Agilent Technologies 71501D User Manual
Agilent 71501D
Eye-Diagram Analysis
User’s Guide
© Copyright
Agilent Technologies 2002
All Rights Reserved. Reproduction, adaptation, or translation without prior written
permission is prohibit ed ,
except as allowed under copyright laws.
Agilent Part No. 70874- 90 02 3
Printed in USA
May 2002
Agilent Technologies
Lightwave Division
3910 Brickway Boulevard,
Santa Rosa, CA 95403, USA
Notice.
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Safety Symbols.
CAUTION
The caution sign denotes a
hazard. It calls attention to a
procedure which, if not correctly performed or adhered
to, could result in damage to
or destruction of the product.
Do not proceed beyond a caution sign until the indicated
conditions are fully understood and met.
WARNING
The warning sign denotes a
hazard. It calls attention to a
procedure which, if not correctly performed or adhered
to, could result in injury or
loss of life. Do not proceed
beyond a warning sign until
the indicated conditions are
fully understood and met.
The instruction manual symbol. The product is marked with this
warning symbol when
it is necessary for the
user to refer to the
instructions in the
manual.
The laser radiation
symbol. This warning
symbol is marked on
products which have a
laser output.
The AC symbol is used
to indicate the
required nature of the
line module input
power.
| The ON symbols are
used to mark the positions of the instrument
power line switch.
❍ The OFF symbols
are used to mark the
positions of the instrument power line
switch.
The CE mark is a registered trademark of
the European Community.
The CSA mark is a registered trademark of
the Canadian Standards Association.
The C-Tick mark is a
registered trademark
of the Australian Spectrum Management
Agency.
This text denotes the
ISM1-A
instrument is an
Industrial Scientific
and Medical Group 1
Class A product.
Typographical Conventions.
The following conventions are
used in this book:
Key type for keys or text
located on the keyboard or
instrument.
Softkey type for key names that
are displayed on the instrument’s screen.
Display type for words or
characters displayed on the
computer’s screen or instrument’s display.
User type for words or charac-
ters that you type or enter.
Emphasis type for words or
characters that emphasize
some point or that are used as
place holders for text that you
type.
ii
General Safety Considera tions
General Safety Considerations
This product has been designed and tested in accordance with the standards
listed on the Manufacturer’s Declaration of Conformity, and has been supplied
in a safe condition. The documentation contains inform ati on and warnings
that must be followed by the user to ensure safe operation and to maintain the
product in a safe condition.
Install the instrument according to the enclosure protection provided.
This instrument does not protect ag a inst the ingress of wa ter.
This instrument protects against finger access to hazardous parts within the
enclosure.
WARNI NG If this product is not used as specified, the protection provided by the
equipment could be impai red. This product must be used in a normal
condition (in which all means for protection are intact) only.
WARNI NG No operator serviceable parts inside. Refer servicing to qualified
service personnel. To pr event electrical shock do not remove covers.
WARNI NG This is a Safety Class 1 Product (provided with a protectiv e earthing
ground incorporated in the power cord). The mains plug shall only be
inserted in a socket outlet provided with a protective earth contact.
Any interruption of the protective c o nductor inside or outside of the
instrument is likely to make the instrument dangerous. Intentional
interruption is prohi bited.
WARNI NG To prevent electrical shock, disconnect the instrument from mains
before cleaning. Use a dr y cloth or one slightly dampened with water
to clean the external case parts. Do not attempt to clean internally.
WARNI NG For continued protection against fire hazard, replace line fuse only
with same type and ratings (type nA/nV). The use of other fuses or
materials is prohibited.
iii
General Safety Considera tions
CAUTION Fiber-optic connectors are easily damaged when connected to dirty or
damaged cables and accessories. The Agilent 71501D’s front-panel input
connector is no exception. Whe n y ou use improper cleaning and handling
techniques, you risk expensive instrument repairs, damaged cables, and
compromised measurements. Before you connect any fiber-optic cable to the
Agilent 71501D cle an it th oroughly.
CAUTION This product i s designed for use in Installatio n Category II and Pollution
Degree 2 per IEC 61010- 1C and 664 respectively.
CAUTION Always use the three-pro ng ac power cord supplied with this inst rum ent.
Failure to ensure adeq uate earth grounding by not us ing this cord may cause
instrument damage .
