EXFO AXS-100 User Manual

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AXS-100 Series

OTDR

User Guide

Page 2

Copyright © 2007–2010 EXFO Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form, be it electronically, mechanically, or by any other means such as photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of EXFO Inc. (EXFO).

Information provided by EXFO is believed to be accurate and reliable. However, no responsibility is assumed by EXFO for its use nor for any infringements of patents or other rights of third parties that may result from its use. No license is granted by implication or otherwise under any patent rights of EXFO.

EXFO’s Commerce And Government Entities (CAGE) code under the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) is 0L8C3.

The information contained in this publication is subject to change without notice.

Trademarks

EXFO’s trademarks have been identified as such. However, the presence or absence of such identification does not affect the legal status of any trademark.

Units of Measurement

Units of measurement in this publication conform to SI standards and practices.

Patents

EXFO’s Universal Interface is protected by US patent 6,612,750.

Version number: 8.0.1

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Contents

Certification Information ......................................................................................................vii

1 Introducing the AXS-100 Series OTDR ......................................................... 1

Main Features .........................................................................................................................1

Power Sources ........................................................................................................................5

Typical Applications ................................................................................................................5

OTDR Basic Principles ..............................................................................................................6

Conventions ............................................................................................................................8

2 Safety Information ....................................................................................... 9

Laser Safety Information (Units without VFL) ..........................................................................9

Laser Safety Information (Units with VFL) .............................................................................10

Electrical Safety Information .................................................................................................10

3 Getting Started with Your OTDR ............................................................... 11

Turning the Unit On and Off .................................................................................................11

Using Menus and Keypad .....................................................................................................13

4 Customizing Your OTDR ............................................................................. 15

Selecting the Distance Units .................................................................................................15

Selecting the Language of Operation ...................................................................................16

Setting the Date and Time ....................................................................................................17

Adjusting the Brightness .......................................................................................................18

Selecting a Printer .................................................................................................................19

Configuring the Power Management Settings ......................................................................20

5 Setting Up Your OTDR ................................................................................ 21

Installing the EXFO Universal Interface (EUI) .........................................................................21

Cleaning and Connecting Optical Fibers ...............................................................................22

Setting General OTDR Parameters .........................................................................................24

Setting the Acquisition Parameters .......................................................................................26

Setting Analysis Parameters ..................................................................................................29

Setting Pass/Fail Thresholds ..................................................................................................31

Setting Macrobend Parameters .............................................................................................33

Setting Storage Parameters ..................................................................................................35

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Contents

6 Testing Fibers ..............................................................................................37

Testing in Auto Mode ...........................................................................................................38

Testing in Fault Finder Mode ................................................................................................42

Testing in Manual (Advanced) Mode .....................................................................................44

Monitoring Fiber in Real Time Mode .....................................................................................47

Launch Conditions for Multimode Measurements ................................................................50

7 Managing Test Results ................................................................................53

Summary Pane ......................................................................................................................53

Events Pane ..........................................................................................................................54

Trace Pane .............................................................................................................................55

Trace Info. Pane ....................................................................................................................56

Using Markers .......................................................................................................................58

Using Zoom Controls ............................................................................................................59

Printing Test Results ..............................................................................................................62

Opening Trace Files ...............................................................................................................63

Saving Files ...........................................................................................................................64

Checking Available Memory ..................................................................................................65

Creating Folders ....................................................................................................................66

Copying, Renaming, or Deleting Files and Folders ................................................................67

Transferring Results to a Computer .......................................................................................70

8 Using Your OTDR as a Light Source ............................................................75

Activating/Deactivating a Light Source .................................................................................76

Modulating the Source Signal ..............................................................................................77

9 Measuring Power or Loss ...........................................................................79

Defining the List of Favorite Wavelengths .............................................................................80

Setting a Power Correction Factor ........................................................................................81

Reverting to Factory Settings ................................................................................................82

Nulling Offsets ......................................................................................................................83

Referencing Your Power Meter to a Source ...........................................................................84

Measuring Power or Loss ......................................................................................................86

10 Identifying Fiber Faults Visually ................................................................89

11 Inspecting Fibers with the FIP ....................................................................91

Adjusting Brightness and Contrast for the FIP ......................................................................92

Setting Storage Parameters for Images .................................................................................93

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Contents

12 Testing Network Connections ................................................................... 95

Performing a Ping Test ..........................................................................................................95

Performing a Trace Route Test ...............................................................................................97

Setting Storage Parameters for Ping Tests .............................................................................98

Setting Storage Parameters for Trace Route Tests .................................................................99

13 Maintenance ............................................................................................. 101

Cleaning EUI Connectors ....................................................................................................102

Cleaning Detector Ports ......................................................................................................104

Recharging Main Batteries ..................................................................................................105

Replacing Batteries .............................................................................................................106

Recalibrating the Unit .........................................................................................................107

Upgrading the AXS-100 Series OTDR Software ...................................................................108

Recycling and Disposal (Applies to European Union Only) ..................................................110

14 Troubleshooting ....................................................................................... 111

Solving Common Problems .................................................................................................111

Obtaining Online Help ........................................................................................................115

Contacting the Technical Support Group ............................................................................116

Transportation ....................................................................................................................117

15 Warranty ................................................................................................... 119

General Information ...........................................................................................................119

Liability ...............................................................................................................................120

Exclusions ...........................................................................................................................121

Certification ........................................................................................................................121

Service and Repairs .............................................................................................................122

EXFO Service Centers Worldwide ........................................................................................123

A Technical Specifications ........................................................................... 125

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Contents

B Description of Event Types ......................................................................127

Span Start ..........................................................................................................................127

Span End ...........................................................................................................................127

Continuous Fiber ...............................................................................................................128

End of Analysis ..................................................................................................................129

Non-Reflective Event ..........................................................................................................130

Positive Event .....................................................................................................................131

Launch Level ......................................................................................................................132

Fiber Section ......................................................................................................................133

Reflective Event (Possible Echo) .........................................................................................134

Echo ..................................................................................................................................135

Merged Reflective Event ....................................................................................................136

Reflective Event .................................................................................................................138

Index ...............................................................................................................139

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Certification Information

F.C.C. Information

Electronic test equipment is exempt from Part 15 compliance (FCC) in the United States. However, compliance verification tests are systematically performed on most EXFO equipment.

 Information

Electronic test equipment is subject to the EMC Directive in the European Union. The EN61326 standard prescribes both emission and immunity requirements for laboratory, measurement, and control equipment. This unit has undergone extensive testing according to the European Union Directive and Standards.

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Certification Information

Application of Council Directives: 2006/95/EC - The Low Voltage Directive 2004/108/EC - The EMC Directive 2006/66/EC - The Battery Directive

And their amendments Manufacturer’s Name: EXFO Inc. Manufacturer’s Address: 400 Godin Avenue Quebec, Quebec Canada, G1M 2K2 Equipment Type/Environment: Test & Measurement / Industrial

Trade Name/Model No.: Handheld OTDR Series/ AXS-(100/110)

Standard(s) to which Conformity is Declared:

EN 61010-1:2001 Edition 2.0 Safety Requirements for Electrical Equipment for Measurement,

EN 61326-1:2006 Electrical Equipment for Measurement, Control and Laboratory

EN 60825-1:2007 Edition 2.0 Safety of laser products – Part 1: Equipment classification and

EN 55022: 2006 + A1: 2007 Information technology equipment — Radio disturbance

I, the undersigned, hereby declare that the equipment specified above conforms to the above Directives and Standards.

DECLARATION OF CONFORMIT

93/68/EEC - CE Marking

Control, and Laboratory Use – Part 1: General Requirements.

Use - EMC Requirements

requirements

characteristics — Limits and methods of measurement

Manufacturer

Signature:

Full Name: Stephen Bull, E. Eng

Position: Vice-President Research and

Address: 400 Godin Avenue, Quebec (Quebec),

Date: January 9, 2009

Development

Canada, G1M 2K2

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1 Introducing the AXS-100

Series OTDR

The AXS-100 Series OTDR is a compact handheld OTDR optimized for access/FTTx network testing. The unit can be equipped with optional power meter, visual fault locator (VFL), and fiber inspection probe.

Main Features

³ Test can be started by pressing a single key

³ Possible to test with acquisition duration as short as 5 seconds

³ One or two OTDR ports (singlemode, multimode, or singlemode live)

³ Screen optimized for outdoor use

³ USB ports (host and client)

³ FTTx software package (optional): macrobend, fault finder, and

pass/fail indicators

³ Network testing (ping and trace route)

Shoulder strap eyelet

RJ-45 connector

AC adapter/charger connector

Battery charge

status LEDs (one per battery)

Stand

OTDR 1

Display

Keypad

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Introducing the AXS-100 Series OTDR

Main Features

Visual fault locator port

and soft cap

Singlemode OTDR port

Infrared port (for printer)

On some models only:

Singlemode live port for

in-service testing

Multimode OTDR port

(for data transfer using memory drive)

(for data transfer via ActiveSync)

Power meter detector port

Inspection probe

connector

USB host port

USB client port

Note: Ports and connectors on your unit may differ from the illustration.

