3Com 4715 schematic

·

3+0penTM

MS-DOSTM

User's Guide

Manager

3+0pen

MS-DOS Manager

User's

Guide

A member of For

use

with OS/2, version

version 3.1

or

the

3+

higher.

Open

family of products.

1.0

or

higher, and DOS,

Manual Part No. 4715-01 First published October, 1988 Reprinted

U.S.A.

January, 1989

~--

------

..

-~~-----.

--~~---.-

......

-.~---

Copyright Statement

No

part

of

this manual

make

any derivative work (such as translation, transformation permission from amended.

3Com

may

be

reproduced in any form

Corporation

by

the United States Copyright Act

or

by any means

or

adaptation) without

or

used to

of

1976, as

Changes are made periodically incorporated in

new

editions

to

the information herein; these changes will

of

this publication. Contents are property

of

be

3Com

expressed, including, but not limited to, the implied warranties

fitness for a particular purpose.

Corporation provides this guide without warranty

3Com

may make improvements

of

any kind, either implied

of

merchantability

or

changes in the

or

and product(s) and/or the program(s) described in this manual at any time. Portions

this manual are reproduced in whole

or

in part with permission from

of

Microsoft Corporation.

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Contents

1

Introduction

Meet

:MS-DOS

You

What About This

. Notational Conventions 2

2

The

MS-DOS :Manager

Learn

If

at

Your Own Pace 3

You

Are Already Familiar with Outline of the Tutorial 3 Starting the Tutorial the First Time 5 Referring Back to the Tutorial 5 Going

3

Getting

Setting

On 6

Started

Up Setup Steps for a Computer Setup Steps for a Computer Sta.rting

118-

If

~1anager

If

~1anager

About the

Overview

11enu

Disk

of the

Bar and Drop-Down

Drive Line Drive Specification List of Subdirectories and Files 12 Scroll Bar 12 Help 12

1

:Manager 1

Should Have Before You Begin 1

:Manual~

2

Tutorial

7

11S-DOS

11anager 7

Vvlth '\lth

DOS

11anager 9

is

on

Your Hard Disk 9

is

on

a Floppy Disk 9

11S-DOS

~1anager

115-

DOS

lvianager Screen 10

Options 10 1'1enus

11

3

~DOS

3

a Hard Drive 7 Floppy Drives Only 8

11

4 Files

and

Directories

13

Direct.ories as Organizat.ional Tools 13 J(.inds

of Directories 13

Directon° 14

Root Subdirectories' 14 Parent

Direct.ory 14

Current Direct.ofy 14

11ultilevel Directon:

Naming

Your Files··and Directories 15

SYstem

14

\Vildcard Characters 16 Pat-hnaroes 16

Full and

Relative Pat-hnames 17

Scrolling Through a List of Files and Direct/ories 18

I

iv

Contents

With the Keyboard 18

If

You

Have a Moving Around Changing Directories 19

Using the Keyboard or a Mouse 19

Going

On

Mouse

in

Your Directory System 19

21

18

5 Overview

The Menu Bar 23

The File Menu 23 The Options The Disk Menu 24 The Applications Menu

'V\7hi

ch

Before

Getting Help 25 Accelerator Keys 26 Dialog

6 Steps for Executing

How Just for Step One: Select a File or Directory

Keyboard Shortcut 30 If

Step

Keyboard Shortcut If

Step Three: Choose a Command or Application from the Drop-Do\\1l11enu 32

Key board

If

To After

Step Four: Complete the Dialog

110ving Between Fields 34 Ent.ering Information 34 To Execute a Dialog To

of

Using MS-DOS

:Menu

11en

u

to

Use

You

Begin Executing Commands 25

Boxes

to

Use

Practice 29

You

Have a

Two:

