AS-75
KODAK DOUBLE-X AEROGRAPHIC Film 2405
KODAK DOUBLE-X AEROGRAPHIC Film 2405 is a
panchromatic, negative aerial camera film with good contrast
for easier interpretation from negatives, high resolution, and
wide exposure latitude. Its extended red sensitivity permits
greater speed with the filters used for the reduction of
atmospheric-haze effects.
The ESTAR Base provides flexibility, moisture
resistance, high tear resistance, and excellent dimensional
stability. This film has a thin, highly hardened, and
abrasion-resistant emulsion that permit high-temperature
rapid processing in modern continuous-processing
machines.
This film can be processed in the KODAK VERSAMAT
Film Processor, Model 11 or 1140, with KODAK
VERSAMAT 885 Chemicals, KODAK VERSAMAT
641 Chemicals, or KODAK VERSAMAT Chemicals,
Type A. KODAK DOUBLE-X AEROGRAPHIC
Film 2405 can also be processed at normal temperatures in
conventional rewind equipment, such as the Gordon/Morse
M-10 Developing Outfit (Military Designator: B-5) using a
variety of Kodak black-and-white developers
APPLICATIONS
KODAK DOUBLE-X AEROGRAPHIC Film 2405 is a
medium- to high-speed film for aerial mapping, charting, and
general aerial photography.
SAFELIGHT
Total darkness is required.
EXPOSURE
Aerial film speeds (ISO A or EAFS) should not be con fused
with conventional film speeds which are designed for roll
and sheet films used in pictorial ph otography. The
characteristics of aerial scenes differ markedly from those of
ordinary pictorial or ground scenes because of the smaller
range in subject luminances, atmospheric haze conditions,
and other factors. Therefore, different film-speed parameters
are used to relate aerial-scene characteristics to practical
exposure recommendations. The KODAK Aerial Exposure
Computer, KODAK Publication AS-10 has been published
based on the aerial film speed criterion.
Nominal speed, daylight (no filter): EAFS or ISO A 400
Other suggested aerial film speeds for processing this film
in the KODAK VERSAMAT Film Processor, Models 11 or
1140, using VERSAMAT 885 Chemicals, 641 Chemicals
and Type A Chemicals can be found in the sensitometric data
tables.
Note: The aerial film speeds given in this publication were
obtained by rounding the calculated values to the nearest
cube root of 2 step (equivalent to 1⁄3 stop).
BASE
3.9-mil (0.10 mm) ESTAR Base with a dyed-gel backing
TOTAL FILM THICKNESS
The nominal total thickness (unprocessed) of this film is
4.50 mils (0.114 mm). This includes emulsion—0.40 mil
(0.010 mm), base—3.9 mils (0.10 mm), and backing—
0.20 mil (0.005 mm).
WEIGHT
The weight of 2405 Film (unprocessed), conditioned in
equilibrium with 50 percent relative humidity, is 0.035 lbs⁄ft
(0.0159 kg/ft
2
).
SPECTRAL SENSITIVITY
Panchromatic, with extended red sensitivity.
©Eastman Kodak Company, 2005
Filters
KODAK PROFESSIONAL WRATTEN Gelatin Filter
No. 3 No. 8 No. 12 No. 15 No. 25
Filter Factor 1.5 2 2 2.5 4
Typical Camera Exposure
A typical exposure for this film is approximately 1⁄750
second at f⁄8. This exposure is based on a solar altitude of 40
degrees, a clear day, an aircraft altitude of 5,000 feet, and a
speed of ISO A 400, using a 2X antivignetting filter.
Reciprocity Characteristics
2
No exposure or development time adjustments are required
for exposure times from 1⁄1,000 second to 1⁄10 second; at
1⁄10,000 second, increase the development time by 10
percent.
IMAGE STRUCTURE
The following data are based on processing in KODAK
VERSAMAT Film Processors, Model 11, using KODAK
VERSAMAT Chemicals at the conditions noted.
Resolving Power
Developer
885
641
Type A
*
Granularity values read at a net diffuse density of 1.0 with a
48-micrometre aperture.
(line pairs/mm)
TOC 1.6:1 TOC 1000:1
50
40
38
125
125
94
rms Granularity
26
26
42
Process conditions to achieve above values:
885 Chemicals:15 fpm, 85°F (29.5°C), process gamma 1.10
641 Chemicals: 5 fpm, 85°F (29.5°C), process gamma 1.30
Type A Chemicals: 10 fpm, 90°F (32°C), process gamma
1.65
STORAGE
For consistent results, all aerial films should be stored under
fairly constant conditions. Kodak aerial films are “usually”
packaged in equilibrium with 40 to 50 percent relative
humidity. High temperatures or high humidity may produce
undesirable changes in the film.
