Furuno FR-8111, FR-8251 User Manual

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MARINE RADAR

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MODEL

FR-8051/8111/8251

9-52 Ashihara-cho,9-52 Ashihara-cho,

00080735211

**00080735211

00080735211

**00080735211

OME

34240

**OME

34240

**OME

34240

**OME

34240

Nishinomiya 662-8580, JAPANNishinomiya 662-8580, JAPAN

Telephone :Telephone : 0798-65-21110798-65-2111

FaxFax 0798-65-42000798-65-4200

The paper used in this manual is elemental chlorine free.

FURUNO Authorized Distributor/DealerFURUNO Authorized Distributor/Dealer

ll rights reserved.

Pub. No.Pub. No. OME-34240OME-34240

(( AKMUAKMU ))

FR-8051/8111/8251FR-8051/8111/8251

Printed in JapanPrinted in Japan

FIRST EDITION :FIRST EDITION :NOV.NOV. 19951995

G3G3 :: MAY.MAY. 07, 200507, 2005

* 0 0 0 8 0 7 3 5 2 1 1 ** 0 0 0 8 0 7 3 5 2 1 1 *

* O M E 3 4 2 4 0 G 3 0 ** O M E 3 4 2 4 0 G 3 0 *

SAFETY INFORMATION

"DANGER", "W ARNING " and " CAUTION" notices appear throughout this manual. It is the responsibility of the operator of the equipment to read, understand and follow these notices. If you have any questions regarding these safety instructions, please contact a FURUNO agent or dealer .

This notice indicates a potentially hazardous situation which, if not

DANGER

WARNING

avoided, will result in death or serious injury.

This notice indicates a potentially hazardous situation which, if not avoided, could result in death or serious injury.

DANGER

CAUTION

This notice indicates an unsafe practice which, if not avoided, could result in minor or moderate injury, or property damage.

iiiiiiiiiiiii

Turn off the radar power switch before servicing the antenna unit. Post a warning sign near the switch indicating it should not be turned on while the antenna unit is being serviced.

Serious injury or death can result if the radiator starts rotating and strikes someone near the scanner unit.

Wear a safety belt and hard hat when working on the antenna unit.

Serious injury or death can result if someone falls from the scanner mast.

DANGER

This equipment uses high voltage electricity which can shock, burn or cause death.

Only qualified personnel should work inside the enclosures.

Do not diassemble or modify the equipment.

Fire, electrical shock or serious injury can result.

WARNING

Radio Frequency Radation Hazard

The radar antenna emits electromagnetic radio frequency (RF) energy which can be harmful, particularly to your eyes. Never look directly into the antenna aperture from a close distance while the radar is in operation or expose yourself to the transmitting antenna at a close distance.

Distances at which RF radiation levels of 100 and 10 W/m exist are given in the table below.

rewopFR noytisned

erutrepaannetna

derusaemtoN

m/W0.11

m/W6.9

m/W7.6

m/W0.92

m/W8.32

m/W6.02

ledoMepytrotaidaR

1508-RF

1118-RF

1528-RF

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)'4(2NXliNliN

)'5.6(3NXliNliN

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)Wk01,dnab-X(

)Wk52,dnab-X(

)'5.6(A3NXliNliN

)'8(A4NXliNliN

)'4(2NX

)'5.6(3NX

)'5.6(A3NX

)'8(A4NX

)'4(2NX

)'5.6(3NX

)'5.6(A3NX

)'8(A4NX

esactsroW

*m52.0

esactsroW

*m6.0

otecnatsiD

tniopW01

esactsroW

*m3.2

esactsroW

*m52.3

Note: If the antenna unit is installed at a close distance in front of the wheel house, your administration may require halt of transmission within a certain sector of antenna revolution. This is possible—Ask your FURUNO representative or dealer to provide this feature.

* UK DRA measured on FR-2810/2820. Other values by FURUNO.

iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii

iii

WARNING

CAUTION

Turn off the power at the mains switchboard if metallic object or liquid falls into the equipment.

Continued use can result in electrical shock or fire.

Use the correct fuse. Use of the wrong fuse can cause

fire or electrical shock.

Ensure no water splash or rain leaks into the equipment.

Water in the equipment can result in fire or electrical shock.

Turn off the power at the mains switchboard if the unit is emitting smoke or fire.

Continued use can result in fire or electrical shock.

Immediately turn off the power whenever you feel the equipment is abnormal.

Continued use can cause equipment damage.

Keep magnets and magnetic fields (speaker, transformer, etc.) way from the equipment.

Magnets and magnetic fields can cause equipment malfunction.

Do not place liquid-filled containers on the top of the equipment.

Fire or electrical shock can result if a liquid leaks into the equipment.

Keep heaters away from the equipment.

Heat can melt the power cord, which can result in fire or electrical shock.

COMPLIANCE WITH R&TTE DIRECTIVE 1999/5/EC

This radar c omplies with the R&TTE Directi ve 1 999/5/EC. In accordanc e with A rticle 6-3 of this di r ec ti ve, FURUNO i n t ends to put thi s radar on the market of the following countries in EU as well other market s .

Austria, Belgium , Cyprus, Denmark , Estonia, Finland, France, Germ any, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Li thuania, Malta, Poland, Portugal, Sl oveni a, Spain, S weden, The Netherlan ds , United Kingdom, I c eland, Norway

viii

SAFETY INFORMATION ...................................................................................................................i

FOREWORD..................................................................................................................................... vii

CONFIGURATION OF FR-8051/8111/8251.....................................................................................ix

SPECIFICATIONS ..............................................................................................................................x

EQUIPMENT LISTS ........................................................................................................................xii

CATEGORIZATION BY SPECIFICATION ...................................................................................xiv

Chapter 1 OPERATION

Control Description ......................................................................................................................... 1-1

Display Indications .......................................................................................................................... 1-2

1.1 Turning the Radar On/Off.......................................................................................................... 1-4

1.2 Transmitting, Stand-by .............................................................................................................. 1-4

1.3 Selecting Range ......................................................................................................................... 1-4

1.4 Presentation Mode ..................................................................................................................... 1-5

1.5 Menu Overview ......................................................................................................................... 1-7

1.6 Tuning the Receiver................................................................................................................. 1-10

1.7 Adjusting Sensitivity................................................................................................................ 1-10

1.8 Adjusting Picture Brilliance..................................................................................................... 1-10

1.9 Adjusting Brilliance of Control Panel and Markers..................................................................1-11

1.10 Adjusting Range Ring Brilliance............................................................................................1-11

1.11 Suppressing Sea Clutter..........................................................................................................1-11

1.12 Suppressing Rain Clutter ....................................................................................................... 1-12

1.13 The Heading and North Markers ........................................................................................... 1-12

1.14 Measuring the Range ............................................................................................................. 1-12

1.15 Measuring Bearing ................................................................................................................ 1-13

1.16 Collision Assessment by the Offset EBL............................................................................... 1-14

1.17 Measuring Range and Bearing Between Two Tar gets........................................................... 1-14

1.18 Index Lines ............................................................................................................................ 1-15

1.19 Off-centering the Picture ....................................................................................................... 1-15

1.20 Zoom...................................................................................................................................... 1-16

1.21 Inscribing Marks on the Display............................................................................................ 1-16

1.22 The FUNCTION key ............................................................................................................. 1-16

1.23 Own Ship Speed .................................................................................................................... 1-17

1.24 Ship’s Graphic ....................................................................................................................... 1-18

1.25 Interference Rejector ............................................................................................................. 1-18

1.26 Echo Trails ............................................................................................................................. 1-18

1.27 Electronic Plotting (E-plot).................................................................................................... 1-20

1.28 Setting a Guard Alarm Zone .................................................................................................. 1-22

1.29 W atch Alarm .......................................................................................................................... 1-23

1.30 Echo Average ......................................................................................................................... 1-23

1.31 Suppressing Second-Trace Echoes ........................................................................................ 1-24

1.32 Echo Stretch........................................................................................................................... 1-25

1.33 Noise Rejection...................................................................................................................... 1-25

1.34 Selecting Pulselength............................................................................................................. 1-25

1.35 W aypoint Display .................................................................................................................. 1-26

1.36 Outputting Cursor Position (TLL data) ................................................................................. 1-26

vii

1.37 Selecting Unit of Range Measurement, Bearing Reference .................................................. 1-27

1.38 Sector Blanking ..................................................................................................................... 1-27

1.39 Alarm Output Signal On/Off ................................................................................................. 1-27

Chapter 2 RADAR OBSERVATION

2.1 Radar Picture, Target Properties and Radar Pulse ..................................................................... 2-1

2.2 Range Resolution....................................................................................................................... 2-1

2.3 Bearing Resolution .................................................................................................................... 2-2

2.4 False Echoes .............................................................................................................................. 2-2

2.5 Minimum and Maximum Ranges .............................................................................................. 2-3

2.6 Locating a Ship or Survival Craft in Distress by SART ............................................................ 2-4

Chapter 3 MAINTENANCE

3.1 Periodic Maintenance Schedule................................................................................................. 3-1

3.2 Life Expectancy of Major Parts ................................................................................................. 3-2

Chapter 4 TROUBLESHOOTING

4.1 Simple Troubleshooting............................................................................................................. 4-1

4.2 Advanced-level Troubleshooting ............................................................................................... 4-2

4.3 Diagnostic Test .......................................................................................................................... 4-5

Chapter 5 LOCATION OF PARTS

5.1 Antenna Unit.............................................................................................................................. 5-1

5.2 RF Transceiver Unit................................................................................................................... 5-2

5.3 Display Unit (common to all models) ....................................................................................... 5-4

Appendix A DESCRIPTION OF OPTIONAL EQUIPMENT

A.1 Performance Monitor................................................................................................................A-1

A.2 Auto Plotter ARP-15 .................................................................................................................A-2

A.3 Video Plotter RP-15 ..................................................................................................................A-2

A.4 Fluxgate Heading Sensor C-2000 .............................................................................................A-2

Declaration of Conformity

FOREWORD

viii

Features

The FR-8051/8111/8251 has a large variety of functions, all contained in a rugged case.

A Word to FR-8051/8111/8251 Owners

FURUNO Electric Company thanks you for purchasing the FR-8051/8111/8251 Marine Radar. W e are confident you will discover why the FURUNO name has become synonymous with quality and reliability.

For over 40 years FURUNO Electric Company has enjoyed an enviable reputation for quality and reliability throughout the world. This dedication to excellence is furthered by our extensive global network of agents and dealers.

Y our radar is designed and constructed to meet the rigorous demands of the marine environment. However, no machine can perform its intended function unless properly installed and maintained. Please carefully read and follow the operation and maintenance procedures set forth in this manual.

W e would appreciate feedback from you, the end-user, about whether we are achieving our purposes.

All controls respond immediately to the operator’s command and each time a key is pressed, the corresponding change can be seen on the screen immediately.

• High definition 12-inch raster-scan display.

• Precision slotted waveguide antenna capable of withstanding 100 knot wind velocity.

• Eight levels of target quantization for high target definition.

• On-screen alphanumeric readout of all operational information including ship’s position and speed.

• Unique function key automatically sets up for optimum performance with environments and targets.

• Automatic suppression of sea and rain clutter.

• Echo trails to assess targets’ speeds and courses.

• Presentation modes: Head-up, Course-up, North-up and True Motion.

Thank you for considering and purchasing FURUNO.

• Aural alarm alerts when targets enter (or exit) an area.

• Floating EBL provides measurements of range and bearing between two targets.

• Electronic target plotting.

• W aypoint data from external navigator.

