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3B SCIENTIFIC3B SCIENTIFIC
3B SCIENTIFIC®
3B SCIENTIFIC3B SCIENTIFIC
PHYSICSPHYSICS
PHYSICS
PHYSICSPHYSICS
®
U17300 Laser Optics Demonstration Set and
U17300 Laser Optics Supplement Set
Instruction sheet
1/05 ALF
Table of contents
Page No. of Exp. Experiment Gerätesatz
1 Introduction
2 Tables of the settlements
3 E1 Reflection on planar mirror U17300/U17301
3 E2 Reflection on two planar mirrors U17301
3 E3a Reflection of light rays on concave mirror – rays are parallel to optical axis U17300
4 E3b Reflection of light rays on concave mirror – rays are non-parallel
to optical axis U17300
4 E4a Reflection of light rays on convex mirror – rays are parallel to optical axis U17300
4 E4b Reflection of light rays on convex mirror – rays are non-parallel
to optical axis U17300
5 E5a Refraction of light passing air-glass boundary U17300
5 E5b Apparent depth of objects U17301
5 E6a Refraction of light passing glass-air boundary U17300
6 E6b Refraction on glass prism edge U17300/U17301
6 E6c Critical angle, total reflection U17300
6 E6d Total reflection – propagating of light in optical fibres U17300
7 E7 Light ray shift by glass planparallel plate U17300/U17301
7 E8 Light ray shift by air planparallel plate U17301
7 E9a Glass prism deviation of light ray U17300/U17301
8 E9b Glass prism minimal deviation U17300/U17301
8 E10a Air prism deviation of light U17301
8 E10b Air prism minimal deviation U17301
9 E11a Reflection of light on one edge of glass prism U17301
9 E11b Reflection of light on two edges of glass prism U17301
9 E11c Reflection of light on two glass prisms U17301
10 E11d Reflection of light on two glass prisms U17301
10 E11e Reflection of light on two glass prisms U17301
10 E12 Reflection of light on air prisms U17301
11 E13a Light ray passing a convex air-glass boundary U17301
11 E13b Light beam passing through convex air-glass boundary U17301
11 E14a Light ray passing through concave air-glass boundary U17301
12 E14b Light beam passing through concave air-glass boundary U17301
12 E15a Light ray passing through convex glass-air boundary U17301
12 E15b Light beam passing through the glass-air boundary U17301
13 E16a Light ray tracing passing concave glass-air boundary U17301
13 E16b Light beam passing through concave glass-air boundary U17301
13 E17a Light beam passing through glass convex lens - beam is parallel
to the optical axis U17300/U17301
14 E17b Light beam passing through glass convex lens – the rays are non-parallel
to the optical axis U17300/U17301
14 E17c Light beam passing through thick glass convex lens U17301
14 E18a Light beam passing through glass concave lens – the rays are parallel
to the optical axis U17300/U17301
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15 E18b Light beam passing through glass concave lens – the rays are non-parallel
to the optical axis U17300/U17301
15 E19a Light beam passing through air convex lens – the rays are parallel
to the optical axis U17301
15 E19b Light beam passing through air convex lens – the rays are non-parallel
to the optical axis U17301
16 E20a Light beam passing through air concave lens – the rays are parallel
to the optical axis U17301
16 E20b Light beam passing through air concave lens – the rays are non-parallel
to the optical axis U17301
16 E21a Parameters of thick lenses – determination of radius of curvature U17300/U17301
17 E21b Parameters of thick lenses – focal length U17300/U17301
17 E22a Model of a normal eye U17300
17 E22b Model of short-sighted eye U17300
18 E22c Model of long-sighted eye U17300
18 E23a Correction of spherical aberration by reducing the beam diameter U17300/U17301
18 E23b Correction of spherical aberration by combination of lenses U17300
19 E24a Keplerian telescope U17300
19 E24b Galileian telescope U17300
19 E25 Camera U17300
Laser Optics Demonstration Set U17300
Laser Optics Supplement Set U17301
The column "SET TO USE" informs you which set is appropriate for which experiment (either U17300, or U17301, or
both).
