Kodak Duplicating 2462/4462 Microfilm
Kodak Direct Duplicating 2468/3468/4468 Microfilm
Kodak Direct Duplicating Intermediate 2470 Microfilm
Description
Kodak Duplicating Microfilms are silver-halide films
designed for making high quality duplicates of original
camera and other duplicate microfilms. De pe nd in g on
the film type used, these films can either maintain or
reverse image polarity. These duplicating microfilms
can be used in a variety of manufacturer’s silver
duplicators. Kodak Duplicating Microfilms are fine
grain, high resolution microfilms with the exposure and
development latitude to duplicate/enhance varying
quality originals.
Product applications
Eastman Kodak Company produces a family of
duplicating films (2462, 4462), a family of direct
duplicating microfilms (2468, 3468, 4468) and one
direct duplicating intermediate microfilm (2470). They
all require conventional processing. Direct duplicating
films maintain image polarity between generations.
Duplicating microfilm reverses polarity.
Kodak Duplicating, Direct Duplicating Microfilms and
Positive Print Duplicating Microfilms are primarily
intended for creating multiple distribution copies of
camera film masters, and occasionally as intermediate
print film masters, when creating large quantit ies of
duplicates such that the original camera film is not at
risk of damage. The Kodak Direct Duplicating
Intermediate Microfilm is typically used as an
intermediate print master but may also be used as a
distribution copy. All duplicating microfilms use a
“contact-printing” method, such that the master and
duplicate are brought into intimate contact during
exposure. A description of each follows.
D-32
Kodak Duplicating Microfilm — 2462/4462
Kodak silver-halide duplicating microfilms are available
in three thicknesses as shown below:
• Reverses image polarity (neg-to-pos or pos-to-neg)
with conventional processing
• Blue spectral sensitivity
• Medium contrast
• Primarily used for making positive images of
publications such as newspapers and magazines for
frequent viewing
Kodak Direct Duplicating Intermediate
Microfilm — 2470 (Estar Base)
• Maintains image polarity (neg-to-neg or pos-to-pos)
with conventional processing
• Orthochromatic color sensitivity (blue-green)
• Excellent tone reproduction
• Medium - low contrast
• Primarily used as an intermediate master to make
multiple generation copies
• Can also be used as a distribution copy
2462 and 2468 Estar
Base 4.0 mil
3468 Estar Thin Base
2.5 mil
4462 and 4468 Estar
Thick Base 7.0 mil
Features common to all Kodak Duplicating
Microfilms
• Life expectancy of 500 years (LE-500) when
processed and stored properly, compared with 100
years (LE-100) for nonsilver duplicating films such
as diazo and vesicular
• Ultra-high resolving power
• Static-resistant, process-survivable backing
• Micro-fine granularity
• Very slow speed
• Manufactured process is registered to ISO 9000
• Manufactured to ANSI and ISO standards
specifications for films to be used for storing records
of long-term or permanent value
Used in normal 16, 35 &
105 mm roll film applications
Used in 16 mm applications
for reduced loading frequency, reduced film storage requirements and
maximum image capacity
per roll
Used for microfiche applications where more rigidity is
required
Kodak Direct Duplicating Microfilm —
2468/3468/4468
• Maintains image polarity (neg-to-neg or pos-to-pos)
with conventional processing
• Orthochromatic color sensitivity (blue-green)
• Medium contrast
• Primarily used for making distribution copies
2D-32
The following “duplication tree” illustrates how the
various duplicating microfilms are used to produce the
desired contrast and image polarity of distribution
copies. As an example, 3N is showing 3rd generation
negative-appearing distribution copies.
CN = Camera Negative
LC = Low Contrast
MC = Medium Contrast
HC = High Contrast
st
1 = 1
generation
nd
2 = 2
3 = 3
generation
rd
generation
N = Negative polarity
P = Positive polarity
D = Distribution
Physical properties
Nominal thickness data (mils)
Microfilm Base*
Total**
(mils Estar)
2462, 2468,
4.0 4.2
2470
3468 2.5 2.7
4462, 4468 7.0 7.2
* Static-resistant—process-survivable
**Unprocessed
Exposure
The following table indicates value for 1/25-second
tungsten exposures calculated using the formula 45/H,
where H is the exposure in lux-seconds required for a
density of .10 (1.20 for x462 Microfilm) above minimum
density with indicated processing. This number can be
used directly with incident-light meters.
Meter Setting Value*
x462 2.1
x468 0.2
2470 0.12
*Recommended processes
3D-32
Reciprocity data
For the Direct Duplicating Microfilms (x468 and 2470),
tungsten exposures from 100 to 0.001 seconds, and
processing in a Kodak Prostar Processor as
recommended, reciprocity failure is negligible and no
correction is normally needed. Similar results are
expected with other recommende d proce s s es .
