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zyxel GS2220 operation manual

Default Login Details
User’s Guide

GS2220 Series

8/24/44-Port GbE L2 Switch with 2/4 Dual Personality GbE Uplinks 8/24/44-Port GbE L2 PoE Switch with 2/4 Dual Personality GbE Uplinks
User Name admin
Password 1234
http://DHCP-assigned IP
or
http://192.168.1.1
Version 4.70 Edition 1, 07/2020
Copyright © 2020 Zyxel Communications Corporation
IMPORTANT! READ CAREFULLY BEFORE USE. KEEP THIS GUIDE FOR FUTURE REFERENCE.
Screenshots and graphics in this book may differ slightly from your product due to differences in your product firmware or your computer operating system. Every effort has been made to ensure that the information in this manual is accurate.
Related Documentation
•CLI Reference Guide This guide explains how to use the Command-Line Interface (CLI) to configure the Switch.
Note: It is recommended you use the Web Configurator to configure the Switch.
• Web Configurator Online Help Click the help icon in any screen for help in configuring that screen and supplementary information.
•More Information Go to https://businessforum.zyxel.com for product discussions. Go to support.zyxel.com to find other information on the Switch
.
GS2220 Series User’s Guide
2

Document Conventions

Warnings and Notes
These are how warnings and notes are shown in this guide.
Warnings tell you about things that could harm you or your device.
Note: Notes tell you other important information (for example, other things you may need to
configure or helpful tips) or recommendations.
Syntax Conventions
• All models may be referred to as the “Switch” in this guide.
• Product labels, screen names, field labels and field choices are all in bold font.
• A right angle bracket ( > ) within a screen name denotes a mouse click. For example, Basic Setting > IP Setup > IP Configuration > Network Proxy Configuration means you first click Basic Setting in the navigation panel, then the IP Setup sub menu, then IP Configuration and finally Network Proxy
Configuration to get to that screen.
Icons Used in Figures
Figures in this user guide may use the following generic icons. The Switch icon is not an exact representation of your device.
Switch Generic Router Wireless Router / Access Point
Generic Switch Smart TV Desktop
Laptop IP Camera Printer
Server
GS2220 Series User’s Guide
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Contents Overview

Contents Overview
User’s Guide ......................................................................................................................................23
Getting to Know Your Switch .............................................................................................................. 24
Hardware Installation and Connection ............................................................................................. 33
Hardware Panels .................................................................................................................................. 39
Technical Reference ........................................................................................................................49
Web Configurator ................................................................................................................................. 50
Initial Setup Example ............................................................................................................................ 78
Tutorials .................................................................................................................................................. 83
Status ...................................................................................................................................................... 94
Basic Setting ........................................................................................................................................ 100
VLAN .................................................................................................................................................... 133
Static MAC Forwarding ...................................................................................................................... 154
Static Multicast Forwarding ............................................................................................................... 156
Filtering ................................................................................................................................................. 160
Spanning Tree Protocol ...................................................................................................................... 162
Bandwidth Control ............................................................................................................................. 183
Broadcast Storm Control ................................................................................................................... 185
Mirroring ............................................................................................................................................... 187
Link Aggregation ................................................................................................................................ 189
Port Authentication ............................................................................................................................ 196
Port Security ......................................................................................................................................... 205
Time Range ......................................................................................................................................... 207
Classifier ............................................................................................................................................... 209
Policy Rule ........................................................................................................................................... 218
Queuing Method ................................................................................................................................ 222
Multicast .............................................................................................................................................. 225
AAA ...................................................................................................................................................... 248
IP Source Guard .................................................................................................................................. 260
DHCP Snooping .................................................................................................................................. 266
ARP Inspection .................................................................................................................................... 276
Loop Guard ......................................................................................................................................... 292
VLAN Mapping ................................................................................................................................... 295
Layer 2 Protocol Tunneling ................................................................................................................ 299
PPPoE ................................................................................................................................................... 303
Error Disable ......................................................................................................................................... 311
VLAN Isolation ..................................................................................................................................... 318
Green Ethernet ................................................................................................................................... 320
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Contents Overview
Link Layer Discovery Protocol (LLDP) ................................................................................................ 322
Anti-Arpscan ....................................................................................................................................... 344
BPDU Guard ........................................................................................................................................ 349
OAM ..................................................................................................................................................... 352
ZULD ...................................................................................................................................................... 359
Auto PD Recovery .............................................................................................................................. 363
Static Route ......................................................................................................................................... 368
Differentiated Services ....................................................................................................................... 371
DHCP .................................................................................................................................................... 375
ARP Setup ............................................................................................................................................ 388
Maintenance ...................................................................................................................................... 392
Access Control .................................................................................................................................... 406
Diagnostic ........................................................................................................................................... 430
System Log .......................................................................................................................................... 433
Syslog Setup ........................................................................................................................................ 434
Cluster Management ......................................................................................................................... 437
MAC Table ........................................................................................................................................... 443
ARP Table ............................................................................................................................................ 446
Path MTU Table ................................................................................................................................... 448
Configure Clone ................................................................................................................................. 449
IPv6 Neighbor Table ........................................................................................................................... 452
Port Status ............................................................................................................................................ 454
Networked AV Mode ......................................................................................................................... 461
System .................................................................................................................................................. 464
Port ....................................................................................................................................................... 469
Switching ............................................................................................................................................. 476
Networking .......................................................................................................................................... 499
Security ................................................................................................................................................ 501
Maintenance ...................................................................................................................................... 512
Troubleshooting and Appendices .................................................................................................519
Troubleshooting .................................................................................................................................. 520
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Table of Contents

Table of Contents
Document Conventions .................................................................. ....................................................3
Contents Overview..............................................................................................................................4
Table of Contents.................................................................................................................................6
Part I: User’s Guide.......................................................................................... 23
Chapter 1
Getting to Know Your Switch ............................................................................................................24
1.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 24