CAUTION This instrument has autoranging line voltage input. Be sure the supply voltage
is within the specified range.
CAUTION Use of controls or adjustment or performance of procedures other than those
specified herein may result in hazardous radiation exposure.
iv
1 Getting Started
Steps for Setting Up Eye-Diagram Analysis 1-4
2 Application Tutorials
Tutorial 1: Measure Eye-Parameters 2-4
Tutorial 2: Measure in Optical Power Units 2-8
Tutorial 3: Measure Extinction Ratios on Low-Le vel Signals 2-10
Tutorial 4: Measure Laser Turn-on Delay 2-13
Tutorial 5: Use Software Filters 2-15
Tutorial 6: Test to Industry Standards 2-19
Tutorial 7: Default and Custom Mask or
Limit Line Testing 2-23
Tutorial 8: Display the Data Pattern 2-27
Tutorial 9: Constructing a Low-Pass Filter from a Transfer Functi on 2-30
Tutorial 10: Create a Vertical Histogram 2-36
Tutorial 11: Create a Horizontal Histogram 2-41
Contents
3 Eye-Diagram Analyzer Refer enc e
Performing Eye-Diagra m M easurement s 3-3
Generating Histograms 3-7
Masks and Limit Lines 3-9
Eye-Diagram Menu Maps 3-12
Agilent 70820A Menus 3- 14
Controlling the Display 3-16
Calibrating the Eye-Diagram Analyzer 3-23
Displaying Traces 3-25
Using Markers 3-30
Applying Mask T esting 3-31
Saving to Mass Storage 3-34
Creating Copies of the Display 3-47
Agilent 70820A User-Corrections 3-49
Agilent 70820A Calibration 3- 61
4 Programming Commands
Introduction 4-3
Contents-1
Contents
5 Specifications and Characteristics
Vertical Specifications 5-3
Input Channel Specifications 5-4
Trigger Specifications 5-5
Trigger Specifications 5-6
Horizontal Specifications 5-7
Declaration of Conformity 5-8
Contents-2
1
Getting Started
Getting Started
Getting Started with th e Eye- Diagram Analyzer
Getting Started with the Eye-Diagram
Analyzer
In this chapter, you will find information on the following topics:
• Steps for Setting Up Eye-Diagram Analysis 1-4
• Step 1. Connect the Equipment 1-12
• Step 2. Load the Personali ty 1-16
• Step 3. Complete the Installation Using the Screen Instructions 1-19
• Step 4. Set Up the Measurement Conditions 1-22
• Optional Step. Save Instrument State as Preset State 1-26
The Agilent 71501D Eye-Diagram Analysis
You can configure the 71501D system as a high-speed eye-diagram analyzer
using Option 005 eye-diagra m analy si s so ftware. This software allows the system to operate similar to a high-speed sampling oscilloscope such as the Agilent 86100A Infiniium DCA.
The 71501D can perform eye-diagram analysis such as extinction-ratio testing
and mask testing. In addition, the software allows the sys te m to oper ate in
Agilent Eyeline mode. In eyeline mode the eye-diagram display shows continuous traces instead of synchronous dots. This allows pattern dependent
effects to be investigated. For example, the trace leading to a mask violation
can be captured and displayed. The eyeline eye-diagram can take advantage of
trace averaging. Therefore, very small energy signals can be extracted from
broadband noise. Finally, eye-diagrams can be analyzed using software filters.
Fourth-order Bessel-Thompson filters can be easily designed for virtuall y an y
data rate allowing analysis without having to actually construct a hardware filter.
Getting Started
Getting Started with th e Eye-Diagram Analyzer
The custom keypad
The eye-diagram analyzer comes with a custom keypad that sn aps into the
front panel of 70004A displays. The keypad gives you quick access to common
instrument functions. (Each of these functions can also be accessed using the
normal softkey menus.)
If you have the cust om keypad, pract ic e using it. You will fin d tha t th e time
required, for many of the proced ures in this book, will be significantly
reduced.
CAUTION If you need to remove the custom keypad, do not pry it out. Simply push the tip
of a small flat-blade screwdriver straight into the removal hole, and the keypad
will pop out.