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Introducing the AXS-100 Series OTDR

Other test utilities:

³ Visual fault locator to inspect or identify fibers (optional)

³ Video fiber inspection probe (optional)

³ Power meter (optional)

Safety label and serial number (under the stand)

Quick reference labels

Battery compartment (two rechargeable batteries)

Main Features

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Introducing the AXS-100 Series OTDR

Main Features

Other useful characteristics:

³ Customizable test thresholds with visual pass/fail analysis

³ Memory for 500 OTDR traces and possible data transfer to a computer

³ Energy-saving features: automatic backlight or unit shutdown

³ Multilingual graphical user interface

³ Comprehensive online help available from each function and Quick

Reference labels affixed to back of unit

³ Data post-processing: You can install the OTDR Viewer software

(provided on the installation CD) on a computer to view and analyze OTDR traces. You can access more features such as:

³ customized printout

³ batch printing

³ conversion of traces to many formats such as Telcordia or ASCII.

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Introducing the AXS-100 Series OTDR

Power Sources

The unit operates with the following power sources:

³ AC adapter/charger (connected to standard power outlet—indoor use

only). Compatible car outlet adapter available upon request.

³ Two lithium-ion rechargeable batteries (automatically take over if you

disconnect the AC adapter/charger). Battery recharge is automatic when the AC adapter/charger is connected.

Typical Applications

You can use the OTDR for several applications, such as:

³ Short-link testing

³ Service activation

³ Fault finder

³ Troubleshooting (dark and live fibers)

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Introducing the AXS-100 Series OTDR

OTDR Basic Principles

An OTDR sends short pulses of light into a fiber. Light scattering occurs in the fiber due to discontinuities such as connectors, splices, bends, and faults. An OTDR then detects and analyzes the backscattered signals. The signal strength is measured for specific intervals of time and is used to characterize events.

The OTDR calculates distances as follows:

Distance

where

c = speed of light in a vacuum (2.998 x 10

t = time delay from the launch of the pulse to the reception of the

pulse

n = index of refraction of the fiber under test (as specified by the

manufacturer)

-- -

×=

m/s)

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Introducing the AXS-100 Series OTDR

OTDR Basic Principles

An OTDR uses the effects of Rayleigh scattering and Fresnel reflection to measure the fiber condition, but the Fresnel reflection is tens of thousands of times greater in power level than the backscatter.

³ Rayleigh scattering occurs when a pulse travels down the fiber and

small variations in the material, such as variations and discontinuities in the index of refraction, cause light to be scattered in all directions. However, the phenomenon of small amounts of light being reflected directly back toward the transmitter is called backscattering.

³ Fresnel reflections occur when the light traveling down the fiber

encounters abrupt changes in material density that may occur at connections or breaks where an air gap exists. A very large quantity of light is reflected, as compared with the Rayleigh scattering. The strength of the reflection depends on the degree of change in the index of refraction.

generator

Set of

instructions

Laser

diode

Pulse

Light pulses

Optical coupler

Returned signal

Avalanche

photodetector (APD)

Analog-to-digital

converter (A/D)

Analyzed signal

Microprocessor

Light pulses

OTDR

port

Reflections coming

Display

Fiber

back to the OTDR

When the full trace is displayed, each point represents an average of many sampling points. You will have to zoom to see each point (see Using Zoom Controls on page 59).

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Introducing the AXS-100 Series OTDR

Conventions

Before using the product described in this manual, you should understand the following conventions:

Indicates a potentially hazardous situation which, if not avoided, could result in death or serious injury. Do not proceed unless you understand and meet the required conditions.

Indicates a potentially hazardous situation which, if not avoided, may result in minor or moderate injury. Do not proceed unless you understand and meet the required conditions.

Indicates a potentially hazardous situation which, if not avoided, may result in component damage. Do not proceed unless you understand and meet the required conditions.

WARNING

CAUTION

IMPORTANT

Refers to information about this product you should not overlook.

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2 Safety Information

WARNING

Do not install or terminate fibers while a light source is active. Never look directly into a live fiber and ensure that your eyes are protected at all times.

WARNING

Use of controls, adjustments and procedures for operation and maintenance other than those specified herein may result in hazardous radiation exposure or impair the protection provided by this unit.

Laser Safety Information (Units without VFL)

Your instrument is a Class 1M laser product in compliance with standards IEC 60825-1 and 21 CFR 1040.10. Invisible laser radiation may be encountered at the output port.

The product is safe under reasonably foreseeable conditions of operation but it may be hazardous if you use optics within a diverging or collimated beam. Do not view directly with optical instruments.

Affixed to back (under the stand)

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Safety Information

Laser Safety Information (Units with VFL)

Your instrument is a Class 3R laser product in compliance with standards IEC 60825-1 and 21 CFR 1040.10. It is potentially harmful in direct intrabeam viewing.

The following label(s) indicate that the product contains a Class 3R source:

Affixed to back

(under the stand)

Indicated on

connector panel

Electrical Safety Information

The AC adapter/charger provided with this unit (14.4 W/9 V) is specifically designed to work with your AXS-100 Series OTDR.

WARNING

Use the AC adapter/charger indoors only.

Any other AC adapter/charger or power source (for example, car outlet) must output at least 12 W.

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3 Getting Started with Your

OTDR

Turning the Unit On and Off

When you turn the unit on, you may use it immediately under normal conditions.

When the unit is turned off, it keeps the following parameters in its internal memory:

³ Test parameters

³ User-defined thresholds

³ Regional, LCD, and energy-saving settings

³ Saved test results

IMPORTANT

If you remove batteries (and the AC adapter/charger is disconnected), the unit will turn off without saving the above elements.

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Getting Started with Your OTDR

Turning the Unit On and Off

There are two ways to turn off the AXS-100 Series OTDR

³ Suspend: the next time you turn your unit on, you will quickly return to

your work environment.

³ Shutdown: completely cuts power to the unit; the unit will perform a

complete restart routine the next time you use it. You should perform a shutdown if you do not intend to use your unit for a week or more.

To turn the unit on:

Press . The unit initializes for a few seconds and displays the OTDR Parameters pane.

To enter the suspend mode:

Hold down the key for about two seconds. Release the key as soon as you hear a beep.

To perform a shutdown:

Hold down the key for about five seconds. You will hear a first beep; release the key after you hear a second beep.

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Getting Started with Your OTDR

Using Menus and Keypad

You can access optical tools from the keypad or menu. Menu options may differ depending on your unit configuration.

Status Bar

Utility name (OTDR, File Manager, VFL, etc.)

Tra ce na me

VFL status (on/off)

OTDR status (active/not active)

Battery status and AC adapter/charger status

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Getting Started with Your OTDR

Using Menus and Keypad

To activate the function

displayed directly above

Keypad

To scroll through available functions

To cancel/exit current function

To start (or stop) an acquisition

To adjust brightness (four levels)

To access main features:

1. Press the Menu key.

2. Use the arrows to select a feature and press Enter.

To activate F1/F2 functions:

1. Use the left/right function arrows (on each side of the F1/F2 keys) to

display the desired function or parameter.

2. Press the F1 or F2 key located just below.

To access and modify on-screen parameters:

1. Use the arrows to select an on-screen item (list, check box, etc.).

2. Press Enter to activate or open it.

To enter text or numbers with an on-screen keyboard:

³ Use the left/right function arrows (on each side of the F1/F2 keys) to

move the cursor in the text.

To turn unit on/off

To access the main menu

To move around, select items, and change parameters

To access help about current function

³ Use the up/down and left/right arrows to select a character, and then

press Enter to add it.

³ Press OK (F1 key) to accept the element, and then hide the keyboard.

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4 Customizing Your OTDR

Selecting the Distance Units

There are three distance units available: meters, miles, and kilofeet.

Note: The attenuation values are always expressed in dBs per kilometer.

To select distance units:

1. Press Menu, select Setup > Unit, and then

press Enter.

2. Use the left/right function arrows until you see Regional Settings, and then press F2 to display the pane.

3. Press Enter to open the Distance unit list.

4. With the current distance unit highlighted, use the up/down arrows to

select the desired unit, and then press Enter to activate it.

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Customizing Your OTDR

Selecting the Language of Operation

You may display the user interface in one of the available languages (default is English). If other languages become available in the future, you could access them by replacing the unit software (see Upgrading the AXS-100 Series OTDR Software on page 108). Values are kept in memory when you turn the unit off.

To select a new interface language:

1. Press Menu, select Setup > Unit, and then

press Enter.

2. Use the left/right function arrows until you see Regional Settings, and then display the pane (F1/F2 key).

3. Use the up/down arrows to select the Language list, and then press Enter to open it.

4. With the current language highlighted, use the up/down arrows to select the desired language, and then press Enter to activate it.

Once you have modified the language, you will be prompted to restart your unit.

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Customizing Your OTDR

Setting the Date and Time

When saving results, the unit also saves the corresponding date and time.

You must enter the date according to the year-month-day format and the time according to the 24-hour format.

