Stereo 2-W Audio Power Amplifier (with DC_Volume Control)
Features
••
•
Low operating current with 14mA
••
• Improved depop circuitry to eliminate turn-on
and turn off transients in outputs
• High PSRR
• 32 steps volume adjustable by DC voltage with
hysteresis
• 2W per channel output power into 4Ω load at 5V,
BTL mode
• Two output modes allowable with BTL and SE
modes selected by SE/BTL pin
• Low current consumption in shutdown mode
(50µA)
• Short Circuit Protection
• Power off depop circuit integration
• TSSOP-24 with or without thermal pad package
General Description
APA2120/1 is a monolithic integrated circuit, which
provides precise DC volume control, and a stereo
bridged audio power amplifiers capable of producing
2.7W(2.0W) into 3Ω with less than 10% (1.0%)
THD+N. The attenuator range of the volume control
in APA2120/1 is from 20dB (DC_Vol=0V) to -80dB
(DC_Vol=3.54V) with 32 steps. The advantage of
internal gain setting can be less components and PCB
area. Both of the depop circuitry and the thermal
shutdown protection circuitry are integrated in
APA2120/1, that reduce pops and clicks noise during power up or shutdown mode operation. It also
improves the power off pop noise and protects the
chip from being destroyed by over temperature and
short current failure. To simplify the audio system
Applications
design, APA2120/1 combines a stereo bridge-tied
loads (BTL) mode for speaker drive and a stereo
• NoteBook PC
• LCD Monitor or TV
single-end (SE) mode for headphone drive into a
single chip, where both modes are easily switched
by the SE/BTL input control pin signal. Besides, the
multiple input selection is used for portable audio
system.
Ordering and Marking Information
APA 2120/1
Handling Code
Tem p. Range
Package C ode
AP A2120/1 R :
* TSSOP-P is a standard TSSOP package with a thermal pad exposure on the bottom of the package.
ANPEC reserves the right to make changes to improve reliability or manufacturability without notice, and advise
customers to obtain the latest version of relevant information to verify before placing orders.
Supply Voltage Range-0.3 to 6V
Input Voltage Range, SE/BTL, HP/LINE,
SHUTDOWN, PCBEN
-0.3 to V
+0.3V
DD
Operating Ambient Temperature Range-40 to 85
Maximum Junction TemperatureIntermal Limited*
1
Storage Temperature Range-65 to +150
Soldering Temperature,10 seconds260
2
3
Electrostatic Discharge
-3000 to 3000*
-200 to 200*
Pow e r D issipatio nInter mal Limited
C
°
C
°
C
°
C
°
V
www.anpec.com.tw2
APA2120/2121
Recommended Operating Conditions
Min.Max.Unit
Supply Voltage, V
DD
High level threshold voltage, V
Low level threshold voltage, V
Common mode input voltage, V
IH
SE/BTL , HP/LINE4
SHUTDOWN, PCBEN1.0
SHUTDOWN, PCBEN2
IL
ICM
SE/BTL , HP/LINE3
4.55.5V
VDD-1.0V
Thermal Characteristics
SymbolParameterValueUnit
R
THJA
Thermal Resistance from Junction to Ambient in Free Air
TSSOP-P*45K/W
* 5 in2 printed circuit board with 2oz trace and copper pad through 9 25mil diameter vias.
The thermal pad on the TSSOP_P package with solder on the printed circuit board.
PCBEN2I/PBE EP mo de control input, active H, for APA2120 only
HP/LI N E2I/P
VOLUME3Input signal for internal volume g ain s etting.
LOUT+4O/P
LLIN E IN5I/P
LHPIN6O/P
PVDD7,18Supply voltage only for pow e r a m plifier.
RBYPASS8I/PRight channel bypass voltage.
LOUT-9O/P
LBYPASS10I/P
BYPASS11Bias voltage generator
PC_BEEP
SE/BTL15I/P
ROUT-16O/P
CLK17Clock signal generator
VDD19
RHP IN20I/P
ROUT+21O/P
SHUTDOWN22I/P
RLIN E IN23I/P
1,12,
13,24
Config.
14I/P
Description
Ground connection, Connected to thermal pad.