Introduction
The demonstration set U17300 was designed for easy
and clear demonstration of basic optical effects and
devices. Using diode laser as a light source for experiments enables both teacher and student to understand
the principle of simple and more complicated optical
systems. In this guide book you can find many basic
experiments and demonstrations using U17300 and
U17301, which is an additional set of optical elements
containing air lenses, air prisms etc. Every experiment
in this book has three parts:
1. A simple description of the experiment
2. A geometric diagram of the experiment
3. A diagram showing what the experiment
looks like when it is set up.
Shown in brackets under the title of the experiment is
whether it can be demonstrated with the U17300 or
U17301 set, or both. The same note can be find also in
the table of contents in the last row. It is clear now,
that some experiments cannot be done with U17300
and some of them with U17301.
A very important constituent of the experiments is the
LASER RAY BOX which consists of five laser diodes. Be
careful to avoid direct eye contact with the laser beam!
If you have basic set U17300 and you are interested in
realizing experiments for additional set U17301, please,
contact your distributor of didactic aids.
Table of set elements
U17300 Basic Set
1 Biconcave lens
2 Biconvex lens
3 Biconvex lens
4 Biconvex lens
5 Biconvex lens
6 Small planeconcave lens
7 Large planeconvex lens
8 Small planeconvex lens
9 Concave mirror
10 Convex mirror
11 Planar mirror
12 Planparallel plate
13 Prism
14 Optical fibre
Working sheets
A Human Eye Model
B Camera
C Galileian Telescope
D Keplerian Telescope
E Correction of Spherical Aberration
F Hartle's circle
U17301, Additional Set
21 Biconcave air lens
22 Biconcave glass lens
23 Biconvex air lens
24 Biconvex glass lens
25 Optical air prism
26 Equilateral optical glass prism
27 Rectangular optical glass prism (2 pc)
28 Square glass planparallel plate
29 Rectangular glass planparallel plate (2 pc)
11 Planar mirror (2 pc)
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E1 Reflraction on planar mirror
(U17300/U17301)
The law of reflection is demonstrated. When a light
ray impinges a plane mirror under an angle α it is reflected under the same angle ß
α = ß
Both angles are measured from the perpendicular line
to the mirror plane.
E3a Reflection of light rays on concave mirror –
rays are parallel to optical axis
(U17300)
The focal length f of the concave mirror is determined
by the length of the line VF. The curvature radius can
be obtained using the known formula:
fr=
2
The distance of the centre of curvature S is twice as
long as the distance of the focus F.
E2 Reflection on two planar mirrors
(U17301)
An interesting relation can be shown:
δ = 2 γ
where δ is the angle between the incident and the
reflected ray and γ is the angle between the mirrors'
planes.
E3b Reflection of light rays on concave mirror –
rays are non-parallel to optical axis
(U17300)
The axis ϕ which is perpendicular to the optical axis
and passes through the focus is referred as the focal
plane of the concave mirror. If the parallel rays impinge the mirror, they meet at one point of the axis ϕ
after the reflection. In the case of the rays parallel to
the optical axis, the point belongs to the axis and is
called the focus (F).
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E4a Reflection of light rays on convex mirror –
rays are parallel to optical axis
(U17300)
The reflected rays, parallel to the optical axis, appear
to start from one point on the right side behind the
mirror. This point is referred to as the figure focus. The
length of line VF determines the focal length f of the
mirror. The radius of curvature can be obtained from
the next formula.
fr=
2
The distance of the centre of curvature S is two times
longer than the distance of the focus F.
E5a Refraction of light passing air-glass boundary
(U17300, transparency F)
If light passes through one optical medium characterized by refraction index n1 into the other with refraction index n2 its direction is changed by Snell’s law:
n
sin α = n
1
where α is an incidence angle in the medium n
sin ß
2
and
1
ß is an angle of refraction in the medium n2. The angles
are measured from the normal to the planar boundary.