Select a 11enu

You

Have a

You

Have a

Cancel a Command

You

Cancel a Dialog

26

This Chapter 29

110use

Mouse

Shortcut 32

110use

've

~1a,de

Manager

23

24

Commands

31

32

33

29

30

33

Your Choice 33

Box

33

Box

36

Box

36

Commands

23

7

The

File Menu

Dialog Boxes 38

Entering a File or Directory

Run

Copy 40

39

How

1~DOS

To

Run a Program 40

To

Safeguard Against Over'writing

Verifying Contents of Original File and Copy

Selecting 11ultiple Files 41

37

in

a Dialog

Searches for Files 39

Box

by

11istake 41

38

41

Contents v I

Using Wildcards

41

Examples of Using the Copy Command 41 To

Copy a File or Directory 42

Get Info

Selecting To

Delete

To

43

~1ultiple

Files

43

Get Information About a File or Directory

43

Safeguard Against Deleting by

~1istake

Selecting Multiple Files 44

Using Wildcards

44

Examples of Using the Delete Command 44 To

Delete a File or Directory

Rename

46

Selecting Multiple Files Using

~iildcards

To

Rename a File or Directory

~10ve

46

Select.ing

~1ultiple

46

Files 47

45

46

Using \'\iildcards 47 Examples of Using To

~1ove

a File

~1ove

48

47

Loca.te 49

Specifying a Pathname 49 lJsing

\\~ldcards

50

Examples of Using Locate 50 To

Loca.t.e

Type

Selecting Using \\7ildcards The Type Dialog To

Type a File 53

l\1S-DOS

~1S-DOS

a File 50

51

~1ultiple

and Exit 53

53

Files

52

Box

51

52

Exit 54

43

44

8

The

Options

Saying Your Changes Split.

Screen

To

Split Your Screen 57

To

1·1ove

Between

To

Return the Screen

Visual Tree

To

Display the Visual Tree 58

To

Change Direct.ories from the Tree 58

To

l\1ove

To

Remoye the Visual Tree Display 60

Screen

Colors 60

Screen

58

Around \\'ithin the Visual Tree Screen 59

Colors Default Options

The Screen Colors Dialog

Menu

56

55

56

t.he

Two \Vindows 57 to

One \Vindow 57

61

Box

61

I

vi

Contents

About the Highlight Fields 62

If

You

Have a Monochrome Monitor 62

To Change Screen Colors 62

File

View

Options Display Formats 65 To

Set the File \liew Options 66

Delete Options 66

Confirming Deletions 66 Deleting Empty Directories 67 To

Set Delete Options 67

Copy Options 67

Confirming File Overwrites 68 Verifying a Copy Operation 68 To

Set

Copy

Other Options

Selecting Selecting To Set Other Options

Date/Time

To Set the Date and Time

Save Options 72

To

Modify Application List 72

Specifying Filename Extensions 72 The Application List Saying Your To

How Startup

Sa

ye

Options 72

Modify

71

the Application List 73

64

Options 68

69

the :Manager

Options

Order 73

Cha.nges

70

73

Uses

Memory 69

70

71

9

The

Disk

Menu

Create Directorv 82

Examples To Create a Directory 83

Change Directory 83

Examples To

Change the Directory 84

Disk Info 84

To Get

Format Data

To Format a

11ake System

To

l\1ake a SYstem

Copy

Disk

Copy

To

Set

Volume

Set the Volume Name

To

10

The

Applications l\1enu

To Run an Application from the 11enu 92 To

Run an Application from a File List 92

of

Disk

88 .

a Name 89

81

Using Create Directory 82

Using Change Directory 84

Information 85

Disk Disk

Disk

Data

85

Disk 85

86

Disk

88

87

8Q

91

11

Special Keys Reference

Function Keys 95 Other !(eys 96

Contents vii I

95

Appendix A

For Example

If

You

Have a Single

...

Copying a File 99

Appendix B Using Application

Before

Using

If

Adding You You

New Have a Hard Don't Have a Hard

Parameters 102

,"'hat

is

a Parameter? 102

\Vhat

is

a Switch? 102

Applications 101

Disk

Specifying Parameters '"lith

Printing a File 103

Appendix C Glossary

Error

109

Messages

Floppy

Programs

101

Disk

101

MS-DOS

105

Disk

Drive

with

MS-DOS

Manager 103

99

Manager

101

1 Introduction

If

you have even a little

know

that

you need some type of system,

help you

The

computer easily. This system communicat.e with your computer

your comput.er

a pplicat.ion programs. Now

computer. The

t.ell

your computer

..

