GE Sensing DF868, PT878 Data Reference
GE Infrastructure
Sensing
Sound Speeds and Pipe Size Data
Installation Reference
GE Infrastructure
Sensing
Sound Speeds and Pipe Size Data
Installation Reference
914-004E1
August 2004
August 2004
List of Tables
Sound Speed Data
Table 1: Sound Speeds in Solids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Table 2: Sound Speeds in Fluids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Table 3: Sound Speeds in Water at Selected Temperat ur es. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Pipe Siz e D at a
Table 4: Standard ANSI Data for Carbon Steel and Stainle ss Steel Pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Table 5: Cast Iron Pipe Data - Standard Classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Table 6: Ductile Iron Pipe Data - Standard Classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Sound Speeds and Pipe Size Data iii
August 2004
Sound Speed Data
The values in Table 1 below are reproduced with permission: shear
wave values from the Americ an Institute of Physics Handbook,
Smithsonian Tables; longitudinal values from the Nondestructive
Testing Handbook, 2nd edition, Volume 7, Ultrasonic Testing.
©1991, The American Society of Nondestruc tive T esting.
Table 1: Soun d Spe e ds in Soli ds
Sound Speed*
Shear Wave (25°C)
Material m/s ft/s mm/µs in./µs
Steel, 1% Carbon, hardened
Carbon Steel 3,230 10,598 5.89 0.2319
Mild Steel 3,235 10,614 5.89 0.2319
Steel, 1% Carbon 3,220 10,565
302 Stainless Steel 3,120 10,236 5.690 0.224
303 Stainless Steel 3,120 10,236 5.640 0.222
304 Stainless Steel 3,141 10,306 5.920 0.233
3,150 10,335 5.88 0.2315
Sound Speed*
Long. Wave (25°C)
304L Stainless Steel 3,070 10,073 5.790 0.228
316 Stainless Steel 3,272 10,735 5.720 0.225
347 Stainless Steel 3,095 10,512 5.720 0.225
Aluminum 3,100 10,171 6.32 0.2488
Aluminum (rolled) 3,040 9,974
Copper 2,260 7,415 4.66 0.1835
Copper (annealed) 2,325 7,628
Copper (rolled) 2,270 7,448
CuNi (70%Cu 30%Ni) 2,540 8,334 5.03 0.1980
CuNi (90%Cu 10%Ni) 2,060 6,759 4.01 0.1579
Brass (Naval) 2,120 6,923 4.43 0.1744
Gold (hard-drawn) 1,200 3,937 3.24 0.1276
Inconel 3,020 9,909 5.82 0.2291
Iron (electrolytic) 3,240 10,630 5.90 0.2323
*Please note these values are to be considered nominal. Solids may be
inhomogenous and anisotropic. Actual values depend on exact composition,
Sound Speeds and Pipe Size Data 1
temperature, and to a lesser extent, on pressure or stress.
August 2004
Table 1: Soun d Spe ed s in Sol id s (cont.)
Sound Speed*
Shear Wave (25°C)
Sound Speed*
Long. Wave (25°C)
Material m/s ft/s mm/µs in./µs
Iron (Armco) 3,240 10,630 5.90 0.2323
Ductile Iron 3,000 9,843
Cast Iron 2,500 8,203 4.55 0.1791
Monel 2,720 8,924 5.35 0.2106
Nickel 2,960 9,712 5.63 0.2217
Tin, rolled 1,670 5,479 3.32 0.1307
Titanium 3,125 10,253 6.10 0.2402
Tungsten, annealed 2,890 9,482 5.18 0.2039
Tungsten, drawn 2,640 8,661
Tungsten, carbide 3,980 13,058
Zinc, rolled 2,440 8,005 4.17 0.1642
Glass, Pyrex 3,280 10,761 5.61 0.2209
Glass, heavy silicate flint 2,380 7,808
Glass, light borate crown 2,840 9,318 5.26 0.2071
Nylon 1,150 3,772 2.40 0.0945
Nylon, 6-6 1,070 3,510
Polyethylene (HD) 2.31 0.0909
Polyethylene (LD) 540 1,772 1.94 0.0764
PVC, CPVC 1,060 3,477 2.40 0.0945
Acrylic 1,430 4,690 2.73 0.1075
Asbestos Cement 2.20 0.0866
Tar Epoxy 2.00 0.0787
Mortar 2.50 0.0984
Rubber 1.90 0.0748
*Please note these values are to be considered nominal. Solids may be
inhomogenous and anisotropic. Actual values depend on exact composition,
temperature, and to a lesser extent, on pressure or stress.