You can also modify the time zone.

To set the date and time:

1. Press Menu, select Setup > Unit, and then

press Enter.

2. Use the left/right function arrows until you see Regional Settings, and then display the pane (F1/F2 key).

3. Use the arrows to select any of the date or time settings, and then press Enter to display the on-screen keyboard (for details about using keyboards, see Using Menus and Keypad on page 13).

4. Enter the new value and press OK (F1/F2 key).

To modify the time zone:

1. Press Menu, select Setup > Unit, and then

press Enter.

2. Use the left/right function arrows until you see Regional Settings, and then display the pane (F1/F2 key).

3. Use the arrows to select the Time zone list, and then press Enter to open it.

4. With the current time zone highlighted, use the up/down arrows to select the desired time zone, and then press Enter to activate it.

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Customizing Your OTDR

Adjusting the Brightness

To fit your work environment, you may adjust the LCD brightness. Values are kept in memory when you turn the unit off.

To adjust the display brightness:

Press the key repeatedly to switch between brightness levels (0-3-6-9).

1. Press Menu, select Setup > Unit, and then press Enter.

2. If necessary, use the left/right function arrows until you see General, and then display the pane (F1/F2 key).

By default, the Brightness slider is selected.

3. Use the left/right arrows to adjust the brightness level.

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Customizing Your OTDR

Selecting a Printer

To print reports, you must configure the printer first. Your unit supports the Printek 2” printer only and communicates with it via the infrared port located on the top panel.

If you want to print on a network printer or if you want to print other type of reports, you must transfer the desired files on a computer on which ToolBox 6 (or later), FastReporter or OTDR Viewer is installed.

To select a printer:

1. Press Menu, select Setup > Unit, and then

press Enter.

2. If necessary, use the left/right function arrows until you see General, and then display the pane (F1/F2 key).

3. Use the up/down arrows to select the Printer list, and then press Enter to open it.

4. With the current printer highlighted, use the up/down arrows to select the desired printer, and then press Enter to activate it.

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Customizing Your OTDR

Configuring the Power Management Settings

When you do not use the unit for a while, the display may be dimmed to save power.

You can set idle durations for AC adapter/charger and battery operation. The unit goes in suspend mode after the specified duration has expired (see Turning the Unit On and Off on page 11).

Values are kept in memory when you turn the unit off.

Note: When the backlight is dimmed, the unit operation is not interrupted. Press

any key to return to normal operation.

To configure the power management settings:

1. Press Menu, select Setup > Unit, and then

press Enter.

2. Use the left/right function arrows until you see Power, and then display the pane (F1/F2 key).

3. Use the up/down arrows to go to the Tur n off backlight or Turn off unit section.

4. Use the up/down arrows to select the battery or AC adapter/charger duration list, and then press Enter to open the list.

5. With the current duration highlighted, use the up/down arrows to select the desired duration (or Never), and then press Enter to confirm.

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5 Setting Up Your OTDR

Installing the EXFO Universal Interface (EUI)

The EUIfixed baseplate is available for connectors with angled (APC) or non-angled (UPC) polishing. A green border around the baseplate indicates that it is for APC-type connectors.

Green border indicates APC

option

To install an EUI connector adapter onto the EUI baseplate:

1. Hold the EUI connector adapter so the dust cap opens downwards.

Bare metal

(or blue border)

indicates UPC

option

2 3 4

2. Close the dust cap in order to hold the connector adapter more firmly.

3. Insert the connector adapter into the baseplate.

4. While pushing firmly, turn the connector adapter clockwise on the

baseplate to lock it in place.

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Setting Up Your OTDR

Cleaning and Connecting Optical Fibers

To ensure maximum power and to avoid erroneous readings:

³ Always inspect fiber ends and make sure that they are clean as

explained below before inserting them into the port. EXFO is not responsible for damage or errors caused by bad fiber cleaning or handling.

³ Ensure that your patchcord has appropriate connectors. Joining

mismatched connectors will damage the ferrules.

To connect the fiber-optic cable to the port:

1. Inspect the fiber using a fiber inspection microscope. If the fiber is

clean, proceed to connecting it to the port. If the fiber is dirty, clean it as explained below.

2. Clean the fiber ends as follows:

IMPORTANT

2a. Gently wipe the fiber end with a lint-free swab dipped in isopropyl

alcohol.

2b. Use compressed air to dry completely.

2c. Visually inspect the fiber end to ensure its cleanliness.

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Setting Up Your OTDR

Cleaning and Connecting Optical Fibers

3. Carefully align the connector and port to prevent the fiber end from touching the outside of the port or rubbing against other surfaces.

If your connector features a key, ensure that it is fully fitted into the port’s corresponding notch.

4. Push the connector in so that the fiber-optic cable is firmly in place, thus ensuring adequate contact.

If your connector features a screwsleeve, tighten the connector enough to firmly maintain the fiber in place. Do not overtighten, as this will damage the fiber and the port.

Note: If your fiber-optic cable is not properly aligned and/or connected, you will

notice heavy loss and reflection.

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Setting General OTDR Parameters

You can set preferences such as:

³ Grid: You can display or hide the grid appearing on the graph’s

background. By default, the grid is displayed.

³ Zoom and markers: You can display or hide the zoom controls as well

as the markers appearing on the graph.

³ Automatic zoom on fiber span: You can set the trace display to show

only the portion of the trace that is located between the span start and the span end, in full-trace view. By default, this feature is selected.

Even if the application automatically zooms in on the fiber span, you can adjust the zoom manually. You can even zoom in on events located outside the fiber span. For more information on how to use the zoom controls, see Using Zoom Controls on page 59.

³ Reference file: You can enable or disable the selection of a reference

trace. A reference trace is used to compare fibers of a same cable, monitor fiber deterioration, or compare fibers before and after installation. This trace appears in red on the graph.

³ Summary pane (available only with the optional FTTx software

package): By default, the Summary pane is automatically displayed as soon as an acquisition is complete. You can disable this automatic display (you can always access it via the Summary button from the OTDR pane.)

³ Event (fiber) sections: You can display or hide event (fiber) sections in

the Events pane, depending on the types of values you want to view. If you display event sections, the Events pane will include section length and section attenuation.

For example, by hiding the event (fiber) sections, you can obtain the running total of connector and splice losses instead of having a loss value for the entire link. Information on event sections is also available from the Trace pane, in the events table located just below the graph.

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Setting General OTDR Parameters

To set the general OTDR parameters:

1. Press Menu, select Setup > OTDR, and then

press Enter.

2. Display the General pane (F1/F2 key).

3. Use the up/down arrows to highlight the

desired item, and then press Enter to select it.

You can press Enter one more time to clear the boxes.

To revert to the factory-default settings:

1. Press Menu, select Setup > OTDR, and then press Enter.

2. From the General pane, use the arrows to select Default, and then

press Enter to confirm.

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Setting the Acquisition Parameters

You can set parameters such as IOR (group index), backscatter, and helix factor. You can also enable or disable the first connector check.

Setting the IOR, Backscatter, and Helix Factor

Your unit contains default IOR (group index), backscatter, and helix factor values that you can modify if they do not suit your testing needs. You should set the IOR (group index), backscatter, and helix factor before performing tests in order to apply them to all newly acquired traces.

³ The index of refraction (IOR) (also known as group index) is used to

convert time-of-flight to distance. Having the proper IOR is crucial for all OTDR measurements associated with distance (event position, attenuation, total length, etc.). IOR is provided by the cable or fiber manufacturer.

³ The (Rayleigh) backscatter value represents the amount of backscatter

in a particular fiber. The backscatter is used in the calculation of ORL and reflectance, and it can usually be obtained from the cable manufacturer.

³ The helix factor takes into account the difference between the length

of the cable and the length of the fiber inside the cable; it does not vary with wavelengths.

The length of the OTDR distance axis is always equivalent to the physical length of the cable (not the fiber).

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Setting the Acquisition Parameters

To set the IOR, backscatter, and helix factor parameters:

1. Press Menu, select Setup > OTDR, and then

press Enter.

2. Display the Acquisition pane (F1/F2 key).

3. Use the up/down arrows to select the

wavelength box, and then press Enter to open it.

4. Select the wavelength for which you want to modify parameters. Press Enter to confirm your choice.

5. Use the arrows to select any of the settings, and then press Enter to display the on-screen keyboard (for details about using keyboards, see Using Menus and Keypad on page 13).

IMPORTANT

Do not change the default backscatter parameter unless you have values provided by the fiber manufacturer. If you set this parameter incorrectly, your reflectance measurements will be inaccurate.

6. Enter the new value and press OK (F1/F2 key).

As you enter the value, the application indicates the minimum or maximum value allowed.

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Setting the Acquisition Parameters

Enabling or Disabling the First Connector Check

The first connector check feature is used to verify that the fibers are properly connected to the OTDR. It verifies the injection level and the reflectance of the first connector. It displays a message when a unusually high loss or reflectance occur at the first connection.

You enable or disable this feature for all wavelengths at a time.