~1S-DO.S®

i(s

opera.t£ng

to

communicate

eyen easier

}'1S-DOS operating system has a new look, a new

A1anager.

e>"'Perience

what

system helps you

is

t.o

use

t.he

1\15-

the

'VI~th

with computers, you probably

an

to

do.

to

software

and

enables different

each

other

DOS

operating

operat£ng

work 'with your

that

and

system"

allo'VI's

you

to

parts

with

your

system on your

to

of

Meet

A1S-DOS

operating and your comput.er. You because all the informat.ion front programs right from

What

Before you begin

•

• a personal computer

MS-DOS Manager

A1anager

system. \Vith the }'1anager, you

information boxes called

of you.

You

the

}'1S-

DOS

the

}'1S-DOS !\1anager

OOS operat.ing system

memory

is an enhancement

don't

A.nd:

you can ma,nage your files

'within the

Should Have Before

to

use }'1S-DOS manager; you should haye

}'1anager

that

to

the

can

d£alog

boxes

t.o

have

t.o

memorize

you need is right on

~1anager.

master tutorial

and

disk

runs version 3.0

has

at

least 256 kilobytes of

~llcrosoft~:

use menu screens

conununica te \\ith

any

the

and

You

or

la

1\1S-DOS

conunands

screen in

run application

Begin

ter

of

the

}'15-

It

is

also a

good

handy new

for

reference. Because

way of int.eracting

idea to have a copy of the MS-DOS User's

~DOS

'"~th

the

?\1anager

~DOS

is

really just. a

operating system,

Guide

t.he

basic concepts of the operating system also apply to the 11anager. The MS-DOS User's Guide explains these concepts

in

detail.

About This Manual

The

A1S-DOS

experienced computer users. The guide is designed Vlith

the enclosed Learning

introduces the

11S-DOS.

AJthough all users \\ill probably benefit from going through the tutorial; those familia.r menus may dual

menu

Notational Conventions

A1anager

User's

A1S-DOS

~1anager

·wa.nt

to

and explains some of the basics of using

\\~th

go

right

screens (Chapters

Guide

is for both beginning and

to

be

used

A1anager

tutorial disk,

which

using menu screens and drop-down

to

the chapters

7-10)

for the information they

on

using the indivi-

need.

This manual

uses

certain

different kinds of text:

Convention

Bold

type

Italics

S:\1:\LL

Monospace

CAPl

TALS

nota.t£onal

Used

Commands File and direct,ory names,

variable text

the user . Names of

Examples of command strings

that user

conventions to identify

for

that

is

entered

keys

might

be

entered

by

and.

by

the

2 The MS-DOS Manager Tutorial

The

best way

Learm'ng

icourses gives you a chance and then wa.y

to

get acquainted

In addition to explaining

11S-

DOS basics for inexperienced computer users.

to

learn

11S-

DOS :Manager is by going through

}'lS-DOS

that

to

Manager

you work through on your computer.

to

practice using

tutorial, a program of several min-

watch

the

~1S-DOS

it

yourself.

\\ith

11S-DOS 11anager.

the

11anager, the

The

the

The

tutorial

11anager screen work

tutorial

is a fun, easy

explains some

Pace

yourself

Learn at Your

You can learn

sessions

tice icourses in any order you want: then quit can refer back

The

tutorial

a computer before. Once you computer and

going through

If

You

If

you are already familiar

need

1.0

coyer all of

are new

Outline

The beginning of the

keyboard. skip this

about

at

your own pace. You can work through

to

is easy

start

the

Are Already Familiar with MS-DOS

to

you.

of

If

you are alrea.dy familiar with

lesson.