2 Sound Speeds and Pipe Size Data
Table 2: Sou nd Spe ed s in Flu ids
All data given at 25°C (77°F) unless otherwise noted.
August 2004
Substance
Chemical
Formula
Acetic anhydride (22) (CH
Acetic acid, anhydride (22) (CH
Acetic acid, nitrile C
Acetic acid, ethyl ester (33) C
Acetic acid, methyl ester C
Acetone C
Acetonitrile C
Acetonylacetone C
Acetylen dichloride C
Acetylene tetrabromide (47)
C2H2Br
Acetylene tetrachloride (47) C
Kinematic
∆
Specific
Gravity
CO)2O 1.082
3
Sound Speed
m/s ft/s m/s/°C
1,180 3,871.4 2.5 0.769 8.274
v/°C
Viscosity x10
2
/s ft2/s
m
(20°C)
CO)2O 1.082
3
1,180 3,871.4 2.5 0.769 8.274
(20°C)
N 0.783 1,290 4,232.3 4.1 0.441 4.745
2H3
4H8O2
3H6O2
O 0.791 1,174 3,851.7 4.5 0.399 4.293
3H6
N 0.783 1,290 4,232.3 4.1 0.441 4.745
2H3
6H10O2
2H2Cl2
4
2H2Cl4
0.901 1,085 3,559.7 4.4 0.467 5.025
0.934 1,211 3,973.1 0.407 4.379
0.729 1,399 4,589.9 3.6
1.26 1,015 3,330.1 3.8 0.400 4.304
2.966 1,027 3,369.4
1.595 1,147 3,763.1 1.156
(15°C)
-6
12.438
(59°F)
Alcohol C
Alkazene-13 C
Alkazene-25 C
2-Amino-ethanol C
2-Aminotolidine (46) C
O 0.789 1,207 3,960 4.0 1.396 15.02
2H6
15H24
10H12Cl2
NO 1.018 1,724 5,656.2 3.4
2H7
N 0.999
7H9
0.86 1,317 4,320.9 3.9
1.20 1,307 4,288.1 3.4
1,618 5,308.4 4.394
(20°C)
4-Aminotolidine (46) C
N 0.966
7H9
1,480 4,855.6 1.863
(45°C)
Ammonia (35) NH
3
0.771 1,729
(-33°C)
Amorphous Polyolefin 0.98 962.6
(190°C)
t-Amyl alcohol C
Aminobenzene (41) C
Aniline (41) C
Argon (45) Ar 1.400
O 0.81 1,204 3,950.1 4.374 47.064
5H12
6H5NO2
6H5NO2
1.022 1,639 5,377.3 4.0 3.63 39.058
1.022 1,639 5,377.3 4.0 3.63 39.058
853
(-188°C)
(-188°C)
5,672.6
(-27°F)
3158.2
(374°F)
2798.6
(-306°F)
(20°C)
(50°C)
6.68 0.292
(-33°C)
26,600 286,000
47.279
(68°F)
20.045
(122°F)
3.141
(-27°F)
Sound Speeds and Pipe Size Data 3
August 2004
Table 2: Soun d Sp ee ds in Flu id s (con t.)
All data given at 25°C (77°F) unless otherwise noted.
