Epson P-80 User Manual

®

EPSON

P-80 PORTABLE PRINTER

User's Manual

FCC COMPLIANCE STATEMENT

FOR AMERICAN USERS

This equipment generates and uses radio frequency energy and if not installed and used
properly, that is, in strict accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions, may cause
interference to radio and television reception. It has been type tested and found to comply
with the limits for a Class B computing device in accordance with the specifications in
Subpart J of part 15 of FCC Rules, which are designed to provide reasonable protection
against such interference in a residential installation. However, there is no guarantee that
interference will not occur in a particular installation. If this equipment does cause inter­ference to radio or television reception, which can be determined by turning the equip­ment off and on, the user is encouraged to try to correct the interference by one or more of
the following measures:

- Reorient the receiving antenna

-

Relocate the computer with respect to the receiver

-

Plug the computer into a different outlet so that the computer and receiver are on
different branch circuits.

If necessary, the user should consult the dealer or an experienced radio/television techni­cian for additional suggestions. The user may find the following booklet prepared by the
Federal Communications Commission helpful:

This booklet is available from the U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC

20402. Stock No. 004-000-00345-4.

The connection of a non-shielded printer interface cable to this printer will invalidate the

FCC Certification of this device and may cause interference levels which exceed the limits

established by the FCC for this equipment.

“How to Identify and Resolve Radio-TV Interference Problems.”

WARNING

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system,
or transmitted, in any form or by any means, mechanical, photocopying, recording or other­wise, without the prior written permission of Epson America, Inc. No patent liability is
assumed with respect to the use of the information contained herein. While every precaution
has been taken in the preparation of this book, Epson America, Inc. assumes no responsibility
for errors or omissions. Neither is any liability assumed for damages resulting from the use of
the information contained herein.

PX-8 and Geneva are Trademarks of Epson America, Inc.
Portable Scheduler is a Trademark of Epson America, Inc.
Portable WordStar is a Trademark of MicroPro International Corp.

Copyright © 1984 by Epson America, Inc.
Torrance, California 90505

P8492128-0

Y552991020

ii

Contents

Introduction

P-80 Features
About This Manual

Setting Up Your P-80

1

Printer Preparation

Covers
Paper guide
Ribbon installation
Manual-feed knob

DIP Switches

Switch 1
Switch 2

Connecting the P-80 to Your Computer

Operation and Maintenance

2

Switches and Indicators

The control panel
Paper control switches
Paper-end detector

The Battery and AC Adapter

Battery Replacement
Maintenance

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1
1
1

3

3
5
6

7

9

9
10
11
12

15
15
15
16
17

17
19

22

Installing Paper

3

Paper Types

Paper sizes

Paper Release Lever

Paper Loading

Removing the paper

The P-80 Self-Test

Control Codes

4

ASCII Codes
Using Control Codes
ASCII Codes as CHR$(n)

The ESCape code

BASIC Example

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23
23
24
24

24
26
26

27
27

28
29
29
30

iii

Combining Print Modes

5

Dot-Matrix Printing
Print Pitches
Pitch Mode Combinations

Expandedmode
Print Quality Modes
Dress-up Modes
Mode Conflicts and Priorities
Mixing Modes

Summary Notes

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33
33
34
35
35

36
36
36
37
37

Graphics

6

Graphics Characters
Dot Graphics

Print Head

Graphics Mode

Column reservation numbers
PinLabels
A Graphics Program
Graphics Programming Tips

Linespacing

WIDTH statements

Semicolons and commands placement

ASCII Codes and Character Sets

A

ASCII Codes

International Characters
Graphics Characters
Special Characters

B

Control Code Summary

Control Codes By Function

C

Character Width (Pitch)
Character Weight
Print Enhancement
Mode and Character Set Selection
Line Spacing..

Forms Control
Dot Graphics

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39
39
41
41
42

42
43
45
47
47
48

48

A-1
A-1
A-3
A-3
A-4

B-1

C-1
C-1
C-1
C-1
C-2
C-2

C-2
C-2

D

Using Your P-80 with the Geneva PX-8

P-80 and WordStar

Connecting the Geneva to the

iv

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P-80

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D-1
D-1
D-2

Specifications of the P-80

E

Printing
Paper

Printer
Interface

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Specifications
Interface Connector
Interface Signals

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E-1

E-1
E-2
E-2
E-3
E-3
E-3
E-4

V

List of Figures

1-1
1-2
1-3
1-4

1-5
1-6
1-7
1-8
1-9

2-1
2-2
2-3
2-4

2-5
2-6

2-7

2-8
3-1

3-2
5-1

5-2
5-3

5-4

5-5

Unpacking the P-80
Identifying the printer parts
Locking lever

Paper guide
Lifting the front cover
Installing the ribbon
Manual-feed knob
DIP switches

Connecting the printer cable
Control panel switches

Paper control switches
Plugging in the AC adapter
Removing the screws
Lifting the cover
Removing the battery
Replacing the power switch cover
Replacing the battery holder cover

Loading the paper
The P-80 self-test

Main columns and intermediate positions
Overlapping dots
Comparison between print pitches
Pica and Expanded letters
Print quality differences

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4
4
5
6
7
8

9
10
13

15
17
18
19
20
20
21
22

25

26
34

34

35
35
36

6-1
6-2
6-3
6-4

D-l

vi

Pin labels
Pin combinations
Data for Space Invader
Result of incorrect program

Connecting the Geneva to the

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P-80 ............

44
44
46
49

D-3

List of Tables

1-1
1-2
1-3
1-4

4-1
5-1

5-2
E-1

Settings for switch
International character switch settings
Settings for switch 2
Baud rate switch settings

The P-80 and ASCII Codes
Summary of modes

Typestyles

Characters...................................................................

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10
11
12

12
28
37

38

E-2

vii

Introduction

The Epson P-80 is a portable, battery-operated printer that enables
you to print anywhere you go. It adds state-of-the-art thermal transfer
technology to other features that have made Epson printers so popu­lar.

P-80 Features

Because the P-80 is lightweight and portable, it is ideal to take along
with you anywhere, yet it still functions as a full-sized printer. Here
are some of the features:

l

Uses plain or thermal paper

l

Contains various print modes that can be combined to produce

different print styles. These include:

Roman and Italic print fonts
Four different print pitches
Bold printing

l

Has an easy-to-use Underline mode

l

Creates graphics with two densities and has a special graphics char-

acter set to let you create your own charts, diagrams, figures and

illustrations

l

Generates eight international character sets

About This Manual

Although the P-80 is simple to operate, you will need to take some

time to read this manual and learn about the functions of the printer.

This user’s manual is not long, but it contains a lot of important infor-

mation.

1

The first three chapters of this manual help you set up, operate, and
maintain your printer. Chapter 4 contains information on how to use
control codes with your printer. Chapter 5 shows you how to combine
print modes and Chapter 6 explains the printer’s graphics features.

The appendixes contain helpful information about selecting print
styles and character sets and about using control codes to obtain cer­tain printer functions. Appendix A lists the control codes and the pos­sible terms for each code. Appendix A also shows the character sets
available on the P-80. Appendix B summarizes the control codes and
Appendix C lists the codes by function. Appendix D gives informa­tion on how to use your P-80 with the Geneva

TM

PX-8™. Finally,

Appendix E provides the specifications for the P-80.

2

Chapter 1

Setting Up Your P-80

In this chapter, you’ll learn how to prepare your printer for opera­tion and how to connect it to your computer. But first, take inventory.
With your P-80 you should receive the items shown in Figure 1-1.
They are:

1. Your P-80 printer

2. Two thermal ribbon cassettes

3. An AC adapter

4. Five sheets of paper

5. This P-80 Printer User’s Manual
Remove any packing adhesive or packing pads that you see. It’s a

good idea to save all your packing materials. You may want to store

or ship your printer someday.

Printer Preparation

Once you have verified that all the items for the printer are

included, you’re ready to prepare the printer for operation. Start by
identifying the printer’s main parts (see Figure l-2). Take a couple of
minutes to familiarize yourself with these parts and their names.
Figure l-2 shows how the printer will look when you finish preparing
it for operation.

Note: Do not turn on the P-80 until you complete the printer prepara-

tion.

3

Figure 1-1. Unpacking the P-80

(Top view)

Figure 1-2. Identifying the printer parts

4

Covers

The front and back covers are designed to keep your P-80 free from

dust. It is a good idea to keep them closed when your printer is not in

use.

The front cover protects the print mechanism and reduces the noise
level when the printer is on. The serrated edge serves as a convenient
tear-off point.

It’s a good idea to keep the front cover closed while printing as it
helps guide the paper out of the printer. You only need to lift this cover
when you are installing a ribbon cassette.

There is a plastic gray lever on the left side of your printer. This
lever holds the back cover shut. Notice the words OPEN and LOCK.
Ignore the words FEED and FREE, above and below the lock lever, for
now. They deal with paper installation functions (discussed in Chap­ter

3).

To unlock the back cover, push the lever to the open position (see

Figure l-3). To lock it, hold the back cover shut and pull the lever to
the lock position.

Figure 1-3. Locking lever

When you release the lock lever, the back cover pops up slightly.

Push the cover back until it stands vertically as shown in Figure

1-3.

The back cover now has a new function. It serves as your paper guide.

5

Note: Before you continue, take a moment to look inside your

printer. You will see a gray bar with a line and the word

paper.

Remove the thin transparent strip covering this bar.

Paper guide

As mentioned above, when the back cover is vertical, it serves as a
paper guide. The paper guide helps you align your paper correctly to
ensure that it feeds properly through the printer.

Find the arrow marked PAPER STAND on the upper left comer of
the paper guide. Notice the metal paper stand. To lift the paper stand,
place your thumb where the arrow indicates. With slight pressure,
pull up on the stand until it is vertical. The function of the paper stand
is to keep the paper straight.

There is a plastic paper holder at each side of the paper guide. These
holders keep your paper from sliding. The holder on the left is station­ary and is labelled LEFT EDGE. The right holder is a sliding scale that

will accommodate paper from 5½ to 8½ inches wide. When closing

the back cover, make sure the right holder is pushed all the way to the
right. Otherwise, the cover will not close properly.

Three arrows indicate the paper widths most often used. The first
one is marked INVOICE, the second B5, and the third A4•LEGAL.