Own

~1S-DOS

the

tutorial

to

use, eyen for people who haye neyer used

the

tutorial

the

Pace

~1anager

whenever you want.

set

tutorial, all the instructions you need for

appear

\\ith

J\1S-DOS:

t.opics.

So;

the Tutorial

tutorial

includes a

up lvlS-DOS l\1anager on your

on your screen.

just

work t.hough the ones

and work through prac-

the

min-

at

any time. And you

you probably don:t

that

short

lesson on using the

the

keyboard, you can

I~

There are eight minicourses

Mnicourse

How

to

Use

This Course

\Vhat. You plish with Your Computer

Getting DOS 11anager

Storing Files

Running Applications

Can

Accom-

Started

Your \\lork

~~th

M-~

in

the 11S-DOS 11anager tutorial:

Description

Describes the structure tutorial and teaches you how move around in the tutorial.

Descri bes the role plays in managing your computer's operation.

Describes the 11anager how

to

ask for help. Teaches you how

and delete specify a disk between disks.

Teaches YOU how to application programs listed

_.c\.pplications

modify and add to your applications list.

parts

screen and teaches you

view

files,

files:

format a disk,

drive; and copy files

menu, and

of

the

to

that

M....~

DOS

of the 11S-DOS

use

menus, and

to

name, rename,

start

one of the

in

hm\;·

to

your

Entering DOS Comn1ands

Using

VI'ith

Using with a 110use

Standard

~1S-DOS

a Hard Disk

1-1S-DOS

11S-

11anager

~1anager

Explains the relationship between

11S-DOS 11anager and

and Manager when you some additional 11S-DOS commands.

Explains features of the

that disks.

Teaches you how J\1anager operations using a mouse

instead of the keyboard.

teaches

relat,e specifically

vou

how

want

to

~v1S-DOS,

to

exit.

the

to

use

l\1anager

t.o

hard

perform

The

MS-DOS Manager Tu/orial

51

Starting the Tutorial

Now

it's

time

to

start

the

it

as

explained here.

sons later, go

tutorial.

[!]

Using

the

of your Learning

(If you

User's

don't

Guide.)

to

11S-DOS

Then

the instructions for referring back

diskcopy

}'1S-DOS

know

hO\\1

the

tutorial.

if

you

want

command, make a backup copy Starting the tutorial

}'Iana.ger

to

use

First Time

Set

up

the

to

review any of

tutorial

this

command, see

tutorial

to

disk.

the

and

the

m Boot your computer from any bootable MS-DOS disk.

(For an explanation of

I1J

Insert the Learning

A.

El

At

the l\1S-DOS system

m Press

If

you have a referring tutorial

RETUH

..

~.

hard

t.o

the

tutorial

onto

your hard disk.

disk on your comput.er

boot£ng)

JdS-DOS

prompt

often,

it

see the

}'Ianager

for drive A, type

may

}'1S-DOS

tutorial

and

be a good idea

User's

disk into drive

learn.

think

you will be

to

start

the

les-

}'1S-DOS

Gu.ide.)

copy

the

Referring Back to

UJ

If

you are using

back

to

the tutorial; exit

cOD1ITIand (To learn how

11enu.';)

o

If

you have the tut,orial stored on your

st.ep

3.

Ot,herwise; insert

o

El

tutorial

At

Press

disk into driye

the 11S-DOS system prompt)

HETIJ&l\f.

~1..~DOS

in

the File 11enu.

to

use this conm1and; see

the

11anager when you

the

A.

Tutorial

11anager

Learm~ng

t~'pe

by

using the MS-DOS

Chapter

hard

_'IS-DOS

learn

want

t.o

refer

I;

"The File

disk; go on

Alanager

Referring back to the tutorial

to

Going

Now

1v1S-DOS

up begin using commands.

On

that

you've been through the tut.orial, the next st.ep

~1anager

on your computer,

Chapter

3 will get you

start

the

~nager,

started.

is

to set

and

3 Getting Started

This chapter

• explains

• presents an overview

how

to set up and

of

start

the

:tv1S-DOS

t.he

1v1anager

~1aDager

Setting Up MS-DOS Manager

If

you

are not farruliar with the

of

the terms

you.