• Dual VRMs and EBLs.

vii

CONFIGURATION OF FR-8051/811 1/8251

Performance Monitor

PM-30

(optional)

Switch Box

115/230 VAC

IEC 1162*

NAV Video Sounder

IEC 1162*

Log

Fluxgate Heading

Sensor C-2000

Gyro

Gyro Converter

AD-100

*Equivalent to NMEA0183 **12 V/24-32 VDC for FR-8051/8111

24-32 VDC for FR-8251

(In/Out)

(In)

Antenna Unit

15 m standard Display Unit

RDP-112

Video Plotter

RP-15

Auto Plotter

ARP-15

15 m

Remote Display

FMD-8010

Video Plotter

GD-500

External Alarm Buzzer OP03-21

Rectifier RU-1746B-2

Option

12/24-32 VDC** 115/230 VAC

SPECIFICATIONS

Antenna Unit

Type Slotted waveguide array Polarization Horizontal Length 4 ft(XN2) 6.5 ft(XN3) 6.5 ft (XN3A) 8 ft(XN4A) Beamwidth 1.8 x 25° 1.2 x 25° 1.23 x 20° 0.9 x 20° Rotation speed 24 rpm (36 rpm optional)

Transceiver Module

Frequency 9410 MHz ± 30 MHz (X-band) Peak output power FR- 8051: 6 kW

FR- 8111: 10 kW FR- 8251: 25 kW

Transmitting tube FR- 8051: MAF1422B

FR- 8111: MAF1425B FR- 8251: 9M752 or M5187F

Pulselength (PL) & Pulse Repetition Rate (PRR)

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LPRRP 521.052.05.057.05.1362142842769 PSzH0012sdnocesorcim80.0

1PMzH0012sdnocesorcim3.0 2PMzH0021sdnocesorcim6.0

PL*zH006sdnocesorcim2.1

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)ylnoPL,2PM,1PM(ffosinoitcejerohceecartdn2nehwzH005

Modulator FR-8051/8111: FET switching method

FR-8251: Line Pulse

I/F amplifier Logarithmic, IF 60 MHz

Bandwidth: 25MHz (0.08 µs), 2.5 MHz (0.3 µs, 0.6 µs, 1.2 µs)

Tuning Automatic or manual Receiver front end MIC (Microwave IC) Duplexer Circulator with diode limiter

Display Unit

Picture tube 12-inch rectangular green phosphor CRT, 640(H) x 481(V) dots

Effective display diameter 180 mm

Range (nm), Range ring interval (nm), Number of range rings

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mn69,1528-RF,mn27,1118-RF;mn84,1508-RF:segnarmumixaM*

Minimum range 25 m on 0.25 nm scale Range discrimination 20 m on 0.75 nm scale Accuracy Range: 1% of range in use or 8 m, whichever is the greater

Bearing: 1°

Environmental Conditions

Standards IEC 945 Ambient temperature Antenna unit: -25°C to +70°C

Display unit: -15°C to +55°C

Humidity Relative humidity 95% at +40°C Waterproof test Pressure 3.6 kg/cm2 (antenna unit)

Power Supply and Power Consumption

12 V(FR-8051/8111), 24 V, 32 VDC, or 100 V, 110 V, 115 V, 220 V, 230 VAC, 50/60 Hz, 1ø (rectifier required) FR-8051, 75 W; FR-8111, 90 W; FR-8251, 130 W

Others

Nav Data Input/Output Input (IEC 1162*) - - GP, LC, or any talker

BWC, DTP, GLL, GLC, HDG, MDA, RMA, RMB, RMC, VTG, DBK, DBS, DBT, GTD, HDM, HDT, MTW, BWR, VHW, ZDA AD-100 format heading data Output (IEC 1162) TLL, RSD, and TTM (w/ARP *:IEC 1162 is equivalent to NMEA0183, V2.0

Coating color Antenna unit: Munsell N9.5 (white)

Display unit housing: 2.5GY5/1.5 (light gray) Panel: N3.0 (black)

Compass safe distance Standard compass Steering compass

Display unit (RDP-112): 1.3 m 1.0 m Antenna unit (C2P7N2N, 6 kW): 3.4 m 2.2 m (C2P7N2N, 10 kW): 3.8 m 2.4 m (RSB-0014, 25 kW): 4.3 m 2.5 m

EQUIPMENT LISTS

Standard Set

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1)1508-RF(tinurennacS)3600-BSR(N2N7P2C1 )lanoitpompr63(mpr42 3400-RTR:tinuFR

)1118-RF(tinurennacS)3600-BSR(N2N7P2C)lanoitpompr63(mpr42

4400-RTR:tinuFR

)1528-RF(tinurennacS)4600-BSR(4100-BSR)lanoitpompr63(mpr42

5400-RTR:tinuFR

2tinuyalpsiD*-211-PDR1 ;1118-RF,B;1508-RF,A*

1528-RF,C 3seirosseccA01350-30PFtes1retlifdnadoohgniweiV 4tinuyalpsiD

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5tinurennacS

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6elbaclangiS†-35-30Stes1m03,52,02(m51:†

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10151-30PCtes1tinuyalpsidroF

10441-30PCtes1tinuannetnaroF

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xii

Optional Equipment

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1elbaclangiS5-55-30S061-554-800m5,rotcennocP5-HX/w

elbacP2-OC 2tinuhctiwsretnI2-JR260-030-000 3tinureifitceR2-B6471-UR934-030-000CAV511

044-030-000CAV032 4elbacrewoPm51C2x8S-VVC436-065-000 5yalpsidroloC041-DC705-000-000

141-DC805-000-000 6yalpsidevalS0108-DMF 7yalpsidetomeR0081-DMF

8rettolpoediV2kraM005/005-DG 9rezzublanretxE12-30PO790-030-000

01revoclyniV1040-430-30756-108-000 11rettolpotuA51-PRA 21rettolpoediV51-PR 31retlifIME00550-30PF099-654-800 41snel/wdooH021-30PO790-030-000 51ecnamrofreP

rotinom

61retrevnocoryG001-DA

03-MP

Spare Parts

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G8D11X6X5-021GM617-136-0002

xiii

CATEGORIZATION BY SPECIFICATION

This series of marine radars are designed to comply with the standards of various national rules and regulations. Operational convenience is enhanced with the two categories as below although the basic design approach is the same.

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approved based on IMO A.477(XII), although not wholly.

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xiv

Chapter 1 OPERATION

Control Description

Turns power on.

Press together to turn

power off.

Toggles between

stand-by and transmit.

Presentation mode

Sets up radar for

required objective.

Silences aural

alarms (except guard alarm).

Short press: Offcenter

Long press: Zoom-in

POWER

OFF

ST BY

MODE

FUNCTION

AUDIO

OFF

SHIFT ZOOM

A/C AUTO (PUSH)

RANGE

GAIN

HM OFF (PUSH)

A/C SEA

A/C RAIN

MARK (PUSH)

BRILL

RINGS (PUSH)

GUARD

ALARM

ECHO TRAIL

GAIN: Adjusts receiver sensitivity. Press to erase heading marker; enable manual tuning of the receiver.

A/C SEA: Suppresses sea clutter. Press for AUTO Anti-clutter Sea and Rain.

A/C RAIN: Suppresses rain clutter. Press to inscribe a reference mark (*).

BRILL: Adjusts display brilliance. Press to turn range rings on/off and adjust their brilliance.

Selects radar range.

Sets/cancels guard alarm zone; silences guard zone alarm.

Target trails ON/OFF.

Each press processes index lines;

linked with EBL2/VRM2 / fixed / OFF.

Turns an EBL off.

Turns a VRM off.

Registers data on menu;

selects menu item.

Selects plotting

symbol.

EBL

Rotates EBL; selects items on menu.

VRM

(

TLL)

Adjusts VRM; outputs cursor position (TL/L) to external equipment; selects items on menu.

INDEX

LINE

OFF

ENTER

SELECT

PLOT

SYMBOL

EBL 1/2

VRM 1/2

CURSOR

OFFSET

CLEAR

DELETE

Each press processes offset EBL; linked with cursor / fixed / OFF.

Selects EBL to activate.

Selects VRM to activate.

Opens/closes menu.

Clears wrong data; deletes plot symbols and marks.

TRACKBALL Shifts cursor and No.1 EBL origin.

Figure 1-1 Control description

1–1

Display Indications

Range ring interval

Range

ZOOM (or SHIFT)

Pulselength

Presentation mode

Heading marker

Guard zone

area

No.1 EBL

No.1 VRM

Heading (gyro or

magnetic)

0.25

0.05 ZOOM SP HU

HDG 123.4°

Speed (MANUAL, LOG or NAV)

SPEED MANUAL 30.0kt

AUTO

TRU TRAIL

00:45

30M GUARD1 GUARD2

Tuning indicator, AUTO (or MANU) tuning

Echo trail (TRU/REL) Elapsed time, trail interval

Guard zone 1 (active alarm is circumscribed)

Guard zone 2

IN (guard zone type), SET (set alarm), or ACK (alarm temporarily deactivated)

No.2 EBL Waypoint marker

Range rings

Cursor

Auto clutter suppression

Function in use

(F3, Long range

Echo Stretch)

No.1 EBL bearing

(readout of active EBL

is circumscribed)

No.2 EBL bearing

A/C F3 L-ES

345.6°R

23.0°R 29:59

Watch alarm elapsed time

EBL

105.0°R 00.74nm

Cursor bearing

Cursor range

VRM

TTG

12:34

Figure 1-2 Display indications

IR2

ES1

EAV1

0.080nm

0.220nm

No.2 VRM

Noise Rejection Interference Rejection Echo Stretch Echo Averaging

No.1 VRM range (readout of active VRM is circumscribed)

No.2 VRM range

Time-to-go

1–2

A/C F3 L-ES

18.0°T

290.0°R 99:99

TIME

EBL

TRUE VECTOR

30MIN 01:28

93.7°R 13.82nm

332.7°T

BRG

12.5nm

RNG

8.89nm

CPA

VRM

TTG

COURSE SPEED TCPA

NR IR2 ES3 EAV1

1.829nm

10.87nm 12:34

198.5°T

92.8kt 05:11

Normal + PLOT

Select PLOT on DISP DATA menu.

PLOT Data

Normal + NAV

Select NAV on DISP DATA menu.

A/C F3 L-ES

18.0°T

EBL

290.0°R

34°

OWN

39.46N

SHIP

135°

23.08E

COURSE

216.1°

DATE APR. 08 20:31

99:99

A/C F3 L-ES

18.0°T

290.0°R

34°

OWN

39.46N

SHIP

135°

23.08E

COURSE

216.1°

DATE APR. 08 20:31

EBL

99:99

TRUE VECTOR

30MIN

TIME

01:28

(GPS)

93.7°R

13.82nm

°39.46N

135

°23.08E

TTG

12:35

93.7°R

13.82nm

°39.46N

135

°23.08E

TTG

12:35

BRG

332.7°T

RNG

12.5nm

CPA

8.89nm

VRM

WAY POINT

TTG

DEPTH TEMP

VRM

WAY POINT

TTG

DEPTH TEMP

COURSE SPEED TCPA

NR IR2 ES3 EAV1

1.829nm

10.87nm

321.6°

18.23nm 35:42

265.2m

23.5°C

NR IR2 ES3 EAV1

1.829nm

10.87nm

321.6°

18.23nm 35:42

265.2m

23.5°C

198.5°T

92.8kt 05:11

NAV Data (Requires position, depth and water temperature data.)

NORMAL + NAV + PLOT

Select ALL on DISP DATA menu.

NAV Data

PLOT Data

Figure 1-3 Display indications (lower part)

1–3

1.1 Turning the Radar On/Off

DANGER

1.3 Selecting Range

The range selected automatically determines the range ring interval, the number of range rings and pulse repetition rate, for optimal detection capability in short to long ranges.

Before turning on the radar, make sure no one is near the antenna unit. Serious injury or death can result if a rotating antenna strikes someone standing nearby.

Turning on the radar

Press the POWER key. The control panel lights and a timer displays the time remaining for warm up of the magnetron, counting down from 3:00 to 0:00.

Turning off the radar

Press POWER and ST BY/TX keys together.

1.2 Transmitting, Stand-by

Range

Range ring

interval

Pulselength

0.75NM

0.25 SP

Range rings

Figure 1-4 Location of range, range ring

interval and pulselength indications

Procedure

Press the RANGE key at + or –. The range, range ring interval and pulselength appear at the top left corner of the display.