To enable or disable the first connector check:

1. Press Menu, select Setup > OTDR, and then

press Enter.

2. Display the Acquisition pane (F1/F2 key).

3. Use the up/down arrows to highlight First

connector check, and then press Enter to select it.

You can press Enter one more time to clear the box.

Reverting to Factory-Default Acquisition Settings

You can revert to factory settings at any time. The IOR (group index), backscatter, and helix factor will be reset and the first connector check feature will be disabled.

To revert to factory-default settings:

1. Press Menu, select Setup > OTDR, and then press Enter.

2. From the Acquisition pane, use the arrows to select Default, and then

press Enter.

3. When the application prompts you, answer Yes (F1/F2 key).

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Setting Analysis Parameters

³ To define the actual fiber span start, you can set the launch fiber length.

When you perform tests with your unit, you connect a launch fiber between your unit and the fiber under test. This is why, by default, the fiber span includes the launch fiber.

When you define the length of the launch fiber, the application sets the fiber span start at the beginning of the fiber under test. Therefore, only events related to the defined fiber span will be taken into account. The application will include the loss caused by the span start event in the displayed values. The span start event will also be taken into account when determining the status (pass/fail) of connector loss and reflectance.

The span start becomes event 1 and its distance reference becomes 0. Events excluded from the fiber span are shaded in the event table, and do not appear in the trace display. The cumulative loss is calculated for the defined fiber span only.

³ To optimize event detection, you can set the following detection

thresholds:

³ Splice loss threshold: To display or hide small non-reflective events.

³ Reflectance threshold: To hide false reflective events generated by

noise, transform non-harmful reflective events into loss events, or detect reflective events that could be harmful to network and other fiber-optic equipment.

³ End-of-fiber threshold: To stop the analysis as soon as an important

loss event occurs; for example, an event that could compromise signal transmission down to the end of a network.

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Setting Analysis Parameters

To set analysis parameters:

1. Press Menu, select Setup > OTDR, and then

press Enter.

2. Display the Analysis pane (F1/F2 key).

3. Use the arrows to select any of the settings,

and then press Enter to display the on-screen

keyboard (for details about using keyboards,

see Using Menus and Keypad on page 13).

4. Enter the new value and press OK (F1/F2 key).

As you enter the value, the application indicates the minimum or maximum value allowed.

To revert to the factory-default settings:

1. Press Menu, select Setup > OTDR, and then press Enter.

2. From the Acquisition pane, use the arrows to select Default, and then

press Enter.

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Setting Pass/Fail Thresholds

Note: This function is available only with the optional FTTx software package.

You can enable and set pass/fail threshold parameters for your tests.

You can define thresholds to specify acceptable values (in dB) for splice loss, connector loss, reflectance, span loss and span ORL, and this, for each wavelength.

Each time a measurement exceeds a threshold, the result appears in white on a red background in the Summary pane preceded by the word “FAIL”, also in red. Values appearing in the event table will also be displayed in white on a red background.

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Setting Pass/Fail Thresholds

To set pass/fail thresholds:

1. Press Menu, select Setup > OTDR, and then

press Enter.

2. Use the left/right function arrows until you see Pass/Fail Thresholds, and then display the pane (F1/F2 key).

3. Press Enter to open the wavelength list.

4. Use the up/down arrows to select the desired wavelength. Press Enter

to confirm your choice.

5. Use the up/down arrows to highlight the desired threshold name.

If necessary, press Enter to select the check box. If you clear the check box, the application will not use the threshold.

6. Use the arrows to highlight the threshold value, and then press Enter to display the on-screen keyboard (for details about keyboards, see Using Menus and Keypad on page 13).

7. Set the threshold.

As you enter the value, the application indicates the minimum or maximum value allowed.

8. Press OK (F1/F2 key) to hide the keyboard.

To revert to the factory-default settings:

1. Press Menu, select Setup > OTDR, and then press Enter.

2. From the Pass/Fail Thresholds pane, use the arrows to select Default,

and then press Enter.

3. When the application prompts you, answer Yes (F1/F2 key).

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Setting Macrobend Parameters

Note: This function is available only with the optional FTTx software package.

Your unit can locate macrobends by comparing the loss values measured at a certain location, for a certain wavelength (for example, 1310 nm) with the loss values measured at the corresponding location, but for a greater wavelength (for example, 1550 nm).

The unit will identify a macrobend when comparing two loss values if:

³ Of the two loss values, the greater loss occurred at the greater

wavelength.

AND

³ The difference between the two loss values exceeds the defined delta

loss value. The default delta loss value is 0.5 dB (which is suitable for most fibers) but you can modify it.

You can also disable macrobend detection.

Note: Macrobend detection is only possible with singlemode wavelengths.

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Setting Macrobend Parameters

To set macrobend parameters:

1. Press Menu, select Setup > OTDR, and then

press Enter.

2. Display the Macrobend pane (F1/F2 key).

3. If necessar y, press Enter to select the Display

macrobend check box.

If you clear the check box, the application will not detect macrobends.

4. Press Enter to open the Wavelengths list.

5. Use the up/down arrows to select the desired wavelengths. Press Enter

to confirm your choice.

6. Use the arrows to highlight the Delta (dB) value, and then press Enter to display the on-screen keyboard (for details about keyboards, see Using Menus and Keypad on page 13).

7. Set the delta (loss difference) value.

As you enter the value, the application indicates the minimum or maximum value allowed.

8. Press OK (F1/F2 key) to hide the keyboard.

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Setting Storage Parameters

Each time you save a trace, the unit suggests a file name based on autonaming settings. After saving a result, the unit prepares the next file name by incrementing the suffix.

File names: maximum of 20 characters for prefix and 3 digits for suffix.

By default, traces are saved in native (.trc) format, but you can configure your unit to save them in Bellcore (.sor) format.

Note: If you select the Bellcore (.sor) format, the unit will create one trace file per

wavelength (for example, TRACE001_1310.sor and TRACE001_1550.sor, if you selected both 1310 nm and 1550 nm for your test). The native format contains all wavelengths in a single trace file.

To set the autonaming scheme:

1. Press Menu, select Setup > OTDR, and then press Enter.

2. Use the left/right function arrows until you see Storage, and then

display the pane (F1/F2 key).

3. Use the up/down arrows to select File name prefix or File name suffix.

4. Press Enter to display the on-screen keyboard.

5. Enter the name (prefix) or number (suffix), and then press OK

(F1/F2 key) to hide the keyboard.

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Setting Storage Parameters

To set the file format:

1. Press Menu, select Setup > OTDR, and then press Enter.

2. Use the left/right function arrows until you see Storage, and then

display the pane (F1/F2 key).

3. Use the arrows to select Default file format, and then press Enter to open the list.

4. Use the up/down arrows to select the desired format, and then press Enter to confirm.

To revert to the factory-default for file format and autonaming scheme:

1. Press Menu, select Setup > OTDR, and then press Enter.

2. Use the left/right function arrows until you see Storage, and then

display the pane (F1/F2 key).

3. Use the up/down arrows to select Default, and then press Enter to confirm.

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6Testing Fibers

The OTDR offers different test modes:

³ Auto: sets all test parameters, performs tests at the specified

wavelengths, and provides complete results.

³ Fault finder: rapidly locates fiber ends and displays length of the fiber

under test. This function is available only with the optional FTTx software package.

³ Manual (advanced): offers all the tools you need to perform complete

OTDR tests and measurements manually and gives you control over all test parameters.

³ Real time: enables to view sudden changes in the fiber link. In this

mode, trace is refreshed instead of averaged.

You can start a test from any pane by pressing the F will use the current parameters. You can stop a test by pressing the

ASTRACE key one more time.

Your unit may be equipped with two OTDR ports:

³ OTDR SM port: singlemode port to perform conventional OTDR tests

on dark fibers.

³ OTDR MM port (optional): multimode port to perform conventional

OTDR tests on dark fibers.

³ OTDR SM Live port (optional): singlemode filtered port with

out-of-band wavelength to perform troubleshooting tests on live fibers.

ASTRACE key. The unit

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Testing Fibers

Testing in Auto Mode

The application will automatically evaluate the best settings according to the fiber link currently connected to the unit (in less than 5 seconds).

By default, fiber characteristics are evaluated each time you start a test. This is particularly useful if you often have to test fiber links of different lengths. If you prefer, you can set your unit to keep the same settings (range and pulse) for all acquisitions. This could be useful if you need to test several similar fibers (same length) within the same cable. It is always possible to reset the fiber settings later.

If you intend to test at multimode wavelengths, carefully read Launch Conditions for Multimode Measurements on page 50.

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Testing Fibers

Testing in Auto Mode

To acquire traces in Auto mode:

1. Clean the connectors properly (see Cleaning and Connecting Optical

Fibers on page 22).

2. Connect a launch fiber between the device under test and the OTDR port. If necessary, set the launch fiber length (see Setting Analysis Parameters on page 29).

If your unit is equipped with two OTDR ports, ensure that you connect the fiber to the appropriate port (singlemode, singlemode live, or multimode), depending on the wavelength you intend to use.