Unexposed Film
Store unexposed film in a refrigerator at 55°F (13°C) or
lower, or freezer at 0 to -10°F (-18 to -23°C), in the original
sealed container. If the f ilm is stored in a refrigerator, remov e
it about 2 hours before opening; if stored in a freezer, remove
it about 8 hours before opening. A sufficient warm-up time
is necessary to prevent moisture condensation on cold film -otherwise, moisture spotting, ferrotyping, or sticking may
occur.
Exposed Film
Keep exposed film cool and dry. Process the film as soon as
possible after exposure to avoid undesirable changes in the
latent image. If it is necessary to hold exposed but
unprocessed film for sev eral days (s uch as o v er a weekend),
it should be resealed and refrigerated at 40°F (4°C) or lower.
Before unsealing and processing exposed film that has been
held in cold storage, follow the warm-up procedures
described for unexposed film described above.
Processed Film
For best keeping, store processed film in a dark, dust-free
area at 50 to 70°F (10 to 21°C) and 30 to 50 percent relative
humidity. Preferably, store negatives on the spool or in
individual KOD AK PROFESSION AL Sleeves. High relative
humidity promotes the growth of mold and causes
*
ferrotyping. V ery low relativ e humidity causes excessive curl
and brittleness. Avoid storage temperatures over 80°F
(27°C).
PROCESSING
KODAK DOUBLE-X AEROGRAPHIC Film 2305 can be
processed in KODAK VERSAMAT Film Processor, Models
11 and 1140, with KODAK VERSAMAT 885 Chemicals,
KODAK VERSAMAT 641 Chemicals, or KODAK
VERSAMAT Chemicals, Type A.
Mechanized processing in roller-transport processors
offers the advantages of uniform treatment of all portions of
the roll, freedom from banding, and absence of significant
density variations from ends of the roll to the center. Refer to
the operator’s manual for the processor set-up information,
but in all cases, the fixer replenisher should be introduced
into tank No. 5 of the processor with a countercurrent flow
to tank No. 3, where it overflows to a collection or recovery
system.
General instructions for setting the machine dryer
temperature are included in these pages. However, the
temperature of the dryer may require some further
adjustment, depending upon the ambient temperature
conditions in the processing area. Usually it is best to set the
temperature approximately 3°F (2°C) above that required to
dry unexposed, processed film.
Chemicals
The following KODAK VERSAMAT Chemicals may be
used in both the Model 11 and Model 1140 VERSAMAT
Processors.
KODAK VERSAMAT 885 Developer Starter
KODAK VERSAMAT 885 Developer Replenisher
KODAK VERSAMAT 885 Fixer and Replenisher
KODAK VERSAMAT 641 Developer Starter
KODAK VERSAMAT 641 Developer Replenisher
KODAK VERSAMAT 641 Fixer and Replenisher
KODAK VERSAMAT Developer Starter, Type A
KODAK VERSAMAT Developer Replenisher, Type A
KODAK VERSAMAT Fixer and Replenisher, Type A
Notice: Observe precautionary information on product labels and on
the Material Safety Data Sheets.
2 KODAK DOUBLE-X AEROGRAPHIC Film 2405 • AS-75
Replenishment Rates
Basic developer and fixer replenishmen t rat e s, in millilitres
per square inch of film processed, vary depending upon the
type of chemicals used. The following rates apply to
processing in the VERSAMAT Processor, Models 11 and
1140.
Basic Replenishment Rates (mL/in2)
KODAK VERSAMAT Chemicals
885 641 Type A
Developer 0.29 0.31 0.20
Fixer 0.45 0.68 0.34
Processing Sequence (All Recommended
Chemicals)
KODAK VERSAMAT Processor, Model 11
Processing
Step
Develop
Fix 3
Wash 2
Dry —
*
Use 90°F (32°C) for KODAK VERSAMAT Chemicals, Type A.
No. of
Racks
*
1 or 2
Path
Length
1.2 or 2.4 m
(4 or 8 ft)
3.6 m
(12 ft)
2.4 m
(8 ft)
2.4 m
(8 ft)
Temperature
85 ± 0.5°F
(29.5 ± 0.3°C)
85°F (29.5°C), nominal
2 to 6°F (1 to 3°C) below
developer temperature
135 to 145°F (57 to 63°C)
Model 11, KODAK VERSAMAT 641 Chemicals
Machine
Speed
(fpm)
5 1.05 320 0.12 1.70 500 0.21
10 0.85 160 0.10 1.10 320 0.13
15 0.65 80 0.13 0.95 250 0.13
20 0.60 50 0.13 0.85 160 0.15
25 0.50 32 0.12 0.80 125 0.14
1 Developer Rack 2 Developer Racks
Average
Gamma
85°F (29.5°C)
ISO A D-min
Average
Gamma
ISO A D-min
Fixing: Adequate fixing is obtained at machine speeds up
to and including 10 feet per minute.