1.1.1 Management Method ......................................................................................................... 25
1.1.2 Management Modes ........................................................................................................... 25
1.1.3 Mode Changing ................................................................................................................... 25
1.1.4 ZON Utility ............................................................................................................................... 27
1.1.5 Web Configurator Networked AV Mode ........................................................................... 27
1.1.6 PoE .......................................................................................................................................... 27
1.2 Example Applications .................................................................................................................... 27
1.2.1 PoE Example Application ..................................................................................................... 28
1.2.2 Backbone Example Application ......................................................................................... 28
1.2.3 Bridging or Fiber Uplink Example Application .................................................................... 29
1.2.4 High Performance Switching Example ............................................................................... 30
1.2.5 IEEE 802.1Q VLAN Application Examples ........................................................................... 30
1.2.6 IPv6 Support ........................................................................................................................... 31
1.3 Ways to Manage the Switch ......................................................................................................... 31
1.4 Good Habits for Managing the Switch ........................................................................................32
Chapter 2
Hardware Installation and Connection ...........................................................................................33
2.1 Installation Scenarios ...................................................................................................................... 33
2.2 Safety Precautions .......................................................................................................................... 33
2.3 Desktop Installation Procedure ..................................................................................................... 33
2.4 Wall Mounting (GS2220-10 and GS2220-10HP Only) .................................................................. 34
2.4.1 Installation Requirements ..................................................................................................... 34
2.5 Mounting the Switch on a Rack ................................................................................................... 36
2.5.1 Installation Requirements ..................................................................................................... 36
2.5.2 Precautions ............................................................................................................................ 37
2.5.3 Attaching the Mounting Brackets to the Switch ............................................................... 37
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2.5.4 Mounting the Switch on a Rack .......................................................................................... 37
Chapter 3
Hardware Panels................................................................................................................................39
3.1 Front Panel Connections ............................................................................................................... 39
3.1.1 Gigabit Ethernet Ports ........................................................................................................... 40
3.1.2 PoE (GS2220-10HP, GS2220-28HP and GS2220-50HP) ....................................................... 41
3.1.3 SFP Slots .................................................................................................................................. 41
3.1.4 Dual Personality Interfaces .................................................................................................. 43
3.1.5 Console Port .......................................................................................................................... 44
3.2 Rear Panel ....................................................................................................................................... 44
3.2.1 Grounding .............................................................................................................................. 45
3.2.2 AC Power Connection ......................................................................................................... 46
3.3 LEDs .................................................................................................................................................. 47
Part II: Technical Reference...........................................................................49
Chapter 4
Web Configurator...............................................................................................................................50
4.1 Overview ......................................................................................................................................... 50
4.2 System Login .................................................................................................................................... 50
4.3 Zyxel One Network (ZON) Utility .................................................................................................... 54
4.3.1 Requirements ......................................................................................................................... 54
4.3.2 Run the ZON Utility ................................................................................................................. 55
4.4 Wizard .............................................................................................................................................. 58
4.4.1 Basic Settings ......................................................................................................................... 59
4.4.2 Advanced Settings ............................................................................................................... 63
4.5 Web Configurator Layout .............................................................................................................. 68
4.5.1 Change Your Password ........................................................................................................ 74
4.6 Save Your Configuration ................................................................................................................ 75
4.7 Switch Lockout ................................................................................................................................ 75
4.8 Reset the Switch ............................................................................................................................. 76
4.8.1 Restore Button ....................................................................................................................... 76
4.8.2 Restore Custom Default ....................................................................................................... 76
4.8.3 Reboot the Switch ................................................................................................................ 76
4.9 Log Out of the Web Configurator ................................................................................................ 76
4.10 Help ................................................................................................................................................ 77
Chapter 5
Initial Setup Example.........................................................................................................................78
5.1 Overview ......................................................................................................................................... 78
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5.1.1 Create a VLAN ...................................................................................................................... 78
5.1.2 Set Port VID ............................................................................................................................ 80
5.1.3 Configure Switch Management IP Address ....................................................................... 81
Chapter 6
Tutorials...............................................................................................................................................83
6.1 Overview ......................................................................................................................................... 83
6.2 How to Use DHCPv4 Snooping on the Switch ............................................................................. 83
6.3 How to Use DHCPv4 Relay on the Switch .................................................................................... 87
6.3.1 DHCP Relay Tutorial Introduction ........................................................................................ 87
6.3.2 Create a VLAN ...................................................................................................................... 87
6.3.3 Configure DHCPv4 Relay ..................................................................................................... 90
6.3.4 Troubleshooting ..................................................................................................................... 91
6.4 How to Use Auto Configuration via a DHCP Server on the Switch ........................................... 91
Chapter 7
Status...................................................................................................................................................94
7.1 Overview ......................................................................................................................................... 94
7.1.1 What You Can Do ................................................................................................................. 94
7.2 Status ................................................................................................................................................ 94
7.2.1 Neighbor Screen ................................................................................................................... 96
7.2.2 Neighbor Detail ..................................................................................................................... 98
Chapter 8
Basic Setting.....................................................................................................................................100
8.1 Overview ....................................................................................................................................... 100
8.1.1 What You Can Do ............................................................................................................... 100
8.2 System Information ....................................................................................................................... 100
8.3 General Setup ............................................................................................................................... 102
8.4 Introduction to VLANs .................................................................................................................. 104
8.5 Switch Setup .................................................................................................................................. 105
8.6 IP Setup .......................................................................................................................................... 106
8.6.1 IP Status ................................................................................................................................ 106
8.6.2 IP Status Details .................................................................................................................... 107
8.6.3 IP Configuration .................................................................................................................. 108
8.6.4 Network Proxy Configuration ............................................................................................. 110
8.7 Port Setup ...................................................................................................................................... 111
8.8 PoE Status ...................................................................................................................................... 113
8.8.1 PoE Time Range Setup ....................................................................................................... 115
8.8.2 PoE Setup ............................................................................................................................. 116
8.9 Interface Setup ............................................................................................................................. 119
8.10 IPv6 ............................................................................................................................................... 120
8.10.1 IPv6 Status .......................................................................................................................... 120