The A4•LEGAL is the one you use for 8½-inch wide paper.

Figure 1-4. Paper guide

Ribbon installation

When you are using thermal paper, you do not have to install the
ribbon cassette. With any other type of paper, install the ribbon cas­sette as described below. Chapter 3 gives an explanation of the types
of paper to use.

Before installing the ribbon cassette, you need to lift the front cover
(Figure l-5). Firmly grasp both sides of the cover and pull up. It should
tilt toward you easily. If you happen to lift the cover off completely,
replace it by positioning the hinge at each end of the cover over the
hinge posts at the front of the printer. The hinges allow you to easily
open and close the cover without removing it.

Figure l-5. Lifting the front cover

The P-80’s ribbon cassette is easy to install. You never have to

worry about getting ink on your hands. Just follow these simple steps
and refer to Figure

1.

Make sure the printer is OFF.

2. Remove the orange tab holding the ribbon by pulling up on the end
indicated by the arrow.

3.

As Figure 1-6 shows, take up any slack in the ribbon by turning the
ribbon counterclockwise until it is taut.

1-6

for quick installation:

Figure 1-6. Installing

the ribbon

8

4. Hold the cassette so that the exposed ribbon is on the left side and
the closed ends of the ribbon holes are on top. Place the cassette
over the print mechanism. Make sure the ribbon is placed in front
of the silver print

That’s all there is to it. Now just close the front cover.

head.

Press down and snap it into place.

Manual-feed knob

The manual-feed knob is used to advance the paper manually. It is

located on the right side of your printer. When your printer is packed,

the knob is pushed in flush with the right side. To bring it out, push the
center of the knob in and release it. The knob should pop out. To feed
the paper manually, turn the knob clockwise. See Figure 1-7.

Figure 1-7. Manual-feed knob

DIP Switches

Two groups of switches, called DIP switches, are located at the
back of your printer (Figure
referred to as switch 1 and the second group of eight switches is
referred to as switch 2. These switches are set at the factory, and you
probably won’t need to touch them. You may, however, want to take
the time to learn about the switches and their functions in case you
need to make adjustments.

l-8).

The first group of four switches is

Figure 1-8. DIP switches

Note: Make certain the printer is turned OFF when you change DIP

switch settings. The

P-80

checks these settings only at power­up and it will ignore any changes made with the power on
(until it is turned off and back on).

Switch 1

The functions of the four switches that make up switch 1 are sum-

marized in Table

1-1.

Table l-l. Settings for switch 1

Switch No.

1-1
1-2
1-3
1-4

Switch

1-1, 1-2, 1-3 -

Function

International Character Sets

(See Table 1-2.)

Auto line feed No auto Auto line OFF

(AUTO FEED XT

signal)

These switches are used to determine the default

OFF ON

line feed

feed

with CR

Factory setting

ON
ON
ON

international character set. The factory-set condition is for the U.S.A.
characters. Table 1-2 shows the required switch settings for each set.
Appendix A shows the characters included in each of the character

sets.

10

You can also access the International characters by using a

code.

See

Chapter 4 for an explanation of control codes and Appendix

B for the appropriate code.

Table 1-2. International character switch settings

control

Country

U.S.A.
France

Germany

England
Denmark

Sweden

Italy ON

Spain

Switch 1-4

-

This switch controls the automatic line feed. The factory-

SW 1-1 SW 1-2

ON ON

OFF

ON

OFF OFF

ON ON OFF

OFF

OFF

ON ON

OFF

ON OFF
OFF
OFF OFF

SW 1-3

ON

ON
ON

OFF

set condition is OFF which means the computer must send line feeds.
When this switch is ON, the printer performs an automatic line feed
with each carriage return.

If you are not sure if your computer sends a line-feed code to the
printer at the end of each print line, leave the switch the way you find
it. You can change this switch if your first printing occurs all on one

line or with the lines spaced twice as far apart as you requested.

Switch 2

The P-80 uses the
from your computer to the printer. The switches which make up
switch 2 are used to set up the proper serial communications for the
RS-232C serial port.

RS-232C

serial interface to communicate data

The factory-set condition is shown in Table l-3 and should be
appropriate for most computers. If you have any problems getting
data to print correctly from your computer, consult your computer
manual or ask your dealer.

11

Table 1-3. Settings for Switch 2

Switch No.

SW-2-1

2-2

2-3

2-4
2-5

2-6

2-7
2-8

Data bit length

Party check

Function

Parity

Stop bit

Baud rate setting

OFF ON

8 bits 7 bits

No

Odd Even
2 bits 1 bit

(See Table l-4.)

Yes

Factory setting

OFF

OFF
OFF
OFF

ON

OFF

ON

OFF

The factory-set baud rate for the P-80 is 4800. If your computer
requires another baud rate, the following chart gives the appropriate
DIP switch settings.

Table

l-4.

Baud rate switch settings

DIP2-5 DIP2-6

ON

OFF

ON

OFF OFF

ON

OFF

ON

OFF OFF OFF

ON

OFF

ON

OFF

ON ON

OFF

ON

OFF

ON
ON ON ON

OFF

ON
ON OFF

OFF OFF

ON

ON ON
OFF
OFF

ON
OFF OFF OFF

OFF

DIP2-7 DIP2-8

OFF

OFF OFF
OFF OFF

OFF

ON ON

ON

ON

ON ON

ON
ON
ON
ON

ON

ON
ON

OFF
OFF
OFF
OFF

OFF

Bit rate (bps)

75

110

134.5
150

200
300
600

1,200
1,800

2,400
4,800
9,600

300

1,200

2,400
9,600

Connecting the P-80 to Your Computer

Your printer preparation is almost complete. Now it’s time to con­nect your printer to your computer. First make sure the power
switches for your printer and your computer are turned OFF.

12

For many computers, you merely plug the printer cable into your
computer. However, some computers require a printer interface card,
either mounted inside or outside the computer. Check your computer
installation or operations manual for details on how to connect your
computer to your printer, or consult your dealer.

As mentioned above, the P-80 uses the RS-232C serial interface (but
the connector is a 6-pin DIN type). Figure 1-9 shows where you con­nect the cable to the printer. Make sure that the connector is aligned
correctly. Don’t force it into the socket.

Your Epson dealer stocks a variety of cables as well as interface

boards.

Figure l-9. Connecting the printer cable

13

Chapter 2

Operation and Maintenance

Your P-80 is now connected to your computer and ready for opera­tion. In this chapter you’ll learn how to use the controls and indicators
on the printer to operate it correctly. You’ll also learn how to recharge
the battery and maintain your P-80 to keep it printing smoothly for a
long time.

Switches and Indicators

The few switches and indicators on the P-80 require a brief explana-

tion so that you can have a better understanding of how to use them.

The printer does not have to be connected to your computer to test

these switches.

The control panel

The control panel switches are located on the top (right comer) of
your printer (Figure
the printer. Here is what they do:

2-l).

These switches control the main functions of

Figure 2-1. Control panel switches

15

POWER switch

— This switch activates the power when it is in the
ON position. Push this switch on and you will hear the print head
prepare itself for printing.

ON LINE switch — This switch allows you to switch back and forth
from on-line to

off-line

status. When the printer is on-line, it is ready
to receive data from the computer. When the printer is off-line, it is not
ready.

ON LINE light — The red light, located above the ON LINE switch,
indicates whether the printer is on or off line. The light glows red when
the printer is on-line, and when the light is off, the printer is off-line. If
you turn the power ON without any paper in the printer, the ON­LINE light will not glow, even if you press the ON-LINE switch.

The ON LINE light blinks when the motor has locked or the battery
is low. When the light is blinking, first check to see if the paper or
ribbon cassette is stuck. If either of these is stuck, turn the power off
and correct the problem. The ribbon cassette should return to the
starting position on the left side when you turn the power back on. If
you can not find anything wrong with the printer, the blinking light is
indicating that your battery is low. Turn the power OFF and plug in

the AC adapter as described later in this chapter.

PAPER FEED switch — This switch allows you to automatically

advance the paper one line at a time. You can only activate this switch
when the printer is off-line. Tap this switch to advance the paper one
line at a time. Hold the switch down to advance the paper several lines

at once.

Paper control switches

There are two switches located on the right side of your printer

(Figure

2-2).

These switches allow you to make certain adjustments to

improve the print quality on your paper.

DENSITY switch — This switch makes the print lighter or darker.

Move the switch toward the back of the printer to make the print

lighter; move the switch toward the front of the printer to make it
darker.

16

Figure 2-2. Paper control switches

PAPER SURFACE switch —

to improve the print quality on standard paper. Push this lever toward
the front when using coarse paper; push it back when using smooth or
thermal paper.

Note: You have to set the paper surface switch with the power OFF

for the change to take effect.

This switch adjusts the print head speed

Paper-out sensor

The P-80 is equipped with a device that warns you when the printer
is at the end of the paper. When your paper reaches the end, the ON
LINE light goes off and printing stops.

To resume printing, place another sheet of paper into the printer,
and press the ON LINE switch. If you do not want to resume printing,
turn the power OFF and back ON again. Each time the printer is
turned ON, it reinitializes-resets to its settings at start up.

The Battery and AC Adapter

Note: Charge the battery with the AC adapter before using your

printer for the first time. To do this, follow the instructions

given below for charging the battery.

The P-80 will print approximately 60,000 characters (or 30 pages on

8½ by 11 paper with 2,000 characters each) on a fully charged battery.

17

The battery needs charging when

the

print becomes very slow and

the ON LINE light blinks. To charge the battery, first turn the power
OFF. Then plug the AC adapter into the back of
in Figure

2-3.

The battery charges in six to seven hours.

the

printer as shown

Figure 2-3. Plugging in the AC adapter

The printer can be used with the AC adapter connected without
waiting for the battery to charge. However, when you are finished
printing, switch the power off and charge the battery for six to seven
hours.

Once you unplug the adapter, let the printer run on its own until it

needs recharging. Recharging the battery more often than needed can

weaken it.

WARNING:

Do not charge the battery for more than 24 hours. Also,
do not leave the power switch ON when recharging the
battery and the printer is not in use. Doing either of
these may severely shorten the battery life.