Washing: To be determined.
Drying: Adequate drying is obtained at machine speeds
up to and including 12 feet per minute.
Model 11, KODAK VERSAMAT Chemicals, Type A,
Machine
Speed
(fpm)
5 1.20 400 0.11 2.15 500 0.13
10 1.00 160 0.09 1.65 320 0.11
15 0.85 80 0.09 1.20 250 0.10
20 0.75 64 0.09 1.05 160 0.10
1 Developer Rack 2 Developer Racks
Average
Gamma
90°F (32°C)
ISO A D-min
Average
Gamma
ISO A D-min
Sensitometric Data
Model 11—KODAK VERSAMAT 885 Chemicals
Machine
Speed
(fpm)
5 1.25 500 0.21 — — —
10 0.90 250 0.12 1.30 500 0.22
15 0.80 160 0.11 1.10 400 0.16
20 0.70 100 0.10 1.00 250 0.14
25 0.65 64 0.10 0.85 200 0.13
1 Developer Rack 2 Developer Racks
Average
Gamma
Fixing: Adequate fixing is obtained at machine speeds up
to and including 20 feet per minute.
Washing: LE-100 keeping quality is obtained at machine
speeds up to and including 10 feet per minute with one
developer rack and up to 5 feet per minute with two
developer racks. (LE = Life Expectancy)
Drying: Adequate drying is obtained at machine speeds
up to and including 20 feet per minute.
85°F (29.5°C)
ISO A D-min
Average
Gamma
ISO A D-min
Fixing: Adequate fixing is obtained at machine speeds up
to and including 10 feet per minute.
Washing: To be determined.
Drying: Adequate drying is obtained at machine speeds
up to and including 10 feet per minute.
Processing Sequence (All Recommended
Chemicals)
KODAK VERSAMAT Processor, Model 1140
Processing
Step
Develop 1 or 2
Fix 3
Wash 2
Dry —
No. of
Racks
Path
Length
1.2 or 2.4 m
(4 or 8 ft)
3.6 m
(12 ft)
2.4 m
(8 ft)
2.4 m
(8 ft)
Temperature
99 or 104 ± 0.5°F
(37 or 40 ± 0.3°C)
99 or 104°F
(37 or 40°C), Nominal
2 to 6°F (1 to 3°C) below
developer temperature
Up to 149°F (65°C)
KODAK DOUBLE-X AEROGRAPHIC Film 2405 • AS-75 3
Sensitometric Data
Model 1140 -- KODAK VERSAMAT 885 Chemicals
Machine
Speed
(fpm)
10 1.50 500 0.28 — — —
20 0.90 320 0.18 1.65 500 0.32
30 0.75 200 0.13 1.10 400 0.25
40 0.65 125 0.12 0.90 320 0.19
10 1.60 500 0.34 — — —
20 0.85 320 0.20 — — —
30 0.80 250 0.16 1.40 500 0.34
40 0.75 200 0.15 1.05 400 0.28
Model 1140 -- KODAK VERSAMAT 641 Chemicals
Machine
Speed
(fpm)
10 1.20 400 0.15 2.20 500 0.37
20 0.80 250 0.11 1.20 400 0.16
30 0.70 125 0.10 1.00 320 0.13
40 0.60 80 0.14 0.85 250 0.16
10 1.50 500 0.20 — — —
20 0.90 320 0.12 1.55 500 0.24
30 0.70 160 0.10 1.10 400 0.16
40 0.60 100 0.14 0.95 320 0.18
1 Developer Rack 2 Developer Racks
Average
Gamma
Average
Gamma
ISO A D-min
99°F (37°C)
104°F (40°C)
1 Developer Rack 2 Developer Racks
ISO A D-min
99°F (37°C)
104°F (40°C)
Average
Gamma
Average
Gamma
ISO A D-min
ISO A D-min
DIMENSIONAL STABILITY
The dimensional stability of aerial films is of particular
interest and importance in accurate mapping and in the
reproduction of maps.
Dimensional stability is an all-inclusive term. In
photography, it applies to size changes caused by changes in
humidity and in temperature, and by processing and aging.
The absence of solvent in ESTAR Base is one of the reasons
why ESTAR Base films show excellent dimensional
stability. The dimensional properties of ESTAR Base may
vary slightly in different directions within a sheet; the
differences that may exist, however, are not always between
the length and width directions.