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8.10.2 IPv6 Interface Status ......................................................................................................... 120
8.10.3 IPv6 Configuration ............................................................................................................ 123
8.10.4 IPv6 Global Setup .............................................................................................................. 123
8.10.5 IPv6 Interface Setup .......................................................................................................... 124
8.10.6 IPv6 Link-Local Address Setup .......................................................................................... 125
8.10.7 IPv6 Global Address Setup ...............................................................................................126
8.10.8 IPv6 Neighbor Discovery Setup ....................................................................................... 127
8.10.9 IPv6 Neighbor Setup ......................................................................................................... 128
8.10.10 DHCPv6 Client Setup ...................................................................................................... 129
8.11 Cloud Management .................................................................................................................. 131
8.11.1 Nebula Center Control Discovery ................................................................................... 131
8.11.2 Nebula Switch Registration ..............................................................................................132
Chapter 9
VLAN..................................................................................................................................................133
9.1 Overview ....................................................................................................................................... 133
9.1.1 What You Can Do ............................................................................................................... 133
9.1.2 What You Need to Know ................................................................................................... 134
9.2 IEEE 802.1Q Tagged VLANs .......................................................................................................... 134
9.3 VLAN Status ................................................................................................................................... 137
9.3.1 VLAN Details ........................................................................................................................ 138
9.4 VLAN Configuration ..................................................................................................................... 139
9.5 Configure a Static VLAN .............................................................................................................. 139
9.6 Configure VLAN Port Settings ...................................................................................................... 141
9.7 Subnet Based VLANs .................................................................................................................... 142
9.7.1 Configuring Subnet Based VLAN ....................................................................................... 143
9.8 Protocol Based VLANs .................................................................................................................. 145
9.8.1 Configuring Protocol Based VLAN .................................................................................... 145
9.9 Voice VLAN ................................................................................................................................... 147
9.10 MAC Based VLAN ....................................................................................................................... 148
9.11 Vendor ID Based VLAN .............................................................................................................. 149
9.12 Port-Based VLAN Setup .............................................................................................................. 151
9.12.1 Configure a Port-Based VLAN ......................................................................................... 151
Chapter 10
Static MAC Forwarding....................................................................................................................154
10.1 Overview ..................................................................................................................................... 154
10.1.1 What You Can Do ............................................................................................................. 154
10.2 Configure Static MAC Forwarding ...........................................................................................154
Chapter 11
Static Multicast Forwarding.............................................................................................................156
11.1 Overview ..................................................................................................................................... 156
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11.1.1 What You Can Do ............................................................................................................. 156
11.1.2 What You Need To Know ................................................................................................. 156
11.2 Configure Static Multicast Forwarding .....................................................................................157
Chapter 12
Filtering..............................................................................................................................................160
12.1 Filtering Overview ....................................................................................................................... 160
12.1.1 What You Can Do ............................................................................................................. 160
12.2 Configure a Filtering Rule .......................................................................................................... 160
Chapter 13
Spanning Tree Protocol ...................................................................................................................162
13.1 Spanning Tree Protocol Overview ............................................................................................ 162
13.1.1 What You Can Do ............................................................................................................. 162
13.1.2 What You Need to Know ................................................................................................. 162
13.2 Spanning Tree Protocol Status .................................................................................................. 165
13.3 Spanning Tree Configuration .................................................................................................... 165
13.4 Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol Status .......................................................................................166
13.5 Configure Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol ................................................................................ 168
13.6 Configure Multiple Spanning Tree Protocol ............................................................................ 169
13.6.1 Multiple Spanning Tree Protocol Port Configuration ..................................................... 174
13.7 Multiple Spanning Tree Protocol Status ....................................................................................174
13.8 Configure Multiple Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol ................................................................. 177
13.9 Multiple Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol Status ........................................................................ 179
13.10 Technical Reference ................................................................................................................ 180
13.10.1 MSTP Network Example .................................................................................................. 181
13.10.2 MST Region ....................................................................................................................... 181
13.10.3 MST Instance .................................................................................................................... 182
13.10.4 Common and Internal Spanning Tree (CIST) ............................................................... 182
Chapter 14
Bandwidth Control...........................................................................................................................183
14.1 Bandwidth Control Overview .................................................................................................... 183
14.1.1 What You Can Do ............................................................................................................. 183
14.2 Bandwidth Control Setup .......................................................................................................... 183
Chapter 15
Broadcast Storm Control .................................................................................................................185
15.1 Broadcast Storm Control Overview ..........................................................................................185
15.1.1 What You Can Do ............................................................................................................. 185
15.2 Broadcast Storm Control Setup ................................................................................................ 185
Chapter 16
Mirroring............................................................................................................................................187
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16.1 Mirroring Overview ..................................................................................................................... 187
16.2 Port Mirroring Setup .................................................................................................................... 187
Chapter 17
Link Aggregation .................................... .... .... ... ............................................ ..................................189
17.1 Link Aggregation Overview ....................................................................................................... 189
17.1.1 What You Can Do ............................................................................................................. 189
17.1.2 What You Need to Know ................................................................................................. 189
17.2 Link Aggregation Status ............................................................................................................. 190
17.3 Link Aggregation Setting ........................................................................................................... 191
17.3.1 Link Aggregation Control Protocol ................................................................................. 193
17.4 Technical Reference .................................................................................................................. 194
17.4.1 Static Trunking Example ................................................................................................... 194
Chapter 18
Port Authentication..........................................................................................................................196
18.1 Port Authentication Overview .................................................................................................. 196
18.1.1 What You Can Do ............................................................................................................. 196
18.1.2 What You Need to Know ................................................................................................. 197
18.1.3 MAC Authentication ........................................................................................................ 197
18.2 Port Authentication Configuration ........................................................................................... 198
18.3 Activate IEEE 802.1x Security ..................................................................................................... 198
18.4 Activate MAC Authentication .................................................................................................. 199
18.5 Guest VLAN ................................................................................................................................. 201
18.6 Compound Authentication ....................................................................................................... 203
Chapter 19
Port Security......................................................................................................................................205
19.1 About Port Security ..................................................................................................................... 205
19.2 Port Security Setup ...................................................................................................................... 205
Chapter 20
Time Range.......................................................................................................................................207
20.1 Time Range Overview ................................................................................................................ 207