Transmitting

After the power is turned on and the magnetron has warmed up, ST-BY (Stand-By) appears at the screen center, indicating the radar is ready to transmit radar pulses. In stand-by the radar is available for use at any time.

Press the ST BY/TX key to transmit. The radar displays echoes in eight intensities according to echo strength.

Stand-by

When you won’t be using the radar for an extended period, but you want to keep it in a state of readiness, place it in stand-by by pressing the ST BY/TX key. The display shows ST-BY.

1–4

1.4 Presentation Mode

This radar has the following presentation modes:

Relative Motion (RM) Head-up: Unstabilized

Course-up: Compass-stabilized relative to

ship’s intended course

North-up: Compass-stabilized with

reference to north True Motion (TM) North-up: Ground or sea stabilized with

compass and speed inputs

Selecting presentation mode

Each time the MODE key is pressed, the presentation mode and mode indication at the upperleft corner of the screen change cyclically.

Loss of gyro signal

When the gyro signal is lost, the presentation mode automatically becomes Head-up and the HDG readout at the screen top shows xxx.x. The x's do not disappear even when the gyro signal is restored, to warn the operator that the readout may be unreliable. Match the gyro readout with the gyrocompass reading. Press the MODE key.

Presentation mode, representative display

350

320

220

320

220

210

330

210

340

200

340

190

350

190

H A

D U

C O U R

E U

310

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310

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230

000

180

000

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010

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020

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030

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030

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040

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060

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070

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080

100

090

Description

A display withouth azimuth stabilization in which the line connecting the center with the top of the display indicates own ship's heading.

The target pips are painted at their measured distances and in their directions relative to own ship's heading.

090

The short dashed line on the bearing scale is the north mark and it indicates compass north.

Failure of the gyro will remove the north marker and the HDG indication shows "xxx.x".

An azimuth stabilized display in which a line connecting the center with the top of the display indicates own ship's intended course (namely, own ship's previous heading just before this mode has been selected).

Target pips are painted at their measured distances and in their directions relative to the intended course which is maintained at the 0-degree position while the heading marker moves in accordance with the ship's yawing and course changes. This mode is useful to avoid smearing of picture during course changes. After a course change, press the SHIFT ZOOM key to reset the picture orientation if you wish to continue using the Course-up mode.

If the gyrocompass fails, the presentation mode changes to the Head-up mode and the north marker disappears. Also, the HDG readout at the screen top shows xxx.x.

1–5

Presentation mode, representative display

350

320

220

320

220

210

330

210

330

200

340

200

340

190

350

190

N O R T H

U P

T R U E

O T

O N

310

300

290

280

270

260

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310

300

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000

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010

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030

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040

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050

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060

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070

110

Description

080

090

100

080

090

100

Target pips are painted at their measured distances and in their true (compass) directions with reference to own ship, north being maintained at the top of the screen. The heading marker moves according to ship's heading.

If the gyro fails, the presentation mode changes to the Head-up mode and the north mark disappears. Also, the HDG readout at the screen top shows xxx.x.

Own ship and other moving objects move in accordance with their true courses and speeds. All fixed targets, such as landmasses, appear as stationary echoes.

When own ship reaches a point corresponding to 75% of the radius of the radar display, the sweep origin is automatically flipped (reset) to 50% radius opposite to the extension of the heading marker passing through the display center.

Sweep origin may also be reset automatically, in which case the sweep origin is automatically reset to 50% radius opposite on the extension of the heading marker passing through the display center.

If the gyrocompass fails, the presentation mode is changed to the Head-up mode and the north marker disappears. Also, the HDG readout at the screen top shows xxx.x.

1–6

Heading

marker

300

290

280

270

260

250

240

350 000 010

340

330

320

310

230

220

210

200

(a) True motion is selected

North

000 010

marker

020

030

040

050

060

070

080

090

100

110

120

130

140

150

160

170180190

310

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020

030

040

050

060

070

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090

100

110

120

130

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150

160

170180190

(b) Own ship has reached a point 75% of display radius

Automatic resetting of sweep center in true motion mode

000 010

350

340

330

320

310

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290

280

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170180190

050

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120

1.5 Menu Overview

TRAIL

Sel Item by VRM & hit ENT.

TIME CONT

MODE TRUE

TONE MULT

Current setting

15S 30S 1M 3M 6M 15M 30M CONT

Options of menu selected appear here.

Cursor

The MAIN menu, composed of nine menus, contains functions which normally do not require frequent adjustment in everyday operation.

2) Operate the VRM or EBL control to select a menu with the cursor and press the ENTER/ SELECT key. (You can also select menus by pressing key or control shown on the MAIN menu. In this case you need not press the ENTER/SELECT key.)

Basic menu operation

1) Press the MENU key to display the MAIN menu.

MAIN

Sel Item by VRM & hit ENT.

TRAIL

GUARD

PLOT

ECHO

TRAIL

GUARD ALARM

PLOT

SYMBOL

Cursor circumscribes current selection.

Figure 1-5 MAIN menu

MARK& DATA

FUNC3

ECHO SIG

You can select a menu by using the cursor or (in most cases) pressing appropriate key on the control panel. To select the PLOT menu, for example, select PLOT and press the press the

MARK

FUNCTION

A/C AUTO

ENTER/SELECT key or

PLOT SYMBOL key.

TIME ALM

BRILL

INITIAL

AUDIO

OFF

For example, select the TRAIL menu.

Figure 1-6 TRAIL menu

3) Select option (in far right-hand column) by operating the VRM or EBL control.

4) Press the ENTER/SELECT key to register selection.

5) Press the MENU key to close the menu.

Changing pages on the INITIAL menu

The initial menu has two pages: INITIAL1 and INITIAL2. You can switch between them as follows:

Previous page: Place the cursor on [↑] and press the ENTER/SELECT key.

Next page: Place the cursor on [↓] and press the ENTER/SELECT key.

1–7

Menu tree

TRAIL

GUARD AREA NO. (GUARD1, GUARD2)

PLOT

MARK & DATA

TIME (15S, 30S, 1M, 3M, 6M, 15M, 30M, CONT)

MODE (REL, TRUE)

TONE (SGL, MULT)

MODE (IN, OUT) (IN mode only on N-type radar; no menu selection)

SYMBOL

ERASE

VEC REF (REL, TRUE)

VEC TIME (30S, 1M, 3M, 6M,15M, 30M)

TRACK (OFF, ON)

MK ERASE

MK MODE (REL, TRUE) DSP DATA (OFF, PLOT, NAV, ALL)

(

erase all plotting symbols

(

erase all fixed marks)

selection of plotting symbol

)

FUNC

ECHO SIG P/L SEL (P/L1, P/L2)

FUNC SEL (S1, S2, S&M, L-ES, L-AC, ES, B1, B2)

ECHO AVG (OFF, 1, 2, 3)

INTRF (OFF, 1, 2, 3)

STRETCH (OFF, 1, 2)

A/C AUTO (OFF, ON) N REJ (OFF, ON)

P/L SET

ECHO AVG (OFF, 1, 2, 3)

INTRF (OFF, 1, 2, 3)

STRETCH (OFF, 1, 2)

N REJ (OFF, ON)

2ND ECHO (OFF, ON) P/L SET 1

P/L SET 2

↓

0.75~1.5NM (SP, M1P) 3NM (SP, M1P, M2P)

↓

0.75~1.5NM (SP, M1P) 3NM (SP, M1P, M2P)

6NM (M1P, M2P, LP)

12~24NM ( M2P, LP)

Preset pulselength for

0.75~1.5, 3, 6, 12~24NM

1–8

6NM (M1P, M2P, LP)

12~24NM ( M2P, LP)

TIME ALM

TIME ALM (OFF, 3M, 6M, 12M, 15M, 20M)

TIME ALM OUT (OFF, ON)

BRILL

INITIAL

GUARD OUT (OFF, ON)

ARPA ALM OUT (OFF, ON)

PLOT ALM OUT (OFF, ON)

PANEL TRAIL CHAR

HDG MARK

VRM/ EBL

CURSOR PLOT OS MARK

TUNE SET (AUTO, MANU)

Turn on/off external output of alarms.

( Not available on N-type radar; no menu selection)

SPD MODE (MAN, LOG, NAV) MAN SPD (00.0kt) INDEX (2PCS., 6PCS.)

STERN MK (OFF, ON) (Not available on N-type radar; no menu selection)

SHP GRPH (OFF, ON) (Not available on N-type radar; no menu selection)

NAV DATA

AUTO TUNE PRESET

↑

NAV SEL (OFF, ALL, GPS, LC, DR, DEC) EXT WP (OFF, ON)

↓

OS POSN (L/L, TD) TD = Time Difference

DEPTH (m, FA, ft) TEMP (°C,° F) DATE (OFF, ON)

↑

CRSR BRG (REL, TRUE) CRSR RNG (nm, km, sm) VRM1 RNG (nm, km, sm)

VRM2 RNG (nm, km, sm) EBL1 BRG (REL, TRUE) EBL2 BRG (REL, TRUE) TEST

INSTALL (for service technicians)

(Not available on N-type radar; no menu selection)

1–9

1.6 Tuning the Receiver

Video lockup recovery

Video lockup or picture freeze, can occur unexpectedly on digital rasterscan radars. This is mainly caused by heavy spike noise in the power line, and can be noticed by carefully watching the nearly invisible sweep line. If you suspect that the picture is not updated every scan of the antenna or no key entry is accepted notwithstanding the apparently normal picture, turn the power off and on.

The receiver can be tuned automatically or manually . The default (factory setting) is automatic tuning.

Selecting tuning mode

1) Press the MENU key.

2) Select the INITIAL menu.

3) Press the ENTER/SELECT key.

Note: The above three steps can also be done

by pressing and holding down the MENU key .

4) Select TUNE SET and press the ENTER/SELECT key.

5) Select AUTO (or MANUal).

6) Press the ENTER/SELECT key.

7) Press the MENU key.

Manual tuning

1) Select manual tuning by following "selecting tuning mode."

2) While pressing and holding down the HM OFF switch, adjust the trackball to display the longest tuning indicator.

Tuning indicator

MANUAL

1.7 Adjusting Sensitivity

The GAIN control adjusts the sensitivity of the receiver and thus the intensity of echoes as they appear on the screen.

The proper setting is such that the background noise is just visible on the screen. If you set up for too little sensitivity, weak echoes may be missed. On the other hand excessive sensitivity yields too much background noise; strong targets may be missed because of the poor contrast between desired echoes and the background noise on the display.

To adjust receiver sensitivity, transmit on long range, and adjust the GAIN control so background noise is just visible on the screen.

1.8 Adjusting Picture Brilliance

Figure 1-7 Display appearance when

manual tuning is in effect

Note: The receiver may be detuned if your radar

is hit by another radar in vicinity. To retune in automatic tuning, press the ST BY/TX key twice.

1–10

The BRILL control adjusts the brilliance of the picture.

1.9 Adjusting Brilliance of

Sea clutter at display center

A/C SEA control adjusted;

sea clutter suppressed

Control Panel and Markers

The brilliance of the control panel and markers can be adjusted on the BRILL menu. The heading marker is visible when set to zero.

1) Press the MENU key.

1.11 Suppressing Sea Clutter

In rough weather conditions returns from the sea surface are received over several miles around own ship and mask nearby targets. This situation can be improved by properly using the automatic anti-clutter function and/or the A/C SEA control.

2) Select the BRILL menu.

3) Press the ENTER/SELECT key.

BRILL1

Sel Item by VRM & hit ENT.

PANEL

TRAIL

CHAR

Setting

HDG MARK

VRM/EBL

CURSOR

PLOT

OS MARK

Current level

Figure 1-8 BRILL menu

4) Select appropriate menu among the following and press the ENTER/SELECT key.