Substance
Chemical
Formula
Azine C
Benzene (29, 40, 41) C
Benzol (29, 40, 41) C
6H5
6H6
6H6
Bromine (21) Br
Bromo-benzene (46) C
1-Bromo-butane (46) C
Bromo-ethane (46) C
6H5
4H9
2H5
Bromoform (46, 47) CHBr
n-Butane ( 2 ) C
4H10
∆
Specific
Gravity
Sound Speed
m/s ft/s m/s/°C
v/°C
Viscosity x10
m
N 0.982 1,415 4,642.4 4.1 0.992
(20°C)
0.879 1,306 4,284.8 4.65 0.711 7.65
0.879 1,306 4,284.8 4.65 0.711 7.65
2
Br 1.522 1,170
Br 1.276
Br 1.460
3
2.928 889 2,916.7 3.0 0.323 3.475
(20°C)
(20°C)
2.89
3,838.6
(20°C)
1,019
(20°C)
900
(20°C)
(68°F)
3,343.2
(68°F)
2,952.8
(68°F)
918 3,011.8 3.1 0.654 7.037
0.693 7.456
0.49
(15°C)
0.275 2.959
(20°C)
0.601
(0°C)
1,085
(-5°C)
3,559.7
(23°F)
5.8
Kinematic
2
/s ft2/s
10.673
(68°F)
5.272
(59°F)
-6
2-Butanol C
sec-Butylalcohol C
n-Butyl bromide (46) C
n-Butyl chloride (22, 46) C
tert Butyl chloride C
Butyl oleate C
2, 3 Butylene glycol C
O 0.81 1,240 4,068.2 3.3 3.239 34.851
4H10
O 0.81 1,240 4,068.2 3.3 3.239 34.851
4H10
Br 1.276
4H9
(20°C)
Cl 0.887 1,140 3,740.2 4.57 0.529
4H9
Cl 0.84 984 3,228.3 4.2 0.646 6.95
4H9
22H42O2
4H10O2
1.019 1,484 4,868.8 1.51
1,019
(20°C)
1,404 4,606.3 3.0
Cadmium (7) Cd 2,237.7
(400°C)
Carbinol (40, 41) CH
O 0.791
4
1,076 3,530.2 2.92 0.695 7.478
(20°C)
Carbitol C
6H14O3
Carbon dioxide (26) CO
Carbon disulphide CS
2
2
0.988 1,458 4,783.5
1.101
(-37°C)
1.261
839
(-37°C)
1,149 3,769.7 0.278 2.991
(22°C)
3,343.2
(68°F)
7,341.5
(752°F)
2,752.6
(-35°F)
0.49
(15°C)
(15°C)
1.355cp
(440°C)
7.71 0.137
(-37°C)
5.272
(59°F)
5.692
(59°F)
14.579
(824°F)
1.474
(-35°F)
4 Sound Speeds and Pipe Size Data
Table 2: Soun d Sp ee ds in Flu id s (con t.)
All data given at 25°C (77°F) unless otherwise noted.
August 2004
Substance
Chemical
Formula
Carbon tetrachloride
CCl
(33, 35, 47)
Carbon tetrafluoride (14)
CF
(Freon 14)
Cetane (23) C
Chloro-benezene C
1-Chloro-butane (22, 46) C
Chloro-diFluoromethane (3)
16H34
6H5
4H9
CHClF
(Freon 22)
Chloroform (47) CHCl
1-Chloro-propane (47) C
3H7
Chlorotrifluoromethane (5) CClF
Kinematic
∆
Specific
Gravity
4
1.595
Sound Speed
m/s ft/s m/s/°C
926 3038.1 2.48 0.607 6.531
v/°C
Viscosity x10
2
/s ft2/s
m
(20°C)
4
1.75
(-150°C)
0.773
875.2
(-150°C)
2,871.5
(-238°F)
6.61
1,338 4,389.8 3.71 4.32 46.483
(20°C)
Cl 1.106 1,273 4,176.5 3.6 0.722 7.768
Cl 0.887 1,140 3,740.2 4.57 0.529
(15°C)
2
1.491
(-69°C)
3
1.489 979 3,211.9 3.4 0.55 5.918
893.9
(-50°C)
2,932.7
(-58°F)
4.79
5.692
(59°F)
Cl 0.892 1,058 3,471.1 0.378 4.067
3
724
(-82°C)
2,375.3
(-116°F)
5.26
-6
Cinnamaldehyde C