1-3
Getting Started
Steps for Setting Up Eye-Diagram Analysis
Steps for Setting Up Eye-Diagram Analysis
1 Connect the equipment.
2 Load the eye-diagram personality.
3 Complete the installation using the self-guided screens.
4 Set up the measurement conditions.
Connect the
Equipment
Load the EyeDiagram
Personality
Complete the
Installation Using
Self-Guided
Screens
You can connect the equipment in three possible config urations:
• With 70841A/B pattern generator and 70311 clock source modules. This is
the preferred configuration.
• With an 70841 pattern generator modul e with a non- 70311 clock source
module.
• With non- MMS70841 pattern generator and clock source modules.
Each time the 71501D is turned on, the 70874 A eye - diag ram analyzer personality (part number 70874-10001) must be loaded into memory. This occurs
automatically if the 70874A memory card is inserted in the front-panel card
slot before the instrument is turned on. You can also load the personality in a
manual mode.
Installing the eye-diagram analyzer is easy due to a series of se lf -guided
screens. Depending on the facto ry configuration of yo ur system, one or more
of these screens may not be displayed.
After connecting the equipment and loading the program, you’ll need to
respond to a series of screens from which to select the following:
• The pattern genera tor used.
• The source of the 10 MHz frequency referen ce.
Getting Started
Steps for Setting Up Eye-Diagram Analysis
Note When used with an 71612A/70843, the system requires a manual configuration.
Set Up the
Measurement
Conditions
Select from eye, eyeline, and pattern modes
Use the Setup menu’s d iagram softkey to select from one of th re e measure-
ment modes: eye, eyeline, and pattern.
Features Available in Each Mode
Eye Mode Eyeline Mode Pattern Mode
Eye Measurements X
Extinction Ratio Measurements X X
Mask Testing X X X
Display the Mask Error Trace X X
Improve Sensitivity Using Eye Filtering X X
40 GHz Extended Bandwidth X X
User-Corrections X X
Display Data Pattern X
1-5
Getting Started
Steps for Setting Up Eye-Diagram Analysis
Eye Mode The eye mode displays traces using individual dots in a manner that is similar
to conventional sampling oscillos c o pe s. Use this mode for the fol lowing:
• Typical eye-diagram measurements
• Extinction ratio measurements
Getting Started
Steps for Setting Up Eye-Diagram Analysis
Eyeline Mode : Eyeline mode disp la y s continuous traces. U se this mode for the following:
• Measure exti nc t i o n ratio
• Measure laser turn-on transition delay
• Examine laser overshoot
• Observe laser ringing
• Apply eye-filter
• Apply user-corre ctions
1-7
Getting Started
Steps for Setting Up Eye-Diagram Analysis
Pattern Mode Pattern mode displays the a c tual PRBS data strea m bits. This mode uses the
pattern trigger which allows the displ a y to show the same portion of the data
stream from sweep to sweep.
Mask/limit lines provide pass/fail testing
Mask/limit lines are displayed geometric shapes that define the accep table
limits and shape of an eye -d ia gram. The following figure shows a mask. Use
masks for pass/fail testing and as an aid to error analysis. The eye-diagram
analyzer can capture and display the portion of the pattern that caused a mask
violation. Built-in standard masks for the major SONET/SDH transmission
rates are provided and can be applied with the press of a softkey. Or, you can
create your own custom masks.
Getting Started
Steps for Setting Up Eye-Diagram Analysis
Apply software filters in eyeline mode
In eyeline mode, user frequency corrections can be appli ed to the data to simulate a hardware transmission filter. The eye-diagram analyzer comes with
several Bessel-Thomson fil te rs. The se files are on the 71501D memory card.
Refer toChapter 9, “Agilent 70820A: User Corrections” and Chapter 11, “Agi-
lent 70820A: Memory Cards, Disks, and RAM”for information on user-correc-
tions.
User Correction Files
File Name File Data
a_bt248832 4th order Bessel-Thomson filter for 2.48832 Gbit/sec transmission
a_bt_62208 4th order Bessel- Thomson filter for 622.08 Mbit/sec transmi ssi on
a_bt_15552 4th order Bessel- Thomson filter for 155.52 Mbit/sec transmi ssi on
1-9
Getting Started
Steps for Setting Up Eye-Diagram Analysis
Three sweep selections are available
• single
• continuous
• stopped
With the continuous selection, sweeps occur as soon as the selected triggering
conditions are met and repeat continuously as long a s the trigg e r cond itions
are met.