Multi-input selection input, headphone mode when held high, line-in
mode when held low for APA2121 only.
Left channel po sitive output in BTL mode and SE mode.
Left channel line input terminal, selected when HP/LINE is held low.
Left channel headphone input terminal, selected when HP/LINE is
held high.
Left channel negative output in BTL mode and high impedance in
SE mode.
Left channel bias voltage generator.
PCBEP signal input
Output mode control input, high for SE output mode and low for
BTL m ode .
Right channel negative output in BTL mode and high impedance in
SE mode.
Supply voltage for internal circuit excepting pow er am p lifier.
Right channel headphone input terminal, selected when HP/LINE is
held high.
Right channel positive output in BTL mode and SE mode.
It will be into shutdown m ode w hen pu ll low.
Right channel line input terminal, selected when HP/LINE is held
The power amplifier’s OP1 gain is setting by internal
unity-gain and input audio signal is come from internal volume control amplifier, while the second amplifier OP2 is internally fixed in a unity-gain, inverting
configuration. Figure 1 shows that the output of OP1
is connected to the input to OP2, which results in the
output signals of with both amplifiers with identical in
magnitude, but out of phase 180°. Consequently,
the differential gain for each channel is 2 x (Gain of
SE mode).
By driving the load differentially through outputs OUT+
and OUT-, an amplifier configuration commonly re-
BTL Operation (Cont.)
Four times the output power same conditions.
A BTL
configuration, such as the one used in APA2120/1,
also creates a second advantage over SE amplifiers.
Since the differential outputs, ROUT+, ROUT-,
LOUT+, and LOUT-, are biased at half-supply, no
need DC voltage exists across the load. This eliminates the need for an output coupling capacitor which
is required in a single supply, SE configuration.
Single-Ended Operation
Consider the single-supply SE configuration shown
Application Circuit. A coupling capacitor is required
to block the DC offset voltage from reaching the load.
These capacitors can be quite large (approximately
33µF to 1000µF) so they tend to be expensive, occupy valuable PCB area, and have the additional
drawback of limiting low-frequency performance of
the system (refer to the Output Coupling Capacitor).
The rules described still hold with the addition of the
following relationship:
1
Cbypass x 125kΩ
1
≤
RiCi
<<
1
RLCC
(1)
Output SE/BTL Operation
ferred to as bridged mode is established. BTL mode
operation is different from the classical single-ended
SE amplifier configuration where one side of its load
is connected to ground.
A BTL amplifier design has a few distinct advantages
over the SE configuration, as it provides differential
drive to the load, thus doubling the output swing for a
specified supply voltage.
The ability of the APA2120/1 to easily switch between
BTL and SE modes is one of its most important costs
saving features. This feature eliminates the requirement for an additional headphone amplifier in applications where internal stereo speakers are driven in
BTL mode but external headphone or speakers must
be accommodated.
Internal to the APA2120/1, two separate amplifiers
drive OUT+ and OUT- (see Figure 1). The SE/BTL
input controls the operation of the follower amplifier
that drives LOUT- and ROUT-.
• When SE/BTL is held low, the OP2 is turn on and
the APA2120/1 is in the BTL mode.
•When SE/BTL is held high, the OP2 is in a high
output impedance state, which configures the
APA2120/1 as SE driver from OUT+. I
is reduced
DD
by approximately one-half in SE mode.
Control of the SE/BTL input can be a logic-level TTL
source or a resistor divider network or the stereo
headphone jack with switch pin as shown in Application Circuit.
Ω
1k
100k
SE/BTL
VDD
Ω
Control
Pin
Headphone Jack
Ring
Tip
Sleeve
Figure 2: SE/BTL input selection by phonejack plug
In Figure 2, input SE/BTL operates as follows :
When the phonejack plug is inserted, the 1kΩ resistor is disconnected and the SE/BTL input is pulled
high and enables the SE mode. When the input goes
high, the OUT- amplifier is shutdown causing the
speaker to mute. The OUT+ amplifier then drives
through the output capacitor (CC) into the headphone
jack. When there is no headphone plugged into the
system, the contact pin of the headphone jack is connected from the signal pin, the voltage divider set up
by resistors 100kΩ and 1kΩ.