PANEL, TRAIL, CHAR, HDG MARK, VRM/EBL, CURSOR, PLOT, OS MARK

Automatic anti-clutter control

The easiest way to suppress the surface clutter is to use the automatic anti-clutter function. Press the A/C AUTO switch.

WARNING

The auto A/C function can erase weak targets.

Manual anti-clutter control

From the fully counterclockwise position, slowly turn the A/C SEA control clockwise. For optimum target detection, leaves speckles of the sur face return slightly visible.

Note: The OS MARK (Own Ship Mark) is

not available on the N-type radar.

5) Operate the VRM or EBL control to set brilliance.

6) Press the ENTER/SELECT key.

7) Press the MENU key.

Note: The OS MARK (Own Ship Mark) is not

available on the N-type radar.

1.10 Adjusting Range Ring

Brilliance

Push in the RINGS (PUSH) control to adjust range ring brilliance/turn the range rings on or off. Each pressing of the key adjusts the brilliance of the rings (in four levels) or turns them off.

Figure 1-9

The anti-clutter sea facility is often referred to as STC (Sensitivity T ime Control) which decreases the sensitivity of the receiver immediately after a radar pulse is transmitted, and progressively increases the sensitivity as the range increases.

If the control is set too low , targets will be hidden in the clutter, while if it is set too high, both sea clutter and targets will disappear from the display . In most cases adjust the control until clutter has disappeared to leeward, but a little is still visible windward.

1–11

A common mistake is too over-adjust the A/C SEA control so that the surface clutter is completely removed. By rotating the control fully clockwise, you will see how dangerous this can be; a dark zone will be created near the center of the screen, causing a loss of close-in targets. This dark zone is even more dangerous if the gain has not been properly adjusted. Always leave a little surface clutter visible on the screen. If no clutter is observed (on very calm waters), set the control at the fully counterclockwise position.

1.13 The Heading and North Markers

The heading marker indicates the ship's heading in all presentation modes. It appears at zero degrees on the bearing scale in the Head-up mode, in any direction depending on the ship orientation in North-up and True Motion modes. The north marker appears as a short dashed line. In the Head-up mode, the north marker moves around the bearing scale in accordance with the compass signal.

1.12 Suppressing Rain Clutter

In adverse weather conditions, clouds, rain or snow produce a lot of spray-like spurious echoes and impairs target detection over a long distance. This situation can be improved by using a Function key that is so programmed. If the Function key fails to effectively suppress rain clutter, use the A/C RAIN control.

The A/C RAIN control adjusts the receiver sensitivity as the A/C SEA control does but rather in a longer time period (longer range). Clockwise rotation of this control increases the anti-clutter effect.

Appearance of rain clutter on the display

Figure 1-10 Effect of A/C RAIN control

A/C RAIN control adjusted;

rain clutter suppressed

To temporarily extinguish the heading marker to look at targets existing dead ahead of own ship, press the HM OFF (PUSH) control. The heading marker reappears when the key is released.

1.14 Measuring the Range

There are three ways to measure the range to a target: by the range rings, by the cursor and by the VRM (Variable Range Marker).

Measuring range by the range rings

Use the range rings to obtain a rough estimate of the range to a target. They are concentric circles around own ship, or the sweep origin. The number of rings is automatically determined by the selected range scale and their interval is displayed at the upper-left position of the screen. Press the RINGS (PUSH) control to show the range rings if they are not displayed. Successive presses of the RINGS (PUSH) control gradually increase the brightness of the rings in four steps and a fifth press erases the rings.

1–12

Measuring range by the cursor

Rotate the trackball to place the cursor on the inside edge of the target. The range to the cursor appears at the bottom of the display.

Measuring range by VRM

1) Press the VRM ON key to enable a VRM. Each pressing of the key enables the No.1 VRM or No.2 VRM alternately. The active marker’s readout is circumscribed.

1.15 Measuring Bearing

Measuring bearing by cursor

Rotate the trackball to set the cursor intersection on the center of the target. The bearing to the cursor intersection appears at the bottom of the display.

VRM

5.03nm

12.5nm

No.1 VRM No.2 VRM

Figure 1-11 Location of VRM readouts

2) Operate the VRM control to place the outside edge of the VRM on the inside edge of the target.

3) Check the VRM readout at the bottom right corner of the display to find the range to the target.

6.0NM

1.0

No.1 VRM

Target

No.2 VRM

VRM

5.0nm

4.0nm

No.1 VRM range No.2 VRM range

Figure 1-12 How to measure range by VRM

Erasing VRMs

1) If two VRMs are displayed, press the VRM ON key to circumscribe the VRM readout of the VRM you want to keep active.

2) Press the VRM OFF key. The VRM readout and its associated VRM are erased.

Note: You can select unit of range measurement

for the cursor and VRM on the INITIAL menu. For further details see 1.37 Selecting Unit of Range Measurement, Bearing Reference. This function is not available on the N-type radar; unit of range measurement is fixed for nautical miles.

Measuring bearing by EBL

1) Press the EBL ON key to enable an EBL. Each pressing of the key enables the No.1 EBL or No.2 EBL alternately. The active marker’s readout is circumscribed.

2) Operate the EBL control to bisect the target with the EBL.

3) Check the EBL readout at the bottom left cor ner of the display.

No.1 EBL

Target

No.1 EBL bearing No.2 EBL bearing

50.0°R

80.0°R

EBL

No.2 EBL

Figure 1-13 How to measure bearing by EBL

Note 1: You can display EBL bearing relative to

own ship (relative) or with reference to the north (True). For further details see 1.38 Selecting Unit of Range Measurement, Bearing Reference. Bearing reference cannot be selected on the N-type radar; it is fixed to relative bearing in the HU mode, and true bearing in CU, NU and TM modes.

Note 2: Suffix "T" denotes true bearing (for gy-

rocompass input) and suffix "M" denotes magnetic bearing (magnetic compass input).

Erasing EBLs

1) If two EBLs are displayed, press the EBL ON key to circumscribe the VRM readout of the VRM you want to keep active.

2) Press the EBL OFF key . The EBL readout and its associated EBL are erased.

1–13

1.16 Collision Assessment by

1.17 Measuring Range and

the Offset EBL

The origin of the No.1 EBL can be placed anywhere with the trackball to assess the risk of collision, as well as to measure the range and bearing between two targets.

1) Press the EBL ON key to turn on (or activate) the No.1 EBL.

2) Press the CURSOR OFFSET key.

3) Operate the trackball to place the No.1 EBL origin on the target.

4) Operate the EBL control to pass the No.1 EBL through the screen center.

Y ou can anchor the EBL, to continue monitoring target’s track, by pressing the CURSOR OFFSET key again. If the target tracks along the No.1 EBL toward the screen center, the possibility of collision exists.

Bearing Between Two Targets

The range and bearing between two targets, for example, targets A and B in Figure 1-15, can be measured by using the CURSOR OFFSET key.

1) Press the EBL ON key to turn on (or activate) the No.1 EBL.

2) Press the CURSOR OFFSET key.

3) Operate the trackball to place the No.1 EBL origin on target A.

4) Operate the EBL control to pass the No.1 EBL through target B.

5) Press the VRM ON key to turn on (or activate) the No.1 VRM.

6) Operate the VRM control to place the No.1 VRM on the inside edge of target B.

Range and bearing between the two targets appear in the cursor data window at the bottom of the display.

No.1 EBL

Target (initial position)

70.0°R

No.1 EBL bearing

EBL

Figure 1-14 How to assess risk of collision

Canceling the cursor offset

Press the CURSOR OFFSET key to return the No.1 EBL origin to the screen center . (Each pressing of the key links the offset EBL with the cursor, anchors the offset EBL, or returns No.1 EBL origin to the screen center.)

No.1 EBL

70.0°R

No.1 EBL No.1 VRM bearing range

EBL VRM

No.1 VRM

4.5NM

Figure 1-15 Measuring range and

bearing between two targets

1–14

1.18 Index Lines

1.19 Off-centering the Picture

The index lines are useful for maintaining a constant distance between own ship and a coastline or partner ship. They can be turned on/off by the INDEX LINE key . Each pressing of the key turns on the index lines (linked with No.2 EBL and No.2 VRM), anchors the index lines, or turns off the index lines.

No.2 EBL

Index

lines

Figure 1-16 Index lines

Your vessel’s position can be off-centered up to 75% of the range in use to view the situation around your vessel without changing the range or size of targets.

1) Operate the trackball to set cursor where desired.

2) Press the SHIFT ZOOM key. SHIFT appears at the top left corner of the display.

Cursor

1 Set cursor where desired.

Cursor

2 Press SHIFT ZOOM key to shift display.

Figure 1-17 Off-centering the picture

Rotating the index lines

Activate the No.2 EBL and operate the EBL control.

Adjusting index lines intervals

Activate the No.2 VRM and operate the VRM control.

Selecting number of index lines

The number of index lines can be selected to two or six on the INITIAL menu.

1) Press the MENU key.

2) Select the INITIAL menu and press the ENTER/SELECT key.

3) Select INDEX and press the ENTER/SELECT key.

Note: The display cannot be off-centered on the

96 nm range. In True Motion, the SHIFT ZOOM key resets the OS position to a point of 50% radius opposite to the extension of the heading marker passing through the display center.

Canceling off-centered picture

Press the SHIFT ZOOM key again.

4) Select 2PCS (or 6PCS).

5) Press the ENTER/SELECT key.

6) Press the MENU key.

1–15

1.20 Zoom

Erasing marks

The zoom feature allows you to double the size of the area between your vessel and any location within the current range to take a closer look at an area of interest. (Y our radar may not have this function.)

1) Select location with the cursor.

2) Press and hold down the SHIFT ZOOM key about two seconds. ZOOM appears at the top left corner when the zoom function is on.

Cursor

1 Place cursor where desired.

2 Press SHIFT ZOOM key to zoom.

Erasing individual marks

Place the cursor on the mark to erase and press the CLEAR/DELETE key.

Erasing all marks

1) Press the MENU key.

2) Select the MARK & DATA menu and press the ENTER/SELECT key.

3) Select MK ERASE.

4) Press the ENTER/SELECT key.

5) Press the MENU key.

Mark bearing reference

You can display a mark with a relative bearing to own ship (relative) or with reference to the north (True).

Figure 1-18 Zoom function

Note: Zoom is canceled when range or presenta-

tion mode is changed.

Canceling zoom

Press the SHIFT ZOOM key again.

1.21 Inscribing Marks on the Display

The MARK (PUSH) control inscribes marks on the display. Each time the MARK (PUSH) control is pressed, an asterisk (*) appears at the cursor location. You can inscribe 20 marks on the display to denote important locations such as wrecks and fishing grounds, or mark radar targets when changing the range. When the memory for marks becomes full, the eldest mark is erased to make room for the latest.

1) Press the MENU key.

2) Select the MARK & DATA menu and press the ENTER/SELECT key.

3) Select MODE and press the ENTER/SELECT key.

4) Select REL (or TRUE).

5) Press the ENTER/SELECT key.

6) Press the MENU key.

1.22 The FUNCTION key

The FUNCTION key works similar to the automatic dialing feature on a telephone, playing back controls settings just as they were registered. Instead of manually adjusting controls to set up for navigation in a harbor , for example, you can have the FUNCTION key do it for you.

Presetting the FUNCTION key

Inscribing marks

Place the cursor on the location desired for a mark and press the MARK (PUSH) control.

1–16

Eight target objectives are available and you can assign three sets on the FUNC menu. The eight objectives available are outlined in the table which follows.