20.1.1 What You Can Do ............................................................................................................. 207
20.2 Configuring Time Range ............................................................................................................ 207
Chapter 21
Classifier............................................................................................................................................209
21.1 Classifier Overview ..................................................................................................................... 209
21.1.1 What You Can Do ............................................................................................................. 209
21.1.2 What You Need to Know ................................................................................................. 209
21.2 Classifier Status ............................................................................................................................ 210
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21.3 Classifier Configuration .............................................................................................................. 210
21.3.1 Viewing and Editing Classifier Configuration Summary ............................................... 214
21.4 Classifier Global Setting Configuration .................................................................................... 215
21.5 Classifier Example ....................................................................................................................... 216
Chapter 22
Policy Rule ........................................................................................................................................218
22.1 Policy Rules Overview ................................................................................................................ 218
22.1.1 What You Can Do ............................................................................................................. 218
22.1.2 DiffServ ................................................................................................................................ 218
22.1.3 DSCP and Per-Hop Behavior ........................................................................................... 218
22.2 Configuring Policy Rules ............................................................................................................ 219
22.3 Policy Example ............................................................................................................................ 221
Chapter 23
Queuing Method..............................................................................................................................222
23.1 Queuing Method Overview ...................................................................................................... 222
23.1.1 What You Can Do ............................................................................................................. 222
23.1.2 What You Need to Know ................................................................................................. 222
23.2 Configuring Queuing ................................................................................................................. 223
Chapter 24
Multicast............................................................................................................................................225
24.1 Multicast Overview ..................................................................................................................... 225
24.1.1 What You Can Do ............................................................................................................. 225
24.1.2 What You Need to Know ................................................................................................. 225
24.2 Multicast Setup ........................................................................................................................... 229
24.3 IPv4 Multicast Status ................................................................................................................... 229
24.3.1 IGMP Snooping .................................................................................................................. 230
24.3.2 IGMP Snooping VLAN ....................................................................................................... 233
24.3.3 IGMP Filtering Profile ......................................................................................................... 234
24.4 IPv6 Multicast Status ................................................................................................................... 236
24.4.1 MLD Snooping-proxy ........................................................................................................ 236
24.4.2 MLD Snooping-proxy VLAN .............................................................................................. 237
24.4.3 MLD Snooping-proxy VLAN Port Role Setting ................................................................. 238
24.4.4 MLD Snooping-proxy Filtering .......................................................................................... 240
24.4.5 MLD Snooping-proxy Filtering Profile ............................................................................... 241
24.5 General MVR Configuration ...................................................................................................... 242
24.5.1 MVR Group Configuration ............................................................................................... 244
24.5.2 MVR Configuration Example ........................................................................................... 246
Chapter 25
AAA...................................................................................................................................................248
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25.1 Authentication, Authorization and Accounting (AAA) ......................................................... 248
25.1.1 What You Can Do ............................................................................................................. 248
25.1.2 What You Need to Know ................................................................................................. 248
25.2 AAA Screens ............................................................................................................................... 249
25.3 RADIUS Server Setup ................................................................................................................... 249
25.4 TACACS+ Server Setup ............................................................................................................... 251
25.5 AAA Setup ................................................................................................................................... 253
25.6 Technical Reference .................................................................................................................. 255
25.6.1 Vendor Specific Attribute ................................................................................................ 255
25.6.2 Supported RADIUS Attributes ........................................................................................... 257
25.6.3 Attributes Used for Authentication .................................................................................. 257
25.6.4 Attributes Used for Accounting ....................................................................................... 258
Chapter 26
IP Source Guard...............................................................................................................................260
26.1 IP Source Guard Overview ........................................................................................................ 260
26.1.1 What You Can Do ............................................................................................................. 260
26.1.2 What You Need to Know ................................................................................................. 261
26.2 IP Source Guard .......................................................................................................................... 262
26.3 IPv4 Source Guard Setup ........................................................................................................... 262
26.4 IPv4 Source Guard Static Binding ............................................................................................. 263
Chapter 27
DHCP Snooping................................................................................................................................266
27.1 DHCP Snooping Overview ......................................................................................................... 266
27.2 DHCP Snooping .......................................................................................................................... 266
27.3 DHCP Snooping Configure ........................................................................................................ 269
27.3.1 DHCP Snooping Port Configure ...................................................................................... 270
27.3.2 DHCP Snooping VLAN Configure .................................................................................... 271
27.3.3 DHCP Snooping VLAN Port Configure ............................................................................ 272
27.4 Technical Reference .................................................................................................................. 273
27.4.1 DHCP Snooping Overview ............................................................................................... 274
Chapter 28
ARP Inspection .................................................................................................................................276
28.1 ARP Inspection Status ................................................................................................................. 276
28.1.1 ARP Inspection VLAN Status ............................................................................................. 277
28.1.2 ARP Inspection Log Status ................................................................................................ 277
28.2 ARP Inspection Configure .......................................................................................................... 278
28.2.1 ARP Inspection Port Configure ........................................................................................ 280
28.2.2 ARP Inspection VLAN Configure ..................................................................................... 281
28.3 IPv6 Source Guard Overview .................................................................................................... 282
28.4 IPv6 Source Binding Status ......................................................................................................... 282
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28.5 IPv6 Static Binding Setup ........................................................................................................... 283
28.6 IPv6 Source Guard Policy Setup ............................................................................................... 285
28.7 IPv6 Source Guard Port Setup ................................................................................................... 286
28.8 IPv6 Snooping Policy Setup ....................................................................................................... 286
28.9 IPv6 Snooping VLAN Setup ........................................................................................................ 287
28.10 IPv6 DHCP Trust Setup .............................................................................................................. 288
28.11 Technical Reference ................................................................................................................ 289
28.11.1 ARP Inspection Overview ............................................................................................... 290
Chapter 29
Loop Guard ......................................................................................................................................292
29.1 Loop Guard Overview ............................................................................................................... 292
29.1.1 What You Can Do ............................................................................................................. 292
29.1.2 What You Need to Know ................................................................................................. 292
29.2 Loop Guard Setup ...................................................................................................................... 294
Chapter 30
VLAN Mapping.................................................................................................................................295
30.1 VLAN Mapping Overview .......................................................................................................... 295
30.1.1 VLAN Mapping Example .................................................................................................. 295
30.1.2 What You Can Do ............................................................................................................. 295
30.2 Enable VLAN Mapping .............................................................................................................. 296