18

Battery Replacement

Your P-80 uses a nickel cadmium battery. If the red light keeps flash­ing after the battery has been charged, the battery has come to the end
of its life and must be replaced. Nickel cadmium batteries are available
through your Epson dealer.

To replace the battery, follow the steps below.

1.

See that the power switch is OFF,

2.

Remove the two screws on the

the printer by using a Phillips screwdriver (Figure

battery holder cover

2-4).

at the back of

Figure

2-4.

3.

Carefully lift the battery holder cover by placing your index fingers
at the top of the cover as shown in Figure
underneath the ridge at the bottom of the cover.

Removing the screws

2-5,

and your thumbs

19

Figure 2-5. Lifting the cover

4. With the battery holder cover open, locate the battery connector
near the POWER switch. It is marked CN7. Unplug the battery
connector noting the direction of insertion. Remove the battery
with a screwdriver as shown in Figure

Figure 2-6. Removing the battery

2-6.

20

5. Place the new nickel cadmium battery into the battery holder with
the connector cable at the bottom. Insert the battery connector into
the slot marked CN7.

6. To reinstall the battery holder cover, you first need to remove the
front cover.

7. Push the battery holder cover back into place, at the back of the
printer, seeing that the tabs on each side are inside the cover, and

the switches and indicator light fit properly in their slots (Figure

2-7).

Figure 2-7. Replacing the battery holder cover

8. Replace the two screws at the back of the cover and replace the
front cover.

WARNING: Do not disassemble the battery or throw it into a fire.

21

Maintenance

As with any mechanical device, the best maintenace of your P-80 is

preventive maintenance. Here are some general guidelines to follow:

1. Keep your printer in a safe, clean location away from extreme tem­peratures.

2.

Clean particles and dust from the printer with a soft cloth or brush.

3. Clean the outside of the printer with a mild cleanser when it
appears dirty.

4. If your printer is not operating correctly, do not attempt to repair it

yourself. Take your printer to an authorized Epson dealer for serv-

ice.

Although your P-80 is solidly built, it’s not indestructible. If you
treat your printer with care, it should give you years of reliable
service.

22

Chapter 3

Installing Paper

By this point, you’re probably anxious to start printing. In this
chapter, you’ll learn the different types of paper your P-80 can use and
how to install the paper. Then you can start to print by having the
printer perform a self-test.

Paper Types

The type of paper to use with your P-80 is thermal paper. It will give
you the best quality print. Since thermal paper is heat-sensitive, you

do not need to use the ribbon cassette.

Thermal paper prints only on the glossy side, the side that is slightly
darker. If the glossy side is not facing the print head, nothing prints.

Observe the following precautions in handling and storing thermal
paper:

l

Do not attach plastic adhesive tape to the paper.

l

Handle the paper carefully so as not to bend or stain it. Damaged

areas may become discolored or fail to print.

l

Do not store the paper in hot, humid places (cars, heaters, direct

sunlight).

When you are printing rough drafts, you can use smooth finish

paper like the sample sheets included with your printer. It is necessary
to use a ribbon cassette with this type of paper. Your Epson dealer can
assist you with the correct types of paper to use with your P-80.

23

Remember to adjust the PAPER SURFACE switch for the type of
paper you are using. For coarse paper, set the switch to RGH; for
smooth or thermal paper, set the switch to SMT.

Paper sizes

The printer uses single-sheet paper and handles any paper the width
of the platen (8½ inches) or narrower. You can also use continuous­feed paper or roll paper.

The right paper holder will not hold paper narrower than 5½
inches. When you use paper that is narrower than 5½ inches, make
sure that the paper stays straight as it is feeding through the printer.
Otherwise, your print lines may slant across the paper.

Paper Release Lever

The lock lever on the left side of your printer serves as a paper
release lever. Notice the words FEED and FREE above and below the
lever. In the FEED position, the roller inside the printer holds the paper
and causes it to feed through the printer. The FREE position allows
you to make adjustments if the paper is not aligned correctly in the
printer.

Paper Loading

There are a couple of adjustments to make before loading your
paper. Check to see that the lock lever is in the FEED position and the
paper stand is all the way up. Slide the right holder all the way to the
right side of the printer. Follow these steps to load your paper:

1. Place your paper at the top of the paper guide and slide it under-

neath the left holder (Figure 3-l).

2.

Adjust the right holder to the width of the paper (unless your paper
is less than 5½ inches wide).

3. Make sure the paper is straight and placed in the printer as far as it

can go.

24

Figure 3-1. Loading the paper

4. Turn the manual-feed knob clockwise until the paper feeds through
to the front as shown in Figure 3-1.

5. Put the power switch in the ON position if you have not done so
already.

You are now ready to print.

25

Removing the paper

When you are finished printing, remove the paper by using the
manual-feed knob. If your paper is almost out of the printer, you can
release it by placing the lock lever in the FREE position.

The P-80 Self-Test

It’s time to see how your P-80 operates. The
in program that prints all the standard characters. It provides an

opportunity to test the ribbon and the paper installation without hav­ing to request a printout from your computer. If fact, you don’t even

need a computer to perform the self-test.

Start by placing a sheet of 8½-inch wide paper in your printer. With

the power OFF, hold down the PAPER FEED switch and turn the

power ON. Release the PAPER FEED switch when the P-80 starts

printing. The characters will be printed as shown in Figure 3-2. The
printer will continue indefinitely until you turn the power OFF or run
out of paper.

P-80

self-test is a built-

Figure 3-2. The P-80 self-test

Note: If you turn the printer off in the middle of printing, the print

head may be in the printing position. (The print head is pressed
into the paper.) When this occurs, turn the power ON for a few
seconds to allow the print head to return to its starting position
at the left.

26

Chapter 4

Control Codes

This chapter explains how a computer uses control codes to send
instructions to your printer. Specifically, you’ll learn how the control
codes work with the P-80. (Appendix A shows a complete listing of all
the P-80 control codes.)

If you are going to use your printer with commercial software pack­ages, it is not necessary for you to read this chapter. You can follow
the printer installation instructions given in your computer or soft-

ware manual. Most software packages include installation routines

for dot matrix printers. It may be that you only have to specify which
type of printer interface, such as RS-232C, you are using.

Note: As mentioned in Chapter 1, the P-80 uses the RS-232C serial

interface. If your software asks for specifications you do not
understand, consult your dealer for assistance.

ASCII Codes

Since there are many different kinds of computers and many
different kinds of printers, almost all computers use a standard set of
codes to communicate with printers. This set of codes is called the

American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII).

Pressing a character key on your computer produces a bit pattern

representing a particular ASCII (pronounced “ask-ee”) code. The code

is interpreted by the printer, which responds by printing the letter,
number, or symbol desired. Control codes control specific printer
functions.

Most of the 256 ASCII numbers are codes for specific characters.

Typically, codes 32 through 126 are reserved for the standard set of

27

alphanumeric characters and special symbols. For instance, 65 repre­sents the capital letter “A”, while 90 represents the capital letter “Z.”
On the P-80, the graphics character set is stored at codes 128 through

159. Other ASCII numbers control computer and printer functions.
Table 4-1 summarizes the range of the ASCII codes used by the

P-80. Appendix B summarizes the functions for each of the ASCII
control codes.

Note: Codes can be expressed in binary, hexadecimal, or decimal

form. For ease of understanding, we use the decimal form.

Table 4-1. The P-80 and ASCII Codes

ASCII code group

1 to 32

33 to 126

128 to 159

Printer control codes
Standard (roman) character set
Graphics character set

P-80 Interpretation

In summary, some ASCII codes produce standard characters and
special symbols, some produce graphics characters, and others con­trol the printer’s functions.

Using Control Codes

Most of the time you don’t have to give this code system much
thought. When you are using a word processing system, you press the
letter A on the keyboard, and the computer prints the letter A on the
printer.

Some ASCII codes, however, don’t have characters on the key­board. The most important of these are the ASCII codes that have
values less than 32. As mentioned above, these codes are the printer
control codes. Most keyboards can produce these codes by holding

down the control key (often marked CTRL) while pressing a letter
key. The combination of CTRL/M produces ASCII 13, which is the
code to start a new line, and referred to as a carriage return. The

28

following chart shows many different ways of referring to the code for

the carriage return function.

Carriage return
CR
13
0DH Its hexadecimal ASCII code

CTRL/M
CHR$(13)

As you can see there are many different ways to refer to a single
code. This information helps you identify what code is being
referenced. Your computer manual may refer to ASCII 13 while your
software program refers to CTRL/M. You now know that both refer
to the same code.

Its common name
The abbreviation of its name
The decimal ASCII code

Its control-code name
Its usage in BASIC

ASCII Codes as CHR$(n)

The ASCII codes take on a new form when you use them with
programming languages. For example, in BASIC, the ASCII codes
take the form of CHR$(n), where n represents the desired code. The
capital letter A, which is the ASCII code 65, is CHR$(65). You are

telling the computer which code you want by inserting the number
within the parentheses following the CHR$. Depending on the code,
you instruct your printer to print a character, or perform a function

(such as execute a line feed or print italics).

The ESCape code

So many features have been added to printers that even 256 ASCII
codes are inadequate if only single-code CHR$ instructions can be
used. Because of this, the logic of the P-80 has been designed to under­stand special sequences of control codes, the ESCape code sequences.
This permits major expansion to the availability of control codes.

Each ESCape code sequence consists of the ESCape code (usually

abbreviated (ESC)), which is
other P-80 CHR$ codes. You use these code sequences to select one or
more printing features, or modes.

For example, the ESCape code used to turn the italic print function
on is <ESC>“4”. The (ESC) is the abbreviation for CHR$(27) and the
numeral 4 is the ASCII equivalent of CHR$(52). The <ESC>“4” is eas­ier to remember than

CHR$(27)CHR$(52).

CHR$(27),

plus one or more of the

29

You will have a better understanding of how the (ESC) codes work
when you use them in your programming. Appendix A lists all the
ASCII codes and Appendix B summarizes their functions.

A BASIC example

Keep in mind that the ASCII codes and the ESCape sequences are
mostly used with programming languages. One example is to use
your printer to print listings of your programs.

Different computer systems access the printer in different ways. For
example, most computers that use Microsoft BASIC send PRINT or
LIST commands to the printer by adding a leading L to a screen com­mand: LPRINT, LLIST. Your computer may not use these commands.