Temporary Dimensional Changes
Thermal Coefficient of Linear Expansion:
0.001% per degree F of change
0.0018% per degree C of change
Humidity Coefficient of Linear Expansion (Unprocessed):
0.002% per 1% change in relative humidity
Permanent Dimensional Changes
Processing Dimensional Change:
-0.03% to +0.01% shrinkage to swell
Aging Shrinkage of Processed Film:
0.03% 1 week at 120°F (49°C), 20% RH
0.03% 1 year at 78°F (25.5°C), 60% RH
Model 1140 -- KODAK VERSAMAT Chemicals,
Type A
This is not a primary processing recommendation, although
satisfactory results can be obtained at processor speeds up to
10 feet per minute. Refer to the processing conditions and
sensitometric data for the KODAK VERSAMAT Processor,
Model 11, above.
REWIND OR SPIRAL REEL PROCESSING
KODAK DOUBLE-X AEROGRAPHIC Film 2405 yields
optimum results with modern, high-temperature,
continuous-processing machines. It can be processed in
rewind equipment or on spiral reels, although these methods
are not primary processing recommendations. Customers
wishing to use spiral reels or rewind equipment such as the
Gordon/Morse M-10 Developing Outfit (Military
Designator: B-5) may contact Aerial Systems for
information on exposure, processing chemicals, process
cycles, and general recommendations.
4 KODAK DOUBLE-X AEROGRAPHIC Film 2405 • AS-75
SIZE DATA AND ORDERING
0
0
INFORMATION
Information on available sizes and minimum order
quantities of this film is available on the web at
www.kodak.com/go/aerial. You can also write or call:
Aerial Imaging
Eastman Kodak Company
343 State Street
Rochester, New York 14650-0505
(585) 724-4688
Toll-free in the US: (877) 909-4280
Note: The Kodak materials described in this publication
used with KODAK DOUBLE-X AEROGRAPHIC Film
2405 are available from those dealers normally supplying
Kodak products. Other materials may be used, but equivalent
results may not be obtained.
CURVES
3.0
2.0
1.0
Log Sensitivity*
0.0
1.0
250 350 550
4.0
3.0
Spectral Sensitivity
D = 0.3 above gross fog
D = 1.0 above gross fog
450
Wavelength (nm)
Characteristic Curves
Exposure: Daylight 1/100 sec
ODAK VERSAMAT
Process: K
K
ODAK VERSAMAT
2 developer racks; 85
Densitometry: Diffuse visual
Film Processor, Model 11;
°F (29.5°
885 Chemicals;
C)
Exposure: 1.4 seconds
Process: Recommended
Densitometry: Diffuse visual
650
75
2.0
Density
1.0
0.0
–4 -2
–3
Log Exposure (lux seconds)
10 fpm
15 fpm
20 fpm
25 fpm
-1
KODAK DOUBLE-X AEROGRAPHIC Film 2405 • AS-75 5
KODAK DOUBLE-X AEROGRAPHIC Film 2405
3
1000
100
641 Chemicals
Aerial Film Speed (ISO A)
10
0
Gamma vs. Machine Speed
4
3
2
Gamma
1
0
010
F002_1115AC
ISO A vs. Gamma
885 Chemicals
Type A Chemicals
Exposure: Daylight 1/100 sec
ODAK VERSAMAT
Process: K
ODAK VERSAMAT
K
K
ODAK VERSAMAT
1 and 2 developer racks; 85
K
ODAK VERSAMAT
1 and 2 developer racks; 90
1
GAMMA
KODAK VERSAMAT Film Processor,
MODEL 11, 85F (29.5C)
KODAK VERSAMAT 885 Chemicals
Machine Speed (fpm)
Film Processor, Model 11;
885 Chemicals;
641 Chemicals;
°
F (29.5°C)
Chemicals, Type A;
°
F (32
°
2
1 developer rack
2 developer racks
ISO A vs. Machine Speed
1200
1000
800
600
C)
400
Aerial Film Speed (ISO A)
200
0
F002_1107AC
100
KODAK VERSAMAT 885 Chemicals,
KODAK VERSAMAT Film Processor,
Model 11, 85F (29.5C)
1 developer rack
2 developer racks
20 30 40 50
Machine Speed (fpm)
Modulation Transfer Function
200
100
70
50
30
20
10
7
5
RESPONSE (%)
KODAK VERSAMAT 885 Chemicals
3
KODAK VERSAMAT Film Processor,
2
2 racks, 85F (29.5C), 10 fpm; Diffuse visual
1
50403020
F002_1096AC
SPATIAL FREQUENCY (cycles/mm)
60020050201054321 100
NOTICE: While the sensitometric data in this publication are typical of production coatings, they do not represent
standards which must be met by Kodak. Varying storage, exposure, and processing conditions will affect results.
The company reserves the right to change and improve product characteristics at any time.
KODAK DOUBLE-X
AEROGRAPHIC Film 2405
KODAK Publication No. AS-75
TI 0912
Aerial Imaging
EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY • ROCHESTER, NY 14650-0505
Kodak, Aerographic, Double-X, Estar, Versamat, and Wratten are trademarks
Revised 11-05
Printed in U.S.A.
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