30.2.1 VLAN Mapping Configure ............................................................................................... 296
Chapter 31
Layer 2 Protocol Tunneling..............................................................................................................299
31.1 Layer 2 Protocol Tunneling Overview .......................................................................................299
31.1.1 What You Can Do ............................................................................................................. 299
31.1.2 What You Need to Know ................................................................................................. 299
31.2 Configuring Layer 2 Protocol Tunneling ................................................................................... 300
Chapter 32
PPPoE.................................................................................................................................................303
32.1 PPPoE Intermediate Agent Overview ...................................................................................... 303
32.1.1 What You Can Do ............................................................................................................. 303
32.1.2 What You Need to Know ................................................................................................. 303
32.2 PPPoE ........................................................................................................................................... 305
32.3 PPPoE Intermediate Agent ........................................................................................................ 306
32.3.1 PPPoE IA Per-Port ............................................................................................................... 307
32.3.2 PPPoE IA Per-Port Per-VLAN ............................................................................................. 308
32.3.3 PPPoE IA for VLAN ............................................................................................................. 309
Chapter 33
Error Disable......................................................................................................................................311
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33.1 Error Disable Overview ............................................................................................................... 311
33.1.1 CPU Protection Overview ................................................................................................ 311
33.1.2 Error-Disable Recovery Overview .................................................................................... 311
33.1.3 What You Can Do ............................................................................................................. 311
33.2 Error Disable Settings .................................................................................................................. 312
33.3 Error-Disable Status ..................................................................................................................... 312
33.4 CPU Protection Configuration ................................................................................................... 314
33.5 Error-Disable Detect Configuration .......................................................................................... 315
33.6 Error-Disable Recovery Configuration ......................................................................................316
Chapter 34
VLAN Isolation..................................................................................................................................318
34.1 VLAN Isolation Overview ............................................................................................................ 318
34.2 Configuring VLAN Isolation ........................................................................................................ 318
Chapter 35
Green Ethernet...................... .... ... .... ............................................ .... ................................................320
35.1 Green Ethernet Overview .......................................................................................................... 320
35.2 Configuring Green Ethernet ...................................................................................................... 320
Chapter 36
Link Layer Discovery Protocol (LLDP) .............................................................................................322
36.1 LLDP Overview ............................................................................................................................ 322
36.2 LLDP-MED Overview ................................................................................................................... 323
36.3 LLDP Settings ............................................................................................................................... 324
36.4 LLDP Local Status ........................................................................................................................ 325
36.4.1 LLDP Local Port Status Detail ...........................................................................................326
36.5 LLDP Remote Status .................................................................................................................... 329
36.5.1 LLDP Remote Port Status Detail ....................................................................................... 330
36.6 LLDP Configuration ..................................................................................................................... 336
36.6.1 LLDP Configuration Basic TLV Setting .............................................................................. 337
36.6.2 LLDP Configuration Org-specific TLV Setting ................................................................. 338
36.7 LLDP-MED Configuration ............................................................................................................ 339
36.8 LLDP-MED Network Policy .......................................................................................................... 340
36.9 LLDP-MED Location .................................................................................................................... 341
Chapter 37
Anti-Arpscan ....................................................................................................................................344
37.1 Anti-Arpscan Overview .............................................................................................................. 344
37.1.1 What You Can Do ............................................................................................................. 344
37.1.2 What You Need to Know ................................................................................................. 344
37.2 Anti-Arpscan Status .................................................................................................................... 345
37.3 Anti-Arpscan Host Status ............................................................................................................ 345
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37.4 Anti-Arpscan Trust Host .............................................................................................................. 346
37.5 Anti-Arpscan Configure ............................................................................................................. 347
Chapter 38
BPDU Guard......................................................................................................................................349
38.1 BPDU Guard Overview ............................................................................................................... 349
38.1.1 What You Can Do ............................................................................................................. 349
38.2 BPDU Guard Status ..................................................................................................................... 349
38.3 BPDU Guard Configuration ....................................................................................................... 350
Chapter 39
OAM..................................................................................................................................................352
39.1 OAM Overview ........................................................................................................................... 352
39.1.1 What You Can Do ............................................................................................................. 352
39.2 OAM Status .................................................................................................................................. 352
39.2.1 OAM Details ....................................................................................................................... 353
39.3 OAM Configuration .................................................................................................................... 356
39.4 OAM Remote Loopback ........................................................................................................... 357
Chapter 40
ZULD...................................................................................................................................................359
40.1 ZULD Overview ............................................................................................................................ 359
40.1.1 What You Can Do ............................................................................................................. 359
40.1.2 What You Need to Know ................................................................................................. 359
40.2 ZULD Status .................................................................................................................................. 360
40.3 ZULD Configuration .................................................................................................................... 361
Chapter 41
Auto PD Recovery............. .... ............................................ .... ............................................ ...............363
41.1 Auto PD Recovery Overview .................................................................................................... 363
41.1.1 What You Can Do ............................................................................................................. 363
41.2 Auto PD Recovery ...................................................................................................................... 363
41.2.1 Activate the Automatic PD Recovery ............................................................................ 365
Chapter 42
Static Route.......................................................................................................................................368
42.1 Static Routing .............................................................................................................................. 368
42.1.1 What You Can Do ............................................................................................................. 368
42.2 Static Routing .............................................................................................................................. 369
42.3 IPv4 Static Route ......................................................................................................................... 369
Chapter 43
Differentiated Services ....................................................................................................................371
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43.1 DiffServ Overview ....................................................................................................................... 371
43.1.1 What You Can Do ............................................................................................................. 371
43.1.2 What You Need to Know ................................................................................................. 371
43.2 Activating DiffServ ...................................................................................................................... 372
43.3 DSCP-to-IEEE 802.1p Priority Settings ......................................................................................... 373
43.3.1 Configuring DSCP Settings ...............................................................................................373
Chapter 44
DHCP .................................................................................................................................................375
44.1 DHCP Overview .......................................................................................................................... 375
44.1.1 What You Can Do ............................................................................................................. 375
44.1.2 What You Need to Know ................................................................................................. 375
44.2 DHCP Configuration ................................................................................................................... 376
44.3 DHCPv4 Status ............................................................................................................................ 376
44.4 DHCPv4 Relay ............................................................................................................................. 377