Table 1-1 Eight available target objectives

evitcejbOnoitpircseD

)1egnartrohS(

)2egnartrohS(

M&S

dnatrohS(

)segnarmuideM

SE-L

-egnargnoL( )hctertSohcE

CA-L

-egnargnoL(

)rettulc-itna

)hctertSohcE(

)1youB(1Bvan(stegratllamstcetedoT

)2youB(2BnostegratllamstcetedoT

.hctertS

.segnar

.aerarobrahni

.mn21nihtiw

noitagivanegnartrohS

,elpmaxerof;)mn5.1nihtiw(

nihtiwnoitagivanegnartrohS

.hcaorpparobrah,.g.e,mn3

segnarnonoitagivanlatsaoC

6ot5.1notegratecnahneoT

ohcEgnisuybegnarmn

3norettulcaessserppusoT

.segnarrehgihdnaegnarmn

noseohcetegratyfingamoT

rehgihdnaegnarmn5.1

,staolf,slessevllams,syoub

.mn5.1nihtiwsegnarno).cte

.mn5.1nahtretaergsegnar

6) Select target objective desired and press the ENTER/SELECT key.

7) Press the MENU key.

Note: Each target objective defines a combina-

tion of several radar settings for achieving optimum setup for that particular objective. Therefore, adjustment of radar settings through the FUNC menu is not necessary. If you accidentally change the settings, default settings can be restored by reselecting the target objective.

Turning on a function

Press the FUNCTION key to display function number desired (at bottom left corner on the display .)

Note: When the main menu displays FUNC

KEY*, this means no function is active and the FUNCTION key is inoperative. To select a function, erase the menu and press the FUNCTION key.

Procedure

1) Press the FUNCTION key to display function number to program (F1, F2, or F3).

2) Press the MENU key and select the FUNC menu.

3) Press the ENTER/SELECT key.

FUNC

FUNC SEL (S1, S2, S&M, L-ES, L-AC, ES, B1, B2)

ECHO AVG (OFF, 1, 2, 3)

INTRF (OFF, 1, 2, 3)

STRETCH (OFF, 1, 2)

A/C AUTO (OFF, ON) N REJ (OFF, ON)

P/L SET

0.75~1.5NM: SP, M1P 3NM: SP, M1P, M2P 6NM: M1P, M2P, LP 12~24NM: M2P, LP

1.23 Own Ship Speed

Ship’s speed can be entered manually or automatically (by speed log or radionav equipment). Own ship's speed is required for TM and display of vectors, E-plot, etc. The True Motion display works on a ship speed entered manually or automatically .

Automatic speed input

1) Press the MENU key and select the INITIAL menu.

2) Press the ENTER/SELECT key.

3) Select SPD MODE and press the ENTER/ SELECT key.

4) Select LOG or NAV and press the ENTER/ SELECT key.

6) Press the MENU key.

Figure 1-19 FUNC menu

5) Select FUNC SEL and press the ENTER/SELECT key .

Note: If no speed is input for 3 minutes at below

0.1 knots, the radar regards this a log failure and displays SYSTEM FAIL LOG.

1–17

Manual speed input

1) Press the MENU key.

2) Select the INITIAL menu and press the ENTER/SELECT key.

3) Select SPD MODE and press the ENTER/ SELECT key.

4) Select MANU.

5) Press the ENTER/SELECT key.

6) Enter speed and press the ENTER/SELECT key.

7) Press the MENU key.

1.24 Ship’s Graphic

A graphic ( ) which depicts own ship can be displayed. This function is not available on the

N-type radar.

on the number of transmissions that are correlated. These are indicated by the legends IR1, IR2 and IR3 at the bottom right-hand position of the screen.

T o turn on or of f the interference rejector circuit;

1) Press the MENU key.

2) Select ECHO SIG and press the ENTER/SELECT key.

3) Select INTRF and press the ENTER/SELECT key.

4) Select level of suppression desired (higher the number the greater the suppression) and press the ENTER/SELECT key.

5) Press the MENU key.

1) Press the MENU key.

2) Select the INITIAL menu.

3) Press the ENTER/SELECT key.

4) Select SHP GRPH and press the ENTER/SELECT key.

5) Select ON (or OFF).

6) Press the ENTER/SELECT key.

7) Press the MENU key.

1.25 Interference Rejector

Mutual radar interference may occur in the vicinity of another shipborne radar operating in the same frequency band (9 GHz). It is seen on the screen as a number of bright spikes either in irregular patterns or in the form of usually curved spoke-like dotted lines extending from the center to the edge of the picture. This type of interference can be reduced by activating the interference rejector circuit.

The interference rejector circuit is a kind of signal correlation circuit. It compares the received signals over successive transmissions and suppresses randomly occurring signals. There are three levels of interference rejection depending

Figure 1-20 Radar interference

1.26 Echo T rails

Echo trails are simulated afterglow of tar get echoes that represent their movements relative to own ship or true movements with respect to land, in a single tone or gradual shading depending on the setting on the TRAIL menu.

True or relative trails

You may display echo trails in true or relative motion. Relative trails show relative movements between targets and own ship. In the true motion, the moving targets have trails according to their speeds, but stationary targets stay still.

True motion trails require a gyrocompass signal and own ship speed input to cancel out own ship's movement and present true target movements in accordance with their over-the-ground speeds and courses (not heading). Refer to the automatic and manual speed input procedures for entering own ship's speed information.

1–18

True trails Relative trails

Figure 1-21 True and relative echo trails.

Note:

If the true trail is selected on the stabilized

RM (CU, NU), targets whose extensions hit own ship are not always on a collision course.

Trail reference

Echo trails can be displayed relative to own ship (relative) or with reference to north (true).

1) Press the MENU key.

2) Select the TRAIL menu.

3) Press the ENTER/SELECT key.

4) Select MODE and press the ENTER/SELECT key .

5) Select trail reference; true or relative.

6) Press the ENTER/SELECT key.

7) Press the MENU key.

Trail gradation

Starting echo trail

Press the ECHO TRAIL key to start the echo trail function. "REL (or TRU) TRAIL", the echo trail time selected (on the TRAIL menu) and elapsed time appear at the top right-hand corner of the display . Then, afterglow starts extending from all targets.

Canceling echo trail

Press the ECHO TRAIL key to erase echo trails and echo trail indications.

Trail time

Trail time can be selected on the TRAIL menu.

1) Press the MENU key.

2) Select the TRAIL menu.

3) Press the ENTER/SELECT key.

4) Select TIME and press the ENTER/SELECT key.

Echo trails may be shown in monotone or gradual shading (multiple). Gradual shading paints the trails getting thinner with time just like the after glow on an analog PPI radar .

Monotone trail

Multitone trail

Figure 1-22 Comparison of

trail gradation types

1) Press the MENU key.

2) Select the TRAIL menu.

3) Press the ENTER/SELECT key.

4) Select TONE and press the ENTER/SELECT key .

5) Select SGL or MULT.

6) Press the ENTER/SELECT key.

7) Press the MENU key.

5) Select trail time among 15 seconds, 30 seconds, 1, 3, 6, 15, 30 min, or continuous (99 minutes 59 seconds).

6) Press the ENTER/SELECT key.

7) Press the MENU key.

1–19

Trail brilliance

Trail brilliance may be adjusted on the BRILL menu.

1) Press the MENU key.

2) Select the BRILL menu.

3) Press the ENTER/SELECT key.

4) Select TRAIL and press the ENTER/SELECT key .

5) Operate the VRM or EBL control to adjust trail brilliance.

6) Press the ENTER/SELECT key.

7) Press the MENU key.

1.27 Electronic Plotting (E-plot)

10 operator-selected targets can be plotted electronically to assess their motion trends. Five past positions are marked for each plotted target.

2) Watching the E-plot timer on the PLOT mode, wait at least 30 seconds. Place the cursor on the plot symbol and press the ENTER/SELECT key. The plot symbol of the target flashes.

3) While the plot symbol of the target is flash- ing, place the cursor on the target again and press the PLOT SYMBOL key. The plot symbol shifts to the new target position and the previous position is marked by a small dot.

SPEED MANUAL 30.0kt

AUTO

GUARD1 GUARD2

Past position (max. 5)

0.25 NM

0.05 ZOOM SP HU

HDG 123.4°

A vector appears as you enter a second plot for a target and is updated each time a new plot is entered for the target. The vector shows the target motion trend based on its latest two plots.

Alphanumeric readouts for last-plotted or selected target appear at the bottom of the display.

It should be noted that the vector and alphanumeric target data are not updated in real time, but only when you enter a new plot.

E-plot requires ship's speed input (automatic or manual) and a compass signal.

When speed is input by a navigator, own ship moves in accordance with course; not heading.

Plotting a target

Before plotting a target, select PLOT or ALL on the MARK & DATA DSP menu.

1) Place the cursor on the target you want to plot, and press the PLOT SYMBOL key.

Vector

A/C F3 L-ES

345.6°R

23.0°R

Plot data (for )

TIME

EBL

REL VECTOR

12MIN 01:28

105.0°R 00.74nm

057.1°R

BRG

2.7nm

RNG

0.4nm

CPA

Plot symbol

VRM

TTG

COURSE SPEED TCPA

12:34

231.0°R

7.5kt

22.2

IR2

ES1

EAV1

0.080nm

0.220nm

Figure 1-23 Plotting

Note: If a certain target once plotted is not plot-

ted again within 12 minutes, the plot symbol of the target flashes. If you want to continue plotting this target, reacquire it within one minute, otherwise, the target will be regarded as a "lost target" and its plot symbol and target data will be erased. The larger the plotting interval, the less accurate the plotted target data. Plotting of each target should normally be made every 3 or 6 minutes as far as possible.

1–20

Target data

Turning past position display on/off

Place the cursor on the plotted target and press the ENTER/SELECT key . Vector reference, vector time, vector time elapsed, and selected target’ s bearing, course, speed, CPA and TCPA appear at bottom of the display.

In the head-up mode target bearing course and speed become true or relative depending on vector reference setting. In north-up, course-up and true motion the target data always shows true bearing, true course and speed over the ground.

True or relative vector

Target vectors can be displayed relative to own ship (relative) or with reference to the north (True). Current vector reference appears at the bottom of the display when the PLOT mode is active.

1) Press the MENU key.

2) Select the PLOT menu.

The radar plots the latest five past positions of a plotted target by dots. You can show or hide the dots.

1) Press the MENU key.

2) Select the PLOT menu.

3) Press the ENTER/SELECT key.

4) Select TRACK and press the ENTER/SELECT key.

5) Select ON (or OFF).

6) Press the ENTER/SELECT key.

7) Press the MENU key.

Canceling target plotting

Canceling individual target plotting

Place the cursor on the plot symbol and press the CLEAR/DELETE key.

3) Press the ENTER/SELECT key.

4) Select VEC REF and press the ENTER/SELECT key.

5) Select vector reference.

6) Press the ENTER/SELECT key.

7) Press the MENU key.

Vector time

A vector extends from plotted targets to show projected position of target at elapse of vector time. The vector is useful for evaluating risk of collision. Current vector time appears at the bottom of the display when the PLOT mode is active.

1) Press the MENU key.

2) Select the PLOT menu.

3) Press the ENTER/SELECT key.

Canceling all target plotting

1) Press the MENU key.

2) Select the PLOT menu.

3) Press the ENTER/SELECT key.

4) Select ERASE and press the ENTER/SELECT key .

5) Press the MENU key.

4) Select VEC TIME and press the ENTER/SELECT key.

5) Select vector time.

6) Press the ENTER/SELECT key.

7) Press the MENU key.

1–21

1.28 Setting a Guard Alarm

1) Press the MENU key.

Zone

The guard allows the operator to set the desired range and bearing for a guard zone. When ships, islands, landmasses, etc. violate the guard zone an aural alarm sounds and the offending target blinks to call the operator’s attention. Two areas can be set, zone 1 (short dashed line) and zone 2 (long dashed line), and one may be active.

WARNING

• The alarm should not be relied upon as the sole means for detecting possible collision situations.

• A/C SEA, A/C RAIN and GAIN should be properly adjusted to be sure the alarm system does not overlook target echoes.

2) Select the GUARD menu.

3) Press the ENTER/SELECT key.

4) Select MODE and press the ENTER/SELECT key.

5) Select IN (or OUT).

6) Press the ENTER/SELECT key.

7) Press the MENU key.

Activating the guard zones

T wo guard zones may be set and one of them may be active. Select the guard zone to make active on the GUARD menu.

