall) will be inserted above the selected program, and will become the current selection.
... Type Command V (or select Paste from the Edit menu)...
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To load a selected program, click on the Program Load button, or click on the program you want loaded.
For example, with one of your new copies of Large Hall. highlighted, click on the Load Program button at the bottom of the library . This loads the program, and lets you hear the sound of this reverb program on your program material.
To load a program, position the pointer over the Load Program button and click.Loading on a single click is an option which we have selected for you. This can be disabled under Preferences.
To open the Program Editor for any program, position the pointer over the Edit Program button and click...
... or double-click on the program name.
Edit a program
The Program Editor
Open the Program Editor to change the program name, to edit effect parameters, or to set up MIDI and the Hot Palette. Click on the Edit Program button, or double click on the program name.
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The Program Editor opens to show a graphic overview of the program, and a panel of edit buttons. The overview shows only the general program type (single, dual mono, or cascade) and allows basic level and balance adjustments to be made within the diagram’s parameter boxes. This Program Edit view is the most general view of the program and its effects, presenting the least detail about them. Note that clicking on the Program Edit button on the control panel will always return you to this view.
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Select a parameter
To select a parameter, position the pointer over a parameter box and click.
For this example, click and hold on “Out Mix”. A heavy black outline around the “Out Mix” parameter box indicates that it is selected.
Change the value of a parameter
Click on a selected parameter to pop up a fader. Double click on any unselected parameter to select it and open a fader.
Single click on the selected parameter, in this case, “Out Mix”. A fader will pop up. Position the pointer over the head of the fader control fader adjustment with the mouse. (Click and drag also works for fader manipulation — the fader disappears when you release the mouse.)
The parameter value changes as the fader is moved with the mouse. Once you have selected a value, click once, or press enter on the keyboard, to hide the fader.
Double click on a parameter box to select it and to pop up a fader.
Use the mouse, or the keyboard and keys to move the fader and adjust the parameter value.
Holding option while adjusting with the ↑ and ↓ keys on the keyboard gives you fine control of certain parameters with large value ranges, such as delay time.
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Viewing Effects
To look at the currently running effect in greater detail, click on the box labeled “EFFECT EDIT”, or click on the Effect Edit button on the Control Panel.
To display effect parameters, click on the EFFECT EDIT box ...
... or the Effect Edit button.
When you select Effect Edit, the view changes to show a second level of detail, with additional parameters, any of which can be altered with a fader as described earlier.
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Note the box in the middle of the display, labeled REVERBERATOR. To access the reverb parameters within this box, click on it, or on the Reverb Edit button on the Control panel.
To display details of the Reverberator, click on the REVERBERATOR box ...
... or the Reverb Edit button.
The view changes once again to display a third level of detail.
The Reverberator parameters are also available for fader adjustment. This is the deepest level of detail of this effect.
Click on Effect Edit to return to the previous view.
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The available views depend on the number of parameters in any given effect. For some effects one level of detail is sufficient to represent all of the parameters. Others require a deeper level of detail.
Dual Mono and Cascade programs contain two effects, labeled "A" and "B." These programs have a duplicate set of Control Panel buttons available for accessing the parameters of the second effect. The techniques for viewing and editing either effect are identical.
Naming Programs and Effects
Program and Effect names can be changed in the Program Editor.
Effect names can be changed in the Effect Edit view of the Program Editor; program names can be changed in the Program Edit view. In either view, the name which is available for alteration is highlighted. Click on the name to display a standard text insertion tool.
Names can have as many as 32 characters (including spaces). New names will be saved when the program is stored in a library.
Saving a Program
Click on the Edit window close box to call a dialog box that allows you to save the program in its current state.
Select a program, open the Edit window, and alter any parameters you want. Once you have completed the changes you want, click on the close box in the upper left hand corner of the Edit window. A dialog box will appear allowing you to choose Don't Save (Command N), Cancel, or Save.
For this example, click on Save (or press enter on the keyboard). This saves the changes you have made to the current library.
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Saving a Library
The standard Macintosh save command calls up a dialog box allowing you to save a library.
When working with libraries, it is a good idea to save the library regularly as you modify and save programs within the library. To do this press Command S, or select Save from the Edit menu. The dialog box allows you to save the library with a new name.
Library Management
New libraries are easy to create with the familiar Macintosh Cut, Copy and Paste commands. Libraries can be assembled from any combination of existing libraries, including the factory default library. Let's look at how this works.
The Default Library
Selecting Create Default Library from the Options menu, creates a copy of a bank of factory- designed programs. The library, which opens as “Untitled,” is used as a template for creating your own “custom” NuVerb program. You can open multiple copies of the default library. These will open as “Untitled 2,” “Untitled 3,” etc. You can make as many changes as you like to any of these libraries, the actual default programs are always stored and available in NuVerb memory.
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Working with Multiple Libraries
NuVerb allows only one library at a time to be assigned to any NuVerb card. The Slot number on the Library Control Panel indicates to which NuVerb card a particular library is assigned.
The first library opened is automatically assigned to the lowest slot number in your system. Subsequent libraries will open with the slot location "Unassigned." Although you can perform all editing functions on an unassigned library (including saving your edits), you will not be able to load programs. Assigning the library to a card enables the audio for that library.
An On Line/Off Line toggle button is providedto allow you to use NuVerb as a software-only application to edit libraries.
To enable audio, a library must be assigned to a NuVerb card in your system, Click here to pop up a menu of slot assignments.
Click here to use NuVerb "Off Line" (as a software-only appplication) to edit libraries.
To Create a New, Empty Library
Select Create New Library from the File menu.
To Copy a Program
Select a program by clicking on it, then select Copy from the File menu. The program can now be pasted into any open library, or into any new library you open.
To Paste a Program
Select Paste from the File menu. If a program is highlighted, the new program is pasted above it. If no program is highlighted, the program is pasted at the end of the library.
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To Cut a Program
Select a program by clicking on it, then select Cut from the File menu. The highlighted program is removed. Cut programs can be pasted into another location within the same library, or into another library. The program will be saved on the clipboard until another Cut or Copy command overwrites it.
Cutting, Copying , and Pasting Multiple Programs
The selection of multiple programs for cutting or copying to a library is accomplished by using either the shift or the Command key as follows:
The shift key: To select a group of adjacent programs, click on the first program in the group. Then press and hold the shift key while selecting the last program in the group. All of the programs between the first program selected and the second will be highlighted.
The Command key: To add a non-adjacent program to a highlighted group, hold down the Command key while clicking on the program you want to add.
Programs pasted from the clipboard are inserted above any program which is highlighted. If no program in the list is highlighted, programs are inserted at the end of the list. The original order of multiple programs is maintained when they are cut, copied, or pasted.
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