CAUTION

Never connect a live fiber to the OTDR port without a proper setup. Any incoming optical power ranging from –65 dBm to –40 dBm will affect the OTDR acquisition. The way the acquisition will be affected depends on the selected pulse width. Any incoming signal greater than –20 dBm could damage your OTDR permanently. For live-fiber testing, refer to the SM Live port specifications for the characteristics of the built-in filter.

3. Press Menu, select OTDR, and then press Enter.

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Testing Fibers

Testing in Auto Mode

4. Use the left/right function arrows until you see Parameters, and then

5. Select the test mode as follows:

6. Select test wavelengths as follows:

7. Select duration of the acquisition as follows:

display the pane (F1/F2 key).

5a. Use the arrows to select the OTDR

mode list, and then press Enter to open

the list.

5b. Use the up/down arrows to select Auto,

and then press Enter to confirm.

6a. If your OTDR supports singlemode, singlemode live, or multimode

wavelengths, under Wavelength, from the list, select the desired fiber type (for live-fiber testing, select SM Live; for C fiber, select 50 μm and for D fiber, select 62.5 μm).

6b. Use the arrows to select the desired wavelengths and press Enter

to confirm each selection.

7a. Use the arrows to select the Duration list, and then press Enter to

open it.

7b. Use the up/down arrows to select the desired duration for the

acquisition, and then press Enter to confirm.

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Testing Fibers

Testing in Auto Mode

8. Specify whether the unit must keep the fiber settings for all acquisitions or not, as follows:

8a. Use the arrows to select the Keep parameters list, and then press

Enter to open it.

8b. If you want the unit to reset the settings for each acquisition,

select No.

If you want the unit to always use the same parameters, select Yes.

8c. Press Enter to confirm.

Note: Even if you configured the unit to keep the parameters, it is possible to reset

the fiber settings by selecting No, and then starting an acquisition. If desired, you can set back the option to Ye s to use the new settings for the next acquisitions.

9. Press F

You can stop the acquisition at any time by pressing F

ASTRACE to start the acquisition.

ASTRACE once

again.

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Testing Fibers

Testing in Fault Finder Mode

Note: This function is available only with the optional FTTx software package.

The application offers you a special testing feature to rapidly locate fiber ends. It also displays the length of the fiber under test.

The unit will determine the more appropriate wavelength (singlemode or multimode, depending on your test configuration). Duration of the acquisition is 45 seconds.

If you intend to test at multimode wavelengths, carefully read Launch Conditions for Multimode Measurements on page 50.

To acquire traces in Fault finder mode:

1. Clean the connectors properly (see Cleaning and Connecting Optical

Fibers on page 22).

2. Connect a launch fiber between the device under test and the OTDR port. If necessary, set the launch fiber length (see Setting Analysis Parameters on page 29).

If your unit is equipped with two OTDR ports, ensure that you connect the fiber to the appropriate port (singlemode, singlemode live, or multimode), depending on the wavelength you intend to use.

CAUTION

3. Press Menu, select OTDR, and then press Enter.

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Testing Fibers

Testing in Fault Finder Mode

4. Use the left/right function arrows until you see Parameters, and then display the pane (F1/F2 key).

5. Select the test mode as follows:

5a. Use the arrows to select the OTDR

mode list, and then press Enter to open it.

5b. Use the up/down arrows to select Fault

finder, and then press Enter to confirm.

6. If your OTDR supports singlemode, singlemode live, or multimode wavelengths, under Wavelength, from the list, select the desired fiber type (for live-fiber testing, select SM Live; for C fiber, select 50 μm and for D fiber, select 62.5 μm).

7. Press F

ASTRACE to start the acquisition.

You can stop the acquisition at any time by pressing F again.

ASTRACE once

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Testing Fibers

Testing in Manual (Advanced) Mode

You can set distance range, pulse, and duration of the acquisition in this mode.

Note: Not all pulse widths are compatible with all wavelengths.

If you intend to test at multimode wavelengths, carefully read Launch Conditions for Multimode Measurements on page 50.

To acquire traces in Manual (Advanced) mode:

1. Clean the connectors properly (see Cleaning and Connecting Optical

Fibers on page 22).

2. Connect a launch fiber between the device under test and the OTDR port. If necessary, set the launch fiber length (see Setting Analysis Parameters on page 29).

If your unit is equipped with two OTDR ports, ensure that you connect the fiber to the appropriate port (singlemode, singlemode live, or multimode), depending on the wavelength you intend to use.

CAUTION

3. Press Menu, select OTDR, and then press Enter.

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Testing Fibers

Testing in Manual (Advanced) Mode

4. Use the left/right function arrows until you see Parameters, and then display the pane (F1/F2 key).

5. Select the test mode as follows:

5a. Use the arrows to select the OTDR

mode list, and then press Enter to open it.

5b. Use the up/down arrows to select

Manual, and then press Enter to confirm.

6. Select test wavelengths as follows:

6a. If your OTDR supports singlemode, singlemode live, or multimode

wavelengths, under Wavelength, from the list, select the desired fiber type (for live-fiber testing, select SM Live; for C fiber, select 50 μm and for D fiber, select 62.5 μm).

6b. Use the arrows to select the desired wavelengths. Press Enter to

confirm each selection.

7. Select range as follows:

7a. Use the arrows to select the Range list, and then press Enter to

open the list.

7b. Use the up/down arrows to select the desired distance range, and

then press Enter to confirm.

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Testing Fibers

Testing in Manual (Advanced) Mode

8. Select pulse as follows:

8a. Use the arrows to select the Pulse list and press Enter to open the

list.

8b. Use the up/down arrows to select the desired pulse, and then

press Enter.

9. Select duration of the acquisition as follows:

9a. Use the arrows to select the Duration list, and then press Enter to

open the list.

9b. Use the up/down arrows to select the desired duration for the

acquisition, and then press Enter to confirm.

10. Press F

ASTRACE to start the acquisition.

You can stop the acquisition at any time by pressing F again.

ASTRACE once

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Testing Fibers

Monitoring Fiber in Real Time Mode

You can monitor fiber at one wavelength at a time. You can also switch from Real time mode to Manual mode at any time.

If you intend to test at multimode wavelengths, carefully read Launch Conditions for Multimode Measurements on page 50.

To monitor fiber in Real time mode:

1. Clean the connectors properly (see Cleaning and Connecting Optical

Fibers on page 22).

2. Connect a launch fiber between the device under test and the OTDR port. If necessary, set the launch fiber length (see Setting Analysis Parameters on page 29).

If your unit is equipped with two OTDR ports, ensure that you connect the fiber to the appropriate port (singlemode, singlemode live, or multimode), depending on the wavelength you intend to use.

CAUTION

3. Press Menu, select OTDR, and then press Enter.

4. Use the left/right function arrows until you see Parameters and display

the pane (F1/F2 key).

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Testing Fibers

Monitoring Fiber in Real Time Mode

5. Select the test mode as follows:

5a. Use the arrows to select the OTDR

mode list and press Enter to open the list.

5b. Use the up/down arrows to select Real

time, and then press Enter to confirm.

6. Select test wavelengths as follows:

6a. If your OTDR supports singlemode, singlemode live, or multimode

wavelengths, under Wavelength, from the list, select the desired fiber type (for live-fiber testing, select SM Live; for C fiber, select 50 μm and for D fiber, select 62.5 μm).

6b. Use the arrows to select the desired wavelength. Press Enter to

select it.

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Testing Fibers

Monitoring Fiber in Real Time Mode

7. Select range as follows:

7a. Use the arrows to select the Range list, and then press Enter to

open the list.

7b. Use the up/down arrows to select the desired distance range, and

then press Enter to confirm.

8. Select pulse as follows:

8a. Use the arrows to select the Pulse list, and then press Enter to

open the list.

8b. Use the up/down arrows to select the desired pulse, and then

press Enter to confirm.

9. Press F

ASTRACE to start the acquisition.

To deactivate the Real time mode:

If you only want to stop monitoring, press F

ASTRACE once again.

If you are ready to start a test, proceed as follows:

1. Press Esc to exit the Trace pane.

2. In the displayed panel, open the OTDR mode list, and then select

Manual.

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Testing Fibers

Launch Conditions for Multimode Measurements

In a multimode fiber network, the attenuation of a signal is highly dependent on the mode distribution (or launch condition) of the source that emits this signal.

In the same way, the attenuation reading performed by any test instrument will also depend on the mode distribution of its light source.

A single light source cannot be conditioned for both 50 μm (50 MMF) and

62.5 μm (62.5 MMF) fibers at the same time:

³ A source conditioned for 50 MMF testing will be under-filled for

62.5 MMF testing.

³ A source conditioned for 62.5 MMF will be overfilled for 50 MMF testing.

TIA/EIA-455-34A (FOTP34, Method A2) is providing a target launch condition that is obtained when using an overfilled source followed by mandrel-wrap mode filter (five close-wound turns around a mandrel tool of a given diameter).

Your unit has been conditioned for 62.5 MMF testing. However, you can also test with 50 MMF fibers.