44.4.1 DHCPv4 Relay Agent Information ................................................................................... 377
44.4.2 DHCPv4 Option 82 Profile ................................................................................................. 378
44.4.3 Configuring DHCPv4 Global Relay ................................................................................. 379
44.4.4 Configure DHCPv4 Global Relay Port ............................................................................ 380
44.4.5 Global DHCP Relay Configuration Example .................................................................. 381
44.4.6 DHCPv4 VLAN Setting ....................................................................................................... 382
44.4.7 Configure DHCPv4 VLAN Port ......................................................................................... 383
44.4.8 Example: DHCP Relay for Two VLANs ............................................................................. 384
44.5 DHCPv6 Relay ............................................................................................................................. 385
44.6 DHCP Server Guard .................................................................................................................... 387
Chapter 45
ARP Setup..........................................................................................................................................388
45.1 ARP Overview ............................................................................................................................. 388
45.1.1 What You Can Do ............................................................................................................. 388
45.1.2 What You Need to Know ................................................................................................. 388
45.2 ARP Setup .................................................................................................................................... 390
45.2.1 ARP Learning ..................................................................................................................... 390
Chapter 46
Maintenance....................................................................................................................................392
46.1 Overview ..................................................................................................................................... 392
46.1.1 What You Can Do ............................................................................................................. 392
46.2 Maintenance Settings ................................................................................................................ 392
46.2.1 Erase Running-Configuration ........................................................................................... 394
46.2.2 Save Configuration ........................................................................................................... 394
46.2.3 Reboot System .................................................................................................................. 394
46.2.4 Factory Default .................................................................................................................. 395
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46.2.5 Custom Default ................................................................................................................. 395
46.3 Firmware Upgrade ...................................................................................................................... 396
46.4 Restore Configuration ................................................................................................................ 397
46.5 Backup Configuration ................................................................................................................ 398
46.6 Auto Configuration .................................................................................................................... 398
46.7 Tech-Support ............................................................................................................................... 399
46.7.1 Tech-Support Download .................................................................................................. 401
46.8 Certificates .................................................................................................................................. 401
46.8.1 HTTPS Certificates .............................................................................................................. 402
46.9 Technical Reference .................................................................................................................. 403
46.9.1 FTP Command Line ........................................................................................................... 403
46.9.2 Filename Conventions ...................................................................................................... 403
46.9.3 FTP Command Line Procedure ........................................................................................ 404
46.9.4 GUI-based FTP Clients ....................................................................................................... 405
46.9.5 FTP Restrictions ................................................................................................................... 405
Chapter 47
Access Control.................................................................................................................................406
47.1 Access Control Overview .......................................................................................................... 406
47.1.1 What You Can Do ............................................................................................................. 406
47.2 Access Control Main Settings .................................................................................................... 406
47.3 Configure SNMP .......................................................................................................................... 407
47.3.1 Configure SNMP Trap Group ........................................................................................... 408
47.3.2 Enable or Disable Sending of SNMP Traps on a Port ..................................................... 409
47.3.3 Configure SNMP User ........................................................................................................ 410
47.4 Set Up Login Accounts ............................................................................................................... 412
47.5 Service Access Control .............................................................................................................. 414
47.6 Remote Management ............................................................................................................... 415
47.7 Technical Reference .................................................................................................................. 416
47.7.1 About SNMP ....................................................................................................................... 416
47.7.2 SSH Overview ..................................................................................................................... 422
47.7.3 Introduction to HTTPS ........................................................................................................ 424
47.7.4 Google Chrome Warning Messages .............................................................................. 428
Chapter 48
Diagnostic.........................................................................................................................................430
48.1 Overview ..................................................................................................................................... 430
48.2 Diagnostic ................................................................................................................................... 430
Chapter 49
System Log........................................................................................................................................433
49.1 Overview ..................................................................................................................................... 433
49.2 System Log .................................................................................................................................. 433
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Chapter 50
Syslog Setup .....................................................................................................................................434
50.1 Syslog Overview .......................................................................................................................... 434
50.1.1 What You Can Do ............................................................................................................. 434
50.2 Syslog Setup ................................................................................................................................ 434
Chapter 51
Cluster Management.......................................................................................................................437
51.1 Cluster Management Overview ...............................................................................................437
51.1.1 What You Can Do ............................................................................................................. 438
51.2 Cluster Management Status ..................................................................................................... 438
51.3 Clustering Management Configuration .................................................................................. 439
51.4 Technical Reference .................................................................................................................. 440
51.4.1 Cluster Member Switch Management ........................................................................... 441
Chapter 52
MAC Table........................................................................................................................................443
52.1 MAC Table Overview ................................................................................................................. 443
52.1.1 What You Can Do ............................................................................................................. 443
52.1.2 What You Need to Know ................................................................................................. 443
52.2 Viewing the MAC Table ............................................................................................................. 444
Chapter 53
ARP Table..........................................................................................................................................446
53.1 Overview ..................................................................................................................................... 446
53.1.1 What You Can Do ............................................................................................................. 446
53.1.2 What You Need to Know ................................................................................................. 446
53.2 Viewing the ARP Table ............................................................................................................... 446
Chapter 54
Path MTU Table.................................................................................................................................448
54.1 Path MTU Overview .................................................................................................................... 448
54.2 Viewing the Path MTU Table ..................................................................................................... 448
Chapter 55
Configure Clone.................... .... ... ............................................ .... .... ................................................449
55.1 Overview ..................................................................................................................................... 449
55.2 Configure Clone ......................................................................................................................... 449
Chapter 56
IPv6 Neighbor Table.........................................................................................................................452
56.1 IPv6 Neighbor Table Overview .................................................................................................. 452
56.2 Viewing the IPv6 Neighbor Table ............................................................................................. 452
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Table of Contents
Chapter 57
Port Status .........................................................................................................................................454
57.1 Overview ..................................................................................................................................... 454
57.2 Port Status .................................................................................................................................... 454
57.2.1 Port Details ......................................................................................................................... 455
57.2.2 DDMI ................................................................................................................................... 458