See

• the

•

• external

• the

diskcopy,

files

and directories

DOS

Qutoel:ec.

used

the

_'IS-DOS

DOS

path and

in

the setup procedure

User:8

copy, and

con1IDands

how

bat

file

and

J\1S-DOS

Guide

for

path

commands

to modify it

how

to modify

operating system;

may

information about

Setup Steps for a Computer with

[!]

II)

o

a Hard Drive

}'1ake

a backup

diskcopy

Decide "'hethel' in

an existing direct.ory or creat.e a

(You

could put the

holds your

it manager.)

call Use

t.he

copy

from the

floppy

cop~'

command.

you

]\1.S-

DOS

command to

disk

of

your

want to put your

~'fanager

con1mands

copy

to the directory you\'e chosen.

~1.S-DOS

files

or create a

J\1anager disk using the

l\1S-DOS

new

in

the same directory

the

~1.S-

screen

be

unfamiliar to

it

:t\1anager

direct.ory

new

DOS

for

directory and

~1anager

some

files

them.

that

files

Setting manager

up

the

01v1ake

sure

that

the 11S-DOS

contains the names of

•

the

directory holding your 11S-DOS 11anager

• the directory holding these 11S-DOS ext.ernal commands:

path

in your autoexec.bat

files

file

Setting up manager

the

format.

diskcopy.com

command.

The

autoexec.

puter

executes every specifies a list of directories cannot your

11S-DOS 11anager commands even when they are not in your

current at talk

find a comma.nd in the current directory.

path

directory. You may find these concepts a little difficult

first: see the "IS-DOS

to

someone who

com

bat

file

contains a list of commands

t.ime

you boot up.

that.

as indicated, you enable your computer

User:s

is

familiar

Gu£de

\\ith

The

path command

1L~DOS

searches whenever

for more information. or

1~S-DOS.

that

By

setting up

to

execute

your

com-

'

Setup Steps for a Computer with

[1JBoot your computer with an

[EJ

Floppy Drives Only

a blank, unformat,ted disk

1tf.a.ke

a bootable syst.em disk

format

b:/s

l\L~DOS

in

the B drive.

by

disk

typing

in

the A drive and

it

[I]

Remove

that

GJ

Copy the 11S-DOS 11ana.ger files in drive B

copy

[I]

Remove the disk

11anager System Disk." '

the

lvlS-DOS disk from drive

contains your 11S-DOS 1\'1anager files.

by

typing the following a.t the

'*.'*

b:

in

drive

B.

and label

to

A.

and insert the disk

the

bootable system disk

A>

prompt:

it

"Bootable 11S-DOS

To

Start

After Booting

If

you \vise boot) your computer, type end of your

the

want

DOS }'1anager

autoexec.

Manager

bat

Automatically

to

begin each time you

m.anager

file.

Starting MS-DOS Manager

on a

start

separate

(or other-

line

at

the

Gelling Started

91

Once you've to

begin. Follmving

a

hard

If

Manager

IT1

Boot your computer.

If

~rou

}'1S-DOS }..1anager screen automatica.lly appears on your monitor.

o

If

the

DOS prompt.

[!] Press

If

Manager

IT1

Boot your computer.

o

If

you added

autoexec.

your computer. The

set

up

t.he

manager

are

directions for

disk and from a floppy disk.

is

on

Your Hard Disk

haye

A1anager

1v1anager

RETUR'\T.

is

bat

l\'lS-DOS

rnanager

file~

:\1anager screen appears.

at

screen does not

on

a Roppy Disk

on a separat.e line

the

}'1anager screen

If

not, type manager and press

on your computer, you're ready

the end of your

starting

appear,

appears

the

autoexec.

type

m.anager

at.

the

after

RETUPw~.

:Manager from

bat

file,

a.t

end of your

you

the

boot.