1) Press the MENU key.

2) Select the GUARD menu.

3) Press the ENTER/SELECT key.

4) Select AREA NO. and press the ENTER/SELECT key.

Selecting guard zone type

The guard alarm can be set to sound when a target either enters (or exits) the guard zone. You can select which type of guard alarm you want to use through the GUARD menu. N-type: IN type

alarm only. In alarm: The alarm sounds on targets entering

the guard zone. (IN) appears at the top right-hand corner when the In alarm is selected.

Out alarm: The alarm sounds on targets exiting the guard zone. (OUT) appears at the top right-hand corner when the Out alarm is selected.

Dashed line: no alarm

5) Select guard zone to make active; GUARD1 (or GUARD2).

6) Press the ENTER/SELECT key.

7) Press the MENU key.

Setting a guard zone

1) Referring to (1) in Figure 1-30, operate the trackball to place the cursor at point A or B.

2) Press the GUARD ALARM key . GUARD1 (or GUARD2) SET appears at the top right corner on the display. See Figure 1-30 (2).

3) Operate the trackball to place the cursor at point C or D. See Figure 1-30 (3). GUARD1 (or GUARD2) IN (or OUT) appears.

4) Press the GUARD ALARM key.

Guard zone

IN ALARM OUT ALARM

Figure 1-24 In and out alarms

1–22

Guard zone to set

A B

(1)

GUARD1 IN

(4)

Guard zone

D C

Set cursor on point A (or B) and press GUARD ALARM.

(or OUT)

Press

GUARD ALARM.

(or GUARD2)

GUARD1 SET

(2)

(or GUARD2)(or GUARD2)

GUARD1 SET

(3)

Figure 1-25 How to set the guard alarm

Set cursor on point C (or D).

1.29 Watch Alarm

The watch alarm works like an alarm clock, sounding an aural alarm and blinking a visual indication "T ALM" at the predetermined time interval. When the alarm sounds, you can silence it by pressing the AUDIO OFF key.

You can select time interval (3 min, 6 min, 12 min, 15 min, or 20 min) on the TIME ALM menu.

1) Press the MENU key.

2) Select the TIME ALM menu.

3) Press the ENTER/SELECT key.

4) Select TIME ALM and press the ENTER/SELECT key.

5) Select time interval (or OFF).

Note: When the radar range is less than one half

of the guard zone range, the guard zone disappears and the indication of active guard zone (GUARD1 or GUARD2) appears in highlighted video. If this happens, raise the range to re-display the guard zone.

Silencing the aural alarm

When a target violates the guard zone, the target flashes and the aural alarm sounds. You can silence the aural alarm by pressing the GUARD ALARM key. When this is done, ACK replaces IN (or OUT). This means the aural alarm is temporarily deactivated; but, the target still flashes. Press the key again to reactivate the alarm.

Canceling the guard zone and guard alarm

Press and hold down the GUARD ALARM key about two seconds until the guard zone disappears.

6) Press the ENTER/SELECT key.

7) Press the MENU key.

1.30 Echo Average

The echo average feature effectively suppresses sea clutter and other random noise. Echoes received from stable targets such as ships (if not moving at high speeds) appear on the screen at almost the same position every rotation of the antenna. On the other hand, unstable echoes such as sea clutter appear at random positions.

T o distinguish real tar get echoes from sea clutter, this radar performs scan-to-scan correlation. Correlation is made by storing and averaging echo signals over successive picture frames. If an echo is solid and stable, it is shown in its normal intensity. Sea clutter is averaged over successive scans and reduced in brightness. This makes it easier to discriminate real targets from sea clutter.

To properly use the echo average feature, first properly suppress sea clutter with the A/C SEA control and then select echo average function as follows;

How to turn on echo averaging

1) Press the MENU key.

2) Select the ECHO SIG menu.

1–23

3) Press the ENTER/SELECT key.

1.31 Suppressing Second-Trace

4) Select ECHO AVG and press the ENTER/SELECT key.

5) Select 1, 2, or 3.

1: Distinguishes targets from sea clutter and

suppresses brilliance of unstable echoes.

2: Distinguishes small stationary targets such

as navigation buoys.

3: Displays distant targets as stable echoes.

6) Press the ENTER/SELECT key.

7) Press the MENU key.

Echoes

In certain situations, echoes from very distant targets may appear as false echoes (second-track echoes) on the screen. This occurs when the return echo is received one transmission cycle later, namely, after a next radar pulse has been transmitted.

To suppress them, turn on 2ND ECHO on the ECHO SIG menu.

1) Press the MENU key.

2) Select the ECHO SIG menu.

3) Press the ENTER/SELECT key.

4) Select 2ND ECHO and press the ENTER/SELECT key.

5) Select ON.

6) Press the ENTER/SELECT key.

a) Echo average OFF b) Echo average 1

Figure 1-26 Echo average

WARNING

Do not use the Echo Average feature under heavy pitching or rolling; loss of true targets may result.

Echo averaging uses scan-to-scan signal correlation technique based on the true motion over the ground of each target. Thus, small stationary targets such as buoys will be shown while suppressing random echoes such as sea clutter . T rue echo average is not however effective for picking up small targets running at high speeds over the ground.

7) Press the MENU key.

The echo average feature is inoperable when a heading signal is not available. If you wish to use this feature without a heading signal, system initialization is required. (Consult a FURUNO representative or dealer.)

Note: Echo averaging also requires ship’s speed

information from a log or manual entry.

1–24

1.32 Echo Stretch

On long ranges target echoes tend to shrink in the bearing direction, making them difficult to see. On short and medium ranges such as 1.5, 3 and 6 nm range scales, the same sized targets get smaller on screen as they approach own ship. These are due to the inherent property of the radiation pattern produced by the antenna. To enhance target video, use the echo stretch feature.

Note 3: Suppress sea clutter and noise before

activating echo stretch, since the echo stretch circuit stretches not only target echoes but also sea clutter and noise.

Note 4: Echo stretch 2 is not available with the

short pulse.

1.33 Noise Rejection

Enlarged in range

Enlarged by ES 1

If a target becomes

smaller as it approaches

own ship, use ES 1.

ECHO STRETCH 1 For stretching echoes near own ship

direction by ES 2

If a distant target

is hard to see,

use ES 2.

ECHO STRETCH 2 Forstretching echoes nea perimeter of CRT

Figure 1-27 Echo stretch

1) Press the MENU key.

2) Select the ECHO SIG menu and press the ENTER/SELECT key.

3) Select STRETCH and press the ENTER/SELECT key.

4) Select 1 2, or OFF.

White noise can be suppressed by turning on N REJ on the ECHO SIG menu.

1) Press the MENU key.

2) Select the ECHO SIG menu.

3) Press the ENTER/SELECT key.

4) Select N REJ and press the ENTER/SELECT key .

5) Select ON.

6) Press the ENTER/SELECT key.

7) Press the MENU key.

1.34 Selecting Pulselength

Pulselength can be selected on the ranges between

0.75 and 24 nautical miles, on the menu.

Pulselengths available are a short pulse, two medium pulses, and a long pulse.

5) Press the ENTER/SELECT key followed by the MENU key.

Note 1: Echo stretch magnifies not only small

target pips but also returns from sea surface, rain and radar interference. For this reason, make sure that these types of interference have been sufficiently suppressed before activating the echo stretch feature.

Note 2: If the 1.5 nm range is preset for

pulselength SP (0.08 µs) or M2 (0.3 µs), and the 3 nm scale for M1 (0.3 µs), the echo stretch feature is not available on these range scales.

Presetting pulselength

Two sets of pulselengths can be preset on the ECHO SIG menu: P/L SET 1 and P/L SET 2.

1) Press the MENU key.

2) Select the ECHO SIG menu.

3) Press the ENTER/SELECT key.

4) Select P/L SET 1 (or P/L SET 2) and press the ENTER/SELECT key.

5) Select pulselength and press the ENTER/SELECT key.

6) Select P/L SET 2 (or P/L SET 1) and press the ENTER/SELECT key.

1–25

7) Select pulselength and press the ENTER/SE-

IR2

ES1

EAV1

0.080nm

0.220nm

TRU TRAIL

30M GUARD1 GUARD2

0.25

0.05 ZOOM SP HU

A/C F3 L-ES

345.6°R

23.0°R 29:59

105.0°R 00.74nm

AUTO

00:45

VRM

EBL

SPEED MANUAL 30.0kt

HDG 123.4°

TTG

12:34

External waypoint

LECT key.

8) Press the ENTER/SELECT key.

9) Press the MENU key.

Table 1-2 Default pulselength settings

egnaR57.05.1362142

7) Press the ENTER/SELECT key.

8) Press the MENU key.

teSLP

P1MP1MP2MPLPLPL

1.oN teSLP

PSPSP1MP2MPLPL

2.oN

Selecting pulselength set to use

Select pulselength set on P/L SEL of the ECHO SIG menu.

1) Press the MENU key.

2) Select the ECHO SIG menu.

3) Press the ENTER/SELECT key.

4) Select P/L SET and press the ENTER/SELECT key.

5) Select P/L1 (or P/L2).

6) Press the ENTER/SELECT key.

7) Press the MENU key.

Figure 1-28 Displaying an external waypoint

1.36 Outputting Cursor Position (TLL data)

1.35 Waypoint Display

A waypoint selected on a radionav equipment can be displayed on the radar. This function requires a compass signal.

1) Press the MENU key.

2) Select the INITIAL menu.

3) Press the ENTER/SELECT key.

4) Select NAV DATA and press the ENTER/SE-

5) Select EXT WP and press the ENTER/SE-

6) Select ON (or OFF).

1–26

LECT key.

Cursor position can be output to external equipment, in IEC 1162 format, by pressing the VRM (TLL) control. This function requires position data and a compass signal.

1.37 Selecting Unit of Range

1.39 Alarm Output Signal Measurement, Bearing Reference

Y ou can select the unit of range measurement for the VRMs and cursor and bearing reference for the EBLs.

1) Press the MENU key.

2) Select the INITIAL menu.

3) Press the ENTER/SELECT key.

4) Select appropriate menu and press the ENTER/

SELECT key.

CRSR BRG (REL, TRUE) CRSR RNG (nm, km, sm) VRM1 RNG (nm, km, sm) VRM2 RNG (nm, km, sm) EBL1 BRG (REL, TRUE) EBL2 BRG (REL, TRUE)

5) Select option desired and press the ENTER/

SELECT key.

On/Off

With connection of an external buzzer (option), aural alarm signal can be output.

1) Select the TIME ALM menu.

2) Select alarm type and press the ENTER/SE-

LECT key.

TIME ALM OUT: Watch alarm signal GUARD OUT: Guard alarm signal ARPA ALM OUT: CPA/TCPA alarm on

ARP-15

PLOT ALM OUT: Alarms on RP-15

3) Select ON or OFF.

4) Press the MENU key.

6) Press the MENU key.

1.38 Sector Blanking

Administrations may require the radar to stop transmitting toward the bridge when it is installed on the foremast. T wo blanking areas can be set at installation. No echoes appear in the blanking areas.

Area of no transmission (no echoes appear)

Figure 1-29 Blank areas where

transmission is suspended

1–27

This page is intentionally left blank .

Chapter 2

Target

Transmitted radar pulse

Target

Radar is able to display two

distinct target echoes.

Radar cannot display targets as

separate echoes because they

are within the pulselength.

RADAR OBSERVA TION

2.1 Radar Picture, Target Properties and Radar Pulse

Strength of reflection

Actual topography and radar picture

The radar cannot display topography in its actual shape.

Black areas are strong reflection targets.

Coastline difficult to display.

The strength of the reflected echo depends not only on the height and size of the target but also its shape, material and the angle at which the radio pulse strikes it.

Target size and strength of reflected echo

The size of a target has little to do with the strength of the reflected echo. If the radio pulse strikes the target at a right angle, even a small tar get will return a strong echo, provided its material is a good radar target.