57.2.3 DDMI Details ...................................................................................................................... 458
57.2.4 Port Utilization .................................................................................................................... 460
Chapter 58
Networked AV Mode.......................................................................................................................461
58.1 Overview ..................................................................................................................................... 461
58.2 Summary ...................................................................................................................................... 461
Chapter 59
System...............................................................................................................................................464
59.1 What You Can Do ...................................................................................................................... 464
59.2 System Information ..................................................................................................................... 464
59.3 General Setup ............................................................................................................................. 465
59.4 Cloud Management .................................................................................................................. 467
Chapter 60
Port ....................................................................................................................................................469
60.1 What You Can Do ...................................................................................................................... 469
60.2 PoE Status .................................................................................................................................... 469
60.3 PoE Setup ..................................................................................................................................... 471
60.4 Port Setup .................................................................................................................................... 473
Chapter 61
Switching...........................................................................................................................................476
61.1 Broadcast Storm Control ........................................................................................................... 476
61.2 Link Aggregation ........................................................................................................................ 477
61.2.1 What You Can Do ............................................................................................................. 477
61.3 Link Aggregation Status ............................................................................................................. 477
61.4 Link Aggregation Setting ........................................................................................................... 478
61.5 Link Aggregation Control Protocol ........................................................................................... 480
61.6 VLAN ............................................................................................................................................ 482
61.6.1 What You Can Do ............................................................................................................. 482
61.6.2 What You Need to Know ................................................................................................. 482
61.7 VLAN Status ................................................................................................................................. 485
61.7.1 VLAN Detail ........................................................................................................................ 485
61.8 Static VLAN .................................................................................................................................. 486
61.9 VLAN Port Setting ........................................................................................................................ 488
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61.10 Multicast .................................................................................................................................... 490
61.10.1 What You Can Do ........................................................................................................... 490
61.11 IPv4 Multicast Status ................................................................................................................. 490
61.12 IGMP Snooping ......................................................................................................................... 491
61.13 IGMP Snooping VLAN .............................................................................................................. 494
61.14 IGMP Filtering Profile ................................................................................................................. 496
Chapter 62
Networking .......................................................................................................................................499
62.1 IP Setup ........................................................................................................................................ 499
Chapter 63
Security .............................................................................................................................................501
63.1 Access Control ............................................................................................................................ 501
63.1.1 What You Can Do ............................................................................................................. 501
63.2 Set Up Login Accounts ............................................................................................................... 501
63.3 Remote Management ............................................................................................................... 503
63.4 Configure SNMP .......................................................................................................................... 504
63.5 Configure SNMP Trap Group ..................................................................................................... 506
63.6 Enable or Disable Sending of SNMP Traps on a Port .............................................................. 507
63.7 Configure SNMP User ................................................................................................................. 509
63.8 Service Access Control .............................................................................................................. 510
Chapter 64
Maintenance....................................................................................................................................512
64.1 What You Can Do ...................................................................................................................... 512
64.2 Backup Configuration ................................................................................................................ 512
64.3 Firmware Upgrade ...................................................................................................................... 513
64.4 Reboot System ............................................................................................................................ 514
64.5 Restore Configuration ................................................................................................................ 515
64.6 Save Configuration .................................................................................................................... 515
64.7 Tech-Support ............................................................................................................................... 516
64.8 Port Mirroring ............................................................................................................................... 517
Part III: Troubleshooting and Appendices..................................................519
Chapter 65
Troubleshooting................................................................................................................................520
65.1 Power, Hardware Connections, and LEDs ............................................................................... 520
65.2 Switch Access and Login ........................................................................................................... 521
65.3 Switch Configuration .................................................................................................................. 522
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Table of Contents
Appendix A Customer Support ..................................................................................................... 524
Appendix B Common Services...................................................................................................... 530
Appendix C IPv6.............................................................................................................................. 533
Appendix D Legal Information ...................................................................................................... 541
Index.................................................................................................................................................546
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PART I

User’s Guide

23
CHAPTER 1

Getting to Know Your Switch

1.1 Introduction

The GS2220 Series consists of the following models:
• GS2220-10
• GS2220-10HP
• GS2220-28
• GS2220-28HP
• GS2220-50
• GS2220-50HP
References to PoE models in this User's Guide only apply to GS2220-10HP, GS2220-28HP and GS2220­50HP.
The Switch is a layer-2 Ethernet switch that only does switching.
The Switch supports NebulaFlex which can set the Switch to operate in either standalone or Nebula cloud management mode. When the Switch is in standalone mode, it can be configured and managed by the Web Configurator, via Telnet, any terminal emulator program using the Command Line Interface (CLI), or via third-party SNMP management. When the Switch is in Nebula cloud management mode, it can be managed and provisioned by the Zyxel Nebula Control Center (NCC) (see Section 8.11 on page 131).
All models are referred to as the “Switch” in this guide.
The following table describes the hardware features of the Switch by model.
Table 1 GS2220 Series Comparison Table
FEATURE GS2220-10 GS2220-10HP GS2220-28 GS2220-28HP GS2220-50 GS2220-50HP
10/100/1000 Mbps Ethernet ports
10/100/1000 Mbps PoE ports
GbE combo ports (dual personality interfaces)
1 Gbps SFP interfaces
Fan 010212
Rubber feet for desktop placement
80 240 440
08 024 0 48
22 44 4 4
00 00 2 2
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
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Chapter 1 Getting to Know Your Switch
Table 1 GS2220 Series Comparison Table
FEATURE GS2220-10 GS2220-10HP GS2220-28 GS2220-28HP GS2220-50 GS2220-50HP
Wall-mount Yes Yes No No No No
Rack-mount Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Figure 1 GS2220 Series Switch Application
1.1.1 Management Method
With its built-in Web Configurator, managing and configuring the Switch is easy. In addition, the Switch can also be managed via Telnet, any terminal emulator program using the Command Line Interface (CLI), or third-party SNMP management.
1.1.2 Management Modes
NebulaFlex means you can set the Switch to operate in either standalone or cloud mode (but not both at the same time).
Use the Web Configurator to configure and manage the Switch directly in standalone mode or use Nebula Control Center (NCC) to configure and manage the Switch in cloud mode. The Nebula Control
Center (NCC) is an alternative cloud-based network management system that allows you to remotely manage and monitor the Switch. You may also access a minimized version of the Web Configurator in cloud mode.
Nebula Cloud Management
To have Nebula manage the Switch, you must first register it at the Nebula web portal at https:// nebula.zyxel.com, and ensure that Nebula Control Center Discovery is enabled in Basic Setting > Cloud Management > Nebula Control Center Discovery in the Switch Web Configurator.
Note: See the Switch’s datasheet for the feature differences between standalone and
Nebula cloud management modes. You can find the Switch’s datasheet at the Zyxel website.
See the NCC (Nebula Control Center) User’s Guide for how to configure the Switch using Nebula.
1.1.3 Mode Changing
This section describes how to change the Switch’s management mode.
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Chapter 1 Getting to Know Your Switch
Note: If you change the Switch’s management mode from standalone mode to Nebula-
managed mode, the configuration settings of the Switch will be overwritten with what you have configured in Nebula.
Note: If you change the Switch’s management mode from Nebula-managed mode to
standalone mode, the Switch will reset to its factory-default settings.
From Standalone to Nebula Cloud Management
To manage your Switch via Nebula, connect the Switch to the Internet, and register it to a site and organization at the Nebula web portal (https://nebula.zyxel.com).
See the following steps or the Switch Quick Start Guide for how to do device registration.