If you are not familiar with your computer’s command conventions,

check its manual.

We use BASIC in the following programs since it is widely used in
portable computers. If necessary, substitute the commands required
by your computer.

Once you have discovered how your computer communicates with

the printer using BASIC, enter the following program lines into your
computer.

10 LPRINT CHR$(27);"-1";
20 LPRINT "Underline"

Now list the lines on the printer using your computer’s version of the
LLIST command. RUN the program, and you’ll get this:

Underline

With the underline mode, you can underline characters or blank

spaces, which is useful when creating forms that have lines for signa-

tures

gram. Enter

Run your program. The result is:

or data. See this for yourself by adding these lines to your pro-

10

30

LPRINT "

40

LPRINT "

blank spaces in line

"

30

and

"

15

blank spaces in line

40.

Underline

30

Underline mode does not use the underline character which is prob­ably used in your word processing software. Since the underline char­acter is only five dots wide, it does not print in the space between each
text character. Type and run a new program:

NEW

10 FOR X=1 TO 41: LPRINT CHR$(95);: NEXT X
20 LPRINT CHR$(13);
30 LPRINT "THIS PROGRAM USES THE UNDERLINE

CHARACTER"

THIS PROGRAM USES THE UNDERLINE CHARACTER

The printer’s underline mode, used in the example on the previous

page, provides you with an idea of how a programming language can
be used. There are many tutorial books available if you would like to
learn more about using BASIC with your printer.

31

Chapter 5

Combining Print Modes

One of the most pleasing aspects of your P-80 printer is its variety of
print modes that can be combined to make different typestyles. You
access these print modes through programming languages such as
BASIC. You can also access them through your word processing pro­gram, if your program allows you to insert print commands in the
text (for example, Portable WordStar’“).

This chapter gives a short explanation of how dot matrix characters
are formed, briefly describes the different print modes, and then
shows you how the print modes can be combined.

Dot-Matrix Printing

The P-80 uses a dot matrix to plot the characters it prints. Vertically,
the matrix consists of 6 main and 5 intermediate columns. Horizon­tally, the matrix consists of 9 rows.

The P-80 characters are designed to be five or fewer columns wide.

The sixth column is left blank to allow for space between text charac-

ters (some of the graphics characters use the sixth column).

Because the use of 5 dots does not give enough detail for the highest

quality characters, the P-80 prints some dots half way between the
main columns in the 6-dot-wide matrix. This enhancement results in a
matrix grid that is actually
mediate columns. You can count the

Figure

5-l.

11

dots wide-6 main columns with 5 inter-

11

positions on the grid shown in

33

Figure 5-1. Main columns and intermediate positions

Although each P-80 character is designed to be five or fewer col­umns wide, dots can also be placed midway between each main col­umn. This means that the dot pattern is printed twice, shifted one half
dot to the right. Figure
mediate columns actually overlap with those in the main columns.
You can see this difference between the dots shown in Figure
the overlapping dots in Figure
overlapping dots is shown later in this chapter.)

5-2

shows how the dots printed in these inter-

5-l

5-2.

(An example of a print mode using

and

Figure

5-2.

Overlapping dots

Print Pitches

There are two print pitches (or widths) available on the
are Pica and Compressed. Pica is a standard character width used on
typewriters and prints

10

characters per inch. Compressed pitch prints

34

P-80.

They

just over 17 characters per inch. The smaller characters allow for

spreadsheets, or other work that requires compact printing, to be
squeezed on an 8½-inch page.

In Figure 5-3, you can see the difference in the two pitches. Pica is

the default, the pitch in effect when the printer is turned on.

Pica

Compressed

Figure 5-3. Comparison between print pitches

ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZab

ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuv

1 inch

Pitch Mode Combinations

Expanded is a print mode that can be used with either Pica or
pressed print pitches. You can add this mode to your program to print­out for one line only or for longer passages. Expanded can also be used
with most of the other modes.

Expanded mode

Expanded mode doubles the width of the current pitch mode. It
does this by printing twice as many dots, twice as wide, as you can see
in Figure

5-4.

Com-

Pica A

Figure 5-4. Pica and Expanded letters

Expanded A

35

Print Quality Modes

There are two modes that produce boldface (darker) characters
which make your printout more distinctive. These modes are Double­Strike and Emphasized. Each gets its bold effect by printing overlap­ping dots as explained earlier in this chapter. Figure 5-5 shows the
difference between Single-Strike (the default), and Emphasized.

On the P-80, Double-Strike and Emphasized produce the same
result. Double-Strike may produce a slightly different result when
printed through your software.

Figure 5-5. Print quality differences

Dress-up Modes

There are two more modes you can mix with any of the other

modes to give your printouts a finished touch-Italic and Underline.

Italic characters are printed in a typeface completely different from
the more usual Roman characters. Any computer system can select
Italic mode without software adjustments.

The P-80 has a built-in Underline mode making it easy for you to
underline anything. You can underline characters or blank spaces as
demonstrated in Chapter 4.

Mode Conflicts and Priorities

Print modes have an order of priority; some modes are assigned
greater value than others. Also, certain modes can be combined and
others cannot. If two modes which are not equal in value are used

36

together, the one with less priority is temporarily ignored. Only when
the higher priority mode is turned off, will the lower priority mode
take effect.

For example, suppose you activate both Emphasized and Com­pressed. Since these modes cannot be combined, the printer must
make a choice. In this case, the printer

chooses

Emphasized because it

is assigned higher priority (see Table 5-l).

Table 5-1. Summary of modes

Emphasized

Compressed

Double-strike

Mixing Modes

Not all mode combinations create conflicts. You can combine most
modes to produce the different typestyles shown in Table
end of this chapter. Appendix B gives you the commands needed to
instruct the printer to print any combination of these modes.

5-2 at

the

Summary Notes

1. Pica is the default pitch and is active when Compressed is turned

off.

2. The two modes that produce boldface characters are Double-

Strike and Emphasized. Single-Strike is the default.

3.

Double-Strike and Emphasized produce the same result.

37

4.

When two modes conflict, the one of lesser priority is masked (not

cancelled). For example, Compressed and Emphasized cannot be
printed at the same time. When both are active, printing is in
Emphasized. When Emphasized is cancelled, printing is in Com­pressed.

5.

When

Expanded is active, Compressed takes priority over Empha-

sized.

6. Emphasized and Double-Strike will not mix with Compressed.

7. Italics, Underline, and Expanded modes combine with any print
mode.

Table 5-2. Typestyles

Italic
Normal
Print

Italic

Under­line

Under-

line

Single-Strike Pica
Single-Strike Compressed

ABCDEFG

Single-Strike Emphasized Pica

Double-Strike Pica
Single-Strike

ABCD
AB

Expanded Pica
Single-Strike

ABC

Expanded Compressed
Single-Strike Emphasized

AB

Expanded Pica
Double-Strike

AB

Expanded Pica

ABCD

ABCD

ABCD
ABCDEFG

ABCDEFG

ABCD
ABCD

AB

ABC

AB
AB

AB AB

ABC

AB

AB

AECD

ABCD
ABCD

ABCD

ABCDEFG

ABCD

ABCD

ABC

AB

AB

38

Chapter 6

Graphics

Your P-80 is capable of printing special graphics characters and dot
graphics, but you do need some programming knowledge to use these
graphics features. This chapter is included for those who wish to

design their own programs to take advantage of the printer’s graphics

capabilities.

Some computers allow you to draw figures on the screen using
graphics characters and then dump them to the printer using a screen
dump command. Check your computer’s documentation to see if it
contains this feature.

Graphics Characters

The P-80 contains a set of special graphics characters which are the
same graphics characters available on the Geneva
graphics characters are accessed with ASCII codes 128 through 159. If
your computer cannot access codes greater than 127, you will not be
able to use the graphics characters.

TM

PX-8™. The

To access the graphics characters in BASIC, you use CHR$(n)
where n is an ASCII code between 128 and 159. The following pro­gram prints out all of the special characters in Expanded mode. Type

the program in exactly as shown and RUN it.

10 LPRINT CHR$(27)"W1"
20 FOR X=128 TO 138
30 LPRINT CHR$(X)" ";
40 NEXT X: LPRINT

50 FOR X=139 TO 149

60 LPRINT CHR$(X)" ";

70 NEXT X: LPRINT

39

80 FOR X=150 TO 159

90 LPRINT CHR$(X)" ";

100 NEXT X: LPRINT
110 LPRINT CHR$(27)"@"

Remember that you can print these characters in different pitches

and weights. For example, if you want to see them in Pica, delete line

10 from your program to produce the result below.

You probably can think of many uses for the graphics characters
that represent objects and symbols. The program below gives you an
idea of how the line graphics characters (shown in the first row
above), can be combined to create artworks or business forms. Type
in the following lines but do not run the program yet:

10 LPRINT CHR$(27)"A"CHR$(7)CHR$(27)"E"CHR$(27)"W1"
20 READ R
30 IF R>0 THEN LPRINT CHR$(R);: GOTO 20
40 IF R=0 THEN LPRINT: LPRINT CHR$(27)"@": END

50 IF R=-1 THEN LPRINT: GOT0 20
60 N=-R: READ R: FOR K=1 TO N: LPRINT CHR$(R);

70 NEXT K: GOT0 20

Line 10 turns on Emphasized and Expanded Modes as well as special
line spacing (discussed later in this chapter). The next six lines print
graphics characters using DATA from the lines to be added in the next
stage of the program.

Add these DATA lines to produce a four-part box with graphics

characters in each part:

80 DATA 135,-6,133,130,-6,133,136,-1
90 DATA 134,-6,32,134,32,154,32,,154,32,154,134,-1

100 DATA 134,144,143,144,143,144,143,134,-6,32,134,-1

110 DATA 132,-6,133,128,-6,133,131,-1

40

DATA 134,-6,32,134,-6,149,134,-l

120

DATA 134,152,32,152,32,152,32,134,-6,32,134,-1

130

DATA 137,-6,133,129,-6,133,138,0

140

Now that you have seen the program work, you can substitute
your own DATA lines to make it print any combination of graphics
characters you need. Notice that each DATA line corresponds to a
print line, and each ends with -1, except for the last, which ends the

program with a zero. For spaces, you use 32, the ASCII code for a
space. You can repeat any character, including the space, by entering

the number of repetitions as a negative number followed by the num-

ber of the character to be repeated. For example, the first part of line
90 supplies the DATA for one vertical line (character 134), six spaces,
and another vertical line.