The source of the tri gg e r reference is selected using the Setup menu’s CH2
softkey. The following table shows the reference used when using an Agilent
7084X pattern generator.
Table 1-1.
Trigger Reference of 70841
Eye Mode
a
CLOCK
or TRIGGER
CLOCK or TRIGGER
TRIGGER
a. This connection provides faster trace updates.
Entering the pattern generator’s settings
The Setup menu’s READ PAT GEN softkey queries the 70841 patte rn g en er ator and 70311A signal generator for the clock freque ncy, pattern length, and
any divide ratios. In the case of alternate configurations, an appropriate submenu will be displayed f or the param eters that require manual updating.
Note A READ PAT GEN should b e pe rformed after changing pattern generat or
settings, such a s c loc k frequency or patt e rn length.
Moving the measurement plane
Specifying an attenuation on channel 1 changes the measurem en t plan e fr om
the front-panel RF INPUT 1 c onne ctor to include the indicate d attenuation.
Specifying any attenuation on channel 2 may be necessary to ensure proper
triggering. Use the Trg,Cal menu’s CH1 EXT ATTEN and CH2 EXT ATTEN
softkeys to specify any external attenuation .
Getting Started
Steps for Setting Up Eye-Diagram Analysis
These softkeys can also be used to specify an optical-to-electrical responsivity
conversion between the source and input channels. As a result, the display
shows optical units referenced to the input of the optical-to-electrical converter. Channel and marker readouts change to watts/div. Also, the CH1 EXT
A TTEN softkey changes to read CH1 RSPVTY (responsivity).
Autoranging
The Trg,Cal menu’s autorng ON OFF softkey turns on or off autoranging.
When autoranging is activated, the eye-diagram analyzer automatically selects
the appropriate hardware gain and offset to maximize the signal at the analogto-digital converter, regardless of the input signal’s amplitude.
Selecting the 10 MHz reference on Instrument Preset
Use the Trg,Cal menu’s IP REF softkey to select the source of the 10 MHz ref-
erence on an INSTR PRESET. Choices are internal, external, or auto. With
auto, the eye-diagram automatically selects an external refere nce if it is
present at the 70820A’s rear-panel connector. Otherwise, the module’s inter-
nal reference is selected.
Redefining the INSTR PRESET key
The Trg,Cal menu’s DEFINE U SE R IP so f tk ey redefines the settings invoked
by the INSTR PRESET key. Redefini ng the instru ment preset can save valuable time when configuring for measurements.
1-11
70841A/B Pattern
Generator and
70311A Signal
Generator
Modules
Getting Started
Steps for Setting Up Eye-Diagram Analysis
Step 1. Connect the Equipment
1 If you are using 70841A/B pattern generator and 70311A signal generator
modules with your eye-diagram analyzer, install them into an MMS mainframe
as shown in the follo w in g figure.
Getting Started
Steps for Setting Up Eye-Diagram Analysis
2 If you are using 70841A/B pattern generator and 70311A signal generator
modules with your eye-diagram analyzer, connect cables to the instruments as
shown in the following graphic.
• If you are using a clock source other than an 70311A, make s ure that th e
signal generator and 70820A microwave transition anal yze r modu le shar e
the same frequency r eference. Use t he 10 MHz REF connecto rs on the rea r
panel of the 70820A.
Rear-Panel Cable Connections
3 Connect the front -panel cables as show n i n the figure on the following page.
Use an adapter between the cables and channel connectors. The data signal
connects to the 70820A’s RF INPUT 1 connector. The trigg er or clock signal
connects to the 70820A’s RF INPUT 2 connector.
1-13
Getting Started
Steps for Setting Up Eye-Diagram Analysis
Front-Panel Cable Connections
Cables:
SMA to SMA (Channel 1) p/n 8120-4948
SMA to SMA (Channel 2) p /n 8120-4948
SMB to SMB (10 MHz Reference) p/n 8120-5025
Miscellaneous:
3.5 mm (f) to 2.4 mm (f) (two) p/n 1250-2277
6 dB attenuator 8493C
4 If the attenuator connected to the 70820A’s RF INPUT 2 connector is not 6
dB, press:
Trg,Cal, CH2 EXT ATTEN, then ente r the value of the attenuator
Getting Started
Steps for Setting Up Eye-Diagram Analysis
Laser and Opticalto-Electrical
Converter
If you have access to a laser and an optical-to-electrical converter, use the
connections shown in the following figure. To protect the input connectors,
use adapters between the cables and the connectors. The laser i s the device
being tested.