Cinnamic aldehyde C
Colamine C
o-Cresol (46) C
m-Cresol (46) C
Cyanomethane C
Cyclohexane (15) C
Cyclohexanol C
Cyclohexanone C
Decane ( 4 6 ) C
1-Decene (27) C
n-Decylene (27) C
Diacetyl C
O 1.112 1,554 5,098.4 3.2
9H8
O 1.112 1,554 5,098.4 3.2
9H8
NO 1.018 1,724 5,656.2 3.4
2H7
O 1.047
7H8
(20°C)
O 1.034
7H8
(20°C)
N 0.783 1,290 4,232.3 4.1 0.441 4.745
2H3
6H12
0.779
(20°C)
O 0.962 1,454 4,770.3 3.6 0.071
6H12
1,541
(20°C)
1,500
(20°C)
5,055.8
(68°F)
4,921.3
(68°F)
4.29
(40°C)
5.979
(40°C)
1,248 4,094.5 5.41 1.31
(17°C)
(17°C)
O 0.948 1,423 4,668.6 4.0
6H10
10H22
0.730 1,252 4,107.6 1.26
(20°C)
10H20
10H20
4H6O2
0.746 1,235 4,051.8 4.0
0.746 1,235 4,051.8 4.0
0.99 1,236 4,055.1 4.6
46.16
(104°F)
64.334
(104°F)
14.095
(63°F)
0.764
(63°F)
13.55
(68°F)
Sound Speeds and Pipe Size Data 5
August 2004
Table 2: Soun d Sp ee ds in Flu id s (con t.)
All data given at 25°C (77°F) unless otherwise noted.
Substance
Chemical
Diamylamine C
1,2 Dibromo-ethane (47) C
trans-1,2-Dibromoethene
(47)
Dibutyl phthalate C
Dich l o r o-t-butyl al c o ho l C
2,3 Dichlorodioxane C
Dichlorodifluoromethane
(3) (Freon 12)
1,2 Dichloro ethane (47) C
cis1,2-Dichloro-ethene
(3, 47)
trans1,2-Dichloro-ethene
(3, 47)
Specific
Formula
N 1,256 4,120.7 3.9
10H23
2H4Br2
C
2H2Br2
8H22O4
O 1,304 4,278.2 3.8
4H8Cl2
2H6Cl2O2
CCl
2F2
Gravity
2.18 995 3,264.4 0.79
2.231 935 3,067.6
1.516
Sound Speed
m/s ft/s m/s/°C
1,408 4,619.4
1,391 4,563.6 3.7
774.1 2,539.7 4.24
(40°C)
2H4Cl2
C
2H2Cl2
C
2H2Cl2
1.253 1,193 3,914 0.61 6.563
1.284 1,061 3,481
1.257 1,010 3,313.6
∆
v/°C
Kinematic
Viscosity x10
2
/s ft2/s
m
(20°C)
(68°F)
-6
8.5
Dichloro-fluoromethane (3)
CHCl
(Freon 21)
1-2-Dichlorohexafluoro-
C
4Cl2F6
cyclobutane (47)
1-3-Dichloro-isobutane C
4H8Cl2
Dichloro methane (3) CH
1,1-Dichloro-1,2,2,2
CClF
tetra fluoroethane
Diethyl ether C
Diethylene glycol C
Diethylene glycol,
4H10
4H10O3
C
6H14O3
monoethyl ether
Diethylenimide oxide C
1,2-bis(DiFluoramino)
C
4H9
4H8
butane (43)
1,2-bis(DiFluoramino)-
C
4H9
2-methylpropane (43)
1,2-bis(DiFluoramino)
C
3H6
propane (43)
F 1.426
2
(0°C)
891
(0°C)
2,923.2
(32°F)
3.97
1.654 669 2,194.9
1.14 1,220 4,002.6 3.4
2Cl2
-CClF
2
1.327 1,070 3,510.5 3.94 0.31 3.335
1.455 665.3
2
(-10°C)
2,182.7
(14°F)
3.73
O 0.713 985 3,231.6 4.87 0.311 3.346
1.116 1,586 5,203.4 2.4
0.988 1,458 4,783.5
NO 1.00 1,442 4,731 3.8
(NF2)
(NF2)
(NF2)
1.216 1,000 3,280.8
2
1.213 900 2,952.8
2
1.265 960 3,149.6
2
6 Sound Speeds and Pipe Size Data
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