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Testing Fibers

Launch Conditions for Multimode Measurements

The table on fiber types gives information about tests with the 50 μm and

62.5 μm fibers.

Fiber type Recommended mode filter Remarks

50 μm Perform a five-turn

mandrel-wrap (wrapping the patchcord a minimum of five turns around the mandrel tool) on the patchcord connecting the OTDR to the fiber under test.

As per FOTP-34:

³ For fibers with 3 mm

jacket: use a mandrel tool with a diameter of 25 mm.

³ For fibers without jacket:

use a mandrel tool with a diameter of 22 mm.

62.5 μm No mode filter required. Loss measurements similar to

Nominal launch conditions are overfilled.

Loss measurements can be slightly pessimistic (higher loss) when compared to loss measurements done with a 50 MMF source compliant to FOTP34, Method A2.

those obtained with a power meter and a source that is conditioned according to FOTP34, Method A2.

IMPORTANT

If you test with 50-μm fibers, EXFO recommends that you use a mode filter (mandrel-wrap). Otherwise, you may obtain results with an excess loss value of 0.1 to 0.3 dB.

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7 Managing Test Results

There are many ways to view the results:

³ Summary pane

³ Events pane

³ Tra c e pane

³ Trace Info. (trace information) pane

Summary Pane

This pane is displayed once the test is complete if you selected the corresponding feature (see Setting General OTDR Parameters on page 24). You can also select Summary (F1/F2 keys).

Pass/Fail status of fiber under test Length of fiber under test

Tested wavelengths

You can select an item with the

Information on

detected macrobends

up/down arrows and press Enter to switch to Trace pane.

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Managing Test Results

Events Pane

This pane shows the list of events found during the test.

You can select Events (F1/F2 keys) to display the pane. Values appearing in white on a red background exceed the defined thresholds.

Wavelength of the displayed trace

Use left/right arrows to switch

between the different

Event type (see Description of

Event Types on page 127

wavelengths

You can select an item with up/down arrows and press Enter to

)

switch to Tra ce pane.

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Managing Test Results

Trace Pane

You can select Trace (F1/F2 keys) to display the pane. Reflectance and loss values appear in white on a red background when they exceed the defined thresholds.

Wavelength of the displayed

Events (use up/down

arrows to view them in

turn)

Distance between span start and markers A and B

trace

Relative power at markers A and B (use left/right arrows to move markers)

Loss difference between markers A and B

Distance between markers A and B

Reflectance value

Loss value

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Managing Test Results

Trace Info. Pane

After acquiring a trace, you might want to view details about the acquisition. You can also include information about the tested fiber and job or add comments. This information is saved along with the trace.

Some of the information is common to all wavelengths (location A and B, cable ID and fiber ID). Some other is specific to the current wavelength (job ID, customer and comments).

If you add or delete information from the Trace Info. pane, the common information will be modified for all wavelengths. However, the specific information will be modified for the current wavelength only. You will have to add or delete the information manually for other wavelengths.

After entering the required data, you may save the contents (common and generic information) as a template. The next time you start an acquisition, the template is automatically used for all wavelengths, eliminating repetitive documentation operations.

You can select Trace Info. (F1/F2 keys) to display the pane.

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Managing Test Results

Trace Info. Pane

To document results:

1. Once a trace has been acquired or reopened, press Menu, select

OTDR, and then press Enter.

2. Use the left/right function arrows until you see Trace Info., then display the pane (F1/F2 key).

3. Use the arrows to select the item to modify. Modifiable items are followed by a keyboard icon.

4. Press Enter to display the on-screen keyboard (for details about using keyboards, see Using Menus and Keypad on page 13).

5. Set the name/value, then press OK (F1/F2 key) to hide the keyboard.

6. If you want to save the contents as a template, select Save as

Tem pl at e.

To clear all the information from the editable fields:

Select Clear All (F1/F2 key).

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Managing Test Results

Using Markers

You can use markers (A and B) to view the position and level of an event on a trace.

Note: If you do not see the markers on your unit, they are probably hidden

(see Setting General OTDR Parameters on page 24).

To move a marker:

1. Press Menu, select OTDR, and then press Enter.

2. Use the left/right function arrows until you see Trace, and then display

the pane (F1/F2 key).

3. Use Next Marker (F1/F2 key) to select the marker to move.

4. Use the left and right arrows to move the marker along the trace.

If a marker is moved too close to another, both will move together to ensure a minimum distance between them.

5. When you have finished, use the left/right function arrows until you see Exit, and then close the pane (F1/F2 key).

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Managing Test Results

Using Zoom Controls

As soon as you select one of the zoom controls to change the scale of the graph, a magnifying glass icon appears. When the scale changes, the trace is always centered on the area surrounding the magnifying glass icon.

You can let the unit automatically adjust the zoom on the currently selected event or zoom in on or out of the graph using manual zoom. You can also return to the original graph scale.

Note: If you want the application to automatically zoom on the defined fiber

span, see Setting General OTDR Parameters on page 24.

Note: If you do not see the zoom controls on your unit, they are probably hidden

(see Setting General OTDR Parameters on page 24).

To automatically zoom in on the selected event:

1. Press Menu, select OTDR, and then press Enter.

2. Use the left/right function arrows until you see Trace, and then display

the pane (F1/F2 key).

3. Press Enter to zoom in. Press Enter one more time to go to the second level of zoom.

You can switch between the two levels of zoom by pressing Enter as needed.

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Managing Test Results

Using Zoom Controls

To view specific portions of the graph:

1. Press Menu, select OTDR, and then press Enter.

2. Use the left/right function arrows until you see Trace, and then display

the pane (F1/F2 key).

3. Display the Manual Zoom pane (F1/F2 key).

4. Use the arrows to move the magnifying glass

icon to the area where you want to adjust the zoom.

5. Select the zoom parameters.

³ Press Zoom Mode (F1/F2 key) as many times

as needed to select the desired type of zoom.

Zoom along horizontal axis only

³ Press Zoom +/- (F1/F2 key) to switch from zoom-in to zoom-out mode

Zoom along vertical axis only

Zoom along both axes

and vice versa.

6. Press Enter as many times as needed.

7. When you have finished:

Use the left/right function arrows until you see Exit, then close the pane (F1/F2 key).

Press Esc to close the pane.

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Using Zoom Controls

To revert to the complete graph view:

1. From the Trace pane, use the left/right function arrows until you see

Full Trace.

2. Press Full Trace (F1/F2 key) to revert to complete graph view.

Note: If the Automatic zoom on fiber span feature is selected in the OTDR setup,

the application will zoom in between span start and span end.

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Managing Test Results

Printing Test Results

With a Printek 2” printer, you can print results directly from the AXS-100 Series OTDR.

Note: You cannot print ping or trace route test results from the AXS-100 Series

OTDR.

The unit communicates with the printer through its infrared port.

To print test results:

1. Select the printer (see Selecting a Printer on

page 19).

2. Once a trace has been acquired or reopened, press Menu, select OTDR, and then press Enter.

3. Select Print (F1/F2 key).

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Managing Test Results

Opening Trace Files

You can open a maximum of two files at a time: a main trace and a reference trace (if the corresponding feature is selected).

Your unit can display traces saved in native (.trc) and Bellcore (.sor) formats.

To open trace files:

1. Press Menu, select OTDR, and then press Enter.

2. Use the left/right function arrows until you

see Open, then display the pane (F1/F2 key).

3. If you enabled the reference trace feature (see Setting General OTDR Parameters on page 24), use the up/down arrows to select the selection button corresponding to the desired trace. Press Enter to view the browser.

Note: If desired, press New Folder to create folders (for more information,

see Creating Folders on page 66).

4. Use the up/down arrows to navigate in the list. Use the right arrow to open a folder. Highlight the desired file and press Open (F1/F2 key).

5. If you enabled the reference trace feature, repeat steps 3 and 4 with the other file.

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Saving Files

Each time you save a new file, the unit suggests a file name based on autonaming settings.

³ Trace files: By default, traces are saved in native (.trc) format, but you

can configure your unit to save them in Bellcore (.sor) format.

For more information on storage settings, see Setting Storage Parameters on page 35.

³ Image files: By default, images are saved in .jpg format, but you can

configure your unit to save them in .bmp format.

For more information on storage settings, see Setting Storage Parameters for Images on page 93.

³ Ping files. For information on storage settings, see Setting Storage

Parameters for Ping Tests on page 98.

³ Trace route files. For more information on storage settings, see Setting

Storage Parameters for Trace Route Tests on page 99.

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Managing Test Results

Checking Available Memory

To save files:

1. Use the left/right function arrows until you

see Save, and then display the pane (F1/F2 key).

2. If desired, press New Folder to create folders (for more information, see Creating Folders on page 66).

3. If you want to modify the storage location, proceed as follows:

3a. Press the up arrow to access the file list.

3b. Use the up/down arrows to highlight the desired folder.

3c. Press Enter to transfer the new path to the box at the bottom of

the screen.