Dot Graphics

Think of your piece of paper as an artist’s canvas waiting for the
images you create. With dot graphics, you use dots instead of brush­strokes to form your pictures and designs. If you plan carefully where
you want the dots to appear and use your computer to give the printer
the proper instructions, your P-80 will generate nearly any pattern or

figure you wish.

Printing high-resolution graphics on the P-80 requires a mode that
is very different from text modes. In dot graphics mode, none of the
predefined characters or symbols in the printer’s memory is used.

Instead, you create the patterns of dots that are printed. Thus, you

control where each and every dot is printed.

Print Head

For each column position on a print line, the print head impresses
the pattern of dots that you have specified. Before you can start
designing these patterns, you need to know a little more about the

way the print head works.

41

Each time the print head makes a horizontal pass, it prints a pattern
of dots. To print figures taller than 7 or 8 dots, the print head must
make more than one pass. Each pass of the print head contains one
piece of the total pattern, which can be as tall or short as you desire.
You don’t have to use the whole page or even an entire line for your
graphics figures. In fact, you can use as little or as much space as you
like for a figure-and put it anywhere on the page.

Graphics Mode

The command to enter the Graphics mode is quite different from

the other commands covered so far in this manual. For graphics, you

must specify not only that you want to use graphics mode, but also in
what density and for how many columns.

There are two graphics densities, single and double. The format for

entering Single-Density Graphics mode is:

LPRINT CHR$(27)"K"CHR$(n

The

CHR$(27)"K"

numbers (n1 and n2) determine the number of columns reserved for
graphics. The format is the same as above for Double-Density, except
you use

CHR$(27)"L".

specifies Single-Density Graphics, and the two

) CHR$(n2);

1

Column reservation numbers

The graphics mode requires two numbers to specify how many
columns of graphics you want because the CHR$ function in BASIC is
limited to the numbers between 0 and
dot positions in Single-Density and
more than one CHR$ number. Therefore, the Graphics mode com­mand is designed to use two CHR$ numbers for reserving columns,
and you must supply two numbers even if you only need one.

The first number that you specify (n1) indicates a number of
columns
graphics.” If you don’t need more than 255 columns, you use a 0 for

n2.

(n,) must be greater than 0. But n2 does not represent a number of
single dots; it represents a number of groups, each of which contains

256

dots plus whatever is in the first slot. For Double-Density Graphics,

(0-255). A 255

To reserve more than

dots. Using a 1 in the second slot means reserve 1 group of

in that position says “reserve

255

columns for graphics, the second number

255.

960

Since you can specify

in Double-Density, you need

255

columns for

480

256

you can use a 2 or 3 for n2.

A 2 in the second slot means reserve 2
groups of 256 dots (512) plus whatever is in the first slot and so on-up
to 3 times 256 (or 768) dots.

An easy way to determine the correct numbers for n1 and n1 is to
figure the maximum number of dots per line in the density you want
to use (480 in Single-Density and 960 in Double-Density), then use
that number to calculate the number of columns you need. For exam­ple, if you want a line half a page wide in Double-Density, the maxi­mum number of dots in that density is 960, so you will want to reserve
half that number of columns-480. To calculate the numbers for n

1

and n2 that will reserve 480 columns, divide 480 by 256. The number
of times that 256 will go into 480 is the number to use for n2 and the
remainder is the number to use for n,. Therefore, n2 would be 1, and
n1 would be 124.

If fact, you can have your program do the calculations for you with

the following format:

LPRINT CHR$(27)"L"CHR$(N MOD 256)CHR$(INT(N/256));

N is the total number of columns you want to specify. The BASIC
MOD (modulus) function calculates the value for n,, and the INT

(integer) function calculates the value for n2.

This format can be used with either graphics density and with any
value of N up to the maximum number of columns per line for that
density.

Labelling Elements

Once you put the printer into Graphics mode, your next step is to
tell the print head which elements to fire in each column. You do this
by sending numbers via the CHR$ function. Each number that you
send represents a unique combination of dots.

Since computers use the binary numbering system (0
each element corresponds to the decimal equivalent of one bit in an 8­bit binary number: 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, etc. (see Figure 6-l).

S

and 1s only),

43

Decimal sum
of the desired

pin pattern

Figure 6-1. Labelling elements

Figure 6-2. Element combinations

44

The place values in a binary number are powers of two. Figure

6-2

shows how you use a decimal sum—74—to fire a particular pattern. If
you try adding several numbers together, you’ll see that with this sys-

tem you get no duplicates. The number 6 represents elements 2 and

4

(since 2 + 4 = 6) and there is no other way to get 6 by adding powers
of two. This means that any combination of the eight elements adds
up to a unique decimal number that falls within the range 0 to 255.

With this labelling system, you fire the top element by sending
LPRINT CHR$(128). To fire the bottom graphics element, you send
LPRINT CHR$(1). If you want to fire only the top and bottom ele­ments, you simply add 128 and 1, then send LPRINT CHR$(129). By
adding the appropriate label numbers together, you can fire any com­bination of elements you want.

Note: If your computer system cannot send ASCII codes above 127,

you will not be able to fire the top element.

A Graphics Program

Now that we have discussed how Dot Graphics works,
ing program gives you an example of
creates a series of space invaders. Type

what

you can do. This program

the

program in exactly as you

see it.

the

follow-

10 WIDTH LPRINT

255

20 INPUT "GRAPHICS CODE (K, L)";CODE$

30

INPUT "n1 and n2 PLEASE";N1,N2

40

INPUT "HOW MANY GRAPHICS DATA";DCOUNT

50

DIM D(DCOUNT)

60

FOR J=1 TO DCOUNT

70 INPUT "DATA";D(J)

80

NEXT J
90 LPRINT CHR$(27);CODE$;CHR$(N1);CHR$(N2);
100 FOR L=1 TO (N1+N2*256)/DCOUNT
110 FOR K=1 TO DCOUNT
120 LPRINT CHR$(D(K));

130 NEXT K
140

NEXT L

150 END

When you RUN
trol code that you want to use for dot graphics. Your choices are
<ESC> K or <ESC> L. Enter K to run the program in Single-Density.

the

program, it will first ask you to enter the con-

45

The width of one space invader in this program is 12-dot positions

(plus one blank space). This means

that

13-dot positions are enough
data to describe a single invader. We will use a series of 20 invaders for
this program. This gives you a total of 260

(13

x 20) dot positions for

data.

To find n1 and n2, divide 260 by 256 and you get a quotient of 1 with
a remainder of 4. Enter 4 as the value for n,, and 1 as the value for n2.
Enter these values with a comma between them.

The program then asks you how many data per space invader.

Enter 13 and press RETURN.

The program now asks the order of the data for a single invader.
The data numbers are shown at the bottom of Figure 6-3. Enter them
one at a time, pressing RETURN after each data number. The pro-

gram prompts you by showing DATA? each time. Once you enter the
last data number, the program prints out.

46

Figure 6-3. Data for space invader

Note: If you don’t understand how the numbers were determined,

refer to Figures 6-1 and 6-2.

It takes a while for your system to compute the data so be patient.
Your printout should look like this:

Run the program once more, but this time use Double-Density
mode. When the program asks you for a control code, enter L. Enter
the rest of the data exactly as you did with Single-Density mode. You
should achieve the following result.

If your printout does not look like this one, be sure you are entering

the correct values for n1 and n2. If the values are not correct, and more
data is sent to the printer than it was told to expect, it will interpret

values as character codes,

Graphics Programming Tips

The information in this section will provide you with a few ele-

ments to keep in mind when programming in graphics.

Line spacing

To print figures taller than 7 or 8 dots in Graphics mode, the print

head must make more than one pass. If you use the default 12-dot (1/6
inch) line spacing, the print head will leave gaps between the graphics
lines, just as it does between the text lines. To avoid such gaps in your
patterns, adjust the line spacing to 8-dot with ESCape”A”CHR$(8)
and print consecutive lines until the figure is complete.

ESCape “A”CHR$(n),
distance that a line feed covers to n dots. The ESCape “A”CHR$(n)
command sets the line spacing to n/72-inch if the n is any number
from 0 through 85. If n is between 85 and 128, the line spacing is
85/72-inch.

where n represents n/72-inch, changes the

47

WIDTH statements

Many computer systems automatically insert a carriage return and
a line feed after every 80 characters. This insertion usually causes no
problem with text, but it can spoil your graphics. In the Graphics
mode, some systems insert the control codes after 120 columns, which
may be in the middle of a line.

You can usually prevent these unwanted control codes with a
WIDTH statement such as the one below:

WIDTH LPRINT 255

The format for your system may differ. Consult your computer’s doc­umentation to find the correct format for your system. Then put a
WIDTH statement in one of the first lines of all your graphics pro­grams. It is easier to put a WIDTH statement in all but the simplest of

your programs than to examine each one to see whether it needs such
a statement.

Semicolons and command placement

After the graphics command is issued, every number sent to the
printer is interpreted by the P-80 as a dot pattern and is printed on the
paper. Therefore, you must be careful where you put the graphics
command in your program, and you must not put another command
between the graphics command and the graphics data.

For example, suppose you want to print a 50-column graphics line
and you want to set the line spacing to o-dot for future additions to the
program. You might enter the following program:

20 LPRINT CHR$(27)"K"CHR$(50)CHR$(0)

30

LPRINT CHR$(27)"0"

40

FOR G=1 TO 50: LPRINT CHR$(74): NEXT G

This program has all the necessary elements. Line 20 has the com­mand for Single-Density Graphics and specifies 50 columns. (Remem­ber that you must use two CHR$ numbers to reserve columns even if
you only need the first one.) Line 30 has the correct command for
9-dot line spacing, and line 40 calls for the printing of a pin pattern 50
times.

Although this program has all the necessary elements, it will not
give you the printout of a single pattern that you want, as you can see
in the partial printout in Figure 6-4.