Starting Manager hard disk

Starting Manager floppy disk

the

from a

the

from a

About the MS-DOS Manager Options

As

you saw in the

options are available within the :Manager when you use the

Options menu. You

Learm'ng

can

AiS-DOS

Alanager

tut.orial, special

• add a second window

• change the colors

• change the way your files are listed on the screen

• tell DOS how

• modify how the copy and delete operations are performed

• set the

You can either

1\1a,nager

the ically, These

For more information about. the available options and how to set

them,

see

date

Chapter

to

and time on your computer

set

your options when you first

or use the options

are

known

8,

to

your screen

or

grey shades on your screen

store your Help files

that

DOS

a.s

default

"The Options 11enu

opt£ons,

."

start

"vorking with

~1anager

sets

aut·omat~

Overview of the MS-DOS Manager Screen

Although the tutorial explains the 11S-DOS l\1anager screen in detail, you're using the l\1anager. You can use this section of the guide for easy reference.

The l\·1S-DOS

you may have questions about the screen lat.er on

l\1...~DOS

11anager screen displa.ys the most frequently used

commands and options:

'when

Disk drive line

renu

b~~.

'Disk::;; [ A:

":lInln

(

LETTER~l

r

RECORDS) Z-J-MANS.EPS Z-l-MANS. CURT.crG CUHT.EXE CURT.PIf

GRAII.[XE

HS.CfG

HS.lJAT HS.[XE

HS.PRT

HS2 HSINSTAL.

INfO

MANAGER.ExE

~

I:'

j;:

i:';.:

~::

('pr~ss

the

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use

the

cursor

k~ys

to

IHeip line Ust of files and directories

Scroll

bar

indicator Scroll

Help

L'

i

/L

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s~lect

Gelling

The

MS-DOS

Manager

Started

screen

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11 I

Menu Bar and Drop-Dow n Menus

To

execute

the

menu

select one of

a.

letter

a.

command, first select one

bar.

This

the

key or

causes

conunands from the drop-down menu

by

pointing

a.

of

the

drop-doun1

and

clicking with a mouse.

m·enu

Disk Drive Line

The

d£sk

drive

Nne

comput.er.

you

are

lists the disk drives

The

highlight.ed drive is

presently using.

that

t.he

current drive--t,he drIve

Drive Specification

The

dr£ve

specification shows

t.ory.

t,he

current

drive

four menus from

to

appear.

Then

by

pressing

are available on your

a.nd

current

direc-

list

of Subdirectories and Ales

The largest portion of the directories and

enclosed

in

files

brackets_

:tv1S-DOS

in

your current directory_ Subdirectories are

11anager screen lists the

Scroll Bar

If

your list of su bdirect,ories and

DOS

~1anager

clicking the screen.

(You can also scroll through your list of

using the a.rrow keys on the keyboard.)

A highlighted rectangular box called the shows you where you are

Chapter the list using the scroll bar.

screen, you can bring the hidden

a mouse on the scroll

in

4;

"Files and Directories," explains how

files

is

bar

at

the bottom

your list of

t,oo

long

to

files

or

files

and directories by

scroll

bar

files

and directories.

to

fit on the

into

to

the right of

£ndicator

scroll through

Help

If

you need some help for the operation you are performing) a

help

line

at

the bottom of the screen gives you information about

what

to

do next or

of the screen reminds

the Fl function key.

what's

you

'nong.

that

The

help

you can get more help

re11~inder

at

by

sulr

MS-

vie',,-

by

the top

pre~ing

4 Files and Directories

If

you've been through you probably know the basics to

work with them.

This chapter gives you some more information

directories. You can also refer more details.