4. If you want to modify the file name, press Enter to display the

on-screen keyboard (for details about using keyboards, see Using

Menus and Keypad on page 13).

5. Enter the new name and press OK (F1/F2 key).

The unit will keep the last storage path defined.

Checking Available Memory

You can save up to 500 OTDR traces in the unit’s memory.

To view the available memory on your unit:

1. Press Menu, select File Manager/Info. >

File Manager, and then press Enter.

2. Use the arrows to select either a storage medium or a folder to view both used space and free space.

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Managing Test Results

Creating Folders

For easier data management, you can create folders from several panes in the application.

If you prefer, you can copy folders instead, see Copying, Renaming, or Deleting Files and Folders on page 67.

To create folders:

1. From the current window, select the location where you want to create

a folder as follows:

1a. Find the folder or disk:

Use the up/down arrows to navigate in the list and the right arrow to open a folder or explore a disk.

1b. Highlight the desired folder or disk.

2. Select New Folder (F1/F2 key).

3. Enter the new name and press OK (F1/F2 key).

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Managing Test Results

Copying, Renaming, or Deleting Files and Folders

You can copy, rename, or delete folders or single files directly from your unit.

To c op y fi le s :

1. Press Menu, select File Manager/Info. > File Manager, and then press

Enter.

2. Select the desired file or folder as follows:

2a. Find the file or folder using the up/down

arrows to navigate in the list and the right arrow to open a folder.

2b. Highlight the desired file or folder and

press Enter to select it.

3. Select Copy To (F1/F2 key).

Note: If the Copy To feature is not available, it is probably because the item is not

selected. Press Enter to select it.

4. Paste the file or folder as follows:

4a. Find the destination folder using the up/down arrows to navigate

in the list of folders and the right arrow to open a folder.

4b. Highlight the desired location and press either OK (F1/F2 key) or

Enter to complete the process.

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Managing Test Results

Copying, Renaming, or Deleting Files and Folders

To rename files or folders:

1. Press Menu, select File Manager/Info. > File Manager, and then press

Enter.

2. Select the desired file or folder as follows:

2a. Find the file or folder using the up/down

arrows to navigate in the list and the right arrow to open a folder.

2b. Highlight the desired file or folder, but

do not select it (by pressing Enter).

3. Select Rename (F1/F2 key).

Note: If the Rename feature is not available, it is probably because the item is

selected. Simply press Enter to cancel the selection.

4. Enter the new name and press OK (F1/F2 key).

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Managing Test Results

Copying, Renaming, or Deleting Files and Folders

To delete files:

1. Press Menu, select File Manager/Info. > File Manager, and press

Enter.

2. Select the file or folder as follows:

2a. Find the file or folder using the up/down

arrows to navigate in the list and the right arrow to open a folder.

2b. Highlight the desired file or folder and

press Enter to select it.

3. Select Delete Files (F1/F2 key).

Note: If the Delete Files feature is not available, it is probably because the item is

not selected. Press Enter to select it.

4. Answer Ye s (F1/F2 key) to confirm the deletion.

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Managing Test Results

Transferring Results to a Computer

You can transfer files from your OTDR to a USB memory drive, or a computer. You can also transfer data from a storage device or from a computer to your OTDR.

Your OTDR is equipped with two types of USB ports:

³ USB host port (type A connector) to connect USB memory drives

³ USB secondary port (type B connector) to transfer data directly

between your OTDR and a computer using a USB cable.

To avoid any problems and prevent malfunctioning, use only the USB drives approved by EXFO.

IMPORTANT

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Managing Test Results

Transferring Results to a Computer

To transfer files or folders between your unit and a USB memory drive:

1. Connect the USB memory drive to the USB host port.

2. Press Menu, select File Manager/Info. >

File Manager, and then press Enter.

The list of drives and folders should include the memory drive (Removable Disk).

You can now manage your files and folders as you wish.

Note: You can connect a memory drive even while File Manager is open.

IMPORTANT

Transferred files are not automatically deleted from your unit.

3. When you have finished, remove the card or the memory drive.

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Managing Test Results

Transferring Results to a Computer

To transfer files or folders between your unit and a computer:

IMPORTANT

You must install Microsoft ActiveSync on the computer you want to use with your OTDR. Otherwise, you will not be able to transfer data.

Before connecting your unit to a computer, you must install the required software on the computer. For more information on the installation, refer to the Release Notes on the installation CD.

1. If it is not already done, install Microsoft ActiveSync 4.1 or later (available from the installation CD).

Follow the instructions given on the screen.

2. Connect the provided USB cable to the computer (type A connector) and your unit (type B connector).

Note: The computer and your unit do not need to be off when you connect the

cable.

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Managing Test Results

Transferring Results to a Computer

3. Once ActiveSync indicates that the computer and the OTDR are connected, right-click the ActiveSync icon then select Explore to access the files and folders stored on your OTDR.

On the computer desktop, double-click My Computer. Double-click Mobile Device to access the files and folders stored on your unit.

You can now manage your files and folders as you wish.

4. When you have finished, close the Mobile Device window and disconnect the USB cable.

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Page 83

8 Using Your OTDR as a Light

Source

You can use your OTDR as a light source. The source signal uses the OTDR ports. This signal can be:

³ continuous (constant power over the temperature range, but about

3 dB lower than maximum)

³ modulated (270 Hz, 1 kHz or 2 kHz, 270 Hz blink, 1 kHz blink or 2 kHz

blink).

Note: When you switch wavelengths, the modulation remains the same.

WARNING

When a source is active, its port emits invisible laser radiation. Avoid exposure and do not stare directly into the beam. Ensure that any unused port is properly protected with a cap.

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Using Your OTDR as a Light Source

Activating/Deactivating a Light Source

The Power Meter pane remains displayed when you use the source.

The source status is indicated with a LED in the status bar and with the Active indicator under the keypad.

Note: The Active indicator always shows the source,

VFL, or OTDR port status (even in FIP or idle mode).

To activate the light source:

1. Connect the fiber under test to the source port (see Cleaning and

Connecting Optical Fibers on page 22).

If your unit is equipped with two OTDR ports, ensure that you connect the fiber to the appropriate port, depending on the wavelength you intend to use.

2. Press Menu, select Source, and then press Enter.

3. Press Wavelength (F1/F2 key) to activate each available source in turn.

Use the arrows to open the wavelength/status list and select the desired wavelength.

To deactivate the light source:

Press Wave l e n g t h (F1/F2 key) until you get past the last source. The list displays Off.

Use the arrows to open the wavelength list and select Off.

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Using Your OTDR as a Light Source

Modulating the Source Signal

When you turn the unit on, the signal is continuous (unmodulated) by default. When you switch wavelengths, the modulation remains the same. Modulation is indicated in the Source pane.

Available values are: Continuous, 270 Hz, 1 kHz, 2 kHz, 270 Hz blink, 1 kHz blink, or 2 kHz blink.

To change the signal modulation:

1. Activate the source if you want.

2. Press Modulation (F1/F2 key) to switch

between available modulations.

Use the arrows to open the list and select the desired modulation.

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9 Measuring Power or Loss

The AXS-100 Series OTDR can be equipped with an optional optical power meter to measure absolute power (in dBm or W) or insertion loss (in dB). The power meter port is independent of the OTDR port(s).

Power meter port

Measured power/loss

Open list or press Wavelength to

switch between favorite

wavelengths.

Press Setup to modify the list

of favorite wavelengths.

Open list or press W/dBm/dB to display power (W or dBm) or loss (dB).

Press Reference to set new reference for loss measurement.

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Measuring Power or Loss

Defining the List of Favorite Wavelengths

You can put the wavelengths you want to use on a list of favorite wavelengths. Only wavelengths selected from this list are available for measurements.

By default, the list contains all the calibrated wavelengths: 850 nm, 1300 nm, 1310 nm, 1490 nm, 1550 nm, 1625 nm, 1650 nm.

Note: The list must always contain at least one selected wavelength.

To customize the list of favorite and selected wavelengths:

1. Press Menu, select Setup > Power Meter, and then press Enter.

From the Power Meter pane, press Setup (F1/F2 key).

2. Using the up/down arrows, scroll through the list.

3. Press Enter to select/deselect the highlighted wavelength.

Press Select (F1 key).

A check mark appears beside selected wavelengths.

4. Repeat these steps for other wavelengths as necessary.

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Measuring Power or Loss

Setting a Power Correction Factor

You may apply a correction factor (CF) to the measured power to compensate for inaccuracies or drifts. You should change the CF after performing an offset nulling.

The power value after correction will correspond to:

Power

corrected

Power

measured

CF×=

where:

Pow er

corrected

measured

= the corrected power value

= the measured power value

CF = the correction factor

For each favorite wavelength, the CF is set to 1.00 at the factory, but allowed values range between 0.85 and 1.15.

To set a correction factor for one or more wavelengths:

1. Press Menu, select Setup > Power Meter, and then press Enter.

From the Power Meter pane, press Setup (F1/F2 key).

2. Using the up/down arrows, scroll through the list to select the wavelength for which you want to modify the correction factor.