48

Figure 6-4. Result of incorrect program

Once the graphics mode is in effect, every number sent to the
printer is interpreted as a dot pattern and printed on the paper. Since
no semicolon appears at the end of line 20, the numbers 13 and 10­the codes for carriage return and line feed-are sent to the printer after
CHR$(0), and interpreted as dot patterns.

Line 30, the command for 9-dot line spacing is also interpreted as a
dot pattern. Since no semicolon appears at the end of this line, the

numbers 13 and 10 are sent again and printed as pin patterns as well.

In line 40 nothing is sent to the printer until after the LPRINT. Then
the desired dot pattern-CHR$(74)-is finally sent. Again, since no
semicolon is after CHR$(74), 13 and 10 are sent each time the loop is
executed.

After the P-80 has received all the numbers that are reserved by the
graphics command-50 in this case-it leaves the Graphics mode and
resumes interpreting numbers in the normal way. Because the incor­rect program has sent many extra numbers, mainly 10s and 13s, the 50
reserved columns are filled before the loop in line 30 has been executed
50 times. Therefore, during the last passes of the loop, the P-80 inter­prets CHR$(74)

as the ASCI code for “J”. It prints a “J” and issues a

carriage return and line feed for each of the last 35 passes of the loop.

To make the program work correctly, put the line-spacing com­mand in line 10, delete line 30, and add two semicolons: one at the end

of line 20 and one between CHR$(74) and the colon in line 40.

This program is explained in detail so that you remember two
important points about using the graphics command:

l

Use semicolons to prevent the P-80 from printing carriage return

and line feed codes as pin patterns.

49

l

Do not put any other commands between the graphics command

and its data.
We hope this example helps you identify errors if one of your own

programs gives you unexpected results.

50

Appendix A

ASCII Codes and Character Sets

This appendix provides information about the ASCII codes used on
the P-80 printer. The first section shows the available codes between 0
and 32 with their decimal and hexadecimal numbers, abbreviations,
and the control keys associated with each code. The first section also
displays, in ASCII order, the decimal and hexadecimal numbers and a
printout of each character in the USA Roman font. The characters for
the Roman font that make up the USA character set occupy ASCII
positions 33 through 126.

The second section shows the international characters available on
the P-80 and their corresponding ASCII codes. The international
characters can be selected by changing the DIP switches as mentioned

in Chapter 1, or they can be selected by using <ESC>“R” (see Appen­dix B). The second section also shows the graphics character set. The

graphics character set occupies ASCII positions 128 through 159.

Included in the second section are some special characters in the
USA character set that are worth noting. These characters may not
appear on your computer’s keyboard but you can access them by
using the appropriate ASCII code.

ASCII Codes

Decimal Hexadecimal

9

10

12
13
14
15

18

09

0A

0C

0D

0E
0F

12

Abbreviation Control key

<HT>

<LF>

<FF>
<CR>
<SO>

<SI>

<DC2>

Control-I
Control-J

Control-L

Control-M

Control-N
Control-O

Control-R

A-1

Decimal Hexadecimal

20
27
32

14
1B
20

Abbreviation

<DC4>

<ESC>

<SP>

Control key

Control-T
Control-)

Decimal

33
34

35
36
37

38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48

49

50

51

52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71

Hexadecimal Character

21
22
23

24
25
26
27
28
29

2A

2B
2C
2D

2E
2F
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39

3A

3B
3C

3D

3E
3F
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47

Decimal

72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99

100
101

102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109

110

Hexadecimal Character

48
49

4A

4B
4C

4D

4E
4F
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58

59

5A

5B
5C
5D

H

I
J
K

L
M
N
O
P

Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y

Z

[
\

]

5E
5F
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69

6A

6B
6C
6D

6E

a

b

c

d

e

f

g

h

i

j
k

l

m
n

A-2

Decimal Hexadecimal

111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119

6F
70
71
72
73
74
75

76
77

Character

o

p
q

r

s

t
u

V
W

International Characters

Decimal Hexadecimal Character

120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127

78 x
79

7A

7B
7C
7D

7E ~

7F

none

y
z

{

|

}

Graphics Characters

A-3

Special Characters

A-4

Appendix B

Control Code Summary

This appendix gives a brief summary of the P-80 control codes. You
cause a control code to be sent to an output device by using another
command. The most common command for sending a code to the
screen is PRINT and to the printer is LPRINT. If your computer does

not use these commands, check its reference manual and substitute the

statements required by your computer.

Using BASIC as an example, you can activate a control code on
most computer systems by using LPRINT CHR$(27) followed by

CHR$(n), where n is a number from the decimal (DEC) column
below. For a few codes, those with a dash in the ESC column, you
omit the (ESC) code-CHR$(27). The (ESC) sequence may be
shortened by using (in quotation marks) the character in the symbol
column instead of CHR$(n).For example, the command for turning
on Emphasized can be entered as:

LPRINT CHR$(27)CHR$(69) or LPRINT CHR$(27)"E"

If you are using another programming language or command, be sure

to check your system documentation for the proper syntax to send
codes to the printer.

Abbreviations: cpi = characters per inch

cps = characters per second

ESC Dec Hex Symbol Function
—

9 09 HT

Horizontal tab. Empties the printer buffer,
then moves the print head to the next tab
stop.

B-l

ESC Dec Hex Symbol Function

-

10 0A LF

-

12 0C FF

-

13 0D CR

-

14 0E SO

-

15 0F SI

-

18 12 DC2

- 20 14 DC4

Line feed. Empties the printer buffer, performs

a line feed at the current line spacing, and

resets the buffer character count to 0.
Form feed. Empties the printer buffer, then

advances the paper to the next top of form.
Carriage return. Prints the contents of the

buffer and resets the buffer character count
to 0.

Shift out. Turns Expanded mode ON for the
length of the line. Can be cancelled by

CHR$(20) or CHR$(27)“WO”. Works with Pica

or Compressed mode.
Shift in. Empties the buffer and turns

Compressed mode (17.16 cpi) ON. Cannot
work with Emphasized or Double-Strike
mode.

Device control 2. Turns Compressed mode

OFF
Device control 4. Turns the Expanded mode

set by CHR$(14) OFF Can also be cancelled
with LF

- 27 1B ESC

ESC 45 2D -

ESC
ESC

ESC

48 30
50

51

32

33

0
2

3

B-2

ESCape. Prepares the printer to receive

control codes.
Turns Underline mode ON. Format:

CHR$(27)” - “CHR$(n)
where n toggles Underline on and off: 0 turns
it OFF 1 turns it ON.

Sets line spacing to 1/8-inch (9-dot).
Returns line spacing to the default of 1/6-inch

(12-dot).
Sets line spacing to n/144-inch and stays on

until changed. Format:

CHR$(27)“3”CHR$(n)
where n = 0 - 255.

ESC Dec Hex Symbol Function
ESC 52 34 4
ESC 53 35 5
ESC 64 40 @

ESC 65 41 A

ESC 67 43 C

ESC 67 43 C

Turns Italic mode ON.

Turns Italic mode OFF

Reset Code, which resets the printer to its
power-up state, including resetting top of
form. Clears all text and control codes from
the print buffer.

Sets line spacing to n/72 inch (n-dot). Format:

CHR$(27)“A”CHR$(n)

where n = 0 - 127.

Sets the form length to n

line spacing. The default is 66 lines. Also

resets top of form. Format:

CHR$(27)“C”CHR$(n)

where n = 1 - 127.

Sets the form length to n

of the current line spacing. The default is 11

inches. Also resets top of form. Format:

CHR$(27)“C”CHR$(0)CHR$(n).

where n = 1 - 22.

lines

inches,

in the current

regardless

ESC 69 45 E

ESC 70 46 F
ESC 71 47 G

ESC 72 48 H
ESC 75 4B K

Turns Emphasized mode ON. Cannot mix with

Compressed mode or Double-Strike mode.

Turns Emphasized mode OFF

Turns Double-Strike mode ON. Cannot mix

with Emphasized and Condensed modes.

Turns Double-Strike mode OFF

Turns Single-Density Graphics mode ON.

Prints 480 dots per 8-inch line. Format:

CHR$(27)“K”CHR$(n1)CHR$(n2)

followed by n data numbers, where

n = total number of dot columns,
n1 = n MOD 256,

n2 = INT (n/256).
For example, to print 480 dots, n1 = 224,
n2 = 1.

B-3

ESC Dec Hex Symbol Function
ESC 76 4C L

ESC 82 52 R

Turns Double-Density Graphics mode ON.
Prints 960 dots per 8-inch line. Format:

CHR$(27)”L”CHR$(n1)CHR$(n2)

followed by n data numbers, where

n = total number of dot columns,
n1 = n MOD 256,

n2 = INT (n/256).
For example, to print 960 dots, n1 = 192,
n2 = 3.

Selects an international character set by its
country’s number. Format:

CHR$(27)“R”CHR$(n)

where n = 0 - 7.

ESC 87 57 W

B-4

Turns Expanded mode ON; stays ON until
turned OFF Cannot be turned off with
CHR$(20). Format:

CHR$(27)“W”CHR$(n)
where n toggles the mode on and off:
0 or 48 turns it OFF 1 or 49 turns it ON.

Appendix C

Control Codes by Function

This appendix shows the same control codes as Appendix B; they

are arranged by categories and by ASCII order within the categories.

Character Width (Pitch)

CHR$(5)
CHR$(18)

CHR$(14)
CHR$(20)
CHR$(27)“W0”
CHR$(27)"W1”

Character Weight

CHR$S(27)“E”
CHR$(27)“F”
CHR$(27)“G”
CHR$(27)“H”

Turns Compressed Mode ON.
Turns Compressed Mode OFF.

Turns One-Line Expanded Mode ON.

Turns One-Line Expanded Mode OFF.
Turns either Expanded Mode OFF.
Turns Continuous Expanded Mode ON.

Turns Emphasized Mode ON.
Turns Emphasized Mode OFF.
Turns Double-Strike Mode ON.
Turns Double-Strike Mode OFF.

Print Enhancement

CHR$(27)“-0”
CHR$(27)“-1”

Turns Underline Mode OFF.
Turns Underline Mode ON.

C-l

Mode and Character-Set Selection

CHR$(27)“4”
CHR$(27)“5”
CHR$(27)"@”
CHR$(27)“R” CHR$(n)

Turns Italic Mode ON.
Turns Italic Mode OFF.
Reset Code.