Resistor 1kΩ then pulls low the SE/BTL pin, enabling
the BTL function.
Volume Control Function
APA2120/1 has an internal stereo volume control
whose setting is a function of the DC voltage applied
to the VOLUME input pin. The APA2120/1 volume
control consists of 32 steps that are individually selected by a variable DC voltage level on the VOLUME control pin. The range of the steps, controlled
by the DC voltage, are from 20dB to -80dB. Each
gain step corresponds to a specific input voltage
range, as shown in table. To minimize the effect of
noise on the volume control pin, which can affect the
selected gain level, hysteresis and clock delay are
implemented. The amount of hysteresis corresponds
to half of the step width, as shown in volume control
graph.
For highest accuracy, the voltage shown in the ‘recommended voltage’ column of the table is used to
select a desired gain. This recommended voltage is
exactly halfway between the two nearest transitions.
The gain levels are 2dB/step from 20dB to -40dB in
BTL mode, and the last step at -80dB as mute mode.
Input Resistance, Ri
The gain for each audio input of the APA2120/1 is
set by the internal resistors (Ri and Rf) of volume
control amplifier in inverting configuration.
SE Gain =
BTL Gain
=
AV
-2 x
RF
-
=
Ri
RF
Ri
(2)
(3)
BTL mode operation brings the factor of 2 in the gain
equation due to the inverting amplifier mirroring the
voltage swing across the load. For the varying gain
setting, APA2120/1 generates each input resistance
on figure 4. The input resistance will affect the low
Ri(kΩ)
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
-40-30-20-1001020
Ri vs Gain(BTL)
Gain(dB)
Figure 4: Input resistance vs Gain setting
Input Capacitor, Ci
In the typical application an input capacitor, Ci, is required to allow the amplifier to bias the input signal to
the proper DC level for optimum operation. In this
case, Ci and the minimum input impedance Ri (10kΩ)
form a high-pass filter with the corner frequency determined in the follow equation :
FC(highpass)=
1
2πx10kΩxCi
(4)
frequency performance of audio signal. The minmum
input resistance is 10kΩ when gain setting is 20dB
and the resistance will ramp up when close loop gain
below 20dB. The input resistance has wide variation
(+/-10%) caused by process variation.
The value of Ci is important to consider as it directly
affects the low frequency performance of the circuit.
Consider the example where Ri is 10kΩ and the specification calls for a flat bass response down to 100Hz.
Equation is reconfigured as follow :
Ci=
2πx10kΩxfC
1
(5)
Consider to input resistance variation, the Ci is 0.16µF
so one would likely choose a value in the range
of 0.22µF to 1.0µF.
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APA2120/2121
Application Descriptions (Cont.)
Input Capacitor, Ci (Cont.)
A further consideration for this capacitor is the leakage path from the input source through the input network (Ri+Rf, Ci) to the load. This leakage current
creates a DC offset voltage at the input to the amplifier that reduces useful headroom, especially in high
gain applications. For this reason a low-leakage tantalum or ceramic capacitor is the best choice. When
polarized capacitors are used, the positive side of
the capacitor should face the amplifier input in most
applications as the DC level there is held at VDD/2,
which is likely higher that the source DC level.
sPlease note that it is important to confirm the capacitor polarity in the application.
Effective Bypass Capacitor, Cbypass
As other power amplifiers, proper supply bypassing
Effective Bypass Capacitor, Cbypass (Cont.)
The effective capacitance is the Cbypass=(Cb//
CLbyasss//CRbypass). When absolute minimum
cost and/or component space is required, one bypass capacitor can be used.
To avoid start-up pop noise occurred, the bypass
voltage should rise slower than the input bias voltage
and the relationship shown in equation (6) should be
maintained.
1
Cbypass x 125kΩ
The bypass capacitor is fed thru from a 125kΩ resistor inside the amplifier and the 100kΩ is maximum
input resistance of (Ri+ Rf). Bypass capacitor, Cb,
values of 3.3µF to 10µF ceramic or tantalum low-ESR
capacitors are recommended for the best THD and
noise performance.
<<
1
100kΩ x Ci
(6)
is critical for low noise performance and high power
supply rejection.