Air
Acrylic
E4b Reflection of light rays on convex mirror –
rays are non-parallel to optical axis
(U17300)
The axis ϕ which is perpendicular to the optical axis
and passes through the focus is referred to as the focal
plane of the convex mirror. If parallel rays impinge
the mirror, they are scattered in such a way that they
appear to start from one point of the plane ϕ. In the
case of incidence rays parallel to the optical axis this
point belongs to the axis.
E5b Apparent depth of objects
(U17301)
You can build up the model of observing the depth of
objects in water or glass from air.
Pencil
Air
Acrylic
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E6a Refraction of light passing glass-air boundary
(U17300, transparency F)
The ray is refracted with the refraction angle ß, which
is larger than α. The ray is bent away from the normal.
Acrylic
Air
E6b Refraction on glass prism edge
(U17300/U17301)
When light passes through glass to air, Snell’s law can
be written in the next form:
n
sin α = sin ß
1
Refractive index of air n2 = 1.
Acrylic
Air
E6d Total reflection – propagating of light in
optical fibres
(U17300)
If light enters the optical fibre under some angles it
propagates in it using the total reflection on the borders of the fibre. An important parameter determines
what angle should not be overcome. This parameter is
called the numerical aperture. It is SIN of the maximum entrance angle of the light. Also the minimal
radius of the fibre bent is set by this parameter. It
cannot be smaller, when the fibre is installed.
Acrylic
E6c Critical angle, total reflection
(U17300, transparency F)
The larger the incidence angle the larger the refraction angle. If n1 < n
a critical angle α exists. In other
2
words, the refracted ray lies on the border of two mediums. When the incidence angle is larger than the
critical angle, there is no more refracted light and all
light energy is reflected, this is called total reflection.
Acrylic
E7 Light ray shift by glass planparallel plate
(U17300/U17301)
If a light ray passes through a planparallel plate its
direction is not changed. The outgoing ray is shifted in
accordance with the incoming one. The shift d can be
estimated with respect to the thickness h of the plate
using the formula:
sin
αβ
−
dh=
()
cos
β
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Air
Acrylic
E8 Light ray shift by air planparallel plate
(U17301)
In this case, a shift between the incoming and the outgoing ray can be observed. This shift has an opposite
direction than in the case of the glass plate.
Acrylic
angle δ. It is the angle between the incidence and the
outgoing ray.
Air
Acrylic
E9b Glass prism minimal deviation
(U17300/U17301)
It can be seen that in the case of minimal deviation
δ
the incidence angle α is equal to the angle of the
min
outgoing ray ß. The direction of the refraction of light
in the prism is parallel to the edge the ray does not
pass through. The refractive index of the prism obeys
the formula:
Acrylic
Air
E9a Glass prism deviation of light ray
(U17300/U17301)
If the prism is glass, after the light impinges the point
A, it is bent toward the normal and refracts to point B.
At this point it is bent into the air away from the normal. The sum of all refraction angles is the deviation
sin
n =
+
δϕ
min
2
ϕ
sin
2
Air
Acrylic
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E10a Air prism deviation of light
(U17301)
Light passes through the glass-air border at point A.
Then it is directed away from the normal axis and after light passes through point B, it is then directed toward the normal. The sum of the refraction angles is
referred as the deviation angle δ. It is the angle between the incidence and the outgoing ray.
E11a Reflection of light on one edge of glass prism
(U17301)
When the rays impinge the edge, they are totally reflected. If the prism is slightly adjusted reflection and
refraction can be observed.
Air
Acrylic
E10b Air prism minimal deviation
(U17301)
In the case of minimal deviation δ
the incidence
min,
angle α is equal to the angle of the outgoing ray ß. The
direction of the refracted light in the prism is parallel
to the edge the ray does not pass through. The refractive index of the prism obey formula (see E9b). The
deviation has an opposite direction as in the case of a
glass prism.
Acrylic
Air
E11b Reflection of light on two edges of glass
prism
(U17301)
The conditions for total reflections are fulfilled on both
edges of the prism. If the top ray of the incidence
light is eliminated, the bottom ray of the outgoing light
disappears. The picture is 180° rotated.
Acrylic
Acrylic
Air
Air
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E11c Reflection of light on two glass prisms
(U17301)
Conditions for total reflection are fulfilled on every
edge.