Radar picture and how the pulse strikes a target

A return echo will be weak if the angle at which a radio pulse strikes a target is small. For example, flat surfaces, such as sandy beaches, sandbars and mudbanks have almost no area that can reflect energy back to the radar . Conical surfaces, such as a lighthouse, generate a weak return echo because their shape diffuses most of the radiated energy.

Figure 2-1 Radar picture

and actual topography

2.2 Range Resolution

Range resolution is a measure of the capability of a radar to display as separate pips the echoes received from two targets which are on the same bearing and are close together.

The main factor which affects range resolution is pulselength. Two targets on the same bearing, close together, cannot be seen as two distinct echoes on the display unless they are separated by a distance greater than one-half the pulselength.

Radar sees only the near side of targets. For example, it cannot show you what is behind a sea wall or an island. The echo of a mountain peak may appear on the radar as a peninsula or small island.

Target material and reflected echo

Generally , steel objects return a very strong echo, and reefs and water return a weak echo. The weakest echoes come from wood and fiberglass objects. In summary, non-metallic objects and flat or conical objects are not good radar targets.

Figure 2-2 Range resolution

2–1

2.3 Bearing Resolution

Own ship

Target

True echo

Multiple echo

Bearing resolution is a measure of the capability of a radar to display as separate targets the echoes received from two targets which are at the same range

and are close together.

The principal factor which affects bearing resolution is horizontal beamwidth. T wo targets at the same range must be separated by more than one beamwidth to appear as separate pips.

Target

Radar is able to display two distinct target echoes.

Indirect

path

Direct

path

Scanner

Target

Direct path

Own ship

Target

Indirect path

Obstruction (mast, funnel, etc.)

Heading marker

Indirect echo

Heading marker

True echo

Horizontal beamwidth

Direction of scanner rotation

Target

Horizontal beamwidth

Direction of scanner rotation

Radar cannot display targets as separateechoes because they are within the beamwidth.

Figure 2-3 Bearing resolution

2.4 False Echoes

Indirect echoes

Indirect echoes may be returned from either a passing ship or returned from a reflecting surface on your own ship, for example, a stack. In both cases, the echo will return from a legitimate contact to the antenna by the same indirect path. The echo will appear on the same bearing of the reflected surface, but at the same range as the direct echo. Figure 2-4 illustrates the effect of an indirect echo. Indirect echoes may be recognized as follows: (1) they usually occur in a shadow sector; (2) they appear on the bearing of the obstruction but at the range of the legitimate contact; (3) when plotted, their movements are usually abnormal, and (4) their shapes may indicate they are not direct echoes.

True echo

Bridge

Indirect

echo

Figure 2-4 Indirect echoes

Multiple echoes

Multiple echoes occur when a short range, strong echo is received from a ship, bridge, or breakwater. A second, a third or more echoes may be observed on the display at double, triple or other multiples of the actual range of the target as shown in Figure 2-5. Multiple echoes can be reduced and often removed by decreasing the sensitivity or properly adjusting the A/C SEA.

Figure 2-5 Multiple echoes

2–2

Side-lobe echoes

)

2.5 Minimum and Maximum

Small amounts of rf radiation on each side of the main beam are called “side-lobes.” If a target exists where it can be detected by the side-lobes as well as the main-lobe, the side-lobe echoes may be represented on both sides of the true echo at the same range, as shown in Figure 2-6.

Side-lobes show usually only at short ranges and from strong targets. They can be reduced through careful reduction of the sensitivity or proper adjustment of the A/C SEA.

Main-lobe

Side-lobe

Spurious

target

Scanner

True echo

Figure 2-6 Side-lobe echoes

Blind and shadow sectors

Funnels, stacks, masts, or derricks in the path of antenna may reduce the intensity of the radar beam. Within the blind sector small tar gets at close range may not be detected while larger targets at much greater ranges may be detected. See Figure 2-7.

Vessel taller than wharf

Wharf

Mast, etc. in path of radar beam

Ranges

Minimum range

The minimum range is defined by the shortest distance at which, using a scale of 1.5 or 0.75 nm, a target having an echoing area of 10 m2 is still shown separate from the point representing the antenna position.

It is mainly dependent on the pulselength, antenna height, and signal processing such as main bang suppression and digital quantization. It is a good practice to use a shorter range scale as far as it gives favorable definition or clarity of picture. The IMO Resolution A. 477 (XII) and IEC 936 require the minimum range to be less than 50 m. All FURUNO radars satisfy this requirement.

Maximum range

The maximum detecting range of the radar, Rmax, varies considerably depending on several factors such as the height of the antenna above the waterline, the height of the target above the sea, the size, shape and material of the target, and the atmospheric conditions.

Under normal atmospheric conditions, the maximum range is equal to the radar horizon or a little shorter. The radar horizon is longer than the optical one by about 6% because of the diffraction property of the radar signal. The Rmax is given in the following equation.

= 2.2 x (h1 + h2

max

where Rmax: radar horizon (nautical miles)

h1: antenna height (m) h2: target height (m)

Wharf

Blind sector (no echo)

Size of blind sector depends on target size and range.

Figure 2-7 Blind and shadow sectors

Radar horizon

Optical horizon

For example, if the height of the antenna above the waterline is 9 meters and the height of the target is 16 meters, the maximum radar range is;

= 2.2 x (9 + 16 ) = 2.2 x (3 + 4) = 15.4 nm

max

2–3

2.6 Locating a Ship or Survival Craft in Distress by SART

SART background

The SART is required on vessels of 300 GT and above by the 1974 SOLAS Convention as amended in 1988 (GMDSS). Performance standard is specified in IMO Resolution A.697 (17).

SART activating conditions

The SART should operate correctly when interrogated at a distance of up to at least five miles by a navigational radar complying with resolutions A.477(XII) and A.422(VII) and IEC 936, with an antenna height of 15 meters. (It should also operate correctly when interrogated at a distance of up to 30 miles by an airborne radar with at least 10 kW peak output power at a height of 3,000 feet.)

The length of a SART mark depends on the radar’s receiver bandwidth and sensitivity . For the bandwidth of 12 MHz, the length is 45 meters approximately and for the bandwidth of 3 MHz (usually on the 6 mile range or larger), 12 meters approximately .

How to show SART marks on the display

Detune the radar receiver manually by turning the TUNE control out of best tuning condition. This erases or weakens all normal radar echoes; but, the SART marks are not erased because the SAR T response signal scans over all frequencies in the 9 GHz band. When the radar approaches the SAR T in operation, the SART marks will enlarge to large arcs, blurring a large part of the screen. Reduce the sensitivity and adjust the sea clutter control of the radar.

Summary to detect SART responses

How SART works

Upon receiving a radar signal from a rescue party , the SART automatically transmits a series of twelve frequency sweeps at a frequency between 9200 (+0/-60 MHz) and 9500 MHz (-0/+60 MHz). The radar will represent twelve SART marks during one sweep cycle on the screen. See the Figure 2-8.

Screen A: When SART is distant

Radar antenna beamwidt h

Position of

SART

9500 MHz 9200 MHz

SART mark length

Sweep time

7.5 µs

100 µs

Screen B: When SART is close

Radar receiver bandwidth

Figure 2-8 Appearance of

SART marks on the radar display

1) Use range scale of 6 or 12 nm as the spacing between the SART responses is about 0.6 nm (1125 m) to distinguish the SART

2) Turn off the automatic clutter suppression.

3) Turn off the Interference Rejector.

4) Turn off the Echo Average.

General remarks On receiving SART

1 Radar range scale

When looking for a SAR T, it is preferable to use a range scale between 6 and 12 nautical miles. This is because the spacing between the SART responses is about 0.6 nautical miles (1125 m) and it is necessary to see a number of responses to distinguish the SART from other responses.

2 SART range errors

There are inherent delays in the SAR T responses as the SART has a trigger delay and may also have to sweep through the whole radar band before reaching the frequency of the search radar. At medium ranges of about 6 nautical miles the range delay may be between about 150 meters and 0.6 nautical mile beyond the SAR T position.

2–4

As the SART is approached the radar will normally detect the initial fast sweep of the SART so that the double dots will appear. The range delay of the first dot should be no more than 150 meters beyond the SART position.

7 Anti-clutter sea control

For optimum range SART detection, this control should be set to the minimum. Care should be exercised as target in sea clutter may be obscured.

3 Radar bandwidth

This is normally matched to the radar pulselength and is usually switched with the range scale and the associated pulselength. Narrow bandwidths of 3-5 MHz are used with long pulses on long range and wide bandwidths of 10-25 MHz with short pulses on short ranges.

Any radar bandwidth of less than 5 MHz will attenuate the SART signal slightly, so it is preferable to use a medium bandwidth to ensure optimum detection of the SART. The Radar Operating Manual should be consulted about the particular radar parameters and bandwidth selection.

4 Radar side lobes

As the SART is approached, side lobes from the radar antenna may show the SART responses as a series of arcs or concentric ring. These can be removed by the use of the anti-clutter sea control although it may be operationally useful to observe the side lobes as these will confirm that the SART is near to the ship.

Some sets have automatic/manual anti-clutter sea control facilities in which cases the operator should switch to manual.

8 8

8 Anti-clutter rain contr ol

8 8

This should not be used when trying to detect SARTs as the SART responses may be removed by this control.

Some sets have automatic/manual anti-clutter rain control facilities in which case the operator should switch to manual.

This information was created by CIRM and reviewed at NAV 39 and circulated as ANNEX 8 NAV 39/WP.2/Add.1.

5 Detuning the radar

To increase the visibility of the SART in clutter conditions, the radar may be detuned to reduce the clutter without reducing the SART response. Radar with automatic frequency control may not permit manual detune of the equipment. Care should be taken in operating the radar detuned as other wanted navigational and anti-collision information may be removed. The tuning should be returned to normal operation as soon as possible.

6 Gain

For maximum range SART detection the normal maximum gain should be used.

2–5

This page is intentionally left blank .

Chapter 3 MAINTENANCE

This equipment contains high voltages which can endanger human life at several internal circuits including a cathode ray tube (CRT) which uses several thousands volts. Any internal adjustment, servicing and repair shall only be performed by qualified service personnel totally familiar with electrical circuits and servicing of the equipment. A residual charge remains in capacitors and other devices several minutes after turning off the power. It is therefore essential to wait at least 3 minutes to allow residual charge to subside before accessing the inside of the equipment. Special care must be taken when approaching the following parts:

Danger!-Electrical Shock Hazard

• Power supply circuit (Display unit)

• CRT circuit (Display unit)

• Modulator circuit and magnetron (Antenna unit )

• Motor drive circuit (Antenna unit)

When Working on the Antenna Unit

W ear a safety belt and a hard hat when working on the antenna unit. Always make sure that the radar is POWERED OFF and the Antenna Switch in the display unit is OFF before working on the antenna unit. Also take all steps to ensure that the radar will not be accidentally operated by someone else, to prevent the potential risk of being struck by the rotating antenna and exposure to RF radiation hazards.

Periodic checks and maintenance are important for proper operation of any electronic systems. This chapter contains maintenance instructions to be followed to obtain optimum performance and the longest possible life of the equipment.

3 - 1

3.1 Periodic Maintenance Schedule

Interval Checkpoint Checkmeasures Remarks Weekly Displayunit Periodicallycleantheexteriorof

displayunitusingdrysoftclean.Use ofcommerciallyavailableCRTcleaner (spray)havingantistaticeffectis recommended.

3to6 months

6months toone year

Exposednuts andboltson antennaunit

Antennaradiator Checkfordirtandcracksonradiator

Terminalstrips andplugsin antennaunit

CRTand surrounding components

Terminalstrips, sockets,earth terminal

Checkforcorrodedorloosenednuts andbolts,Ifnecessary,cleanand repaintthemthickly.Replacethemif heavilycorroded.

surface.Thickdirtshouldbewipedoff withsoftclothdampenedwithfresh water.Ifacrackisfound,applya slightamountofsealingcompoundor adhesiveasatemporaryremedy,then callforrepair.  Openantennacovertocheckterminal stripandplugconnectionsinside.Also checktherubbergasketofantenna coversfordeterioration. HighvoltageatCRTandsurrounding componentsattractdustin environmentwhichwillcausepoor insulation.AskyournearestFURUNO representativeordealertoclean internalhigh-voltagecomponents.