The capacitors located on both the bypass and power
supply pins should be as close to the device as
possible. The effect of a larger bypass capacitor will
improve PSRR due to increased supply stability. Typical applications employ a 5V regulator with 1.0µF and
a 0.1µF bypass capacitor as supply filtering. This
does not eliminate the need for bypassing the supply
nodes of the APA2120/1. The selection of bypass
capacitors, especially Cbypass, is thus dependent
upon desired PSRR requirements, click and pop
performance.
On the chip, there are three bypass pins for used,
and they are tied together in the internal circuit.
The bypass capacitance also effects to the start up
time. It is determined in the following equation :
Tstart up = 5 x (Cbypass x 125KΩ)
Output Coupling Capacitor, Cc
In the typical single-supply SE configuration, an output coupling capacitor (Cc) is required to block the
DC bias at the output of the amplifier thus preventing
DC currents in the load. As with the input coupling
capacitor, the output coupling capacitor and impedance of the load form a high-pass filter governed by
equation.
FC(highpass)=
1
2πRLCC
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(7)
(8)
APA2120/2121
Application Descriptions (Cont.)
Output Coupling Capacitor, Cc (Cont.)
For example, a 330µF capacitor with an 8Ω speaker
would attenuate low frequencies below 60.6Hz. The
main disadvantage, from a performance standpoint,
is the load impedance is typically small, which drives
the low-frequency corner higher degrading the bass
response. Large values of CC are required to pass
low frequencies into the load.
Power Supply Decoupling, Cs
The APA2120/1 provides PVDD and VDD two independent power inputs for used. PVDD is used for power
amplifier only and VDD is used for volume control
amplifier and internal circuit excepting power amplifier.
The APA2120/1 is a high-performance CMOS audio
amplifier that requires adequate power supply
decoupling to ensure the output total harmonic distortion (THD) is as low as possible. Power supply
decoupling also prevents the oscillations causing by
long lead length between the amplifier and the
speaker. The optimum decoupling is achieved by
using two different type capacitors that target on different type of noise on the power supply leads.
For higher frequency transients, spikes, or digital hash
on the line, a good low equivalent-series-resistance
(ESR) ceramic capacitor, typically 0.1µF placed as
close as possible to the device VDD and PVDD lead
Optimizing Depop Circuitry
Circuitry has been included in the APA2120/1 to minimize the amount of popping noise at power-up and
when coming out of shutdown mode. Popping occurs whenever a voltage step is applied to the
speaker. In order to eliminate clicks and pops, all
capacitors must be fully discharged before turn-on.
Rapid on/off switching of the device or the shutdown
function will cause the click and pop circuitry.
The value of Ci will also affect turn-on pops. (Refer
to Effective Bypass Capacitance) The bypass voltage ramp up should be slower than input bias voltage.
Although the bypass pin current source cannot be
modified, the size of Cbypass can be changed to alter the device turn-on time and the amount of clicks
and pops. By increasing the value of Cbypass, turnon pop can be reduced. However, the tradeoff for
using a larger bypass capacitor is to increase the turnon time for this device. There is a linear relationship
between the size of Cbypass and the turn-on time.
In a SE configuration, the output coupling capacitor,
CC, is of particular concern.
This capacitor discharges through the internal 10kΩ
resistors. Depending on the size of CC, the time constant can be relatively large. To reduce transients in
SE mode, an external 1kΩ resistor can be placed in
parallel with the internal 10kΩ resistor. The tradeoff
for using this resistor is an increase in quiescent
works best. For filtering lower-frequency noise
signals, a large aluminum electrolytic capacitor of
10µF or greater placed near the audio power amplifier is recommended.
current. In the most cases, choosing a small value
of Ci in the range of 0.33µF to 1µF, Cb being equal to
4.7µF and an external 1kΩ resistor should be placed
in parallel with the internal 10kΩ resistor should pro-
duce a virtually clickless and popless turn-on.
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APA2120/2121
Application Descriptions (Cont.)
Optimizing Depop Circuitry (Cont.)
A high gain amplifier intensifies the problem as the
small delta in voltage is multiplied by the gain. So it
is advantageous to use low-gain configurations.