Directories as Organizational Tools

the

Learn£ng

about

to

the

]vIS-DOS

files

and

l\IS-DOS

Manager

directories

about

User's

tutorial,

and

files

and

Gu£de

how

for

From the tutorial, you know you store all your work in files. files,

you'll probably

categories and erea te a

it

easy

make In

an

office, in different dra·wers. For example: you might files

in

the

same thing different directories. You n1ight have a direct,ory for write) a directory for important

Haying hard

disk) since hard disks can crea te direct.ories t,o

unless the disk contains an unmanageable number of files.

to

you can

one drawer

not,es you

several directories is especially helpful if you

want

find and work with files.

separate

a.nd

\\ith

l\1S-DOS

charts

want

on

a floppy disk too;

that

when you use your comput.er,

If

you have a large number

to

organize

them

into

convenient

directory for each category. Directories

and

organize files by

vour

letters

you creat,e, and a directory for

to

by

putting

keep.

contain

in

another

your computer files

many files. You

but

you

putting

put

your accounting

one. You

letters

are

don't

Kinds of Directories·

You will find references throughout this manual. ogy when using the

to

different types of directories

It

is helpful

:t\1S-DOS

to

}'1anager.

understand this terminol-

of

them

can

do

into

you

using a

can

really need

Root Directory

11S-DOS automatically creates one directory, the on every disk

tpries,

The root directory of any disk can hold only a limited number of

files type of disk you are using.

115-ooS

and directories, depending on the type

that

you format. Unless you create other direc-

puts

all files you create

in

the

of

root

directory,

root directory.

computer and the

Subdirectories

If

you want, you can create directories within directories, or

sub-

d£rectories.

For example, directories for different t.ypes of letters.

have a subdirectory for

direct.ory for personal letters.

'~lthin

the letters directory, you could have sub-

letters about financial

For

instance; you might

matters

and a sub-

Parent Directory

Any

directory

that

contains a subdirect.ory is considered the

parent of its immediate subdirectories.

Current Directory

The directory you are actually working in is called the current

directory.

specification line of your

\\Then current directory.

If

you use the Split Screen command (in the Options menu)

display an the one

The current directory is the one shown

you create a

extra

window on your screen, the

that

appears in the 'window with the highlighted border.

file,

:tv1S-DOS

1v1anager

screen.

automatically creates

in

current

the drive

it

in

direct.ory

your

t.o

is

Multilevel Directory System

The

~1S-DOS

called a is

always the root directory, and all directories, subdirectories,

files

and way

that

file

structure is often called a tree-structured file system and

the reason for the name

system of directories, subdirectories, and files is

multilevel

branch

a tree branches from its root.

or

hierarchical directory syst.em. The first leyel

out

from the root directory

root

d1·rectory.

in

That's

much the same

why this type of

is

Files andDirectories

151

Naming

You saw in the Learning MS-DOS Manager tutorial that a legal filename can have no more than eight characters with an extension than three characters.

A directory name is also limited to eight characters. Like a filename, a

directory name can be followed by a period (.) and an extension

three characters; however, extensions are rarely used with directory

names. File and directory names can include any letter

include any

MS-DOS:

Your

Files

of

the following characters, which have special meaning to

and

Directories

of

no more

or

number but cannot

of

up to

/16

Symbol:

*

\

? question

"

/

Name:

apostrophe asterisk backslash period

mark

quotation semicolon slash

marks

Wildcard Characters

l\1S-

DOS gives you two

use

as a

times mands.

Like

",ild cards in a poker game, wildcard charact.ers can

represent any other character. DOS commands, such as those for copying, deleting, and locating files.

An asterisk (*) can represent any

characters.

asterisk

left out. For example,

.doc.

sion A question

used

in

a filename or filename extension,

stands

'??????

characters For more information on wildcard characters. see the

User:s

for one

doc

Guide.

shortcut

\\Then used in a filename

stands

for the

mark

character

refers

and

t.he

un:ldcard

when specifying filenames

character

*.

doc

(1)

can represent only one

that

to

all the

extension.

characters

You can use wildcards with many

character

or

refers

to

has been left out.

files

that

doc.

that

you can some-

in

certain

or

combination of

or

filename extension, the

characters

all the files with the exten-

have filenames with six

that

character.

the

question mark

For

have been

\~~len

example,

A1S-

DOS

'

com.,

Pathnames

\\~len

you

want

to

use a

file

current. directory, you may need

your

look for the

path

or pathname

mands, such

file

as

or

directory. You do this by specifying a search

to

t,he

file.