Checkforlooseconnections.Check contactsandplugsforproperseating, etc.

CRTscreenproducesstaticcharge whichwouldattractdust.DONOT usestrongsolventlikepaintthinner orabrasivecleanersforcleaning. DustanddirtonCRTcreates symptomssimilartopoorsensitivity. Sealingcompoundmaybeused- Insteadofpaint.Applyasmall amountofgreasebetweennutsand boltsforeasyremovalinfuture. Donotuseplasticsolvent(acetone) forcleaning.Ifyouneedtoremove icefromantennaunit,useawooden hammerorplastic.Crackontheunit maycausewateringress,causing seriousdamagestointernalcircuits.

Whenclosingantennacoversin position,becarefulnottocatchloose wiresbetweencoversandunit.

IfCRTanoderubbercaporwire sheathiscracked,askyourdealerto replaceit.Waitforatleast3minutes untilhighvoltagecomponents(CRT andHVcapacitors)dischargetheir residualchargesbeforeaccessing them. 

3.2 Life Expectancy of Major Parts

Parts  Type Lifeexpectancy Remarks Antennamotor D8G-516(24rpm)

D8G-570(36rpm)

Magnetron MAF1422B(6kW)

MAF1425B(10kW) 9M752/M5187F(25kW)

3-2

Gearmorethan10,000 hours 2,000-3,000hours 

Windload100knots

Chapter 4 TROUBLESHOOTING

Danger!-Electrical Shock Hazard

• Power supply circuit (Display unit and separate power supply units)

• CRT circuit (Display unit)

• Modulator circuit and magnetron (Antenna unit or separate transceiver unit)

• Motor drive circuit (Antenna unit)

When Working on the Antenna Unit

4.1 Simple Troubleshooting

This paragraph describes how to cure operational problems, by observing the radar picture and using operator controls and touchpad keys without opening the display unit, antenna unit or other equipment units.

The table below shows user-level troubleshooting procedures.

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4-1

4.2 Advanced-level

Serviceman qualification

T roubleshooting

This paragraph describes how to cure hardware and software troubles which should be carried out by qualified service personnel.

Note: This radar equipment contains complex

modules in which fault diagnosis and repair down to component level are not practicable by users.

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rotom

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draoBUPS.3

All adjustments of radio transmitter during or coinciding with the installation, servicing, or maintenance which may affect the proper operation must be performed by or under the immediate supervision and responsibility of a person holding an operator certificate containing a ship radar endorsement.

This is what the U.S. Codes of Federal Regulations part 80.169 implies (not exact extract).

As such, every administration sets forth its own rule; service personnel must be aware of this kind of competency requirements.

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4–2

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skraM.muminimtates

tubraeppasdnegeldna

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dnasdnegel,skraM ontubraeppaesion

noissimsnarT(.ohce

nwognitneserper,kael

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4–3

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4–4

4.3 Diagnostic Test

A diagnostic test is provided to enable testing of major circuit boards in the radar display unit.

Proceed as follows to execute the diagnostic test:

1) Press the MENU key.

2) Select the INITIAL menu and press the ENTER/SELECT key.

3) Select TEST and press the ENTER/SELECT key.

ROM 1 035909910x OK ROM 2 035910010x OK RAM 1 OK RAM 2 OK ON TIME 000001.2 TX TIME 000000.3 ANT ROT 20.5RPM TX TRIGGER 2065Hz VIDEO LEVEL 3.0V

x = Version level

4) To display a test pattern, press the ENTER/SELECT key . You can return to the main diagnostic test screen by pressing the ENTER/SELECT key again.

Figure 4-2 Diagnostic test, test pattern

5) To return to the normal radar display, press the MENU key.

ARP-15 data appears if ARP-15 is provided.

Figure 4-1 Diagnostic test screen

The diagnostic test is executed and the screen shows test results. Sample test results are shown in Figure 4-1.

Small squares displayed to the right of the test results screen are for testing the controls and keys on the control panel. As you operate the controls and keys, corresponding squares are highlighted, indicating your control/key operations are properly recognized.

4–5

This page is intentionally left blank .

Chapter 5

This equipment uses high voltage electricity which can shock, burn or cause death.

Only qualified personnel should work inside the enclosures.

DANGER

LOCATION OF PARTS

5.1 Antenna Unit

Reed switch

BEARING SIGNAL GENERATOR Board MP-3795

N photo No. 639

Antenna motor 24 rpm: D8G-516 36 rpm: D8G-570

Figure 5-1 Antenna unit (all models), cover opened

5 - 1

5.2 RF Transceiver Unit

RU-5072

or RU-9253

N photo No. 3190

Pulse Transformer

IF Amplifier

MIC

Limiter S-LX5B or RU-9099

Figure 5-2 RF transceiver unit (FR-8251)

RT-4037

Circulator RU-3686

MODULATOR TRIGGER Board (RFC-9163)

Magnetron M5187F or 9M752

5–2

N photo No. 3191

MODULATOR Board MD-5145

Figure 5-3 RF transceiver unit (FR-8251), bottom view, cover removed

Circulator

RU-3686

N photo No. 3194

IF Amplifier

Limiter S-LX20

MIC RU-8014S or RU-9254

Figure 5-4 RF transceiver unit (FR-8051/8111)

MODULATOR Board MD-9162

Magnetron FR-8051: MAF1422B

FR-8111: MAF1425B

N photo No. 3195

Pulse Transformer RT-4427-1

Figure 5-5 RF transceiver unit (FR-8051/8111), bottom view, cover removed

5 - 3

5.3 Display Unit (common to all models)

SPU Board (03P9159)

N photo No. 3224

Figure 5-6 Display unit, top view

CRT Assy. (1/2) JM-12FU

Power section (PTU-9149)

5–4

N photo No. 3225

CRT Assy. (2/2) JM-12FU

Figure 5-7 Display unit, top view

TX-HV Board

CAUTION

High voltage is present at the potentiometers for adjustment of the picture.

Use a screwdriver having a nonmetallic shank to adjust those potentiometers.

WARNING

(HV-9017)

From left; H.HOLD (VR202), H.POSITION (VR201), V.SIZE (VR402), V.LINEARITY (VR403), V.HOLD (VR401)

From top; SUB-BRIGHTNESS (VR205), BRIGHTNESS (VR204), CONTRAST (VR101)

FOCUS (VR203)

N photo No. 3227

Power section

(PTU-9149)

H.SIZE (L204)

Figure 5-8 Display unit, right side view

N photo No. 3226

Figure 5-9 Display unit, left side view

5–5

This page is intentionally left blank .

Appendix A DESCRIPTION OF OPTIONAL EQUIPMENT

This appendix provides a brief description of optional equipment which can be connected to the FR-8051/8111/8251. For more detailed information, see the respective operator’s manual.

Transmitter

performance

Range to innermost

arc 12 nm 0 dB 4 0 dB 9 nm 3 dB 3 3 dB 6 nm 6 dB 2 6 dB 3 nm or

less or none

Loss No. of

10 dB 1 9 dB

Receiver

performance

Loss

arcs

A.1 Performance Monitor

A performance monitor is required for a radar installed on vessels of 300 GT and upward engaged in international voyages. For X-band radars, the FURUNO PM-30 satisfies the requirement covering 9410 ±50 MHz.

The performance monitor is an independent unit, namely, it is not interconnected with any unit of the radar system except for the 100 VAC power cable. In some radars the power cable is not routed via the power switch or other control of the radar and the monitor is operated as completely a separate device.

Operating a performance monitor

Transmit the radar on the 24 nm range scale and select a long pulse. The radar screen will show several arcs, opposite to the heading marker (provided that the performance monitor is installed behind the radar antenna as is normally the case.) If the radar transmitter and receiver are in good working conditions inasmuch as the original state when the monitor was tuned, the innermost arc should appear at 12 nm and there should be a total of 4 arcs.

Display Meaning

TRANSMITTER: normal RECEIVER: normal

12 nm

TRANSMITTER: 3 db loss (Transmitter system has lost half of initial power.

9 nm

Suspect magnetron and feeder system.) RECEIVER: normal

TRANSMITTER: 3 db loss (Transmitter system has lost half of initial power. Suspect magnetron and feeder system.) RECEIVER: 3 db loss (Receiver has lost half of normal sensitivity. Suspect receiver front end, water leakage in feeder system, etc.

0 12 dB

The range of the innermost arc reduces 3 nm with every 3 dB loss of transmitted power. The receiver sensitivity can be evaluated from the number of visible arcs; one arc is lost every 3 dB deterioration of the sensitivity.

A–1

A.2 Auto Plotter ARP-15

The Auto Plotter ARP-15 is an optional circuit board which is accommodated in the display unit of the radar.

The Auto Plotter can acquire radar tar gets manually and tracks them. An internal microprocessor calculates target data such as speeds and courses, and this information is displayed in alphanumerics and by vectors.

A.3 Video Plotter RP-15

The V ideo Plotter RP-15 is optional circuit board which is accommodated in the display unit of the radar.

With the RP-15 you can enter navigation lines or reference lines with as many segments and vertexes as required (maximum 25 lines and 30 vertexes per line).

An optional memory card enables you to display a digital chart on the radar screen, either along or superimposed on the radar picture.

A.4 Fluxgate Heading Sensor C-2000

The Fluxgate Heading Sensor C-2000 converts magnetic bearing to a bearing signal and outputs it to the radar in AD-100 format.

A–2

Furuno FR-8111, FR-8251 User Manual

Specifications and Main Features

Frequently Asked Questions

User Manual

SAFETY INFORMATION

WARNING

TABLE OF CONTENTS

FOREWORD

Features

A Word to FR-8051/8111/8251 Owners

CONFIGURATION OF FR-8051/811 1/8251

SPECIFICATIONS

EQUIPMENT LISTS

CATEGORIZATION BY SPECIFICATION

Chapter 1 OPERATION

Control Description

Display Indications

1.1 Turning the Radar On/Off

1.3 Selecting Range

1.2 Transmitting, Stand-by

1.4 Presentation Mode

1.5 Menu Overview

1.6 Tuning the Receiver

1.7 Adjusting Sensitivity

1.8 Adjusting Picture Brilliance

1.11 Suppressing Sea Clutter

1.13 The Heading and North Markers

1.12 Suppressing Rain Clutter

1.14 Measuring the Range

1.15 Measuring Bearing

1.18 Index Lines

1.19 Off-centering the Picture

1.20 Zoom

1.21 Inscribing Marks on the Display

1.22 The FUNCTION key

1.23 Own Ship Speed

1.25 Interference Rejector

1.26 Echo T rails

1.27 Electronic Plotting (E-plot)

1.29 Watch Alarm

1.30 Echo Average

1.32 Echo Stretch

1.33 Noise Rejection

1.34 Selecting Pulselength

1.36 Outputting Cursor Position (TLL data)

1.35 Waypoint Display

1.38 Sector Blanking

2.1 Radar Picture, Target Properties and Radar Pulse

2.2 Range Resolution

2.3 Bearing Resolution

2.4 False Echoes

2.6 Locating a Ship or Survival Craft in Distress by SART

Chapter 3 MAINTENANCE

3.1 Periodic Maintenance Schedule

3.2 Life Expectancy of Major Parts

Chapter 4 TROUBLESHOOTING

4.1 Simple Troubleshooting

4.3 Diagnostic Test

5.1 Antenna Unit

5.2 RF Transceiver Unit

5.3 Display Unit (common to all models)

Appendix A DESCRIPTION OF OPTIONAL EQUIPMENT

A.1 Performance Monitor

A.2 Auto Plotter ARP-15

A.3 Video Plotter RP-15

A.4 Fluxgate Heading Sensor C-2000