Shutdown Function
In order to reduce power consumption while not in
use, the APA2120/1 contains a shutdown pin to externally turn off the amplifier bias circuitry. This shutdown feature turns the amplifier off when a logic low
is placed on the SHUTDOWN pin. The trigger point
between a logic high and logic low level is typically
2.0V. It is best to switch between ground and the supply VDD to provide maximum device performance.
By switching the SHUTDOWN pin to low, the amplifier enters a low-current state, IDD<50µA. APA2120/1
is in shutdown mode, except PC-BEEP detect circuit.
Input HP/LINE Operation (Cont.)
This logic-low voltage at the SE/BTL pin makes
APA2120 into LINE input mode operation. It becomes
HP input mode when phonejack plugged.
An internal multiplexor selects the input to connect to
the amplifier based on the state of the HP/LINE pin
of the APA2121.
• To select the LINE inputs, set HP/LINE pin to low
level.
• To enable the HP(headphone) inputs, set HP/LINE
pin to high level.
As APA2121, HP/LINE input multiplexor, and SE/BTL
output operating mode have independent control
paths, which can be used for multiple audio input
system. This function will be the same as APA2120
when HP/LINE and SE/BTL are tied together.
PC-BEEP Detection
On normal operating, SHUTDOWN pin pull to high
level to keeping the IC out of the shutdown mode.
The SHUTDOWN pin should be tied to a definite voltage to avoid unwanted state changes.
Input HP/LINE Operation
APA2120/1 amplifier has two separate inputs for each
of the left and right stereo channels. The APA2120
and APA2121 have different control input by SE/BTL
and HP/LINE, respectively.
APA2120 internal multiplexor is selected by SE/BTL
control input. Refer to the ‘Output SE/BTL Operation’,
the voltage divider of 100kΩ and 1kΩ sets the voltage at the SE/BTL pin to be approximately 50mV
when no phonejack plugged into the system.
the amplifier input signal and plays on the speaker
without coupling capacitor. It will be out of shutdown
mode whenever BEEP mode is enabled. APA2120/
1 will return to previous setting when it is out of BEEP
mode. The input impedance is 100kΩ on PCBEEP
input pin.
APA2120 provides extra PCBEN control input signal
to force IC into BEEP mode. The BEEP mode will be
enabled when PCBEN goes to high level. When
BEEP mode is overridden, the signal from PCBEEP
will pass to speaker directly.
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APA2120/2121
Application Descriptions (Cont.)
Clock GeneratorBTL Amplifier Efficiency (Cont.)
APA2120/1 integrates a clock block to avoid volume
control function abnormal when VOLUME control signal with spike or noise. APA2120/1 changes each
step of volume gain after four clock cycles to make
sure control signal ready. It provides 130kHz frequency if no capacitor place on CLK pin to ground.
The larger capacitance will slow down the and clock
frequency. A capacitor 33nF between CLK to ground
and will generates 147Hz frequency on CLK pin.
BTL Amplifier Efficiency
An easy-to-use equation to calculate efficiency starts
out as being equal to the ratio of power from the power
supply to the power delivered to the load.
The following equations are the basis for calculating
amplifier efficiency.
VP
√2
VPxVP
2RL
PO
PSUP
RL
VPxVP
2RL
2VP
πRL
2VPπRL
Efficiency =
Where :
PO = =
VORMS =
PSUP = VDD x IDDRMS = VDD x
Efficiency of a BTL configuration :
VORMS x VORMS
PO
( ) / (VDD x ) =
=
PSUP
πVP
2VDD
(9)
(10)
(11)
(12)
Note that the efficiency of the amplifier is quite low
for lower power levels and rises sharply as power to
the load is increased resulting in a nearly flat internal
power dissipation over the normal operating range.
Note that the internal dissipation at full output power
is less than in the half power range. Calculating the
efficiency for a specific system is the key to proper
power supply design. For a stereo 1W audio system
with 8Ω loads and a 5V supply, the maximum draw
on the power supply is almost 3W.
A final point to remember about linear amplifiers
(either SE or BTL) is how to manipulate the terms in
the efficiency equation to utmost advantage when
possible. Note that in equation, VDD is in the
denominator. This indicates that as VDD goes down,
efficiency goes up. In other words, use the efficiency
analysis to choose the correct supply voltage and
speaker impedance for the application.