Copy

and

or display a directory

to

telll\-1S-DOS where

l\1any of the

Locate,

ask you

l\-1S-DOS

to

that

l\-1anager com-

enter

pathnames.

is

not in

to

Files

and

Directories

171

A pathname filename. the previous one by a backslash (\).

To

figure

tory, and subdirectory (if applicable) in which

is

tory

[drive

nam.e:]

Full

and

A search

path.

For example; if you

on disk drive

b:\letters\bank.1tr

Note

that search begins separator between the directory

If

bank./ir

name would

b:\letters\financ1\bank.ltr

A search

tive

path.

directory of your current directory. Since a relatiye

don't need to drive.

For example, if wanted t.o would

is

a sequence of directory names followed by a

In

a pat.hname, each directory

out

a pathname, first determine the disk drive, direc-

located. The general format of a

[\ directory

name]

[\subdirectory

Relative Pathnames

path

that

B,

the full

the first backslash

at

the root directory.

were

in

financl;

be

path

that

You would

pathname

put

a backslash

your current directory was letters,

use

the

file

use

t.he

reI

a t ive pa.t.hname:

begins

begins within your current. directory is a

at

the root direct.ory

had a file

path

name would be

a subdirectory of

use

a relative

starts

bank.ltr in a directory letters

in

the

pathname

The

path

pathname

from your

at

the beginning, or specify a disk

bankltr in the subdirectory financl, you

or

file

pathname

name

second backslash

and

the filename.

letters,

current

is

separat.ed from

the

file

or

direc-

is

... ] \filename

is

called a full

specifies

to

move

that

the

full

to

directory, you

and

you

the

is

a

path-

rela-

a sub-

financ1

You would need a backslash only the

\bank.1

subdirect,ory.

tr

to

separate

the

filename from

Scrolling Through a List

of

Files and Directories .

You can scroll through a list of files and directories on your

o~

screen by using either the keyboard

bar

(at

the

The scroll tains

a highlighted rectangular box

in your list of

called a scroll

files

bar

bottom

and directories

indicator.

or

a mouse.

to

the right of your screen) con-

that

shows you where you are

as

you scroll. This box is

Scrolling keyboard

with

the

With

You can scroll through a list of

To

Up or down one line Up or

time To

file To

with a alphabet

If

If you click on the scroll bar, moves as

To

lip or

time when files are format

the

Keyboard

Move:

dO'wn

one screen

t.he

beginning

list the next

You

Scroll:

file

particular

Have a Mouse

sho,\'11

do,,'11

one

at

a time

at

a

or

end of the

that

begins

Jetter of the

your list of files and directories

in

the following table:

Do

file

at

a

Click on one of the scroll

in

long

arrows

screen.

files

by using certain keys:

Do

This:

Use the arrow keys. Use

the

PG

UP

Use

the

HO~1E

Press

that

letter.

This:

at

the right-hand side of the

and

PG

and

E.~1)

DN

keys.

bar

keys.

Left or right one column

t a time when

a

short format

files

are

Click on one of the sero]]-

in

arrows

at

the bottom of the screen.

bar

Up

or

down one page

time To

any position

list of files

and

directories

in

at

your

a

Click between indicator.

Move the cursor indicator. the

left mouse indicator position you mouse

Then,

along

button.

an

arrow

to while holding down

button,

the

want.

and

the

scroll

drag

scroll

Release

bar

the

bar

the

to

the

Files

and

Direc/ories

191

Moving Around

You

can

move around in

root and traveling through directories

particular

a file

system

file.

and

travel toward the root.

in

Your Directory System

the

multilevel system by

Conversely, you can

Changing Directories

There directory. go for more information.

Method:

Using the command in

Using the keyboard arrow keys or

Using the VlSual

are three methods you can use

The

following

Change

a mouse

the

Disk menu