With Duplicating Microfilm x462 and using other than
1/50 second tungsten exposures, correct for reciprocity
failure at a density of 1.20 above D-min as follows:
x462 Microfilms Exposure Time (seconds)
100 10 1 1/10 to
1/100
Speed change (%) -75 -50 -20 none
Effective meter
setting* 0.5 1.0 1.6 2.1
Exposure guidelines - x468 and 2470
Print density decreases with increased exposure and
increases with added development for the direct
duplicating microfilms. For intermediate duplicating
masters, generally the D-min in the master should be
printed to the density in the following table. 2470
Microfilm is generally not used for distribution copies. If
it is used as a distribution copy, reduce D-min levels to
the levels indicated for x468 Microfilm.
Microfilm Exposure Control
Print D-min of master to a density on
the duplicate as specified below:
x462 .08 to .15
x468 .10 to .15
2470 .15 to .25
Correction in
camera stops +2+1+1/3none
*for Kodak Prostar Processor and continuous strand.
Processing Information
Processors and processing chemicals
Kodak Duplicating Microfilms can be processed in
most typical continuous-strand type medium and deeptank processors utilizing common Kodak Processing
Chemicals and parameters. However, they are
compatible with all standard microfilm processing
equipment and high quality microfilm chemicals,
although results may vary.
IMPORTANT: For best results and to avoid aeration,
always add chemical concentrate to
water, not water to concentrate.
Processor set up: Specifications for all Kodak Duplicating Microfilms†
Developer Fixer Wash
Conventional
Processor
Dwell
sec.
Temp
°F (°C)
Kodak Prostar 13.5 100
(37.8)
Deep tank 90* 85
(29.4)
Dwell
sec.
Temp
°F (°C) Dev Fix
13.5 96
(35.6)
45-90 85
(29.4)
Temp
°F (°C)
96
(35.6)
80
(26.7)
Dry
Temp
°F (°C)
135
(57.2)
160 Max
(71.1)
Dilution
Ready to
Use
1:7 1:3
Ready to
Use
† Starting points and mixed formats.
NOTES: The dwell times and temperatures are starting points only . S pecific systems or customer needs may demand variation
from these values based on photographic aims. Dwell time is determined by timing film speed from entrance roller to
exit roller while running in the processor. Deep tank times given should match the photographic results of a Prostar
Processor; significantly shorter development times are achievable with these films by using higher exposure conditions
without any detriment to image quality.
For x462 Microfilms, the starting dwell time for the developer is 68 seconds.
4D-32
Replenishment rates
Development/transport time and transport rates are set
to achieve desired photographic aims; replenishment
rate settings are determined by multiplying the
transport speed by the required replenishment rates for
the appropriate film width being used.
Use the chart and formula provided to determine the
developer and fixer replenishment rat es (m L/ m in) by
multiplying transport speed (ft/min) (which is
determined by dividing the path length of the developer
tank in feet by the dwell time in seconds and
multiplying by 60; see example) and the appropriate
processor replenishment specification (mL/linear ft).
Replenishment mL/Linear Ft
16 mm 35 mm 105 mm
Dev Fix Dev Fix Dev Fix
Kodak
Prostar
Deep
Tank
NOTE: These are starting point recommendations.
Transport
speed X
(ft/min)
A calculation of replenisher rate follows:
For Processor: Allen M-70 Processor
Type of FIlm: 35 mm (2468 Microfilm)
Dwell: 70 seconds
Developer Film Path: 84 feet
Replenishment (Dev): 2 (from table above)
Calculated transport speed:
84 feet
70 sec (transport speed)
Results:
72 feet/min x 2 mL/ft = 144 mL/min
replenishment rate for developer
0.75 0.75 1.5 1.5 N/A N/A
1.00 1.25 2.0 2.5 6.0 7.5
Actual settings may require adjustments to
maintain process activity levels. Shorter dwell
times are acceptable; however, exposure
adjustments will be necessary.
Replenishment/
feet of film =
(mL/Lft)
x 60 sec/min = 72 feet/min
Replenishment
rate
(mL/min)
Before-process handling and storage
Handling
Total safelight exposur e, whether befor e or af te r image
exposure, should not exceed 30 minutes. For
darkroom handling, x468 and 2470 Microfilms should
use a Kodak 1 Safelight Filter / red or Kodak 2
Safelight Filter / dark red, in a suitable safelight lamp
with a 15-watt bulb, located at least 4 feet (1.2 meters)
from the film. x462 Microfilms should use a Kodak OA
Safelight Filter /greenish yellow, with the same lamp
distance conditions. When using gooseneck lamps
with contact printers, a Kodak 1 Safelight Filter / red is
required.