Po (W) Efficiency (%) IDD(A) VPP(V) PD (W)
0.2531.250.162.000.55
0.5047.620.212.830.55
1.0066.670.304.000.5
1.2578.130.324.470.35
**High peak voltages cause the THD to increase.
Table 1 calculates efficiencies for four different output power levels.
Whether the power amplifier is operated in BTL or
SE modes, power dissipation is a major concern. In
equation13 states the maximum power dissipation
point for a SE mode operating at a given supply voltage and driving a specified load.
2
V
SE mode : P
D,MAX=(13)
DD
2
2π RL
In BTL mode operation, the output voltage swing is
doubled as in SE mode. Thus the maximum power
dissipation point for a BTL mode operating at the
same given conditions is 4 times as in SE mode.
2
BTL mode : PD,MAX=
4VDD
2
2π RL
(14)
Since the APA2120/1 is a dual channel power
amplifier, the maximum internal power dissipation is
2 times that both of equations depending on the mode
of operation. Even with this substantial increase in
power dissipation, the APA2120/1 does not require
extra heatsink. The power dissipation from
equation14, assuming a 5V-power supply and an 8Ω
load, must not be greater than the power dissipation
that results from the equation15 :
PD,MAX=
TJ,MAX - TA
θJA
(15)
For TSSOP-24 package with thermal pad, the thermal resistance (θJA) is equal to 45οC/W.
Since the maximum junction temperature (T
J,MAX
) of
APA2120/1 is 150οC and the ambient temperature
(TA) is defined by the power system design, the maximum power dissipation which the IC package is able
to handle can be obtained from equation16.
Power Dissipation (Cont.)
Once the power dissipation is greater than the maximum limit (P
), either the supply voltage (VDD) must
D,MAX
be decreased, the load impedance (RL) must be increased or the ambient temperature should be
reduced.
Thermal Pad Considerations
The thermal pad must be connected to ground. The
package with thermal pad of the APA2120/1 requires
special attention on thermal design. If the thermal
design issues are not properly addressed, the
APA2120/1 4Ω will go into thermal shutdown when
driving a 4Ω load.
The thermal pad on the bottom of the APA2120/1
should be soldered down to a copper pad on the circuit board. Heat can be conducted away from the
thermal pad through the copper plane to ambient. If
the copper plane is not on the top surface of the circuit board, 8 to 10 vias of 13 mil or smaller in diameter should be used to thermally couple the thermal
pad to the bottom plane.
For good thermal conduction, the vias must be plated
through and solder filled. The copper plane used to
conduct heat away from the thermal pad should be
as large as practical.
If the ambient temperature is higher than 25°C, a
larger copper plane or forced-air cooling will be required to keep the APA2120/1 junction temperature
below the thermal shutdown temperature (150°C). In
higher ambient temperature, higher airflow rate and/
or larger copper area will be required to keep the IC
out of thermal shutdown.
Terminal MaterialSolder-Plated Copper (Solder Material : 90/10 or 63/37 SnPb)
Lead SolderabilityM e ets E IA Specification RSI8 6-91, A NSI/J-STD-002 Category 3.
Reflow Condition (IR/Convection or VPR Reflow)
Reference JEDEC Standard J-STD-020A APRIL 1999
Peak temperature
temperature
Pre-heat temperature
°
183 C
Time
Classification Reflow Profiles
Convection or IR/
Convection
Average ramp-up rate(183°C to Peak)3°C/second max.10 °C /second max .
Preheat temperature 125 ± 25°C)
Temperature maintained above 183°C
Time within 5°C of actual peak temperature
Peak temperature range
Ramp-down rate
Time 25°C to peak temperature
120 seconds max
60 – 150 seconds
10 –20 seconds60 seconds
220 +5/-0°C or 235 +5/-0°C215-219°C or 235 +5/-0°C
6 °C /second max .10 °C /second max .
6 minutes max.
VPR
Package Reflow Conditions
pkg. thickness
and all bgas
Convection 220 +5/-0 °CConvection 235 +5/-0 °C
VPR 215-219 °CVPR 235 +5/-0 °C
IR/Convection 220 +5/-0 °CIR/Convection 235 +5/-0 °C