Acrylic
Air
E11e Reflection of light on two glass prisms
(U17301)
Conditions necessary for total reflection are fulfilled
on every edge.
E11d Reflection of light on two glass prisms
(U17301)
Conditions necessary for total reflection are fulfilled
on every edge.
E12 Reflection of light on air prism
(U17301)
If the incidence angle of light to the edge of the prism
(25) is smaller than critical angle (42°), the rays are
reflected into the glass. If the angle is greater, a part of
the light passes through the air prism.
Acrylic
Air
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E13a Light ray passing a convex air-glass boundary
(U17301)
When a ray impinges the air-glass boundary at point
A, it is directed toward the normal. The normal is defined as the line from point A to the centre of boundary curvature S.
E14a Light ray passing through concave air-glass
boundary
(U17301)
When a ray impinges the boundary at point A, refraction towards the normal is observed. The normal is
defined as the line from point A to the centre of boundary curvature S.
Acrylic
Air
E13b Light beam passing through convex air-glass
boundary
(U17301)
Using a boundary of convenient curvature radius and
an auxiliary glass element, where the rays are refracted,
one can observe that the rays are met at the point F' in
the optical axis – figure focus.
Air
Acrylic
E14b Light beam passing through concave air-glass
boundary
(U17301)
The beam after passing the boundary is divergent.
Elongating the refracted light to the other side one can
find a point on the optical axis where the line meets. It
is figure focus F'.
Acrylic
Acrylic
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E15a Light ray passing through convex glass-air
boundary
(U17301)
When a ray impinges the boundary at point A, refraction away from the normal is observed. The normal
can be defined as the line from point A to the centre of
boundary curvature S.
E16a Light ray passing through concave glass-air
boundary
(U17301)
When a ray impinges the boundary at point A, refraction away from the normal is observed. The normal is
defined as the line from point A to the centre of boundary curvature S.
Acrylic
Air
E15b Light beam passing through convex glass-air
boundary
(U17301)
The beam after passing the boundary is divergent. Elongating the refracted light to the other side one can find
a point on the optical axis where the line meets. It is
figure focus F'.
Acrylic
Air
E16b Light beam passing through concave glass-air
boundary
(U17301)
The beam is convergent after passing the boundary.
Parallel rays meet in one point of the optical axis –
figure focus F'.
Acrylic
Acrylic
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E17a Light beam passing through glass convex lens
– beam is parallel to the optical axis
(U17300/U17301)
A convex glass lens behaves as a convergent optical
system and the rays meet at figure focus F' after passing through the lens.
Acrylic
Air
E17c Light beam passing through thick glass
convex lens
(U17301)
By inserting planparallel plates into the space between
two elements (23), a model of a thick lens can be constructed. The thickness d of the lens can be changed.
If the thickness increases the focal length of the lens
decreases. For a critical thickness the lens changes from
convergent to divergent.
Acrylic
E17b Light beam passing through glass convex lens
– the rays are non-parallel to the optical axis
(U17300/U17301)
The plane ϕ' which is perpendicular to the optical axis,
combined with the figure focus F' is called a figure focus plane. If a beam of perpendicular rays impinges
the convex glass lens, the rays cross the plane ϕ' at
one point.
Acrylic
E18a Light beam passing through glass concave
lens – the rays are parallel to the optical axis
(U17300/U17301)
The rays are divergent after passing a concave glass
lens, they do not create a real figure. By elongating the
rays it is seen that the lines have a common intersection – figure focus F'.
Acrylic
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E18b Light beam passing through glass concave
lens – the rays are non-parallel to the optical
axis
(U17300/U17301)
The plane ϕ' which is perpendicular to the optical axis,
combined with the figure focus F' is called a figure focus
plane. If a beam of perpendicular rays impinges the
concave glass lens, the elongated lines of the rays cross
the plane ϕ' at one point.