Cables:
SMA to SMA (Channel 1) p/n 8120-4948
SMA to SMA (Channel 2) p/n 8120-4948
SMB to SMB (10 MHz Reference) p/n 8120-5025
Miscellaneous:
3.5 mm (f) to 2.4 mm (f) (two) p/n 1250-2277
6 dB attenuator 8493C
1-15
Getting Started
Steps for Setting Up Eye-Diagram Analysis
Connections
without a Laser
Source and
Converter
Automatically
Load the
Personality
If a laser source and optical-to-electrical converter are not available, use th e
alternate connec tion shown in the following figure. In this c a se, the pattern
generator’s data output is displayed. An electrical device could be inserted
between the pattern ge nerator and the eye-diagram analyzer.
Step 2. Load the Personality
1 Insert the eye-diagram personality card into the front-panel card slot of the
microwave transition analyzer, facing the metal strip on the card downward
and toward the inst rument. Make sure the ca rd is fully inserted into the card
slot.
2 Switch on the power to all of the equipment. Switch on the power to the
70820A last. The start up process takes about 6 minutes.
Note Do not press any instrument keys until the program is loaded. Pressing keys
can cause the automatic program loading to abort.
Getting Started
Steps for Setting Up Eye-Diagram Analysis
If the Program Failed to Load
The program has failed to lo ad if one of the following occurs:
• The message Please wait... Loading 70874 never sho w s.
• The left-side softkeys match those shown in the followin g figure.
“Manually Load the Personality” on page 1-17
Manually Load the
Personality
70820A Module’s Main Menu
1 Insert the 70874A eye-diagram memory card into the front-panel card slot.
2 Display a listin g of the files on the memory card by pressing:
MENU, page 1 of 2, States, more 1 of 2, mass storage
1-17
Getting Started
Steps for Setting Up Eye-Diagram Analysis
3 If the screen does not resemble the above figure, press:
msi:, HP-MSIB CARD, prev menu
DISPLAY, Mass Storage, msi, MEMORY CARD
MENU
The list of files should now be displayed.
4 Turn the front-panel knob to highlight the file "AUTOST" and then press:
LOAD FILE
If you load the "70874" file by mistake, the message 7386 memory overflow may be displayed. This error message is a result of the manual loading pro-
cess and, in this instance, does not indicate a problem. The program still should be
properly loaded.
Getting Started
Steps for Setting Up Eye-Diagram Analysis
Step 3. Complete the Installation Using the
Screen Instructions
• If the displayed screen looks like the figure on the left side of this page, your
system has been previously configured. Press CONT a nd the n c ontinue with
"Step 4. Connect the front- pane l cab les". However, if you wish to reconfigure
your system, press RECNFIG, and continue with the following explanation of
the self-guided scree ns.
• If the screen looks like the figure on th e right side of this page, the first selfguided screen is displayed. Perform the following steps:
1 Press 7084X if you are using an 70841A/B pattern gener ator. If using an
70843A, or any other pattern generator, press MANUAL.
2 If you press 7084X, the screen shown on the following page is displayed. The
program automatically determines and displays the pattern generator module’s
HP-MSIB addres s. For most installations, press CONT. To m a nually enter the
HP-MSIB address , use the displayed softkeys.
Example of a Configuration Previously Done
1-19
Getting Started
Steps for Setting Up Eye-Diagram Analysis
First Self-Guided Screen
3 Use the following self-guided screen to indicate the 10 MHz frequency
reference used. Press INTERNL if the 70820A module is used as the reference.
Press EXTERNL if the clock source is used as the reference.
Getting Started
Steps for Setting Up Eye-Diagram Analysis
4 The following screen should be displayed. Notice that the eye-diagram
analyzer’s left-side Setup menu is selected.