Go to the NCC to Register the Switch
1 Go to the Nebula web portal in one of three ways.
• Type https://nebula.zyxel.com in a supported web browser. See the Nebula User’s Guide for more information about supported browsers.
• Click Visit Nebula in the Switch’s login page.
• Click the Nebula icon in the upper right corner of the Switch’s Web Configurator.
2 Click Login in the Nebula web portal. Enter your myZyxel account information. You will be redirected to
another screen where you can sign up for a myZyxel account if you do not have one.
3 Create an organization and a site or select an existing site using the Nebula setup wizard.
4 Register the Switch by entering its MAC address and serial number and assign it to the site. The serial
number and MAC address can be found in the Status screen or the device back label on the Switch. Use the Zyxel Nebula Mobile App to Register the Switch
1 Download and open the Zyxel Nebula Mobile app in your mobile device. Click Sign Up to create a
myZyxel account or enter your existing account information to log in.
2 Create an organization and site, or select an existing site using the Zyxel Nebula Mobile app.
3 Select a site and scan the Switch's QR code to add it to the site. You can find the QR code:
• On a label on the Switch or
• On its box or
• In the Web Configurator at Basic > Cloud Management > Nebula Switch Registration.
See Section 3.3 on page 47 for more information about the CLOUD LED or Section 7.2 on page 94 for more information about the Hybrid Mode field in the Status screen to see if the Switch goes into Nebula cloud management mode successfully.
Note: The Switch goes into Nebula-managed mode automatically after it can access the
Nebula web portal and is successfully registered there. Its login password and settings are then overwritten with what you have configured in the Nebula web portal.
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Chapter 1 Getting to Know Your Switch
From Nebula-managed to Standalone
To return to direct management standalone mode, just remove (unregister) the Switch from the organization or site in the Nebula web portal. The Switch will reboot and restore the factory default settings.
1.1.4 ZON Utility
With its built-in Web Configurator, including the Neighbor Management feature (Section 7.2.1 on page
96), viewing, managing and configuring the Switch and its neighboring devices is easy.
In addition, Zyxel offers a proprietary software program called Zyxel One Network (ZON) Utility, it is a utility tool that assists you to set up and maintain network devices in a more simple and efficient way. You can download the ZON Utility at www.zyxel.com and install it on a PC (Windows operation system). For more information on ZON Utility see Section 4.3 on page 54.
1.1.5 Web Configurator Networked AV Mode
Aside from the Web Configurator in Standard mode, you can switch to Networked AV mode that is specifically designed to simplify configuration and management of the Switch for AVoIP (Audio-Video over Internet Protocol) application. AV over IP is the transmission of audio-video data over a network.
1.1.6 PoE
The Switch is a Power Sourcing Equipment (PSE) because it provides a source of power via its Ethernet ports. Each device that receives power through an Ethernet port is a Powered Device (PD).
The Switch can adjust the power supplied to each PD according to the PoE standard the PD supports. PoE standards are:
• IEEE 802.3af Power over Ethernet (PoE)
• IEEE 802.3at Power over Ethernet (PoE) Plus
The following table describes the PoE features of the Switch by model.
Table 2 GS2220 Series Models and PoE Features
POE FEATURES GS2220-10HP GS2220-28HP GS2220-50HP
IEEE 802.3af PoE Yes Yes Yes
IEEE 802.3at PoE Plus Yes Yes Yes
Power Management Mode Consumption
Classification (default)
PoE Power Budget 180 W 375 W 375 W
Consumption Classification (default)
Consumption Classification (default)

1.2 Example Applications

This section shows a few examples of using the Switch in various network environments. Note that the Switch in the figure is just an example Switch and not your actual Switch.
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Chapter 1 Getting to Know Your Switch
1.2.1 PoE Example Application
The following example figure shows a Switch supplying PoE (Power over Ethernet) to Powered Devices (PDs) such as an IP camera, a wireless router, an IP telephone and a general outdoor router that are not within reach of a power outlet.
Figure 2 PoE Example Application
1.2.2 Backbone Example Application
The Switch is an ideal solution for small networks where rapid growth can be expected in the near future. The Switch can be used standalone for a group of heavy traffic users. You can connect computers and servers directly to the Switch’s port or connect other switches to the Switch.
In this example, all computers can share high-speed applications on the server. To expand the network, simply add more networking devices such as switches, routers, computers, print servers, and so on.
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Chapter 1 Getting to Know Your Switch
Figure 3 Backbone Application
1.2.3 Bridging or Fiber Uplink Example Application
In this example, the Switch connects different company departments (RD and Sales) to the corporate backbone. It can alleviate bandwidth contention and eliminate server and network bottlenecks. All users that need high bandwidth can connect to high-speed department servers via the Switch. You can provide a super-fast uplink connection by using a Gigabit Ethernet or SFP port on the Switch.
Figure 4 Bridging or Fiber Uplink Example Application
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Chapter 1 Getting to Know Your Switch
1.2.4 High Performance Switching Example
The Switch is ideal for connecting two networks that need high bandwidth. In the following example, use link aggregation (trunking) to connect these two networks.
Switching to higher-speed LANs such as ATM (Asynchronous Transmission Mode) is not feasible for most people due to the expense of replacing all existing Ethernet cables and adapter cards, restructuring your network and complex maintenance. The Switch can provide the same bandwidth as ATM at much lower cost while still being able to use existing adapters and switches. Moreover, the current LAN structure can be retained as all ports can freely communicate with each other.
This helps you switch to higher-speed LANs without the need for replacing all existing Ethernet cables and adapter cards, restructuring your network and complex maintenance.
Figure 5 High Performance Switched Workgroup Application
1.2.5 IEEE 802.1Q VLAN Application Examples
A VLAN (Virtual Local Area Network) allows a physical network to be partitioned into multiple logical networks. Stations on a logical network belong to one or more groups. With VLAN, a station cannot directly talk to or hear from stations that are not in the same groups unless such traffic first goes through a router.
1.2.5.1 Tag-based VLAN Example
Ports in the same VLAN group share the same frame broadcast domain thus increase network performance through reduced broadcast traffic. VLAN groups can be modified at any time by adding, moving or changing ports without any re-cabling.
Shared resources such as a server can be used by all ports in the same VLAN as the server. In the following figure only ports that need access to the server need to be part of VLAN 1. Ports can belong to other VLAN groups too.
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