Acrylic
E19b Light beam passing through air convex lens –
the rays are non-parallel to the optical axis
(U17301)
The plane ϕ' which is perpendicular to the optical axis,
combined with the figure focus F' is called a figure focus
plane. If a beam of perpendicular rays impinges the
convex air lens, the elongated lines of the rays cross
the plane ϕ' at one point.
Acrylic
Air
Air
E19a Light beam passing through air convex lens –
the rays are parallel to the optical axis
(U17301)
The rays are divergent after passing a convex air lens,
they do not create a real figure. By elongating the rays
one can see the lines has a common intersection –
figure focus F'.
Acrylic
Air
Air
E20a Light beam passing through air concave lens
– the rays are parallel to the optical axis
(U17301)
A concave air lens behaves as a convergent optical system and the rays meet at figure focus F' after passing
through the lens.
Acrylic
Air
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E20b Light beam passing through air concave lens
– the rays are non-parallel to the optical axis
(U17301)
The plane ϕ' which is perpendicular to the optical axis,
combined with figure focus F' is called a figure focus
plane. If a beam of perpendicular rays impinges the
concave air lens, the rays cross the plane ϕ' at one point.
Acrylic
E21b Parameters of thick lenses – focal length
(U17300/U17301)
In the case of a thick lens (a lens with not negligible
thickness) the definition of the focal length as a distance of the focus from the main planes (points – H
and H'), must be taken into account.
Air
E21a Parameters of thick lenses – determination
of radius of curvature
(U17300/U17301)
The lenses in the set have cylindrical refraction surfaces with circular bottoms with equal radia of curvature. You can measure these radii by using a milimetre
grid.
Air
Acrylic
E22a Model of a normal eye
(U17300, transparency A)
Display rays parallel to the optical axis intersect after
passing through uncorrected eye lens at one point of
the retina.
Place the eye lens (1) directly behind the line O2.
Retina
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Eye lens
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E22b Model of short-sighted eye
(U17300, transparency A)
Display rays parallel to the optical axis intersect after
passing through uncorrected eye lens at one point of
the optical axis before the retina.
Place the eye lens (2) directly behind the line O2 and
the correction lens (5) between the lines O1 and O2.
Eye lens
Retina
Correction lens (5)
E23a Correction of spherical aberration by
reducing the beam diameter
(U17300/U17301)
Spherical aberration of a lens can be reduced by reducing the diameter of the beam which impinges the
lens. The rays which are far away from the optical axis
must be obscured.
E22c Model of long-sighted eye
(U17300, transparency A)
Display rays parallel to the optical axis intersect after
passing through uncorrected eye lens at one point of
the optical axis after the retina. A correction lens must
be convergent. The focal length f' of the system of eye
lens and the correction lens is:
ff
’’
12
f
’
=
ff
’’
+
12
where f1' is the focal length of the eye lens and f2' is
the focal length of the correction lens.
Eye lens
Retina
Correction lens (4),
(between O1 and O2)
E23b Correction of spherical aberration by
combination of lenses
(U17300, transparency E)
The spherical aberrations of divergent and convergent
lenses have an inverse effect. By a convenient
combination of these two types of lenses the aberration can be corrected. The aberration ∆f = f
– f2 is
1
defined as the difference between the focal length f
of marginal beam rays and the focal length f2 of
paraxial rays. In the case of a convergent lens the
aberration is of a plus sign and for a divergent lens it is
a minus sign.
1
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E24a Keplerian telescope
(U17300, transparency D)
The figure from Kepler's telescope is reversed. This can
be verified by obscuring a marginal ray. One can see
that if the top ray is obscured, in the output ray the
bottom ray disappears. The figure is unreal and
magnified.
Objective
The figure is created by parallel rays, so it is unreal
and magnified. If the top ray of the incident beam is
obscured, the top ray of the output beam disappears.
Objective
Ocular
E25 Camera
(U17300, transparency B)
The lens of the camera is a convergent optical system.
The figure which appears on the rear part of the camera is real and reversed. It is directed onto the optical
material.
Ocular
E24b Galileian telescope
(U17300, transparency C)
In this experiment the incident angle can be changed.
The larger change of the output angle is observed (the
viewing angle is magnified – the figure is magnified).
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