3. Press Edit (F1/F2 key).

4. Set the new value and press OK (F1 key).

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Measuring Power or Loss

Reverting to Factory Settings

You can revert to factory settings at any time. The following items will be reset:

³ Reference values

³ Nulling values

³ List of favorite wavelengths

³ Correction factors (reset to 1)

To revert to the factory-default settings:

1. Press Menu and select Setup > Power Meter, and then press Enter.

From the Power Meter pane, press Setup (F1/F2 key).

2. Press Factory Settings (F1/F2 key).

3. Answer Ye s to confirm.

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Measuring Power or Loss

Nulling Offsets

Temperature and humidity variations affect the performance of electronic circuits and optical detectors, which can offset measurement results. To compensate for this offset, the unit is equipped with an offset nulling function.

Your unit is designed not to require offset nulling under normal operation, but you should perform it whenever environmental conditions change significantly or when measuring very low power values.

IMPORTANT

Light must not reach detectors when performing an offset nulling operation. Always use a protective screw cap. Do not use a soft rubber cover.

Note: When you start an offset nulling operation, all light sources on the unit are

automatically deactivated.

To perform an offset nulling operation:

1. Press Menu and select Setup > Power

Meter, and then press Enter.

From the Power Meter pane, press Setup (F1/F2 key).

2. Use the left/right function arrows until you see Offset Nulling, and then display the pane (F1/F2 key).

3. Screw the protective cap on the power meter port, and then press OK.

The offset nulling process takes a few seconds. If light is still detected, make sure that you are using an appropriate protective cap and that it is tightly screwed on the power meter port. Restart the nulling operation.

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Measuring Power or Loss

Referencing Your Power Meter to a Source

In reference mode, your unit displays the loss created by the fiber under test only, since it subtracts a reference value from the measured power.

In the figure, the reference value (-43.98 dBm) is subtracted from the actual power measured (-37.64 dBm).

Note: The reference value you set for each wavelength remains in memory until a

new one is set for the same wavelength, even when you turn the unit off.

To reference the power meter to a source:

1. Press Menu, select Power Meter, and then press Enter.

2. Clean the connectors properly (see Cleaning and Connecting Optical

Fibers on page 22).

3. Using one of the following methods, connect a light source to the power meter port of your unit.

³ A single reference patchcord

Reference patchcord

OUT

Light source

Power meter

Adapter

³ Two reference patchcords and a bulkhead adapter

Reference patchcord

OUT

Light source

Bulkhead

adapter

Reference

patchcord

Power

meter

Adapter

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Measuring Power or Loss

Referencing Your Power Meter to a Source

4. Activate the source at the desired wavelength.

5. Match the power meter wavelength with the

source wavelength.

Press Wave l e n g t h (F1/F2 key) to switch between favorite wavelengths of your power meter (see Defining the List of Favorite Wavelengths on page 80).

6. Press W/dBm/dB (F1/F2 key) until you get dB units to retrieve the last saved reference.

Press Reference (F1/F2 key) to save the current power as the new reference.

Reference power appears (in dBm) and current loss is automatically switched to dB.

7. Repeat the procedure for each wavelength you want to reference.

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Measuring Power or Loss

To measure power or loss:

1. If necessary, perform an offset nulling operation (see Nulling Offsets on

page 83).

2. Press Menu, select Power Meter, and then press Enter.

3. Clean the connectors properly (see Cleaning and Connecting Optical

Fibers on page 22).

4. For loss measurements, reference your power meter to a light source (see Referencing Your Power Meter to a Source on page 84), and then deactivate the light source.

5. If you have used a single reference patchcord, disconnect it from the power meter port only, and then connect a second reference

patchcord to the power meter.

If you have used two reference patchcords, disconnect both of them at the bulkhead.

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Measuring Power or Loss

6. Using bulkhead adapters, connect the fiber under test between the reference patchcords (one patchcord is already connected to source and the other is connected to power meter).

Adapter

OUT

Reference

patchcord

Light source

Bulkhead

adapter

Fiber

under test

Reference patchcord

Bulkhead

adapter

Power

meter

7. Activate the source at the desired wavelength.

8. Match the power meter wavelength with the source wavelength.

Press Wave l e n g t h (F1/F2 key) to switch between favorite wavelengths of your power meter (see Defining the List of Favorite Wavelengths on page 80).

9. Press W/dBm/dB (F1/F2 key) to select the desired power (W or dBm) or loss (dB) unit.

10. Repeat the procedure for other wavelengths.

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10 Identifying Fiber Faults

Visually

Note: This feature is available only if your unit is equipped with a VFL port.

The visual fault locator (VFL) helps you identify bends, faulty connectors, splices and other causes of signal loss.

From its dedicated port, the VFL emits a red signal which becomes visible at the location of a fault on the fiber. This signal can be continuous (the default) or blinking (1 Hz).

WARNING

When the VFL is active, the VFL port emits visible laser radiation. Avoid exposure and do not stare directly into the beam. Ensure that any unused port is properly protected with a cap.

³ The VFL status is indicated with a LED in the

status bar and with the Active indicator under the keypad.

Note: The Active indicator always shows the VFL or

OTDR status (even in idle mode).

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Identifying Fiber Faults Visually

To activate the VFL and inspect a fiber:

1. Connect the fiber under test to the VFL port (see Cleaning and

Connecting Optical Fibers on page 22).

2. Press Menu, select VFL, and then press Enter.

3. Press VFL On/Off (F1/F2 key) to activate the VFL (list displays On).

Use the arrows to open the VFL status list and select On.

4. To switch between blinking (1 Hz) and continuous signals, press Modulation (F1/F2 key).

Use the arrows to open the list and select the desired modulation.

5. Without looking directly into the beam, examine the fiber. If light is coming out of the rubber jacket or on the side of the ferrule, the fiber is defective.

6. Deactivate the VFL by pressing VFL On/Off (F1/F2 key).

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11 Inspecting Fibers with the FIP

The fiber inspection probe (FIP) allows you to find dirty or damaged connectors by displaying an enlarged view of the connector surface.

The following common features of video fiber inspection probes are compatible with your unit:

³ Magnification control: supports 200x, 400x, or other zoom factors.

³ Focus control: allows you to fine-tune the display quality.

³ You can save images (in .jpg or .bmp format).

For more information, refer to the user guide that came with your probe.

To access probe mode on your unit:

1. Connect the probe to the right side of the unit (8-pin port), using an

adapter if necessary.

2. Press Menu, select Probe, and then press Enter.

Note: You must connect the probe to your unit before accessing probe mode.

Otherwise, the probe will not be recognized.

3. If desired, adjust brightness and contrast (see Adjusting Brightness and Contrast for the FIP on page 92).

4. If desired, press Save to save the image displayed on screen in the selected file

format.

To exit probe mode and return to the regular display:

Press Esc or Menu, and select another option.

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Inspecting Fibers with the FIP

Adjusting Brightness and Contrast for the FIP

You can adjust brightness and contrast of the image displayed on screen.

1. Press Menu, select Probe, and press Enter.

2. Select Display Settings (F1/F2 key).

3. Use the up/down arrows to switch between

brightness and contrast controls.

4. Use the left/right arrows to adjust level.

5. Confirm new settings with OK (F1 key).

92 AXS-100 Series

EXFO AXS-100 User Manual

Specifications and Main Features

Frequently Asked Questions

User Manual

Certification Information

Main Features

Power Sources

Typical Applications

OTDR Basic Principles

Conventions

2 Safety Information

Laser Safety Information (Units without VFL)

Laser Safety Information (Units with VFL)

Electrical Safety Information

Turning the Unit On and Off

Using Menus and Keypad

4 Customizing Your OTDR

Selecting the Distance Units

Selecting the Language of Operation

Setting the Date and Time

Adjusting the Brightness

Selecting a Printer

Configuring the Power Management Settings

5 Setting Up Your OTDR

Installing the EXFO Universal Interface (EUI)

Cleaning and Connecting Optical Fibers

Setting General OTDR Parameters

Setting the Acquisition Parameters

Setting Analysis Parameters

Setting Pass/Fail Thresholds

Setting Macrobend Parameters

Setting Storage Parameters

6Testing Fibers

Testing in Auto Mode

Testing in Fault Finder Mode

Testing in Manual (Advanced) Mode

Monitoring Fiber in Real Time Mode

Launch Conditions for Multimode Measurements

7 Managing Test Results

Summary Pane

Events Pane

Trace Pane

Trace Info. Pane

Using Markers

Using Zoom Controls

Printing Test Results

Opening Trace Files

Saving Files

Checking Available Memory

Creating Folders

Copying, Renaming, or Deleting Files and Folders

Transferring Results to a Computer

Activating/Deactivating a Light Source

Modulating the Source Signal

9 Measuring Power or Loss

Defining the List of Favorite Wavelengths

Setting a Power Correction Factor

Reverting to Factory Settings

Nulling Offsets

Referencing Your Power Meter to a Source

Measuring Power or Loss

11 Inspecting Fibers with the FIP

Adjusting Brightness and Contrast for the FIP