Selects an international character set.

Line Spacing

CHR$(27)“0”
CHR$(27)“2”
CHR$(27)“A”CHR$(n)

CHR$(27)“3”CHR$(n)

Sets line spacing to l/S-inch.
Sets line spacing to 1/6-inch (default).

Sets line spacing to n/72-inch.
Sets line spacing to n/l&inch.

Forms Control

CHR$(9) or CHR$(137)

Activates a horizontal tab.

CHR$(12)

CHR$(13)
CHR$(27)“C”CHR$(0)CHR$(n)

CHR$(27)“C”CHR$(n)

Produces a form feed.
Produces a carriage return.

Sets the form length in inches.
Sets the form length in lines.

Dot Graphics

CHR$(27)“K”CHR$(n1)CHR$(n2)

Turns Single-Density Graphics Mode ON.

CHR$(27)“L”CHR$(n1)CHR$(n2)

Turns Double-Density Graphics Mode ON.

c-2

Appendix D

Using Your

P-80

with the Geneva™ PX-8™

Since your

any portable computer. With the P-80, you can print anywhere, thus

eliminating the need to wait until you have access to a desktop printer.

The Geneva is one example of a portable computer. It comes with a
pre-installed
BASIC ROM capsule. Additional ROM capsules containing Portable
WordStar™,
included. Instructions on how to print data from each of these soft­ware applications can be found in their accompanying documenta-

tion. Check the index under printing for the appropriate pages.

P-80 and WordStar

To print the desired results from some of these programs such as
WordStar, some modifications may be necessary. For example, the
P-80 stops printing when no paper is in contact with the paper-out
sensor (a reed switch located on the paper guide).

P-80

utility ROM capsule

is a portable printer, it is a suitable companion for

with CP/M-80™ and a pre- installed

Portable Calc, and Portable Scheduler’” are also

The paper-out sensor keeps the printer from printing after the paper
has run out, but it also keeps you from printing page numbers near the

bottom of the page. To compensate for this, you can either change the
page length
of the page, or omit the page numbers. All of these can be done by
using dot commands in WordStar. See Chapter 7 in your Geneva

Portable WordStar Reference Manual.

or

footing margin, place your page numbers near the top

D-l

Note: If you do not use a dot command, or omit page numbers, as

described above, the P-80 stops printing near the bottom of the
page. Although printing has stopped, the printer and the com­puter remain in the print stage. To end your print session, in
WordStar, press the P to stop print and then Y to abandon
print.

If you are going to be using WordStar most of the time, you can
tape a business card or a small piece of paper over the paper-out sen­sor. Then you can easily print to the bottom of your page.

When you are using single-sheet paper and have more than one
page in a document, you will need to activate the print pause com­mand. The print pause command keeps the printer from printing
without any paper and allows you to, change sheets. The print pause
command is one of the print options displayed when you press P to
print-from the main menu in WordStar. Select Y for yes for the printer
to pa&e between pages. You can also insert a print pause code in your
document. See Chapter 7 of your Geneva Portable WordStar Refer­ence Manual. Be sure to line the top of your sheet of paper with the
serrated edge on the printer as the printer expects 66 print lines (the
default in WordStar).

If a particular function exists on WordStar, but not on the P-80, the
printer will ignore the command to execute this function. For exam­ple, if you want to print in Elite, the P-80 will ignore this command
since it does not have this capability. Before using print commands in
your software applications, check to see that they are available on the
P-80 by consulting Appendix C in this manual.

Connecting the Geneva to the P-80

The P-80 uses the RS-232C serial interface and is factory set at 4800
baud. This is the appropriate setting for use with the Geneva. Your
Geneva can be set to the RS-232C or serial interface using the CON­FIG command. Consult your Geneva User’s Manual. RS-232C is the
factory setting for the Geneva.

You need Epson cable #723 to connect the Geneva to your P-80 as
shown in Figure D-l. When you plug the cable into your Geneva, be
sure you insert it into the serial port designated in the CONFIG com­mand. If the designation is RS-232C, plug the cable into the serial port
marked RS-232C.

D-2

Figure D-l. Connecting the Geneva to the P-80

Be sure you have properly connected your printer and it is ON and

on-line before you begin to print. If the P-80 won’t respond to any of

the computer’s print commands, hold down CTRL and press STOP
on the Geneva. Then check to see that you have the proper serial port
connection, the cable is connected correctly, and the printer is ON and

on-line.

D-3

Printing

Printing Method

Appendix E

Specifications

of the P-80

Thermal transfer
Printing Direction
Paper feed speed
Character Sets

Line Spacing

Unidirectional (left to right)

2 lines per second (at 1/6 inch/line)

96 Roman characters
96 Italic characters
32 Graphics characters

8 International character sets

1/6 inch (default), 1/8 inch or programmable
in increments of 1/72 inch and 1/144 inch

E-l

Table E-1

Characters

Print mode

Pica
Pica

Expanded

Pica

Emphasized

Pica

Emphasized

Pica

Condensed

Pica

Condensed

Italic
Italic

Expanded

Italic

Emphasized

Italic

Emphasized

italic

Condensed

Italic

Condensed

CPL=

CPI = characters per inch
CPS = characters per second

characters

Expanded

Expanded

Expanded

Expanded

per line

Paper

Paper types

Single-sheet or roll paper, up to 8.5 inches

wide

Number

Of

Columns

CPL

80

40
80
40

136

68
80

40
80
40

135

68

Character

pitch

CPI

10

5

10

5

17 1/7

8 4/7

10

5

10

5

17 1/7

8 4/7

Print

speed

CPS

45

22.5

22.5

11.25

38.6

19.3

22.5

11.2

22.5

11.25

38.6

19.3

Character

spacing

CPI

10

5
5
5

17 1/7

8 4/7

10

5

10

5

17 1/7

8

4/7

Character

size (in)

Height

Width

.096

.083

.096

.166

.096

.091

.096

,182

.096

.043

.096

.083
,110

.096
.096

.193
.118

.096
.096

.209

.096

,079

,110

,096

Printer

Dimensions

Weight
Power required

E-2

Thermal or Standard

Height:
Width: 11¾ inches
Depth:

2.4

Voltage:

2½

4¼

lbs

(1.1

inches

(62.2

(297

mm)

mm)

inches (107 mm)

kg)

4.8

VDC (TYP) 4 Ni-Cd batteries
Ni-Cd battery: Pen light (AA) size nominal
capacity: 500 mAh
Battery life:

300

recharging cycles possible

(avg.)
Power consumption: 3 W avg. during use AC

adapter (HOOCAA): 6V output DC 700 mA

Printing capability with fully charged batter­ies: 60,000 characters (approximately 30
pages on 8½ by

ters per page)

11

paper with 2,000 charac-

Environment

Ribbon
Ribbon life expectancy 40,OOO characters (approximately 20 pages

Printer MCBF
Print head life

Buffer memory

Temperature: 5°C to 35°C
Humidity: 10% to 80% RH

Cassette ribbon, black, model #8760

with 2,000 characters per page)
500,000 lines (excluding print head life)
20 million characters

240 bytes

Interface

The P-80 has an RS-232C serial interface

Specifications

Bit rate

Synchronization
Handshaking

Set with DIP switches on the back of the
printer

Asynchronous
With DTR signal

Logic Levels

Data Format

Interface Connector

Plug

Voltage

+3V to +18V

-3V to -18V

Dip switch selectable

6-pin DIN type

Logic Value
Space 0 (ON)
Mark 1 (OFF)

E-3

Interface Signals

E-4

Index

A

A4•Legal6
AC adapter 17-18
Arrows 6

ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) 27-30,

A-l

codes and graphics 39, A-3

codes and international characters A-3
codes and special characters A-4
codes listed for all characters A-2 -A-4

codes on the P-80 28

Automatic line feed

11

B

Baud rate

B56

Back cover 5
BASIC
Battery
Battery holder cover 19-22
Battery replacement 19-22
Bold printing. See Double-Strike, Emphasized

12

30-31, 33, 39, 42,

16-21

B-l

C

Cable, connection of 13
Carriage return 28-29, B-2, C-2
Cassette, ribbon See Ribbon cassette
Characters, graphics See Graphics characters

Characters, international See International character set
Characters, specifications of E-2

CHR$29, 39

Codes. See ASCII codes; Control codes; ESCape
Compressed mode 34-35, 37, B-2, C-l
Computer, connecting printer to 12-13
Control codes 27, 28

listed by function C-l -C-2
listed by number B-l -B-4

See also specific modes and functions

Control key (CTRL) 28

Control panel 15
Covers, front and back 5
CTRL 28

Index-l

D

Density. See Graphics mode
Dimensions, of printer E-2
DIP switches

switch

switch 2
DENSITY switch 16
Dot

in dot graphics 39, 41, 45

matrix 33

positions 33
Double-Density graphics

Double-Strike mode 36-37, B-3,
Dress-Up Modes. See Underline mode; Italic mode

9-12

1 10

11

42-43, 47, B-4, C-2

C-l

E

Emphasized mode 36-37, 40, B-3,
Environment, of printer E-3
Epson computers. See Geneva PX-8
ESCape code (ESC) 29-30, B-2
Expanded mode 35, 37-40, B-2,

C-l

B-4, C-l

F

FEED 5,
Foreign characters. See International characters

Form, length of B-3,

Form feed B-2, C-2
FREE 5, 24,26
Front cover 5, 7
Function switches. See DIP switches

24

C-2

G

Geneva PX-8 39, D-l -D-3

connecting to printer, D-2

Graphics

characters 39-41

command placement 48, 50

densities in. See Graphics mode

dot 39, 41, 45

line

40

line spacing

programming tips

program

semicolons 48-49

47, 49

47-50

45-47

Index-2

width of

See also Graphics mode

Graphics mode 42, 47-48

Single-Density
Double-Density 42-43, 47, B-4, C-2

48

42-43, 45,

B-3, C-2

H

Hinges
Holders. See Paper holders

Horizontal tab B-l, C-2

7

I

Indicators 15
Installation

battery
printer cable

ribbon cassette 7-9

Interface E-3

connector E-3

signals E-4

specifications
International character set 10-11, A-l, A-3, B-4, C-2
INVOICE 6
Italic mode 36, 38, B-3, C-2