Storage
For optimum life of Direct Duplicating Microfilms (x468
and 2470), keep unopened packages at 55°F (13°C),
at 50 percent relative humidity or below, and protected
from radiation and x-rays. Film stored at higher
temperatures or humidities for a period of six months
or more may lose photographic speed or D-max.
Duplicating Microfilm (x462) can be stored at 70°F
(21°C) at 50 percent relative humidit y or below, and
protected from radiation and x-rays. To avoid moisture
condensation on film that has been refrigerat ed , allo w
cold film to reach approximate room tem p er at ur e
before opening the package (about 3 hours if
refrigerated, 5 hours if frozen).
After-process and storage information
Image stability and keeping
These microfilms are manufactured to ANSI and ISO
specifications for extended term storage use. When
processed as recommended, these microfilms meet
both ANSI and ISO specifications for microfilms
intended for long-term storage. These microfilms have
a Life Expectancy LE-500 rating.
ISO 19801 2002, Photography — Processed Silver-
Gelatin Type Black-and-White Film — Specifications
for Stability, state that the maximum permissible
concentration of thiosulfate ion is 0.01 4 gr a ms per
square meter (1.4 micrograms per square centimeter).
Thiosulfate limits for Class 1 grain apply to this
microfilm.
5D-32
ANSI ISO 18911 2000, Photography — Processed
Safety Photographic Films-Storage Practices, gives
appropriate conditions for extended term (permanent)
and long-term storage films. Information is also
available in Kodak Publication D-31, Storage and
Preservation of Microfilms. Extended term storage
conditions require a temperature of less that 70°F
(21°C) and 20- to 50-percent RH for polyester base
microfilm.
These ANSI/ISO Standards can be obtained by
contacting: Association for Information and Image
Management International (AIIM), 1100 Wayne
Avenue, Suite 1100, Silver Spring, MD 20910-5603,
Internet website: http://www.an si.org or by calling
301-587-8202.
NOTE: Refer to the latest revision of each ANSI or
ISO Standard specified.
Characteristic curves
Kodak Duplicating Microfilm 2462/4462
Kodak Microfilm Developer and Replenisher (1:7),
Kodak Prostar Processor, Diffuse Visual
Density
Log Exposure (lux seconds)
Image structure
Resolving power: Based on recommended process.
Film Test-Object Contrast Lines/ mm
x462 1.6:1 (ISO- RPL )
1000:1 (ISO-RP)
x468 1.6:1 (ISO- RPL )
1000:1 (ISO-RP)
2470 1.6:1 (ISO-RPL)
1000:1 (ISO-RP)
These values were determined according to a method
similar to ANSI/ISO 6328-2000, Photography —
Photographic Materials — Determining of ISO
Resolving Power, except the light source used was a
high-pressure mercury arc.
250
630
400
1000
400
1000
Kodak Direct Duplicating Intermediate
Microfilm 2470
Kodak Direct Duplicating Microfilm 2468/3468/4468
Kodak Microfilm Developer and Replenisher (1:7),
Kodak Prostar Processor, Diffuse Visual
Density
Log Exposure (lux seconds)
2468/3468/4468
2470
NOTE: While the data presented are typical of production
coatings, they do not represent standards which
must be met by Eastman Kodak Company. Varying
storage, exposure, and processing conditions will
affect results. The company reserves the right to
change and improve the product characteristics at
any time.
6D-32
Modulation transfer function curves
Kodak Direct Duplicating Intermediate Microfilm 2470
Kodak Duplicating Microfilm 2462/4462
Tungsten; Kodak Prostar Plus Developer,
Kodak Prostar Processors; Diffuse Visua
Response (%)
Spatial Frequency (cycles/mm) Spatial Frequency (cycles/mm)
NOTE: While the data presented are typical of production coatings, they do not represent standards which must be met by
Eastman Kodak Company. Varying storage, exposure, and processing conditions will affect results. The company
reserves the right to change and improve the product characteristics at any time.
l
Kodak Direct Duplicating Microfilm 2468/3468/4468
Tungsten; Kodak Prostar Plus Developer,
Kodak Prostar Processors; Diffuse Visual
2470
x468
Modulation transfer function
The MFT curve was determined using a method similar
to that described in ANSI PH2.39-1977 (R1990),
Photographic Modulation Transfer Function of
Continuous-T one Black-and-Wh ite Photographic Films,
Method of Measuring.
Diffuse RMS granularity
Determined at a net diffuse density of 1.00, using the
aperture indicated.
48-Micrometer
Aperture Value
x462 5 15
x468 less than 5 10
2470 less than 5 10
48-Micrometer
Aperture Value
These values represent 1,000 times the standard
deviation of density produced by the granular structure
of the material when a uniformly exposed and
developed sample is scanned with a densitometer
calibrated to read American Standard diffuse visual
density, and having a circular measuring aperture with
the indicated diameter.