5 If you have not already connect the cables to the instruments’ front panels,
follow the instructions shown. Otherwise, proceed with “If you have not already
connect the cables to the instruments’ front panels, follow the instruct ions
shown. Otherwise, proceed with “If you have not already connect the cables to
1-21
Select the Mode
Select Single or
Continuous
Sweeps
Getting Started
Steps for Setting Up Eye-Diagram Analysis
the instruments ’ front panels, follow the instructions shown. Otherwise,
proceed with “If you have not already connect th e cables to th e inst rume nts ’
front panels, foll ow the instruction s shown. Otherwise, proceed with “If you
have not already connect the cables to the instruments’ front panels, f ollow the
instructions shown. Otherwis e, proceed with .” on page 1-21.” on page 1- 21. ”
on page 1-22.” on page 1-22.
Step 4. Set Up the Measurement Conditions
1 To select the mode , press:
Setup, diagram, EYE, EYELINE, or PATTERN
2 Press the left-sid e Trg,Cal softkey.
Select Trigger
Source
3 Select one of the following sweep states:
• Press SINGLE to select single sweeps. Each additional press of this softkey
triggers another sweep.
• Press CONT STOP CONT
• Press CONT STOP STOP
4 Press the left-sid e Setup softkey.
5 Press CH2.
• If the pattern generator’s CLOCK OUT signal is connected to the RF INPUT
2 connector, press CLK OUT.
• If the pattern generator’s TRIGGER OUT signal is connected to the RF IN-
PUT 2 connector, press TRG OUT.
to select contin uous sweeps.
to stop the sweeps.
Getting Started
Steps for Setting Up Eye-Diagram Analysis
Note Using the CLOCK OUT trigger si gnal provides faster data acquisitio n for eye-
diagrams. If the amplitude of the trigger signal is too large, an over-range
message is disp layed. If a message is displayed, reduce the amplitude of the
signal; use an external attenuator, and enter the value using CH2 EXT ATTEN.
Select the Patt ern
Generator
Settings
6 If an 70841A/B pattern generator is used, press READ PAT GEN.
7 The eye-diagra m a n alyzer reads the settings of the pattern ge nerator.
8 If a pattern generator, such as the 70843A/71612A , is used in place of an
70841A/B pattern generator, press:
READ PAT GEN, CLOCK RATE and enter the rate of the clock signal
CLOCK DIVISOR and enter the divisor for the clock signal
For example, whe n us ing a trigger or sync ou tput, enter 16 if the clock signal
is divided by 16.
9 Enter the pattern repetition length by pr essing:
PATTERN LENGTH and enter the pattern repetition length
The pattern repetition length is entered in bits or as the binary power depending on the position of the 2^n-1 ON OFF softkey. If the function is on, binary
powers are ent ered in the f orm 2
n
–1. This makes it very easy to set the pattern
length for PRBS sequences. When the function is off, the pattern length is
entered directly in bits.
10 Press PAT TRG FACTOR, and enter the factor that relates how many
repetitions of the pattern occur between trigger pulses .
Frequently, 16 to 32 or more repetitions of the pattern occur between trigger
pulses.
Note When operating off a trigger or sync output with a divided clock frequency or
a pattern trigger, be sure to set CH2 is: to TRG OUT.
11 If a signal generator other than the 70311A is use d, ente r the pr eci se clock
frequency by pres sing:
prev menu, CLOCK RATE and enter the clock rate
1-23
Getting Started
Steps for Setting Up Eye-Diagram Analysis
Controlling an
70841A/B Pattern
Generator
When using the 70311A clock source (below 3 Gb/s):
This section explains how to display the menus for the 70841A/B pattern generator. The display can be assigned to control either the eye-diagram analyzer
or the 70841A/B pattern generator.
Note If the eye-diagram analyzer is conf igured with a non 70841 pattern gene rat o r,
you must manually set the trigger level. Refer to “To Manually Set the Trigger
Level” on page 1-25 in this c ha p ter.
1 Turn on the power fo r both mainframes. Wa it until the start-u p ro utines are
completed and the mainframes are ready for key presses.
2 Continue by pressing :
DISPLAY, NEX T INSTR
If several instrum ents are in the system, you may have to press NEXT INSTR
several times.
3 If the 70841A/B’s status screen , shown in th e following figure, is not shown, the
pattern generator is probably addressed as a slave instead of a master. Perform
the following steps:
a Press the left-side Address Map softkey.
An Example 70841A/B’s Status Screen
b Use the front-panel knob to scroll the box to the column where the
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