19-21

12-13

E-3

K

Knob. See Manual-feed knob

L

LEFT EDGE
Lever

lock 5, 24

paper-release
Lids. See Covers
Light, ON LINE
Line feed B-2

automatic
Line spacing B-2-B-3, C-2
LIST command 30
LPRINT. See PRINT
Loading paper
Lock lever. See Lever
LOCK

6

24
16

11

24-25

5

Index-3

Maintenance 22
Manual-feed knob 9, 25-26
Metal paper stand 6
Modes,

combining 33, 35-38
priorities 36
summary, table of 37
See also specific modes by name

Off line
ON LINE light 16
ON LINE switch
OPEN
Orange tab 7

Paper

Paper control switches
PAPER FEED switch

Paper guide

Paper holder 6
Paper-out sensor 17, D-l-D-2

Paper release lever. See Lever

PAPER STAND 6

PAPER SURFACE switch 17, 24

Pica mode 34-35, 40

Pin combinations 44-45

Pin labels 43-44

Pitch 34-35

Plastic paper holder 6

Portable Calc D-l

16

16-18

5

coarse 24
loading 24
placement 24
roll paper 24, E-2
sizes 24
thermal 7, 23
types 23

widths 6

5-6

right 24

metal

6

left 6
right 6

16

16, 26

M

0

P

Index-4

Portable Scheduler D-l
Portable WordStar 33, 37-38, D-l-D-2
POWER switch 16
PRINT command 30, B-l
Print head 9

and dot graphics,
life of E-3

Print modes

See also

Print typestyles D-2
Print width. See Characters, specifications of
Printer parts
Printer preparation
Priorities. See Modes, priorities

33, 36

specific print mode

3-4

41-43

3

R

Reset code B-3
Ribbon cassette

installation 7

7-9, 16, 23

Technical specifications E-l-E-4

characters E-2
interface E-2-E-4
paper E-2
printer E-2-E-3

printing E-I
Temperature, of printer 22, E-3
Test. See Self-test
Typestyles chart D-2

Underline mode 30, 36, 38, B-2, C-l

Weight, of printer E-2
Width

See Characters, specifications of

statement 48

T

U

W

Index-6

ASCII Code Summary

Hex CHR

Dec

00

0

1

2

3

4

5
6
7

8
9

10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
l8

19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27

28
29

30
31
32
33
34
35

36

37

38

39
40
41
42
43

44

45

46

47

48
49

50

51

52

none

01

none

02

none

03

none

04

none

05

none

06

none
none

07

none

08

09

HT

0A LF

none

0B
0C FF
0D CR
0E SO
OF SI

10

none

11

none

12

DC2

13

none

14

DC4

15

none

16

none

17

none

18

none

19

none

1A

none

1B

ESC

1C

none

ID

none
none

1E
IF

none

20

space

21
22
23

24
25

26

27
28
29

2A

2B

2C

2D

2E

2F

30

31

32

33

34

!

"
#

$

%

&

'

(

)

+

'

­/

0

1

2
3

4

Dec

53
54
55
56
57

58
59
60
61
62
63

64

65

66

67
68
69

70

71

72

73

74

75

76

77

78

79

80

81

82

83

84

85

86

87

88

89

90

91

92

93

94

95

96

97

98

99

100

101
102
103
104

105

Hex

35
36
37
38
39
3A
3B
3C
3D
3E
3F
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
4A
4B
4C
4D
4E
4F
50
51
52
53

54

55
56

57
58
59
5A
5B

5C
5D
5E
5F
60
61
62

63

64

65
66

67

68
69

CHR

5

6

7
8

9

:
;

<
=

>

?

@

A
B
C
D
E

F
G

H

I

J

K

L

U
N
0
P

Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y

Z
[
\

]

^

Dec

Hex

106 6A
107 6B
108 6C
109 6D
110 6E
111 6F
112 70
113 71
114 72
115 73
116 74
117 75

118 76
119 77

120 78
121 79
122 7A
123 7B

124 7C

125 7D

126 7E

127 7F

128 80

129 81

130 a2

131 a3

132 a4

133 a5

134 86

135 a7

136 88

137 a9

138 8A

139 8B

140 8C

141 8D

142 8E

143 8F
144 90
145 91

146 92

147 93
148 94
149 95
150 96
151 97
152 98
153 99
154 9A
155 9B
156 9C
157 9D
158 9E
159 9F

CHR

j
k

1

m
n

o

p

q

r

s

t

u

V
W

X
Y

z

{

|

}

~

none

International Characters

USA
FRANCE
GERMANY
U.K.
DENMARK
SWEDEN

ITALY

SPAIN

Graphics Characters

Special Characters

Character Width (Pitch)

CHR$(15)
CHR$(18)
CHR$(14)
CHR$(20)
CHR!$(27)“W0” Turns either Expanded Mode OFF.
CHR$(27)“Wl” Turns Continuous Expanded Mode ON.

Character Weight

CHR$(27)“E” Turns Emphasized Mode ON.
CHR$(27)“F”
CHR$(27)“G”
CHRS(27)“H” Turns Double-Strike Mode OFF.

Turns Compressed Mode ON.
Turns Compressed Mode OFF.
Turns One-Line Expanded Mode ON.
Turns One-Line Expanded Mode OFF.

Turns Emphasized Mode OFF.
Turns Double-Strike Mode ON.

Print Enhancement

CHR$(27)“-0”
CHR$(27)“-1” Turns Underline Mode ON.

Mode and Character-Set Selection

CHR$(27)“4” Turns Italic Mode ON.
CHR!$(27)“5”
CHR$(27)“@”
CHR$(27)“R” CHR$(n)

Line Spacing

CHR$(27)“0” Sets line spacing to l/8-inch.
CHR$(27)“2” Sets line spacing to l/6-inch (default).
CHR$(27)“A”CHR$(n)

CHR$(27)“3”CHR$(n)

Forms Control

CHR$(9) or CHR$(137)

CHR$(12)
CHR$( 13)
CHR$(27)“C”CHR$(0)CHR$(n)

CHR$(27)“C”CHR$(n)

Turns Underline Mode OFF.

Turns Italic Mode OFF.
Reset Code.

Selects an international character set.

Sets line spacing to n/72-inch.
Sets line spacing to n/144-inch.

Activates a horizontal tab.
Produces a form feed.
Produces a carriage return.

Sets the form length in inches.

Sets the form length in lines.

Dot Graphics

CHR$(27)“K”CHR$(n1)CHR$(n2)
CHR$(27)“L”CHR$(n1)CHR$(n2)

Turns Single-Density Graphics Mode ON.
Turns Double-Density Graphics Mode ON.

EPSON AMERICA, INC.

LIMITED WARRANTY

Epson America, Inc. hereby warrants that it will repair or replace, at its option, any
part of the Epson product with which this warranty is enclosed which proves defective
by reason of improper workmanship and/or material, without charge for parts or
labor, for a period of one (1) year. This warranty period commences on the date of
original purchase by the buyer other than for purposes of resale, and this warranty
applies only if such original purchase by the buyer was made in the United States.

To obtain service under this warranty you must return your Epson product, prop­erly packaged in its original container or an equivalent, to the nearest authorized
Epson Service Center or the Dealer from whom the product was purchased. Any
postage, insurance and shipping costs incurred in presenting or sending your Epson
product for service are your responsibility.

The Dealer’s original bill of sale or other satisfactory proof of the date of the origi­nal buyer purchase of your Epson product must be made available to obtain service
under this warranty.

This warranty applies only if your Epson product fails to function properly under
normal use and within the manufacturer’s specifications. Batteries, as well as optional

software packages (ROMs) not contained in the original container of your Epson

product, are excluded from coverage under this warranty. This warranty does not

apply if the Epson label or logo, or the rating label or serial number, has been removed
from your Epson product, or if, in the sole opinion of Epson, your Epson product has
been damaged by faulty or leaking batteries not supplied by Epson, or by accident,
misuse, neglect, or improper packing, shipping, modification or servicing, by other
than Epson or an authorized Epson Service Center.

SOME EPSON PRODUCTS HAVE A COMPARTMENT CONTAINING
STATIC-SENSITIVE ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY. THIS COMPARTMENT IS
CLEARLY LABELED. DO NOT OPEN IT! THIS WARRANTY WILL BECOME
VOID IF YOU ATTEMPT TO MODIFY OR ADJUST ANY ROM OR OTHER PART
OR DEVICE IN SUCH A COMPARTMENT OR IF YOU ATTEMPT TO ADD OR
INSERT ANY ROM OR OTHER PART OR DEVICE. IF ANY OF THESE STEPS IS
REQUIRED, BRING YOUR EPSON PRODUCT TO AN AUTHORIZED EPSON
DEALER.

THE DURATION OF ANY IMPLIED WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY,
FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, OR OTHERWISE, ON YOUR EPSON
PRODUCT SHALL BE LIMITED TO THE DURATION OF THE EXPRESS WAR­RANTY SET FORTH ABOVE. IN NO EVENT SHALL EPSON AMERICA, INC. OR
ITS AFFILIATES BE LIABLE FOR ANY LOSS, INCONVENIENCE OR DAMAGE

WHETHER DIRECT, INCIDENTAL, CONSEQUENTIAL OR OTHERWISE, OR
WHETHER CAUSED BY NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER FAULT RESULTING FROM

BREACH OF ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABIL­ITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, OR OTHERWISE, WITH RE­SPECT TO YOUR EPSON PRODUCT, EXCEPT AS SET FORTH HEREIN. SOME
STATES DO NOT ALLOW LIMITATIONS ON HOW LONG AN IMPLIED WAR­RANTY LASTS AND SOME STATES DO NOT ALLOW THE EXCLUSION OR
LIMITATION OF INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES, SO THE
ABOVE LIMITATIONS AND EXCLUSIONS MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU.

You may request information on how to obtain service under this warranty by
contacting the Dealer from whom your Epson product was purchased, or by contact­ing Epson America, Inc. at the address printed below:

Epson America, Inc.

Service Division
23155 Kashiwa Court
Torrance, CA 90505

[phone]

This warranty gives you specific legal rights, and you may also have other rights

which vary from state to state.