Granularity is an objective measurement of the spatial
variation of sample density that generally correlates
with graininess, which is the subjective effect of the
image nonuniformity upon an observation when
comparisons are made at the same density level.
Broadly speaking, granularity measurements with the
48-micrometer aperture will indicate the magnitude of
the graininess sensation produced by viewing the
diffusely illuminated sample with 12X monocular
magnification.
It should be noted that if the viewing conditions are
changed from the specified conditions, the published
RMS values may no longer correctly indicate the
relative sensations of graininess produced by various
samples.
7D-32
Spectral sensitivity curves
Kodak Duplicating Microfilm 2462/4462
Effective Exp 1.4 sec; All recommended processes;
Diffuse Visual; D=1.0>D-min
Log Sensitivity
(ergs/sq cm) required
to produce specified density)
(Sensitivity = reciprocal of exposure
Wavelength (nm)
Kodak Direct Duplicating
Microfilm 2468/3468/4468
Effective Exp 14 sec; All recommended processes;
Diffuse Visual; D=1.0>D-min
Kodak Direct Duplicating Intermediate
Microfilm 2470
All recommended processes; D=1.0>D-min
Log Sensitivity
(ergs/sq cm) required
to produce specified density)
(Sensitivity = reciprocal of exposure
Wavelength (nm)
Log Sensitivity
(ergs/sq cm) required
to produce specified density)
(Sensitivity = reciprocal of exposure
Wavelength (nm)
NOTE: While the data presented are typical of production coatings, they do not represent standards which must be met by
Eastman Kodak Company. Varying storage, exposure, and processing conditions will affect results. The company
reserves the right to change and improve the product characteristics at any time.
8D-32
Ordering information: Microfilms
NOTE: Contact your Regional Sales Manager if you have any questions.
Code Mil Format Spec Description No/Case CAT No.
2462 4 16 mm x 1000 ft 649 Type Z plastic core 10 833 2512
16 mm x 2000 ft 649 Type Z plastic core 10 843 8061
35 mm x 1000 ft 778 Type K plastic core 10 802 9720
35 mm x 2000 ft 778 Type K plastic core Pallet Pk 829 2716
35 mm x 2000 ft 778 Type K plastic core 5 819 3492
4462 7 105 mm x 500 ft 914 Paperboard core, no keyway 4 836 3301
105 mm x 500 ft 914 Paperboard core, no keyway 160 843 2668
2468 4 16 mm x 1000 ft 649 Type Z plastic core 10 810 5652
35 mm x 1000 ft 778 Type K plastic core 10 811 3896
35 mm x 2000 ft 778 Type K plastic core 5 801 0357
3468 2.5 16 mm x 2500 ft 649 Type Z plastic core 10 803 3482
4468 7 105 mm x 500 ft. 914 Paperboard core, no keyway 4 801 9341
2470 4 16 mm x 1000 ft 649 Type Z plastic core 10 817 9749
35 mm x 1000 ft 684 Type K plastic core 10 825 8345
35 mm x 2000 ft 778 Type K plastic core 5 875 1778
105 mm x 500 ft. 914 Paperboard core, no keyway 4 827 4292
9D-32
Ordering information: Chemicals
Chemical CAT No. Working Strength Solutions
Microfilm DEVELOPER and Replenisher — Concentrate at 1:7 yields
1 gal — 4/case 177 8869 32 gal
50 gal — 1 drum 190 1917 400 gal
Microfilm FIXER and Replenisher — Concentrate at 1:3 yields
1 gal — 4/case 817 7222 16 gal
50 gal — 1 drum 190 1164 200 gal
Kodak Prostar Processors Ready-to-use solution
Prostar Plus Developer: 1 gal — 4/case 102 2490 4 gal
Prostar Plus Fixer: 1 gal — 4/case 102 2656 4 gal
Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDSs) on the chemicals (only) are available by calling: 1-800-242-2424, ext. 43.
MSDSs are also available at: www.Kodak.com/eknec. You will need to supply the Kodak catalog number of the
chemicals for which you need MSDSs. Material Safety Data Sheets for the actual working solutions and caution
labels for the processor tanks are also available by calling the same number.
READ THIS NOTICE:
The sensitometric curves and data in this publication represent product tested under the conditions of exposure
and processing specified. They are representative of production coatings and, therefore, do not apply directly to a
particular box or roll of photographic material. They do n ot represent standar ds or specifications which must be met
by Eastman Kodak Company. The company reserves the right to change and improve product characteristics at
any time.
Eastman Kodak Company
343 State Street
Rochester, NY 14650 U.S.A.
© Kodak, 2008. All rights reserved.
TM: Kodak, Estar, Prostar
Loading...